1 Module 3 PHILIPPINE HISTORY: SPACES FOR CONFLICT AND

CONTROVERSIES

LESSON 2
Philippine History: Spaces for Conflict and Controversies (Part 2)
The Tejeros Assembly

Lesson Learning Outcomes

In this lesson, the students are able to:

• identify the conflicting views about the Tejeros Assembly;

• examine the role of each person as a source of information in the event;
• formulate arguments to support their stand through making a position paper using primary
and secondary sources.

PRE-ASSESSMENT
Multiple Choice
Instruction: Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter that best describes the
answer. Write your answer before the number.
______1. During the Tejeros Assembly, he served as the secretary of the convention when
Bonifacio began presiding over the session.

a) Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo

b) Daniel Tirona
c) Gen. Artemio Ricarte
d) Emiliano Riego de Dios
______2. According to Santiago Alvarez’s account, the assembly at Tejeros was finally convened
on ________________?

a) March 26, 1897

b) March 27, 1897
c) March 25, 1897
d) March 24, 1897
______3. When the first day of Philippine Revolution saw the defeat of the Katipunan in Manila,
Bonifacio and his men retreat to the mountain of___________?

a) Bohol
b) Camiguin
c) Montalban
d) Bacoor
2 Module 3 PHILIPPINE HISTORY: SPACES FOR CONFLICT AND
CONTROVERSIES
______4. Artemio Ricarte was elected in the Tejeros Assembly as ______________ of the
revolutionary government.

a) Captain-General
b) Supremo
c) President
d) General
______5. Recarte’s memoirs were published in Tagalog in 1927 in Yokohama, Japan with the
title________?

a) Himagsikan ng mga Pilipino

b) KKK: Ang Pagsiklab ng Rebolusyon
c) Himagsikan ng Mga Pilipino Laban sa Kastila.
d) Rebolusyon Para sa Kalayaan.
______6. According to Andres Bonifacio’s account, there was a cry being raised that
__________________should be chosen as the Director of the Interior because there is a need that
this position should be filled by someone educated.

a) Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo

b) Apolinario Mabini
c) Don Jose del Rosario
d) Gen. Gregorio del Pilar
______7. He was the Secretary of War of Magdiwang before the assembly was convened according
to Alvarez’s account.

a) Mariano C. Trias
b) Baldomero Aguinaldo
c) Ariston Villanueva
d) Mariano M. Alvarez
______8. Cavite Katipuneros were consisted of two groups named ___________ and __________?

a) Matapang, Magiting
b) Magdalo, Magdiwang
c) Magiting, Maginoo
d) Magdiwang, Maghimagsik
______9. He was elected as the President of the Tejeros Assembly.

a) Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo

b) Daniel Tirona
c) Gen. Artemio Ricarte
d) Emiliano Riego de Dios
3 Module 3 PHILIPPINE HISTORY: SPACES FOR CONFLICT AND
CONTROVERSIES
______10. The building where the Tejeros Assembly was held is known as the____________?

a) Casa- Blanca of Tejeros

b) Casa- Hacienda of Tejeros
c) Hacienda en Mi Casa of Tejeros
d) Blanca en Mi Casa of Tejeros

LESSON MAP

Artemio
Ricarte’s
Account

Andres
Historical Bonifacio’s
Context Account

Santiago
Alvarez’s
Account

(The map above shows the topics of this lesson)

ENGAGE Analyzing the Image.

Activity 1.
4 Module 3 PHILIPPINE HISTORY: SPACES FOR CONFLICT AND
CONTROVERSIES
Instruction: Look deeply at the picture for a good long time. Write down what you see without
making any interpretation about what the image is trying to say and answer the questions presented
below.

Questions:

1. What do you have in your mind after looking deeply at the picture above?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2. What do you think is the picture trying to emphasize or say?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

EXPLORE Reading the Accounts.

Activity 2.

The Tejeros assembly

Historical Context

The first days of the Philippine Revolution saw the defeat of the Katipunan in Manila, forcing
Bonifacio and his men to retreat to the mountains of Montalban. It was a different story in Cavite.
Here, the Katipunan under Emilio Aguinaldo managed to subdue the Spanish forces by surprise
and take control of the province. The victory, however, was short-lived as the Cavite Katipuneros-
which consisted of two groups, the Magdiwang (Bonifacio) and Magdalo (Aguinaldo)-were soon
fighting each other over territory and logistics. Unable to resolve their differences, Aguinaldo invited
the Supremo Andres Bonifacio to Cavite to mediate. However, when he arrived in infuriated the
Magdalos. The two groups finally agreed to form a revolutionary government (pamahalaang
panghihimagsik) which would lead the revolution. The assembly was set to be held in the friar's
estate house in Barrio Tejeros, a part of the town of San Francisco de Malabon (now General Trias).
On March 22, 1897, the Cavite Katipuneros, as well as representatives of the Katipunan from the
nearby provinces, converged at the estate house. Emilio Aguinaldo, however, was not at the
assembly as he was commanding the Filipino forces at the frontlines in Pasong Santol, Barrio
Salitran, Dasmariñas, facing the imminent attack of the Spanish forces.

Artemio Ricarte’s Account

The following account was written by Gen. Artemio Ricarte (nom-de-guerre: Vibora) who
was one of the officials of the Magdiwang faction. During the Tejeros Assembly, he served as the
secretary of the convention when Bonifacio began presiding over the session. Ricarte was elected
in the Tejeros Assembly as Captain-General of the revolutionary government. He initially refused
the position but his objections were overruled by the electoral body. His account of the Philippine
 5 Module 3 PHILIPPINE HISTORY: SPACES FOR CONFLICT AND
CONTROVERSIES
revolution was titled "Apuntes Históricos de la Insurrección por los Asociados al Kamahalmahala't
Kataastaasang Katipunan nang manga Anak ng Bayan contra el Gobierno Español en las Islas
Filipinas." It was written during his imprisonment for subversion by the American authorities in 1904.
It was translated into English by a British journalist, William Brecknock Watson, but remained in
manuscript form. Ricarte's memoirs were published in Tagalog in 1927 in Yokohama, Japan with
the title Himagsikan ng Mga Pilipino Laban sa Kastila. The account on the next page is his version
of the Tejeros Assembly.
The Account
Early on the morning of the day set for the assembly (March 22-JVT), men filled the Tejeros estate house, among them
not only the chiefs of the Magdiwang but also men of the Magdalo. Among the chiefs of the Magdiwang, apart from the Supremo
of the Katipunan, were the following: Mariano, Pascual and Santiago Alvarez; Luciano San Miguel, Mariano Trias Closas;
Severino de las Alas and Santos Nocon. Among those of Magdalo were Baldomero Aguinaldo, Daniel Tirona, Cayetano
Topacio, and Antonio Montenegro.
The session opened under the presidency of Jacinto Lumbreras who, in a few words, explained the purpose of the
meeting. Severino de las Alas rose to address those present and said that before discussing the defense of a small piece of
territory in Cavite, it would be well to consider first the kind of government then existing in the country, as upon that government
would depend whatever defense might be needed. The chairman replied that from the time the Katipunan was established the
country had been ruled by the Supreme Council, the provincial and popular councils. He repeated that the purpose for which
the assembly had been called was one of great importance in those critical times. Andres Bonifacio, with permission of the
chair, spoke in support of Lumbreras and his stand in regard to the government and went to explain the significance of the
letter "K" in the center of the sum on the flag, which stands for liberty, as has already been said in the description of the
insurgent flag. Severino de las Alas again addressed the meeting and said that neither the letter "K" on the flag. nor the flag
itself, has anything to do with the character of the government then existing; that is to say, whether it was a monarchy or a
republic. Bonifacio replied that the Katipuneros, from the president of the Supreme Council to the most insignificant member,
recognized the principles of Union, Fraternity and Equality, on which account it was very clear that the government of the
Katipunan was rigorously republican in form.
Antonio Montenegro rose and spoke in support of the De las Alas suggestion and in a louder voice than usual said
that unless some definite understanding was arrived at regarding the matter, the insurgents were mere groups of tulisanes or,
much worse, brutes.
These last words of Antonio Montenegro wounded the pride of Santiago Alvarez, who rose with glaring eyes and,
addressing Montenegro, said: "We insurgents of Cavite and especially of the Magdiwang government recognize and obey the
government established by the Katipunan: if you wish to establish any other kind of government more suited to your fancy,
retire to your province and conquer territory from the Spanish government as we have done here, and establish there whatever
government you like, and no one will interfere with you...”
The session broke up in disorder, but one hour later, when the passions of the adherents of Santiago Alvarez and
Antonio Montenegro had been pacified, it convened against under the presidency of Andres Bonifacio because Jacinto
Lumbreras said that inasmuch as they were discussing a subject which was provided for in the call for the meeting. but which
concerned the establishment of a general government for the insurrection, he ought not to preside at the continuation of the
meeting. Then Andres Bonifacio... was chosen by acclamation to be president at the meeting...
Order being restored, Bonifacio opened the session saying: As you wish to establish a supreme government to direct
the insurrection, abolishing that already organized by the Katipunan and agreed upon in the Imus assembly.
I, as Supremo of the Supreme Council of the Katipunan, agree to your just petition; but I must first invite you all to join
us in recognizing a principle upon which we must base all our decisions in this or in any other session; this principle is that we
respect and obey in everything the vote or decision of the majority." Those present signified their unanimous conformity and
the Philippine Republic was agreed upon and proclaimed amid repeated and enthusiastic applause. They then proceeded to
the election of the following officers of the Republic: President, Vice-President, Captain General, and Directors of War, Interior,
State, Finance, Commerce and Justice....
 They then proceeded to the election of a Vice-President. Severino de las Alas remarked that inasmuch as
Andres Bonifacio had secured the second largest number of votes in the election for President, he should be
6 Module 3 PHILIPPINE HISTORY: SPACES FOR CONFLICT AND
proclaimed Vice President. No one expressed a wish to speak in favor or against the suggestion of De las Alas,
wherefore the chairman ordered thatCONTROVERSIES
the election be proceeded with, and this being done it resulted in a majority
of votes being cast for Mariano Trias Closas as against Andres Bonifacio, Severino de las Alas, and Mariano
Alvarez.
They then immediately proceeded to the election of a Captain General. The secretary of the session,
Artemio Ricarte, was elected by a large majority over Santiago Alvarez. Ricarte rose and protested against his
own election.... Those present disapproved the protest viva voce. and the chairman called the meeting to order
saying that as night was falling, it was advisable to continue the election for the other positions. It was unanimously
proposed and approved that, to cut short the noting, those who favored any person for a position should stand on
one side, and those who favored other person should stand on the other side in groups, and in that way, they
voted for a Director of War, Emiliano Riego de Dios....
The election of a Minister of the Interior was proceeded with in the same way, with the result that Andres
Bonifacio was elected... In the midst of the acclamation that was accorded Andres Bonifacio, Daniel Tirona
demanded the floor and said: "Fellow countrymen: The position of Minister of the Interior is a very important one
and should not be occupied by a person who is not a lawyer. We have in our province a lawyer Jose del Rosario;
hence we must protest against the election of the person elected and acclaimed. Thee, shouting at the top of his
voice, he cried: "Let us vote for Jose del Rosario, the lawyer!"
Bonifacio's pride being wounded, he rose and spoke thus: "Have we not agreed that we shall obey the will
of the majority, whatever might be the social position of the person elected?" Having said this, he asked Daniel
Tirona to repeat what he had said, or to apologize to the assembly for the insult offered to the person elected,
because up to that time not one those elected was fitted by reason of his culture for the position to which he had
been designated. As Tirona tried to hide himself among the crowd, without paying attention to what Bonifacio
demanded of him, the latter drew his revolver and was about to fire at Tirona, but the secretary of the session
(Ricarte) seized his hand and the incident passed without more ado. As those present were about to leave the
room, Bonifacio said in a loud voice: as president of the session, and also as president of the preme council fo the
Katipunan as you all know, declare this assembly closed, and annul everything that has been done therein." He
then left, followed by bis adherents.

Andres Bonifacio’s Account

The account from Andres Bonifacio is the letter he wrote to Emilio Jacinto in Montalban from
Indang, Cavite on April 24, 1897, a month after the Tejeros elections. This would be the first time
the other members of the Supreme Council would hear of the events that happened in Cavite. This
was first published in Jose P. Santos, Si Andres Bonifacio at Ang Himagsikan (1932).

The Account
The majority of the said convention agreed to establish a government, but I explained to them that this
could not be done because the representatives of the other towns did not arrive, a condition that was agreed upon
in the Imus Assembly but which was disregarded by the majority because of the dire conditions of the towns; and
the Imus Assembly lacks proof because there were no documents. Nevertheless, the ones who were present
promised that whatever decision was made, the majority will abide by the decision in the assembly and that is
what I will respect.
When the elections were held, elected President of the Republic was Don Emilio Aguinaldo, Vice President,
Don Mariano Trias; Auditor General, Don Artemio Ricarte; Director of War, Don Emiliano R. de Dios. The elections
were held through the expressions of those who were present (viva voce) because it was already nighttime.
7 Module 3 PHILIPPINE HISTORY: SPACES FOR CONFLICT AND
CONTROVERSIES

I was elected Director of the Interior through the same expressions of those present and among the midst of those
who were elected: however, after the decision was made and the election for the Director de Hacienda was about
to start, Don Daniel Tirona stood up and said that there is a cry being raised that Don Jose del Rosario be chosen
Director of the Interior because there is a need that this position should be filled by someone educated. He
announced this after saying that he did not state this with the intention of insulting me. I answered back that good
and educated men are needed for all the positions, I asked him to point out to me who among the elected ones
are already well-versed in their positions but instead. He began to shout: "Let us agree that Jose del Rosario, a
lawyer, be chosen Director of the Interior!" No one responded to bis call which he did four times whereas i few
responded by calling out my name. Because of the tumult that occurred, the President of the Magdiwang
announced that this was not an assembly of gentlemen because everything that they did had no evidence. Also, I
discovered that even before the elections were made, some of those who are from Imus had secretly spread the
word that it was not good for them to be under the leadership of someone from another province. It was for this
reason that Captain Emilio Aguinaldo was elected President. When I heard about this, I told them that this
assembly was the idea of those with evil intentions as this was the only thing that they wanted and that they
deceived the people. Leven added that if they wished I will point out one by one those who intended to this if they
wanted to. The assembly answered that it was not necessary. I also told them that if the wishes of the assembly
are not to be followed, I will not recognize those who were elected and if I will not recognize them then my men
will also not recognize them, Even General Ricarte-the one elected General-also stated that their assembly was
the result of bad intentions....

From the private collection of Emmanuel Encarnacion

Letter of Andres Bonifacio to Emilio Jacinto dated April 24, 1897
Santiago Alvarez’s Account

The account of the Tejeros Convention is found in Chapter 32 of Gen. Santiago Alvarez’s memoirs.
Like Ricarte, Alvarez was a direct participant and witness to the events that occurred in the elections.
 8 Module 3 PHILIPPINE HISTORY: SPACES FOR CONFLICT AND
CONTROVERSIES
The Account
The assembly at Tejeros was finally convened on 25 March 1897 (sic). The invitations to the meeting
were signed by Secretary Jacinto Lambreras of the Magdang Council, and be presided over the assembly,
Seated unth Lambreras at the long presidential table were the Supremo Andres Bonifacio, Messrs. Mariano M.
Alvarez, Pascual Alvarez, Ariston Villaneuva, Mariano C. Trias, Diego Mojica, Emiliano R. de Dios, Santiago V.
Alvarez, Artemio Ricarte, Santos Nocon, Luciano San Miguel, Pablo Mojica, Severino de las Alas, and Santiago
Rillo, all of them of the Magdiwang. Among the Magdalo seated at the head table were Messrs. Baldomero
Aguinaldo, Daniel Tirona, and Cayetano Topacio.
It must be mentioned that, before the assembly was convened, Secretary of War Ariston Villanueva of
the Magdnwang Council received the confidential information that Mr. Daniel Tirona of the Magdalo faction was
set to undermine the proceedings of the assembly and that he had already acceded in enjoining any among the
Magdiwang leaders to ally with him. Secretary Villanueva kept silent, but nevertheless alerted Captam General
Apoy, who had troops in readiness for any sudden eventuality.
The leaders were seated at the presidential table, as previously described and all the others were
standing in groups on both sides of those seated. After Chairman Jacinto Lonbrenas had declared the assembly
open, be announced the main top of docuzion which was hote to bolster the defense in the areas still under
Magdiwang control. Presently Mr. Severine de las Alas rose to speak, and when he was recognized, he said,
"Before we discr minor details, let us firat tackle the masor use such as what kind of government we should
have and bow we should go about establishing it. Once we make a decision about these questions, the problem
of organitation and strengthening of defenses will be resolved"
"As initiator of the Revolution, Chairman Lumbreras replied, "the Katipunan nou holds authority over the
talands. It has a government of law and a definite program. It is cheyed and respected by all because it stands
for freedom, brotherly love, and a well-organized and well-run government……”
The chair next recognized the Supremo. He concurred with what Chairman Lumbreras had just said and
explained that the "K in the middle of the sun in the Katipunan flag used in the Revolution stood for "Kalayaan."
Ms. Severino de las Alas spoke again. He countered that the letter "K" and the sun on the flag did not
indicate whether the revolutionary government at democratic or not.
The Supremo replied that from the rank-and-file to the highest levels, the Katipunan was united in its
respect for universal brotherhood and equality men. It was risking bloodshed and life itself in its struggle against
the king, in order to establish a sovereign and free government. In short, it stood for people's sovereignty, not
a government led only by one or two.
Mr. Antonio Montenegro spoke in defense of Mr. Severino de las Alas's stand. He argued that if they
would agree on the kind of revolutionary government, they were to have and that if they were to let the status
quo prevail then they who were in the Revolution would be no better than a pack of bandits or of wild, mindless
animals."
General Apoy was hurt by these words of Mr. Montenegro. He quickly stood up and looked angrily at
the previous speaker.
"We of the Katipunan," he began, are under the jurisdiction of our respected Highest Council of the Sons
of the People. This Council is the defender of, and has authority over, the Magdiwang and Magdalo governments
of Cavite. We are true revolutionaries fighting for freedom of the native land. We are not bandits who rob others
of their property and wealth. Nor should be likened to beasts, for we know how to protect and defend others,
especially the political refugees who seek asylum with us. We are rational and we do not expose those who talk
big but do not accomplish anything. If you want to establish a different kind of government that is to your liking,
you must do as we have done: Go back to your localities and snatch them from Spanish control. Then you can
do what pleases you; but don't you dare seek refuge among cowards who might call you bandits and beasts...."
9 Module 3 PHILIPPINE HISTORY: SPACES FOR CONFLICT AND
CONTROVERSIES
When order was restored, some wanted the convention adjourned but the Supremo Bonifacio prevailed
upon the others to continue. However, the presiding officer, Mr. Lumbreras, refused to resume his role of
chairman. He wanted to yield the chair to the Supremo whom he thought to be the rightful chairman....
Mr. Lumbreras's speech was well received and his proposal was unanimously accepted. The Supremo
Bonifacio assumed the chairmanship accordingly and said, "Your aim is to establish a new overall government
of the Katipunan and the Sons of the People. This would repudiate the decision made at the meeting held at the
friar estate house in Imus. In my capacity as "President-Supremo" of the Most Venerable Katipunan of the Sons
of the People, I agree and sympathize with your aspirations. But I wish to remind you that we should respect all
decisions properly discussed and approved in all our meetings. We should respect and abide by the wishes of
the majority."
Because of a repeated clamor for the approval for the establishment of a government of the Philippine
Republic, the chair proceeded to prepare for an election to the following positions: president, vice-president,
minister of finance, minister of warfare, minister of justice, and captain general.
The Supremo spoke again before the election began. He said that the candidate who would get the most
number of votes for each position should be the winner, no matter what his station in life or his educational
attainment....
Because of a repeated clamor for the approval for the establishment of a government of the Philippine
Republic, the chair proceeded to prepare for an election to the following positions: president, vice-president,
minister of finance, minister of warfare, minister of justice, and captain general.
The Supremo spoke again before the election began. He said that the candidate who would get the most number
of votes for each position should be the winner, no matter what his station in life or his educational attainment....
The Supremo Bonifacio appointed Gen. Artemio Ricarte as secretary. Then, with the help of Mr. Daniel
Tirona, he distributed pieces of paper to serve as ballots. When the ballots had been collected and votes were
read to be canvassed, Mr. Diego Mojica, the Magdiwang secretary of the treasury, warned the Supremo that
many ballots distributed were already filled out and that the voters had not done this themselves. The Supremo
ignored this remark. He proceeded with the business at hand as if nothing unusual had happened.
When the votes for president were counted, Mr. Emilio Aguinaldo won over Mr. Andres Bonifacio, the
Supremo.
The winner was acclaimed by applause and shouts of "Mabuhay!"
Mr. Severino de las Alas spoke again to say that since the Supremo Bonifacio had received the second
highest number of votes for the presidency, he should be proclaimed vice president of the government of the
Philippine Republic. When nobody signified approval or disapproval of the proposal, the presiding officer, the
Supremo Bonifacio, ruled that the election be continued. For vice-president, Mariano Trias won over Mr. Mariano
Alvarez and the Supremo Bonifacio. General Vibora was elected captain over General Apoy....
Mr. Baldomero Aguinaldo wanted the elections to be finished before it got too dark. To facilitate the
counting of votes, he suggested that for all other positions to be voted upon, voters should stand on one of the
sides of the hall if in favor and on the other side if against. This suggestion was adopted for the rest of the
election. For the position of secretary of war, Mr. Emiliano R. de Dios was elected overwhelmingly.... After the
voters had given the proper honors to the new secretary of war, they proceeded to elect the secretary of the
interior. Mr. Andres Bonifacio, the Supremo, won over Mr. Mariano Alvarez. The crowd broke into shouts of
"Mabuhay!" Mr. Daniel Tirona requested for a restoration of order and then spoke aloud:
"My brethren, the office of Secretary of Interior is of so great a scope and of such sensitivity that we
should no entrust it to one who is not a lawyer. One among us here is a lawyer. He is Mr. Jose del Rosario. Let
us reconsider the choice of the last position, for he has no credentials to show attesting to any educational
attainment.
10 Module 3 PHILIPPINE HISTORY: SPACES FOR CONFLICT AND
CONTROVERSIES
Greatly embarrassed, the Supremo Bonifacio quickly stood up and said, "We agreed to abide by the
majority tote and accept its choice no matter what the station in life of the person elected. And because of this,
I demand from you, Mr. Daniel Tirona, an apology. You must restore to the voters and the one they elected the
honor you have only now besmirched
Then he pulled out his revolver and took aim.
Instead of replying, Mr. Tirona ignored the Supremo's remarks and, perhaps because of fear, he slid
away and got lost in the crowd Disorder ensued as the convention secretary tried to disarm the Supremo, who
was intent on shooting Mr. Tirona. The people began to disperse and the Supremo adjourned the meeting with
these words:
"In my capacity as chairman of this convention and as President Supremo of the Most Venerable
Katipunan of the Sons of the People which association is known and acknowledged by all. I hereby declare null
and void all matters approved in this meeting.
Then be left quickly and was followed by his aides and some others present.

EXPLAIN What I have Understood?

Activity 3.
Instruction: Answer the following questions below.
1. How did the two rival factions of Katipunan-Magdalo and Magdiwang- come about?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Who were the sources of the historical accounts? What were their roles in Katipunan?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Why did Andres Bonifacio declare the election results as null and void?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What are the similarities and differences among the three accounts?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. How can the three accounts contribute to your understanding of the first Philippine Republic?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

TOPIC SUMMARY
In this lesson, you have learned that:

• The first day of the Philippine Revolution saw the defeat of the Katipunan in Manila.
• The Cavite Katipuneros were consisted of two groups. Magdiwang and Magdalo.
11 Module 3 PHILIPPINE HISTORY: SPACES FOR CONFLICT AND
CONTROVERSIES
• The assembly was set to be held in the friars’ estate house in Barrio Tejeros.
• Gen. Artemio Ricarte was one of the officials of the Magdiwang faction.
• Andres Bonifacio’s account is from a letter he wrote to Emilio Jacinto.
• Gen. Santiago Alvarez was a direct a participant and witness to the events that occurred in
the elections that made him became as one of the accounts during Tejeros Assembly.

REFERENCES

• Candelaria, J. L., & Alphora, V. C. (2018). Readings in Philippine History.Quezon City: Rex
Printing Company, inc.
• Torres, J. V. (2018). BATIS: Sources in Philippine History.Quezon City: C & E Publishing,
Inc.