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Ellipse (Theory) Module-3
Ellipse (Theory) Module-3
Inchapter examples................................................. 11
Solved Examples..................................................... 22
x2 y2 e 2 (ax 1 by1 c) 2
Let the equation of the ellipse 1 a > b (x1–h)2 + (y1–k)2 =
a 2 b2 a 2 b2
(i) Vertices of an ellipse : The point of which Hence the locus of (x1,y1) will be given by
ellipse cut the axis x-axis at (a,0) & (– a, 0) (a2 + b2) [(x – h)2 + (y–k)2] = e2(ax + by + c)2
and y- axis at (0, b) & (0, – b) is called the Which is the equation of second degree from which
vertices of an ellipse. we can say that any equation of second degree
represent equation of an ellipse.
Note : Condition for second degree in X & Y to 2
x 3 y 3 2
1
represent an ellipse is that if h 2 = ab < 0 & = ;
= abc + 2 fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 0 4 x 6 2
or (x – 6)2 = 4 [(x– 3)2 + (y + 3)2]
Examples
based on Equation of an ellipse or x2–12x+36 = 4 [x2 – 6x + 9 +y2 + 6y + 9]
or 3x2+ 4y2 – 12x + 24y + 36 = 0
Ex.1Find the equation of the ellipse having its
Ex.2 Find the centre, the length of the axes,
eccentricity and the foci of the ellipse.
12x2 + 4y2 + 24 x – 16 y + 25 = 0
Sol. The given equation can be written in the form
12(x + 1)2 + 4(y – 2)2 = 3
M
x 12 y 2 2
+ =1 ...(1)
1/ 4 3/ 4
Q
A S C S Co- ordinates of centre of the ellipse are given
by x + 1 = 0 and y – 2 = 0
M Hence centre of the ellipse is (– 1, 2)
If a and b be the lengths of the semi major
and semi-minor axes, then a2=3/4, b2 = 1/4
Length of major axis = 2a =3,
centre at the point (2,–3), one focus at
Length of minor axis = 2b = 1
(3,– 3) and one vertex at (4,–3).
Sol. C (2, – 3), S (3, – 3) and A (4, – 3) 3 1
a= ,b=
2 2
Now CA = ( 4 2 ) 2 ( 3 3) 2 = 2 a = 2 Since b2 = a2 (1 – e2) 1/4 = 3/4 (1– e2)
Again CS = (3 2 ) 2 ( 3 3) 2 = 1 3 2 1
e = 2/3 ae =
× =
1 1 2 3 2
ae = 1 e = = Co-ordinates of foci are given by
a 2
Let the directrix cut the major- axis at Q. x + 1 = 0, y – 2 = ± ae
AS 1
Then =e= 1
AQ 2 Thus foci are 1, 2
If Q (, ), then 2
SA : AQ = e : 1 = 1 : 2
Ex.3 Find the equation of an ellipse whose focus is
6 6
A , = (4, – 3)
(– 1,1), eccentricity is 1/2 and the directrix is
3 3 x – y + 3 = 0.
6 6 Sol. Let P (x,y) be
= 4, =–3 any point on the ellipse whose
3 3
focus is S (–1,1) and the directrix is
= 6, = – 3
x – y + 3 = 0.
Slope of CA = 0, therefore directrix will be
parallel to y- axis. PM
Since directrix is parallel to y- axis and it perpendicular
passes through Q(6, – 3) from P (x,y) on M • P(x,y)
the directrix
equation of the directrix is x = 6.
x - y +3 = 0
x –y + 3 = 0.
Let P(x,y) be any point on the ellipse, then
Then by
definition
1 PS x 32 y 32 SP = ePM
e= = = •
2 PM x 6 (SP)2=e2 (PM)2
S(1,1)
12
2
1 x y 3 5. ELLIPSE AND A LINE
2
(x + 1) +(y – 1) = 2
4 2
x2 y2
2 2
8 (x + y + 2x – 2y + 2) Let the ellipse be + = 1 and the given line
a2 b2
= x2 + y2 + 9 – 2xy + 6x – 6y be y = mx + c.
7x2 + 7y2 + 2xy+ 10x – 10y + 7 = 0 Solving the line and ellipse we get
which is the required equation of the ellipse. x2 ( mx c) 2
+ =1
Ex.4 The foci of an ellipse are (± 2, 0) and its a2 b2
eccentricity is 1/2, find its equation. i.e. (a2m2 + b2) x2 + 2 mca 2 x + a2 (c2 – b2) = 0
above equation being a quadratic in x.
x2 y2
Sol. Let the equation of the ellipse be + = 1, discriminant = 4m2c2a4 – 4a 2 (a 2m2 + b2) (c2– b2)
a 2 b2
Then coordinates of foci are (± ae, 0). = –b2 {c2 – (a 2m2 + b2)}
1 1 = b2 {(a2m 2 + b2 )– c2}
ae = 2 a × =2 e 2 Hence the line intersects the parabolas in
2
a=4 2 distinct points if a2m2 +b2 > c2, in one point if c2 =
a2m2 +b2, and does not intersect if a2m2+b2 < c2.
We have b2 = a2 (1– e2)
1
b2 = 16 1 = 12
y = mx ± a m2 2
b2 touches the ellipse and
4
condition for tangency c2 = a 2m2 + b2.
2 2
x y
Thus, the equation of the ellipse is
16 12
= 1 Hence y = mx ± a m
2 2
b 2 , touches the ellipse
x2 y2 a 2m b2
3. Parametric form of the ellipse + =1 at 2 2 2 , 2 2 2 .
a 2 b2 a m b a m b
Note : 1: x cos + y sin = p is a tangent if
Let the equation of ellipse in standard form will be
p2 = a 2 cos2 + b2 sin 2 .
x2 y2
given by =1 + Note : 2 : x + my + n = 0 is a tangent if
a2 b2 n2 = a22 + b2m2.
Then the equation of ellipse in the parametric form
will be given by x= a cos , y = b sin where is 5.1 Equation of the Tangent :
the eccentric angle whose value vary from 0 < 2. (i) The equation of the tangent at any point
Therefore coordinate of any point P on the ellipse x2 y2
will be given by (a cos, b sin ). (x 1 , y1 ) on the ellipse + =1 is
a2 b2
xx1 yy1
4. POINT AND ELLIPSE + = 1.
2
2 2 a b2
x y (ii) the equation of tangent at any point ‘’ is
Let P(x1,y1) be any point and let 2
+ = 1 is the
a b2 x y
equation of an ellipse. cos + sin = 1.
a b
The point lies outside, on or inside the ellipse as if
5.2 Equation of the Normal :
x12 y12 (i) The equation of the normal at any point
S1 = + – 1 > 0, = 0, < 0
a2 b2
x2 y2
Ex.5 Find the position of the point (4, – 3) relative (x1, y1) on the ellipse + = 1 is
to the ellipse 5x2 + 7y2 = 140. a2 b2
Sol. 5(4)2 + 7(– 3)2 –140 = 80 + 63 –140 =3 > 0, a 2x b2 y
– = a 2 – b2
so the point (4,–3) lies outside the ellipse x1 y1
5x2 + 7y2 = 140. (ii) The equation of the normal at any point ‘’ is
ax sec – by cosec = a 2 – b2
Examples Sol. Let m be the slope of the tangent, since the
based on Ellipse and a line tangent is perpendicular to the line y + 2x = 4.
1
Ex.6Find the condition that the line x + my = n m × –2 = –1 m=
2
x2 y2 Since 3x2 + 4y2 = 12
may be a normal to the ellipse + = 1.
a2 b2 x2 y2
Sol. equation of normal to the given ellipse at or + =1
4 3
ax by x2 y2
(a cos, b sin) is – = a2 – b2 ...(1) Comparing this with + =1
cos sin
a2 b2
If the line x + my = n is also normal to the a 2 = 4 and b2 = 3
ellipse then there must be a value of for So the equation of the tangents are
which line (1) and line x + my = n are
1 1
identical. For that value of we have y= x ± 4x 3
2 4
m n 1
= = y= x2 or x – 2y ± 4 = 0
a
b
a b2
2
2
cos sin Ex.9 Find the equations of tangent to the ellipse
an
or cos = ...(2) 4x2 + 9y2 = 36 at the point (3, –2).
. a 2 b 2 Sol. We have 4x2 + 9y2 = 36
bn
and sin = ...(3) x2 y2
m. a 2 b 2
9
+
4
= 1. This is of the form
Squarring and adding (2) and (3), we get
x2 y2
n 2
a 2 b2 + 2 = 1, where a2 = 9 and b2 = 4.
a2 b
1= 2 2 2
a b2 m 2 We know that the equation of the tangent to
which is the required condition. x2 y2
the ellipse + = 1 at (x 1 ,y1 ) is
a2 b2
Ex.7For what value of does the line y = x + xx 1 yy 1
touches the ellipse 9x2 + 16y2 = 144. 2 + =1
a b2
Sol. Equation of ellipse is So, the equation of the tangent to the given
x2 y2 ellipse at (3,– 2) is
9x2 + 16y2 = 144 or + =1
16 9 3x 2y x y
– =1 i.e. – =1
y x 2 2 9 4 3 2
Comparing this with + 2 =1
a2 b Ex.10 Find the equations of the tangents to the
then we get a2 = 16 and b2 = 9 ellipse x2 + 16y2 = 16 each one of which
& comparing the line y = x + with y = mx +c makes an angle of 60º with the x- axis.
m = 1 and c =
x2 y2
If the line y = x + touches the ellipse Sol. We have, x2 + 16y2 = 16 + =1
42 12
9x2 + 16y2 = 144, then
x2 y2
c2 = a2m2 + b2 This is of the form + = 1, where
a2 b2
= 16 × 12 + 9 a2 = 16 and b2 = 1
2 = 25 So, the equations of the tangents are
=±5 y = mx ± a 2 m 2 b 2
Ex.8 Find the equations of the tangents to the ellipse
3x2 + 4y2 = 12 which are perpendicular to the i.e. y = 3 x ± 16 x 3 1
line y + 2x = 4. y= 3x±7
Ex.11 If the normal at an end of a latus- rectum of x2 y2 xx1 yy1
x2 y2 S1 + – 1 = 0, T –1=02 +
an ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 passes through one a 2
b 2
a b2
a b Note : The locus of the point of intersection of the
extermity of the minor axis, show that the
x2 y2
eccentricity of the ellipse is given by tangents to an ellipse = 1 which +
e4 + e2 – 1 = 0 a2 b2
are perpendicular to each other is called
5 1 Director circle.
or e2 =
2 Hence the equation of director circle of the
Sol. The co-ordinates of an end of the
latus- rectum are (ae, b2/a). The equation of x2 y2
ellipse + = 1 is x2 + y2 = a2+ b2.
normal at P(ae,b2/a) is a2 b2
7. CHORD OF CONTACT
2
(0,b) B ae, b If PA and PB be the tangents through point
P a
x2 y2
P(x1, y1) to the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1,
(-a,0)A’ S A (a,0) a b
then the equation of the chord of contact AB is
B’ (0,-b) xx1 yy1
+ 2 = 1 or T = 0 (at x1, y1)
a2 b
a 2x b 2 ( y)
– 2 = a 2 – b2
ae b /a
ax
or – ay = a2 – b2
e
It passes through one extremity of the minor
axis whose co-ordinates are (0, – b)
0 + ab = a2 – b2 or (a 2b2) = (a2 – b2)2
or a2.a 2 (1– e2) = (a 2 e2)2 or 1– e2 = e4 8. EQUATION OF CHORD WITH MID POINT
or e4 + e2 – 1 = 0 or (e2)2 + e2 – 1 = 0
(x1, y1)
1 1 4 5 1
e2 = e2 =
2 2 The equation of the chord of the ellipse
(taking positive sign) x2 y2
+ = 1, whose mid point be (x1,y1) is
a2 b2
6. PAIR OF TANGENTS T = S1
Let P(x1, y1) be any point lies outside the ellipse xx1 yy1 x12 y12
2 2 Where T + – 1=0,S1 + –1=0
x y a2 b2 a2 b2
+ = 1, and let a pair of tangents PA,PB can
a2 b2
be drawn to it from P. 9. DIAMETER
then the equation of pair of tangents of PA and PB
x2 y2 The locus of the middle points of a system of parallel
is SS1= T2 where S 2 + 2 – 1 = 0 chords is called a diameter. If y = mx + c represent a
a b
x2 y2
system of parallel chords of the ellipse + =1
a2 b2
b2
then the line y = – x is the equation of the
a 2m
diameter.
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 The equation of the ellipse which passes through 6 cos2 + 2 sin2 = 4
origin and has its foci at the points (1, 0) and (3, or 3 cos2 + sin2 = 2
0) is- 2 cos2 = 1
(A) 3x2 + 4y2 = x (B) 3x2 + y2 = 12x 1 3
(C) x + 4y = 12x (D) 3x2 + 4y2 = 12x
2 2 cos = ± ; = ,
2 4 4
Sol:[D] Centre being mid point of the foci is Ex.4 If x cos + y sin = P is a tangent to the ellipse
1 3 x2 y2
, 0 = (2, 0) + = 1, then -
2 a2 b2
Distance between foci 2ae = 2 (A) a cos + b sin = P2
ae = 1 or a2 – b2 = 1 ...(i) (B) a sin + b cos = P2
2 2 (C) a2 cos2 + b2 sin2 = P2
( x 2) y (D) a2 sin2 + b2 cos2 = P2
If the ellipse 2 + = 1, then as it passes
a b2
from (0, 0) Sol:[C] Given line is x cos + y sin = P ... (1)
Any tangent to the ellipse is
4
= 1 a2 = 4 x cos y sin
a2 + =1 ...(2)
from (i) b2 = 3 a b
Comparing (1) and (2)
( x 2) 2 y 2 cos sin 1
Hence + =1
4 3 = =
a cos b sin P
or 3x2 + 4y2 – 12x = 0
a cos b sin
Ex.2 A man running round a racecourse notes that the cos = ; sin =
P P
sum of the distance of two flag posts from him is Eliminate ,
always 10 meters and the distance between the a 2 cos 2 b 2 sin 2
flag posts is 8 meters. The area of the path he cos2 + sin2 = +
P2 P2
encloses - or a cos + b sin = P2
2 2 2 2
x2 y2 x 1x 2 b 2 x1 b 2 x 2
x 2 =–1
2
+ 2 = 1 are at right angles, then y y is a 2 y1 a y2
a b 1 2
equal to-
x 1x 2 a4
a2 b2 yy =– 4
(A) (B) – 1 2 b
b2 a2
a4 b4
(C) – 4 (D) –
b a4