Renewable

Energy Sources

Renewable Energy Systems

August 3, 2020

Hemachandra G
Assistant Professor
CMR Institute of Technology
 Solar Thermal Energy Applications

Renewable
Energy Sources

Energy from sun can be converted into usable form of energy for
multi-purpose utilisation. Thermal energy applications are
categorised based on technologies, given as,
 Solar Thermal Energy Applications

Renewable
Energy Sources

Energy from sun can be converted into usable form of energy for
multi-purpose utilisation. Thermal energy applications are
categorised based on technologies, given as,
1 Passive Systems
 Solar Thermal Energy Applications

Renewable
Energy Sources

Energy from sun can be converted into usable form of energy for
multi-purpose utilisation. Thermal energy applications are
categorised based on technologies, given as,
1 Passive Systems

2 Active Systems
 Solar Thermal Energy Applications

Renewable
Energy Sources

Energy from sun can be converted into usable form of energy for
multi-purpose utilisation. Thermal energy applications are
categorised based on technologies, given as,
1 Passive Systems

2 Active Systems

3 Direct Thermal applications.

 Solar Thermal Energy Applications

Renewable
Energy Sources

Energy from sun can be converted into usable form of energy for
multi-purpose utilisation. Thermal energy applications are
categorised based on technologies, given as,
1 Passive Systems

2 Active Systems

3 Direct Thermal applications.

4 Solar Electric Conversion and applications.

 Passive Systems

Renewable
Energy Sources
 Passive Systems

Renewable
Energy Sources
Pumps or motors are not required.
 Passive Systems

Renewable
Energy Sources
Pumps or motors are not required.
Orientation, materials and construction of a collector.
 Passive Systems

Renewable
Energy Sources
Pumps or motors are not required.
Orientation, materials and construction of a collector.
Collector absorbs, stores and use solar radiation.
 Passive Systems

Renewable
Energy Sources
Pumps or motors are not required.
Orientation, materials and construction of a collector.
Collector absorbs, stores and use solar radiation.
Passive systems particularly suited to design of buildings and
thermo siphoning solar hot water systems.
 Passive Systems

Renewable
Energy Sources
Pumps or motors are not required.
Orientation, materials and construction of a collector.
Collector absorbs, stores and use solar radiation.
Passive systems particularly suited to design of buildings and
thermo siphoning solar hot water systems.
For new buildings, passive systems generally entail very low or
no additional cost.
 Passive Systems

Renewable
Energy Sources
Pumps or motors are not required.
Orientation, materials and construction of a collector.
Collector absorbs, stores and use solar radiation.
Passive systems particularly suited to design of buildings and
thermo siphoning solar hot water systems.
For new buildings, passive systems generally entail very low or
no additional cost.
Because they simply take advantage of the orientation and
design of building to capture and use solar radiation.
 Passive Systems

Renewable
Energy Sources
Pumps or motors are not required.
Orientation, materials and construction of a collector.
Collector absorbs, stores and use solar radiation.
Passive systems particularly suited to design of buildings and
thermo siphoning solar hot water systems.
For new buildings, passive systems generally entail very low or
no additional cost.
Because they simply take advantage of the orientation and
design of building to capture and use solar radiation.
In colder climates, a passive solar system can reduce heating
costs by upto 40%,
 Passive Systems

Renewable
Energy Sources
Pumps or motors are not required.
Orientation, materials and construction of a collector.
Collector absorbs, stores and use solar radiation.
Passive systems particularly suited to design of buildings and
thermo siphoning solar hot water systems.
For new buildings, passive systems generally entail very low or
no additional cost.
Because they simply take advantage of the orientation and
design of building to capture and use solar radiation.
In colder climates, a passive solar system can reduce heating
costs by upto 40%,
Hotter climates,it can reduce the absorption of solar radiation
and thus reduce cooling costs.
 Passive Systems

Renewable
Energy Sources
Pumps or motors are not required.
Orientation, materials and construction of a collector.
Collector absorbs, stores and use solar radiation.
Passive systems particularly suited to design of buildings and
thermo siphoning solar hot water systems.
For new buildings, passive systems generally entail very low or
no additional cost.
Because they simply take advantage of the orientation and
design of building to capture and use solar radiation.
In colder climates, a passive solar system can reduce heating
costs by upto 40%,
Hotter climates,it can reduce the absorption of solar radiation
and thus reduce cooling costs.
A passive solar system relies o natural sources to transfer heated
water for domestic use.
 Active system

Renewable
Energy Sources
 Active system

Renewable
Energy Sources
Pumps are used to circulate water or other heat absorbing fluid
through solar collectors.
 Active system

Renewable
Energy Sources
Pumps are used to circulate water or other heat absorbing fluid
through solar collectors.
Collectors are made with copper tubes bonded to a metal plate,
painted black, and encapsulated within an insulated box covered
by a glass panel or ’glazing’.
 Active system

Renewable
Energy Sources
Pumps are used to circulate water or other heat absorbing fluid
through solar collectors.
Collectors are made with copper tubes bonded to a metal plate,
painted black, and encapsulated within an insulated box covered
by a glass panel or ’glazing’.
For pool heating and other applications where the desired
temperature is less than 40o C
 Active system

Renewable
Energy Sources
Pumps are used to circulate water or other heat absorbing fluid
through solar collectors.
Collectors are made with copper tubes bonded to a metal plate,
painted black, and encapsulated within an insulated box covered
by a glass panel or ’glazing’.
For pool heating and other applications where the desired
temperature is less than 40o C
Unglazed synthetic rubber materials are most commonly used.
 Active system

Renewable
Energy Sources
Pumps are used to circulate water or other heat absorbing fluid
through solar collectors.
Collectors are made with copper tubes bonded to a metal plate,
painted black, and encapsulated within an insulated box covered
by a glass panel or ’glazing’.
For pool heating and other applications where the desired
temperature is less than 40o C
Unglazed synthetic rubber materials are most commonly used.
An active pumped system can be either an open loop where the
water is directly heated by solar collectors.
 Active system

Renewable
Energy Sources
Pumps are used to circulate water or other heat absorbing fluid
through solar collectors.
Collectors are made with copper tubes bonded to a metal plate,
painted black, and encapsulated within an insulated box covered
by a glass panel or ’glazing’.
For pool heating and other applications where the desired
temperature is less than 40o C
Unglazed synthetic rubber materials are most commonly used.
An active pumped system can be either an open loop where the
water is directly heated by solar collectors.
Closed loop where antifreeze or glycol mixture is heated before
transferring its heat to the water by a heat exchanger.
 Active system

Renewable
Energy Sources
Pumps are used to circulate water or other heat absorbing fluid
through solar collectors.
Collectors are made with copper tubes bonded to a metal plate,
painted black, and encapsulated within an insulated box covered
by a glass panel or ’glazing’.
For pool heating and other applications where the desired
temperature is less than 40o C
Unglazed synthetic rubber materials are most commonly used.
An active pumped system can be either an open loop where the
water is directly heated by solar collectors.
Closed loop where antifreeze or glycol mixture is heated before
transferring its heat to the water by a heat exchanger.
Closed loop system is known as Drain back system.
 Active system

Renewable
Energy Sources
Pumps are used to circulate water or other heat absorbing fluid
through solar collectors.
Collectors are made with copper tubes bonded to a metal plate,
painted black, and encapsulated within an insulated box covered
by a glass panel or ’glazing’.
For pool heating and other applications where the desired
temperature is less than 40o C
Unglazed synthetic rubber materials are most commonly used.
An active pumped system can be either an open loop where the
water is directly heated by solar collectors.
Closed loop where antifreeze or glycol mixture is heated before
transferring its heat to the water by a heat exchanger.
Closed loop system is known as Drain back system.
This freeze-proof design drains water back into a small holding
tank when freezing temperature occurs.
 Direct Thermal Applications

Renewable
Energy Sources
 Direct Thermal Applications

Renewable
Energy Sources

The sun’s energy can be collected directly to create both high

temperature and low temperature steam for various heat
and power applications.
 Direct Thermal Applications

Renewable
Energy Sources

The sun’s energy can be collected directly to create both high

temperature and low temperature steam for various heat
and power applications.
Low temperature applications
 Direct Thermal Applications

Renewable
Energy Sources

The sun’s energy can be collected directly to create both high

temperature and low temperature steam for various heat
and power applications.
Low temperature applications
Space heating for homes, offices
 Direct Thermal Applications

Renewable
Energy Sources

The sun’s energy can be collected directly to create both high

temperature and low temperature steam for various heat
and power applications.
Low temperature applications
Space heating for homes, offices
Domestic and industrial hot water
 Direct Thermal Applications

Renewable
Energy Sources

The sun’s energy can be collected directly to create both high

temperature and low temperature steam for various heat
and power applications.
Low temperature applications
Space heating for homes, offices
Domestic and industrial hot water
Pool heating
 Direct Thermal Applications

Renewable
Energy Sources

The sun’s energy can be collected directly to create both high

temperature and low temperature steam for various heat
and power applications.
Low temperature applications
Space heating for homes, offices
Domestic and industrial hot water
Pool heating
Desalination
 Direct Thermal Applications

Renewable
Energy Sources

The sun’s energy can be collected directly to create both high

temperature and low temperature steam for various heat
and power applications.
Low temperature applications
Space heating for homes, offices
Domestic and industrial hot water
Pool heating
Desalination
Solar cooking
 Direct Thermal Applications

Renewable
Energy Sources

The sun’s energy can be collected directly to create both high

temperature and low temperature steam for various heat
and power applications.
Low temperature applications
Space heating for homes, offices
Domestic and industrial hot water
Pool heating
Desalination
Solar cooking
Crop drying
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Energy Sources
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Energy Sources
 Solar Energy Reaching The Earth’s Surface

Renewable
Energy Sources
 Solar Energy Reaching The Earth’s Surface

Renewable
Energy Sources

Solar radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun.

 Solar Energy Reaching The Earth’s Surface

Renewable
Energy Sources

Solar radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun.

The sun is converting its mass into light particles called photons.
 Solar Energy Reaching The Earth’s Surface

Renewable
Energy Sources

Solar radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun.

The sun is converting its mass into light particles called photons.
The solar radiation that reaches on different locations of earth
depends on several factors such as geographic location, time,
season, local landscape, local weather, etc.
 Solar Energy Reaching The Earth’s Surface

Renewable
Energy Sources

Solar radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun.

The sun is converting its mass into light particles called photons.
The solar radiation that reaches on different locations of earth
depends on several factors such as geographic location, time,
season, local landscape, local weather, etc.
The earth rotates around the sun in an elliptical orbit and is
closer to the sun during a part of the year.
 Solar Energy Reaching The Earth’s Surface

Renewable
Energy Sources

Solar radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun.

The sun is converting its mass into light particles called photons.
The solar radiation that reaches on different locations of earth
depends on several factors such as geographic location, time,
season, local landscape, local weather, etc.
The earth rotates around the sun in an elliptical orbit and is
closer to the sun during a part of the year.
When the sun is nearer to the earth, the earth’s surface receives
a little more solar energy.
 Solar Energy Reaching The Earth’s Surface

Renewable
Energy Sources

Solar radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun.

The sun is converting its mass into light particles called photons.
The solar radiation that reaches on different locations of earth
depends on several factors such as geographic location, time,
season, local landscape, local weather, etc.
The earth rotates around the sun in an elliptical orbit and is
closer to the sun during a part of the year.
When the sun is nearer to the earth, the earth’s surface receives
a little more solar energy.
The rotation of the earth is responsible for hourly variations in
sunlight.
 Solar Energy Reaching The Earth’s Surface

Renewable
Energy Sources

Solar radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun.

The sun is converting its mass into light particles called photons.
The solar radiation that reaches on different locations of earth
depends on several factors such as geographic location, time,
season, local landscape, local weather, etc.
The earth rotates around the sun in an elliptical orbit and is
closer to the sun during a part of the year.
When the sun is nearer to the earth, the earth’s surface receives
a little more solar energy.
The rotation of the earth is responsible for hourly variations in
sunlight.
When sunlight passes through the atmosphere, it is subjected to
absorption, scattering, and reflection by air molecules, water
vapour, clouds, dust, pollutants, forest fires, etc,
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Energy Sources
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Energy Sources
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Renewable
Energy Sources When a photon is absorbed, its energy is changed into either
electrical energy or heat energy.
 Contd...

Renewable
Energy Sources When a photon is absorbed, its energy is changed into either
electrical energy or heat energy.
Scattering occurs when gas molecules and small particles diffuse
from the incoming solar radiation in different directions without
any alteration to the wavelength of electromagnetic energy.
 Contd...

Renewable
Energy Sources When a photon is absorbed, its energy is changed into either
electrical energy or heat energy.
Scattering occurs when gas molecules and small particles diffuse
from the incoming solar radiation in different directions without
any alteration to the wavelength of electromagnetic energy.
Reflection of solar radiation is a process where sunlight is
redirected by 180o after it strikes an atmospheric particle, mainly
reflections are caused by clouds.
 Contd...

Renewable
Energy Sources When a photon is absorbed, its energy is changed into either
electrical energy or heat energy.
Scattering occurs when gas molecules and small particles diffuse
from the incoming solar radiation in different directions without
any alteration to the wavelength of electromagnetic energy.
Reflection of solar radiation is a process where sunlight is
redirected by 180o after it strikes an atmospheric particle, mainly
reflections are caused by clouds.
The radiation intensity on the surface of the sun is
approximately 6.33 × 107 W /m2 .
 Contd...

Renewable
Energy Sources When a photon is absorbed, its energy is changed into either
electrical energy or heat energy.
Scattering occurs when gas molecules and small particles diffuse
from the incoming solar radiation in different directions without
any alteration to the wavelength of electromagnetic energy.
Reflection of solar radiation is a process where sunlight is
redirected by 180o after it strikes an atmospheric particle, mainly
reflections are caused by clouds.
The radiation intensity on the surface of the sun is
approximately 6.33 × 107 W /m2 .
The solar energy reaching the periphery of the earth’s
atmosphere is considered to be constant for all practical
purposes and is known as solar constant.
 Contd...

Renewable
Energy Sources When a photon is absorbed, its energy is changed into either
electrical energy or heat energy.
Scattering occurs when gas molecules and small particles diffuse
from the incoming solar radiation in different directions without
any alteration to the wavelength of electromagnetic energy.
Reflection of solar radiation is a process where sunlight is
redirected by 180o after it strikes an atmospheric particle, mainly
reflections are caused by clouds.
The radiation intensity on the surface of the sun is
approximately 6.33 × 107 W /m2 .
The solar energy reaching the periphery of the earth’s
atmosphere is considered to be constant for all practical
purposes and is known as solar constant.
The solar constant varies between 1353 - 1395 W/m2 .
 Contd...

Renewable
Energy Sources When a photon is absorbed, its energy is changed into either
electrical energy or heat energy.
Scattering occurs when gas molecules and small particles diffuse
from the incoming solar radiation in different directions without
any alteration to the wavelength of electromagnetic energy.
Reflection of solar radiation is a process where sunlight is
redirected by 180o after it strikes an atmospheric particle, mainly
reflections are caused by clouds.
The radiation intensity on the surface of the sun is
approximately 6.33 × 107 W /m2 .
The solar energy reaching the periphery of the earth’s
atmosphere is considered to be constant for all practical
purposes and is known as solar constant.
The solar constant varies between 1353 - 1395 W/m2 .
The solar constant value is estimated on the basis of the solar
radiation received on a unit area exposed perpendicularly to the
rays of the sun at an average distance between the sun and the
earth.
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Energy Sources
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Energy Sources
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Energy Sources

Problems with harnessing full solar energy

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Energy Sources

Problems with harnessing full solar energy

Revolution
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Energy Sources

Problems with harnessing full solar energy

Revolution
Rotation
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Energy Sources

Problems with harnessing full solar energy

Revolution
Rotation
Atmosphere
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Energy Sources

Problems with harnessing full solar energy

Revolution
Rotation
Atmosphere
Solar Radiation Spectrum
 Contd...

Renewable
Energy Sources

Problems with harnessing full solar energy

Revolution
Rotation
Atmosphere
Solar Radiation Spectrum
Sun radiation consists wide range of wavelengths at varying
intensities of light.
 Contd...

Renewable
Energy Sources

Problems with harnessing full solar energy

Revolution
Rotation
Atmosphere
Solar Radiation Spectrum
Sun radiation consists wide range of wavelengths at varying
intensities of light.
The electro-magnetic solar radiation impinging (striking) on the
upper edge of the atmosphere is called extra-terrestrial radiation.
 Extraterrestrial Irradiation-Solar Radiation
Spectrum
Renewable
Energy Sources
 Solar Radiation outside earth surface

Renewable
Energy Sources

Earth orbit is slightly elliptical, the intensity of solar radiation

received outside the earth’s atmosphere varies as the square of
the earth-sun distance.
 Solar Radiation outside earth surface

Renewable
Energy Sources

Earth orbit is slightly elliptical, the intensity of solar radiation

received outside the earth’s atmosphere varies as the square of
the earth-sun distance.

Solar irradiance varies by ±3.4% with maximum irradiance

occurring at the perihelion (Earth closest to the sun (Jan 3-5))
and the minimum at the aphelion (July-5). The variation
approximated by,
 Solar Radiation outside earth surface

Renewable
Energy Sources

Earth orbit is slightly elliptical, the intensity of solar radiation

received outside the earth’s atmosphere varies as the square of
the earth-sun distance.

Solar irradiance varies by ±3.4% with maximum irradiance

occurring at the perihelion (Earth closest to the sun (Jan 3-5))
and the minimum at the aphelion (July-5). The variation
approximated by,

Io = ISC [1 + 0.034 × cos( 360n

365 )]
 Solar Radiation outside earth surface

Renewable
Energy Sources

Earth orbit is slightly elliptical, the intensity of solar radiation

received outside the earth’s atmosphere varies as the square of
the earth-sun distance.

Solar irradiance varies by ±3.4% with maximum irradiance

occurring at the perihelion (Earth closest to the sun (Jan 3-5))
and the minimum at the aphelion (July-5). The variation
approximated by,

Io = ISC [1 + 0.034 × cos( 360n

365 )]

where Io is the extraterrestrial solar irradiation outside the earth

atmosphere
 Renewable
Energy Sources
 Renewable
Energy Sources
Consider a flat surface just outside the earth’s atmosphere and
parallel to the earth’s surface below.
 Renewable
Energy Sources
Consider a flat surface just outside the earth’s atmosphere and
parallel to the earth’s surface below.
When this surface faces the sun, the solar irradiance falling on it
will be Io, the maximum possible solar irradiance.
 Renewable
Energy Sources
Consider a flat surface just outside the earth’s atmosphere and
parallel to the earth’s surface below.
When this surface faces the sun, the solar irradiance falling on it
will be Io, the maximum possible solar irradiance.
cos(θz ) = IIoho
 Renewable
Energy Sources
Consider a flat surface just outside the earth’s atmosphere and
parallel to the earth’s surface below.
When this surface faces the sun, the solar irradiance falling on it
will be Io, the maximum possible solar irradiance.
cos(θz ) = IIoho
Reduction of radiation by the cosine of the angle between the
solar radiation and a surface normal is called the cosine effect.
 Solar radiation on the earth’s surface

Renewable
Energy Sources
 Solar radiation on the earth’s surface

Renewable
Energy Sources The power incident on a tilted surface depends not only on the
power contained in the sunlight but also on the angle between
the tilted surface and the sun.
 Solar radiation on the earth’s surface

Renewable
Energy Sources The power incident on a tilted surface depends not only on the
power contained in the sunlight but also on the angle between
the tilted surface and the sun.
The power density will always be at its maximum (equal to that
of sunlight) when the solar-absorbing surface is perpendicular to
the sun.
 Solar radiation on the earth’s surface

Renewable
Energy Sources The power incident on a tilted surface depends not only on the
power contained in the sunlight but also on the angle between
the tilted surface and the sun.
The power density will always be at its maximum (equal to that
of sunlight) when the solar-absorbing surface is perpendicular to
the sun.
Radiation incident on a tilted surface is ITS
 Renewable
Energy Sources