SPECIMENS FOR TISSUE PROCESSING

1. Autopsy or postmortem examinations – Tissue examination done on dead person

2. Biopsy – tissue examination for living person

1. AUTOPSY OR POST MORTEM EXAMINATION -WHEN/WHERE is it performed? Please performed

whenever or wherever scientific medicine of higher quality is practice whenever he consensus
physician knows why he lost his patient whenever criminal law is enforced whenever death
certificate shows accurately the cause of death and confirmed medical diagnosis for ascending of
PayPal the statistics and lastly whenever there is a medical research on the cost and nature of
disease so basically post mortem examination is done in order to confirm the cause of death of a
person so autopsy or postmortem examination is the gold standard for confirmation of medical
disease for gold standard for the confirmation of the death of a certain person if there actually three
types of autopsy

-3 TYPES OF AUTOPSY
1. Complete Autopsy - Actually the complete examination of all organs including the brain, there
should be a consent
2. Partial Autopsy – only part of the anatomy that is being examined example thoracic cavity what
are the organs in thoracic cavity maybe heart lungs
3. Selective Autopsy – restricted to at least a single organ is an organ for example heart that is a
selective policy heart examination selective policy I repeat vaccination

-AUTOPSY TECHNIQUES
 VIRCHOW – organs are removed and dissected individually in the body
- Relationship of organs to other organs are cannot be studied
- Most commonly used
 ROKITANSKY – In-situ dissection in part combined w/ en bloc technique (altogether at the same
time by cavity)
Dissection of organs in the body all together by cavity at the same time in its original place
(Hindi tinatanggal sa loob ng body ang organ)
- Adv: Usually done if the body is infected with HIV or Hepa B virus
- Disadv: Organs cannot be studied in details since organs are not removed from the body
 GHON – en bloc technique (by cavity); systemic dissection
- Organs are removed from the body
- Adv: excellent preservation
- Disvadv: interrelationship is difficult to study if the seat is extending to other organs
 LETULLE – En masse technique (all body organs are removed at the same time);
- All organs of thoracic, abdominal, & pelvic are removed at the same time.

PRELIMINARIES FOR AUTOPSY/PME

1. Written consent from the next kin-abide or restrictions allowed
2. Death certificate
- (Old: Blue form | New: Blue border/frame)
- Medical abstract or clinical data
3. Medico-legal clearance
2. BIOPSY
Excisional biopsy
- Where whole lesions are excised to give excisional diagnosis
Incisional biopsy
- The removal of the part of the lesion, it is performed when it is too big or too fixed to
allow excision
Core biopsy
- Performed by using circular cutting needle to retrieve a core of tissue and maybe guided
by a CT or ultrasound
Endoscopic Biopsy

FRESH TISSUE EXAMINATION

- Examination in the living state where observation of protoplasmic activities such as
motion, mitosis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis can be done

METHODS
1. Teasing or dissociation
2. Squash Preparation
3. Smear Preparation
4. Frozen Section

HISTOPATH VS CYTOLOGY SPECIMEN

 Histopathology is the study of diseased tiss8using a microscope
 Cytology is the study of individual cells of the body

SPECIMEN CONSIDERATION
10-25 times to volume of the specimen needed amount of preservative
 Label
 Forms
 Quality of the specimen
 Check the preservative
 Amount of preservative
Logging SPECIMENS
 Accession number
 Patient name
 Sex and age
 Attending physician
 Number of slides for cytology sx
 Type of specimen
 Date and time of receipt (in order to know the fixation time = 24hrs)
GROSS EXAMINATION
 Performed by
Gross exam by cytologic
 Color
 Volume
  Prepare an aliquot of the specimen by centrifuge

TISSUE PROCESSING
Ethanol – dehydration – xylene – clearing – wax – impregnation
 Tissue processor – machine used to enhance tissue processing

EMBEDDING
 Remove tissue from casette
 Fill mould with wax and orientate tissue
 Solidify then perform microtomy

MICROTOMY

SLIDE PREPARATION

SECTIONING
 Water bath set at 45 – 50°C or about 6-10 °C lower than the melting point of paraffin wax
 Taking the floating sections onto slide

STAINING
 Hematoxylin – basic dye, nuclear stain, dark purple
 Eosin – acidic dye, cytoplasmic stain, pink

MOUNTING