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Set and Relations - TH & Sol Module-1
Set and Relations - TH & Sol Module-1
Ex.10 If X = {x1, x2, x3} and y = (x1, x2, x3,x 4,x 5} Ex.14 Prove that the relation R on the set Z of all
then find which is a reflexive relation of the integers numbers defined by (x, y) R x – y
following : is divisible by n is an equivalence relation on Z.
(a) R1 : {(x1, x1), (x2, x2) Sol. We observe the following properties
(b) R1 : {(x 1, x1), (x2, x2), (x3, x3) Reflexivity :
(c) R3 : {(x1, x1), (x2, x2),(x3, x3),(x1, x3),(x2, x4)
For any a N, we have
(d) R3 : {(x1, x1), (x2, x2),(x3, x3),(x4, x4)
a – a = 0 × n a – a is divisible by
Sol. (a) non-reflexive because (x 3, x3) R1
n (a, a) R
(b) Reflexive
(c) Reflexive Thus (a, a) R for all Z. so, R is reflexive on Z.
(d) non-reflexive because x 4 X Symmetry :
Let (a, b) R. Then (a, b) R (a – b)
Ex.11 If x = {a, b, c} and y = {a, b, c, d, e, f} then is divisible by n
find which of the following relation is (a – b) = np for some p Z b – a = n(–p)
symmetric relation :
b – a is divisble by n (b, a) R
R1 : { } i.e. void relation
Thus (a, b) R (b, a) R for all a, b, Z.
R2 : {(a, b)}
So R is symmetric on Z.
R3 : {(a, b), (b, a)(a, c)(c, a)(a, a)}
Transitivity :
Sol. R1 is symmetric relation because it has no
element in it. Let a, b, c Z such that (a, b) R and
R2 is not symmetric because (b, a) R2 (b, c) R. Then
& R3 is symmetric. (a, b) R (a – b) is divisible by
n a – b = np for some p Z
Ex.12 If x = {a, b, c} and y = (a, b, c, d, e} then (b, c) R (b – c) is divisible by
which of the following are transitive relation.
n b – c = np for some q Z
(a) R1 = { }
(a, b) R and (b, c) R a – b = np
(b) R2 = {(a, a)}
and b – c = nq
(c) R3 = {(a, a}.(c, d)}
(a – b) + (b – c) = np + nq a – c = n(p + q)
(d) R4 = {(a, b), (b, c)(a, c),(a, a), (c, a)}
Sol. (a) R1 is transitive relation because it is null a – c is divisible by n (a, c) R
relation. Thus (a, b) R and (b, c) R (a, c)R
(b) R2 is transitive relation because all for all a, b, c Z. So R is transitive relation
singleton relations are transitive. on Z.
(c) R3 is transitive relation Thus, R being reflexive, symmetric and
(d) R4 is also transitive relation transitive is an equivalence relation on Z.
Ex.15 Let a relation R1 on the set R of real numbers
10 x
be defined as (a, b) R1 1 + ab > 0 for Sol. We have (x, y) R x + 2y = 10 y = ,
2
all a, b R. Show that R1 is reflexive and
x, y A
symmetric but not transitive.
where A = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
Sol. We observe the following properties :
10 1 9
Reflexivity : Now, x = 1 y = A
2 2
Let a be an arbitrary element of R. Then This shows that 1 is not related to any
a R 1 + a . a = 1 + a2 > 0 (a, a) R1 element in A. Similarly we can observe that
3, 5, 7, 9 and 10 are not related to any
Thus (a, a) R1 for all a R. So R1 is element of a under the defined relation.
reflexive on R. Further we find that
Symmetry : 10 2
for x = 2, y = = 4 A (2, 4) R
Let (a, b) R. Then 2
10 4
(a, b) R1 1 + ab > 0 1 + ba > 0 for x = 4, y = = 3 A (4, 3) R
2
(b, a) R1
10 6
for x = 6, y = = 2 A (6, 2) R
Thus (a, b) R1 (b, a) R1 for all a, b R 2
So R1 is symmetric on R 10 8
for x = 8, y = = 1 A (8, 1) R
2
Transitive :
Thus R = {(2, 4), (4, 3), (6, 2), (8, 1)}
We observe that (1, 1/2) R1 and (1/2, –1) R1
R–1 = {(4, 2), (3, 4), (2, 6), (1, 8)}
but (1,–1) R1 because 1 + 1 × (–1) = 0 / 0.
Clearly, Dom (R) = {2, 4, 6, 8} = Range (R–1)
So R1 is not transitive on R.
and Range (R) = {4, 3, 2, 1} = Dom (R–1)