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Sloshing Loads on the Head of an Annular

Cylindrical Reactor Vessel

Faizan Ul Haq Mir, Nam Nguyen, Brian Song, Benjamin Kosbab & Andrew S.
Whittaker

To cite this article: Faizan Ul Haq Mir, Nam Nguyen, Brian Song, Benjamin Kosbab & Andrew S.
Whittaker (2023) Sloshing Loads on the Head of an Annular Cylindrical Reactor Vessel, Nuclear
Technology, 209:2, 244-253, DOI: 10.1080/00295450.2022.2118484

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/00295450.2022.2118484

Published online: 26 Sep 2022.

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 NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY · VOLUME 209 · 244–253 · FEBRUARY 2023
© 2022 American Nuclear Society
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00295450.2022.2118484
Technical Note

Sloshing Loads on the Head of an Annular Cylindrical

Reactor Vessel
a
Faizan Ul Haq Mir, * Nam Nguyen,b Brian Song,b Benjamin Kosbab,c and Andrew S. Whittaker a

a
University at Buffalo, Department of Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering, Buffalo, New York 14260
b
Kairos Power, Alameda, California 94501
c
Simpson Gumpertz & Heger, Atlanta, Georgia 30339

Received March 7, 2022

Accepted for Publication August 25, 2022

Abstract — The head of a cylindrical reactor vessel must be designed for earthquake-induced sloshing force
if there is insufficient freeboard. Herein, a design-oriented calculation method is developed for base-and head-
supported annular tanks, where the annulus separates the reactor vessel and its core barrel. Charts are
provided to enable preliminary design calculations. Examples are presented to describe the calculations.

Keywords — Sloshing, earthquake, annular tanks, reactor vessels.

Note — Some figures may be in color only in the electronic version.

I. INTRODUCTION supported at its base, and with a vacuum between the

This technical note enables the calculation of forces
on the roof of an annular tank due to restrained sloshing,
which is associated with insufficient freeboard. The moti­
vation for this derivation was the computation of earth­
quake sloshing–induced loads on the head of an advanced
reactor between the vessel wall and the core barrel. An
exact analytical treatment of this problem is reactor-
design specific and would involve complex boundary
conditions, geometries, and nonlinearities not amenable
to theoretical solutions. Numerical analyses involving
fluid impact on the roof of a tank under earthquake inputs
are often challenging. An approximate solution, suitable
for the preliminary design and verification of numerical
models, is presented here. The solution is an extension of
the approach presented in Malhotra1 for a base-supported
cylindrical tank with insufficient freeboard. Although the
derivation that follows assumes the tank to be rigid,
*E-mail: faizanul@buffalo.edu
fluid and the roof, the solution derived here applies to (1)
a flexible and/or a head-supported tank because convec­
tive periods are independent of tank flexibility and sup­
port conditions, and (2) a tank with a pressurized gas
between the fluid and the roof, provided the waves do
not break.2 Examples are provided to illustrate the calcu­
lation process for the three tanks.
II. PRIOR STUDIES
The seismic response of cylindrical liquid storage tanks
has been the subject of numerous analytical, numerical, and
experimental studies (see Mir et al.3 for some examples). The
most common approach for the seismic analysis of such tanks
is to use simple mechanical analogs such as those presented
in Housner4 and Malhotra et al.5 These simple mechanical
analogs (e.g., Malhotra et al.5) are derived from more rigor­
ous analytical formulations (e.g., Veletsos6) that parse the
(seismic) hydrodynamic responses in a fluid-filled vessel
into impulsive and convective components. The impulsive

244
 SLOSHING LOADS ON THE HEAD OF AN ANNULAR CYLINDRICAL REACTOR VESSEL · MIR et al. 245

component represents the mass of the fluid assumed to move Z

with the tank wall, and the convective component represents
the mass of the fluid that participates in sloshing. In the a
mechanical analogs, the impulsive and convective compo­ b
nents are represented by oscillators with large and small
(natural) frequencies of oscillation, respectively.
Tang et al.7 adopted an analysis approach similar to that
adopted by Veletsos6 for a base-supported cylindrical tank to
calculate the seismic response of a rigid annular cylindrical Liquid
tank, that is, the responses are parsed into impulsive and level
convective components. (The Tang et al.7 solution builds on
Aslam et al.8) The system analyzed by Tang et al.7 is shown
in Fig. 1: an upright annular cylindrical tank with outer and H
inner tank radii of a and b, respectively, annulus width equal
to a − b, and a fluid height of H, subjected to a time t
::
dependent, unidirectional acceleration xg ðtÞ at the base.
Tang et al.7 calculated the hydrodynamic responses by sol­
ving Laplace’s equation for velocity potential in the fluid
domain ϕ assuming an incompressible and inviscid fluid,
that is, solving Ñ2 ϕ ¼ 0 using appropriate boundary condi­ Fig. 1. Fluid-filled annular cylindrical tank analyzed in
tions. Of interest here is the expression presented in Tang Tang et al.7
et al.7 for the first convective mode angular frequency ω1 :
III. EXTENSION OF THE MALHOTRA SOLUTION
� �
α1 H
ω1 2 ¼ g tanh α1 ; ð1Þ Extending the approach in Malhotra1 to annular tanks,
a a the vertical displacement d of the liquid surface due to slosh­
ing in an annular tank of outer radius a can be approxi­
where g is the acceleration due to gravity and α1 is mated as
obtained by solving
SAðTcon;1 Þ
0 0 0 0
d ¼a� : ð3Þ
J 1 ðα1 ÞY 1 ðα1 kÞ Y 1 ðα1 ÞJ 1 ðα1 kÞ ¼ 0 ; ð2Þ g

where J 0 1 and Y 0 1 are the first derivatives of Bessel The basis of Eq. (3) is the assumption that the annular tank
functions of the first and second kind, respectively, and is moving horizontally with a constant horizontal accelera­
k denotes the ratio b/a.a tion of SAðTcon;1 Þ (for the purpose of sloshing wave height
The natural period of the first convective mode, calculation), and the free surface is inclined at an angle θ
Tcon;1 ¼ 2π=ω1 , can be used to estimate its contribution to with respect to the horizontal, as shown in Fig. 2a, such that
(seismic) hydrodynamic responses, including wave height. � �
The first mode contribution is a function of the spectral SAðTcon;1 Þ
1
θ ¼ tan : ð4Þ
acceleration of the shaking at the convective period g
SAðTcon;1 Þ obtained from an elastic acceleration response
spectrum for an assumed damping ratio, typically 0.5% of In the case of insufficient freeboard, that is, the actual free­
critical.b (Contributions of higher convective modes are board df is less than the required freeboard d calculated per
generally small and set aside in the discussion that follows.) Eq. (3), the horizontal surface will again be at an angle of θ
with respect to the horizontal, but a portion of the flat roof will
a
Table 1 in Tang et al.7 presents values of α1 for a few values of k. be wetted, as shown in Fig. 2b. The wetted width of the roof xf
b
The damping ratio of 0.5% for the convective (sloshing) mode is is indicated in the figure and is related to the indicated angle
a legacy value routinely assumed for analysis (Jaiswal et al.9). In ψo (in Fig. 2b) as
practice, the damping ratio of the convective mode in an annular tank �x �
f
may be greater or smaller than 0.5% depending on the fluid used and ψo ¼ cos 1 1 : ð5Þ
the annulus width. A value of 0.5% is used in the example calculations. a

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246 MIR et al. · SLOSHING LOADS ON THE HEAD OF AN ANNULAR CYLINDRICAL REACTOR VESSEL

Wetted
roof
Max.
pressure

(a) (b)
Fig. 2. Annular cylindrical tanks translating at an acceleration of SAðTcon;1 Þ (a) sufficient freeboard and (b) insufficient freeboard.

IV. EVALUATION OF WETTED WIDTH AND FORCE ON THE representative location of the resultant force in each case
ROOF is marked by a solid yellow circle at a distance xc from
the center.
The wetted width of the annular tank (in case of insuffi­ The angle ψi in Fig. 3b is calculated as
cient freeboard) is determined by equating the volume of the � �
1 xf ��
empty space in the accelerated tank, as in Fig. 2b, to that in the 1
ψi ¼ cos 1 : ð6Þ
same tank at rest. The force on the roof F is estimated by k a
assuming a linear variation of pressure across the wetted
width and integrating the pressure over the wetted area. The Figure 4a identifies a cylinder of radius R, a cutting
maximum pressure on the tank roof is ρgxf tan θ, where ρ is plane having a slope C with respect to the horizontal, and
the density of the contained fluid. (See Fig. 2b, where the a wedge. Figure 4b illustrates the variables used to com­
point at which pressure is maximized is shown by a red solid pute the volume Vw of the wedge and locates the centroid
circle and the zero pressure line on the roof is shown in green.) of the wedge with respect to the centerline of the cylinder
The location of the resultant force on the roof is estimated by (the centroidal distance is denoted xw in Fig. 4b). The
considering moments of forces on the roof about the center of intersection of the cutting plane and the base of the
the tank. cylinder is defined by x and ψw , as indicated in Fig. 4b.
For the purpose of calculations, three cases of wetted Variables x and ψw are related by x ¼ Rð1 þ cos ψw Þ. The
width are identified, depending on the available free­ volume Vw is
board. These are
Vw ¼ R3 Cqðψw Þ ; ð7Þ
xf
Case 1: � ð1 kÞ ;
a where

xf 2 sin ψw
Case 2:ð1 kÞ < < ð1 þ kÞ ; qðψw Þ ¼ ψw cos ψw
a 3

and cos2 ψw sin ψw

þ :
3
xf
Case 3: ð1 þ kÞ � : The normalized centroidal distance xw =R, which could be
a
used for design, is
Cases 1, 2, and 3 correspond to large (but less than 1),
intermediate, and small values of df =d. The wetted roof xw pðψw Þ
¼ ; ð8Þ
areas for the three cases are diagrammed in Fig. 3. The R qðψw Þ

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 SLOSHING LOADS ON THE HEAD OF AN ANNULAR CYLINDRICAL REACTOR VESSEL · MIR et al. 247

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 3. Three cases for calculations depending on available freeboard: (a) case 1, (b) case 2, and (c) case 3.

Fig. 4. Cylindrical wedge (a) schematic and (b) isometric and plan view.

where and
� � � �
1 sin 2ψw sin 2ψw R h2 h1 Þ
pðψw Þ ¼ ψw þ xs ¼ : ð10Þ
4 2 3 4 h2 þ h1

cos2 ψw sin 2ψw

þ :
12
The derivations of Eqs. (7) and (8) are provided in the
Appendix.
Figure 5 identifies a segment cut from a cylinder of
radius R by an inclined plane not intersecting the base, such
that the maximum and minimum heights of the segment are
h1 and h2 . The volume Vs of such a segment and the
distance xs from the centerline of the cylinder to the centroid
of the segment (as denoted in Fig. 5) can be evaluated as10
πR2
Vs ¼ ðh1 þ h2 Þ ð9Þ
2 The former is calculated using C ¼ ρg tan θ in Eq. (7)
Tables I, II, and III present relationships between
wetted width and available freeboard, force on the roof
F and wetted width, and the distance to the resultant
force from the center of the tank and wetted width,
respectively. [Wetted width is indirectly represented by
ψo in Tables II and III, per Eq. (5).] The entries in
the second column of Table I involve the calculation of
volumes of free space (as discussed previously) using
C ¼ tan θ in Eq. (7) or using the expression for the
volume of a cylindrical segment [Eq. (9)]. The relation­
ships presented in Table II involve expressions for the
volumes of cylindrical pressure wedges or segments.

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248 MIR et al. · SLOSHING LOADS ON THE HEAD OF AN ANNULAR CYLINDRICAL REACTOR VESSEL

Fig. 5. Cylindrical segment (a) schematic and (b) dimensions for volume and centroidal distance calculation.

TABLE I
Relationship Between Wetted Width and Available Freeboard

Case 1 πb2 � �
(Fig. 3a) πða2 b2 Þdf ¼ a3 ðtan θÞqðψo Þ ða b xf Þ tan θ þ ða þ b xf Þ tan θ ,
2 h �
d df 1 xf �i
where tan θ ¼ ; such that ¼ 2
qðψo Þ πk2 1 (11)
a d πð1 k Þ a

Case 2 πða2 b2 Þdf ¼ a3 ðtan θÞqðψo Þ b3 ðtan θÞqðψi Þ,

(Fig. 3b) d df 1 � �
where tan θ ¼ ; such that ¼ qðψo Þ k 3 qðψi Þ (12)
a d πð1 k 2 Þ

Case 3 πða2 b2 Þdf ¼ a3 ðtan θÞqðψo Þ,

(Fig. 3c) d df 1
where tan θ ¼ ; such that ¼ qðψo Þ (13)
a d πð1 k 2 Þ

TABLE II
Relationship Between the Force on Roof and the Wetted Width*

Case 1 F ¼ ρgðtan θÞa3 qðπ ψo Þ, such that

(Fig. 3a) F
¼ qðπ ψo Þ (14)
ρgðtan θÞa3

Case 2 F ¼ ρgðtan θÞa3 qðπ ψo Þ ρgðtan θÞb3 qðπ ψi Þ; such that

(Fig. 3b) F (15)
¼ qðπ ψo Þ k 3 qðπ ψi Þ
ρgðtan θÞa3

Case 3 F ¼ ρgðtan θÞa3 qðπ ψo Þ πρgðtan θÞab2 cos ψo , such that

(Fig. 3c) F
¼ qðπ ψo Þ πk2 cos ψo (16)
ρgðtan θÞa3
*Quantified by ψ�.

and the latter by using suitable pressure ordinates the calculation of moments of the volumes of cylind­
instead of h1 and h2 in Eq. (9). (The volume of rical pressure wedges and segments about the center of
a cylindrical pressure wedge or segment is equal to the tank using Eqs. (8) and (10), respectively, for
force.) The relationships presented in Table III involve centroidal distances.

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 SLOSHING LOADS ON THE HEAD OF AN ANNULAR CYLINDRICAL REACTOR VESSEL · MIR et al. 249

Figures 6, 7, and 8 present plots corresponding to respectively, for different values of k. For reference and
Eqs. (11) through (13) of Table I, Eqs. (14) through (16) partial verification, the plot in Fig. 6 for a cylindrical tank
of Table II, and Eqs. (17) through (19) of Table III, (i.e., k = 0) is identical to the prediction of Malhotra.1

TABLE III
Relationship Between Distance to Resultant Force Location and Wetted Width*

Case 1 xc pðπ ψo Þ
(Fig. 3a) ¼ (17)
a qðπ ψo Þ

Case 2 ða3 Cqðπ ψo Þb3 Cqðπ ψi ÞÞxc

(Fig. 3b) apðπ ψo Þ bpðπ ψi Þ
¼ a3 Cqðπ ψo Þ b3 Cqðπ ψi Þ ;
qðπ ψo Þ qðπ ψi Þ
xc pðπ ψo Þ k 4 pðπ ψi Þ
such that; ¼ (18)
a qðπ ψo Þ k 3 qðπ ψi Þ

Case 3 ða3 Cqðπ ψo Þ a3 πCk 2 cos ψo Þxc

(Fig. 3c) � �
apðπ ψo Þ b Cða cos ψo þ bÞ Cða cos ψo þ bÞ
¼ a3 Cqðπ ψo Þ a3 πCk 2 cos ψo ;
qðπ ψo Þ 4 Cða cos ψo þ bÞ þ Cða cos ψo þ bÞ
4
xc pðπ ψo Þ πk4
such that; ¼ (19)
a qðπ ψo Þ πk2 cos ψo
*Quantified by ψo ; C ¼ ρg tan θ.

Fig. 6. Normalized wetted width xf =a as a function of actual/required freeboard df =d.

Fig. 7. Force normalized by ρgðtan θÞa3 as a function of ψo .

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250 MIR et al. · SLOSHING LOADS ON THE HEAD OF AN ANNULAR CYLINDRICAL REACTOR VESSEL
Fig. 8. Normalized distance between resultant force and center of tank as a function of ψo .
Fig. 9. Annular and cylindrical tanks used for example calculations; dimensions in meters for (a) AT-1, (b) AT-2, df ¼ 0:1, (c)
AT-2, df ¼ 0:25, and (d) T-3.
Figures 6, 7, and 8 can be used to estimate forces on
the roof of an annular tank (due to restrained sloshing) by
the following the steps:
1. Calculate ω1 per Eq. (1), Tcon;1 ¼ 2π=ω1 and
SAðTcon;1 Þ, for a user-specified acceleration response
spectrum and damping ratio.
2. Calculate the required freeboard for no impact of
the fluid on the roof d per Eq. (3).
3. For the ratio of available freeboard to required
freeboard df =d, read the value of xf =a for the particular
value of k ¼ b=a from Fig. 6. Interpolate for other values
of k.
4. Calculate ψo using Eq. (5) and the value of xf from
step 3.
5. Compute the normalized force on the roof using
Fig. 7 and ψo from step 4 and the force on the roof by
multiplying the normalized value by ρgðtan θÞa3, where
tan θ is calculated per Eq. (4).
6. Using ψo from step 4 and Fig. 8, compute the
distance xc between the center of the tank and the location
of resultant force.
V. EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Example calculations are presented in this section to
operationalize the procedure discussed previously, pro­
vide data to verify numerical models, and compare pre­
dictions with a benchmark case1 from 2005. Figure 9
presents the geometries of the tanks considered in the
example calculations here.
Table IV presents the calculations of total earth­
quake-induced vertical force on the roofs of two annular
tanks (AT-1 and AT-2 in Fig. 9) and one cylindrical tank
(k = 0, T-3 in Fig. 9) for the 0.5% damped acceleration
response spectrum (see footnote b) of Fig. 10.c Each tank
has an outer tank radius of 1.9 m and a fluid height of
4.5 m. The inner tank radii for AT-1 and AT-2 are 1.71
and 0.95 m, respectively. Two values of freeboard are
c
The 0.5%-damped uniform hazard response spectrum is represen­
tative of a site in the central and eastern United States for a soft
rock site and shaking with a return period of 5000 years. The 0.5%-
damped response spectrum was derived from a 5%-damped spec­
trum using frequency-dependent scale factors per the U.S. Nuclear
Regulatory Commission11 that range between 1.56 at 0.1 Hz to
1.75 at 1 Hz.
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 SLOSHING LOADS ON THE HEAD OF AN ANNULAR CYLINDRICAL REACTOR VESSEL · MIR et al. 251

leads to an expected reduction in force (4.2 to 0.1 kN).

The force calculated for T-3 (k = 0) using Malhotra1 is
greater than but of the order of the presented solution
for the same freeboard. Malhotra1 uses a conservative
pressure profile to derive a simpler expression for force
than that presented here [see Eq. (13) and Fig. 4 in
Malhotra1).

VI. CLOSING REMARKS

Fig. 10. Response spectrum damping ratio 0.5% (of
critical).
considered for AT-2. The fluid is water (density, ρ = 1000 ­
kg/m3).
The calculations presented in Table IV show that
the magnitudes of the earthquake-induced fluid load­
ings on the roofs of the sample tanks are small.
Increasing the freeboard (from 0.1 to 0.25 m in AT-2)
A method to estimate the forces on the roof of a base-
or head-supported annular tank with insufficient free­
board was developed, extending the approximate solution
of Malhotra.1 Equations and charts are presented to
enable the calculations of forces for the preliminary
design of annular tanks with different ratios of inner-to-
outer tank radius. The equations and charts are indepen­
dent of the pressure of the gas in the space above the free
surface of the fluid provided the waves do not break.
Example calculations of earthquake-induced roof force

TABLE IV
Sample Calculations for Force on Roof in the Three Tanks

AT-2 AT-2

df ¼ 0:1 df ¼ 0:25
AT-1 (m) (m) T-3 Remarks

a (m) 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 Outer tank radius

b (m) 1.71 0.95 0.95 0 Inner tank radius
k 0.9 0.5 0.5 0 b/a
H (m) 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 Fluid height
α1 1.053 1.354 1.354 1.841 See Eq. (2) and footnote a.
ω1 (rad/s) 2.31 2.64 2.64 3.08 See Eq. (1).
Tcon;1 (s) 2.71 2.38 2.38 2.04 2π=ω1
SAðTcon;1 Þ (m/s2) 0.14 g 0.16 g 0.16 g 0.17 g See Fig. 10 and dotted lines.
tan θ 0.14 0.16 0.16 0.17 See Eq. (4).
d (m) 0.27 0.304 0.304 0.32 Required freeboard, see Eq. (3).
df (m) 0.1 0.1 0.25 0.25 Available freeboard
df =d 0.37 0.33 0.82 0.77 Available-to-required freeboard
xf =a 0.86 0.83 0.17 0.22 Read from Fig. 6.
ψo (deg) 98 100 146 141 See Eq. (5).
F=ρgðtan θÞa3 0.14 0.39 0.008 0.019 Read from Fig. 7.
F (kN) 1.3 4.2 0.1 0.2 Force on roof a
FMalhotra (kN) – – –– 0.4 Force on roof per Eq. (14) in Malhotra1
xc (m) 1.5 1.3 1.8 1.7 Read from Fig. 8.
a
The forces calculated in these examples assumed a vacuum in the space between the free surface of the fluid and the roof of the
tank. The roof of such a tank would have to be designed for a differential pressure loading of 1 atm, which for tank T-3 would equal
1150 kN, approximately four orders of magnitude greater than the calculated sloshing force on the roof (= 0.2 kN). Similarly, the
introduction of a gas into the space, at a pressure above ambient will likely yield design forces much greater than those associated
with fluid sloshing.

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252 MIR et al. · SLOSHING LOADS ON THE HEAD OF AN ANNULAR CYLINDRICAL REACTOR VESSEL

are provided for three fluid-filled reactor vessels with where

realistic geometries.
2 sin ψw
qðψw Þ ¼ ψw cos ψw
3
APPENDIX cos2 ψw sin ψw
þ : ðA:2Þ
3
VOLUME AND CENTROID OF A CYLINDRICAL WEDGE
To calculate the centroidal distance xw , the following
Consider the cylindrical wedge of Fig. 4, which is expression is evaluated:
redrawn as Fig. A.1. The wedge is cut from a cylinder of
radius R by a plane having a slope C. The intersection of the ð ψw ð R
cutting plane and the base of the cylinder is defined by x and Vw xw ¼ C r cos ψðr cos ψ R cos ψw Þrdrdψ ;
ψw , such that x ¼ Rð1 þ cos ψw Þ. This Appendix derives ψ w r1
expressions for the volume Vw of the cylindrical wedge and
calculates the distance xw between the centroid of the wedge such that
and the centerline of the parent cylinder. Both the volume
� 4� �
and distance are used to compute the sloshing loads on the R sin 2ψw R4 sin 2ψw
roof of a tank. Vw xw ¼ C ψw þ
4 2 3
The height of the wedge at any point (ψ; r) is 4 2
�
R cos ψw sin 2ψw
Cðr cos ψ a cos ψw Þ. Using the plan view in þ ¼ R4 Cpðψw Þ ; ðA:3Þ
12
Fig. A.1 as a reference, the volume can be evaluated as
ð ψw ð R where
Vw ¼ C ðr cos ψ R cos ψw Þrdrdψ ;
ψw r1 � �
1 sin 2ψw
pðψw Þ ¼ ψw þ
where r1 ¼ R cos ψw = cos ψ, such that 4 2
sin 2ψw cos2 ψw sin 2ψw
� 3 � þ : ðA:4Þ
2R sin ψw 3 R3 cos2 ψw sin ψw 3 12
Vw ¼ C R ψw cos ψw þ
3 3
From Eqs. (A.1) and (A.3), it follows that
¼ R3 Cqðψw Þ ;
ðA:1Þ xw pðψw Þ
¼ : ðA:5Þ
R qðψw Þ

Acknowledgments

The information, data, or work presented herein was funded by

the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) of the
U.S. Department of Energy under award number DE-AR0000978.
The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not
necessarily state or reflect those of the U.S. government or any
agency thereof. The authors thank Professor Phillipe Bardet of The
George Washington University for providing his insights on the
design of pressurized vessels for sloshing loadings.

Disclosure Statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the
Fig. A.1. Cylindrical wedge, isometric and plan view. authors.

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 SLOSHING LOADS ON THE HEAD OF AN ANNULAR CYLINDRICAL REACTOR VESSEL · MIR et al.
ORCID
Faizan Ul Haq Mir http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9722-
4945
Andrew S. Whittaker http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0803-
3889
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