Week 8

NATURE AND BACKGROUND OF BASKETBALL

 
            Basketball, a team sport, has the objective to shoot a ball through a basket that is
horizontally positioned. By doing so, a team scores points while following a set of rules.
There is usually two teams of five players that play on a marked rectangular court that
contains a basket at each width end. Basketball is one of the  most popular and widely
viewed sports in the world. A rim with 18 inches in diameter and 10 feet high mounted to a
backboard is what a regulation basketball hoop consists of. A field goal can be scored by a
team by shooting the ball through the basket during regular play. For the shooting team, a
field goal scores two points if a player is touching or closer to the basket than they are to the
three-point line. On the other hand, three points (known as a 3-pointer or three) is scored if
the player is behind the three-point line. At the end of the game, it is the team with the most
points that win. However, if the game ends with a draw, additional time or overtime may be
issued. To advance the ball on the court, it can be bounced while walking or running or
dribbling, or throwing or passing it to a team mate. Moving without dribbling the ball
(travelling), carrying it, or holding the ball with both hands then resume dribbling (double
dribble) are violations in basketball. When there are various violations, they are generally
called as "fouls." Disruptive physical contact, which is a personal foul, is penalized. Usually,
if a player is fouled while shooting the ball, a free throw is awarded to him. When certain
infraction occur, a technical foul may also be issued. The most common is for
unsportsmanlike conduct on the part of a coach or player.

            Basketball is carefully regulated. There are numerous variations of basketball that

have been developed for casual play Primarily, competitive basketball is an indoor sport
which is played on a carefully marked and maintained basketball court, but less regulated
variations are often played outdoors in both inner city and remote areas (History Basketball,
n.d.).

HISTORY OF BASKETBALL

            In December 1891, Canadian educator, physician, and clergyman, James Naismith
invented basketball. Naismith was an instructor at the Young Men's Christian Association
Training School, now known as Springfield College, in Springfield, Massachusetts when he
introduce the game. At, Dr. Luther H. Gulick’s request, his superior, he organized a vigorous
recreation that is suitable for indoor winter play. The game involved elements of hockey,
soccer, and American football. In fact, a soccer ball was the first ball used. Each team had
nine players, and the goals were wooden peach baskets that were affixed to the walls. It
was by the years 1897-1898 that teams of five became the standard. Rapidly, the game
spread nationwide; to Canada and also other parts of the world. It is also played by both
men and women and men. Moreover, it has also beocme a popular informal outdoor game.
It was the U.S. servicemen in World War II (1939-1945) that popularized the sport in many
other countries.
            Between about 1893 and 1895, a number of U.S. colleges adopted the game. In
1934 The first college games that happened in 1934 were staged in New York City's
Madison Square Garden. Afterwards, college basketball began to attract heightened
interest. Basketball became a major college sport by the 1950s. It paved the way for a
growth of interest in professional basketball.

            In 1898, the National Basketball League, which is the first pro league, was formed to
protect players from exploitation and to promote a less rough game. Before disbanding, this
league only lasted for five years. A number of loosely organized leagues throughput the
northeastern U.S. was spawned due to its demise. The Original Celtics is one of the first
and greatest pro teams. The team was organized in 1915 in New York City. In a season,
they played as many as 150 games and dominated the sport until 1936. The Harlem
Globetrotters, a notable exhibition team that was founded in 1927, specializes in expert ball
handling and amusing court antics.

            In 1949, The National Basketball League, formed in 1937, and the Basketball
Association of America (1946), which are two subsequent professional leagues, merged to
create the National Basketball Association (NBA). From the late 1950s all through the
1960s, the Boston Celtics that were led by their center Bill Russell, dominated the NBA. It
was by the 1960s when pro teams from coast to coast played before crowds consisting of
many millions annually. Another leading player during this era was Wilt Chamberlain, who is
a center for the Los Angeles Laker. His battles with Russell were really eagerly anticipated.
During the 1970s, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, another center, came to prominence. While
playing for the Los Angeles Lakers, Jabbar perfected his famed "sky hook" shot and
dominated the opposition.

            During the late 1970s, a drop in popularity was experienced by the NBA. However,
principally through its most prominent players’ growing popularity, it was resuscitated. Magic
Johnson of the Los Angeles Lakers and Larry Bird of the Boston Celtics are credited with
injecting excitement into the league in the 1980s. They did this with their superior skills and
as well as their decade-long rivalry. Michael Jordan of the Chicago Bulls rose to stardom
during the late 1980s. He helped the Bulls dominate the NBA during the early 1990s
(Basketball History, n.d.).

            A Basketball Hall of Fame was founded in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1959. Its
rosters include the names of great players, coaches, referees, and people who have
contributed significantly to the development of the game (Professor College of Edn; Qta,
n.d.).

Facilities and Equipment in Playing Basketball

            Basketball is a simple game; it doesn’t require any equipment other than a hoop, a
ball, and a flat court. Even two players can play and have fun with basketball.

            Basket A hoop or basket with net around its circumference and of 18-inch diameter
is firmly hung horizontally from a rectangular backboard of 3.5 feet height and 6 feet width
on either sides of the court. The rim of the hoop is 10 feet above the ground. The backboard
in various international competitions is transparent for better visibility

            Ball Basketball is an orange-colored and rough-textured spherical ball with black

contours usually made of leather or composite tough materials. The ball is bounced
continuously (dribbling), thrown through the air to other players (passing), and towards the
basket (shooting). So a typical basketball must be very durable and easy to hold on to.

            The Backboard and Rim The regulation height above the ground for the rim (hoop)
is 10 feet, and the rim is 18 inches in diameter. Backboards are 6 feet wide (72 inches) by
42 inches tall, with the inner square being 24 inches wide by 18 inches tall

            Basketball Court Design a standard international basketball court is an indoor,

rectangular court with dimensions 50 feet wide × 94 feet long. Courts at schools may be
smaller. The court is divided into two symmetrical halves, one for each team. Various
markings are painted on the court. There’s a circle at the center, free-throw semi circles,
restricted areas, and three-point lines are marked on either side of the court. A no charge
semi-circular area is marked just below the basket (Basketball - Quick Guide, n.d.).

            The Foul Line For all size courts, the 'foul line' is 15 feet in front of the backboard. 2
inches wide and can vary.

            The Key is 12 feet wide and is the same for all basketball courts. The backboard
extends four feet out over the baseline into the key. A half circle of diameter 6 foot extends
from the foul line away from the basket to complete the key.

            Line markings all line markings on the floor are two inches wide and vary in color
(Grade 8 PE module(Q2.1), n.d.).

            Other Equipment There may be some more equipment for convenience. Some

international courts have a game clock that makes a beep at the end of each period. Some
also show the shot clock countdown.

            Sometimes, the backboards have bordering lights that light up and indicate that a
period is about to end (Basketball - Quick Guide, n.d.).

Week 9
   Basketball is a fast-paced game that requires the knowledge and skills to play properly
and successfully. The sport of basketball requires five basic skills.
A.   SHOOTING
          In order to score points in basketball, you need to shoot the ball into the hoop. This
requires the ability to properly hold and throw the ball into the air toward the basket while
avoiding  the opposing team. Making a  proper shot requires precision, proper arm
extension and enough lift from the legs. Remember BEEF (Balance, Eyes, Elbow, And
Follow Through) when shooting the ball.

1. Jump Shot
A shot executed with both feet taken off from the floor in a vertical jump, with
arms straight upward, and legs and feet slightly apart in the air.

2. Dunk or Fancy Shot

A shot that is commonly known as slam dunk. It is executed forcefully, putting
the ball directly into the hoop. 

3. Set Shot
It is a two-handed shot usually done from a stationary position, without jumping
off the ground.

4. Free Throws
A shot that is given to the team that the foul was committed against. It is worth
one point.

5. Lay-up Shot
It is a shot done near the basket. The player takes off on one foot, reaching out
with one hand, and bouncing the ball off the backboard to put it in the basket.

B.   DRIBBLING
          Dribbling is a ball handling skill that allows you to move up and down the court while
you’re in possession of the ball.
 1. Control Dribble
This can be used to protect the ball from an opponent who is close by.

2. Speed Dribble
This can be done during a fast break.

C.   PASSING
         Passing is a way for players to move the ball from one member of the team to
another in   order to find a teammate who is open for a shot.

1. Chest Pass
This pass originates from the chest, generally with one foot forward towards
the receiver, knees flexed slightly and the ball released with extended arms
and proper wrist snap.

2. Overhead Pass
The overhead pass is performed with the ball held overhead and passed
above the defender.

3. Bounce Pass
The object is to get the ball to a teammate on the first bounce. The ball must
be bounced a little more than halfway between the two players.

4. No look pass
The no-look pass is designed to confuse the defense with the passer looking to
a different direction than the intended receiver. 

5. Outlet Pass
It is the pass used by the defensive rebounder to start a fast break. This pass
is often  a two-hand overhead pass or a bounce pass.
D.   RUNNING
         Running is another basic skills that a basketball player should possess. During the
game, players run up and down the court as the game transitions between offense and
defense .

E.   JUMPING
         Jumping is an offensive skill during the jump ball at the start of the game, while taking
shots and sometimes, while trying to catch a pass. On the defensive, you will need the
ability to jump when trying to block a shot or a pass. Being able to out jump your opponent
for a rebound is also important. 
(Stewart, 2018) (Wesley, 2015)

ORIGINS OF BASKETBALL
         Basketball is the only major sport of U.S. origin. On January 15, 1892, James
Naismith published his rules for the game of "Basket Ball" that he invented.  The original
game played under  rules that were quite different from the one played today as there was
no dribbling, dunking, three-pointers, shot clock, and goal tending was legal.
Direct quote:

1. “The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands.
2. The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands.
3. A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot
on which he catches it, allowance to be made for a man who catches the
ball when running at a good speed if he tries to stop.
4. The ball must be held in or between the hands; the arms or body must not
be used for holding it.
5. No shouldering, holding, striking, pushing, or tripping in any way of an
opponent. The first infringement of this rule by any person shall count as a
foul; the second shall disqualify him until the next basket is made or, if
there was evident intent to injure the person, for the whole of the game.
No substitution shall be allowed.
6. A foul is striking at the ball with the fist, violation of rules three and four
and such described in rule five.
7. If either side makes three consecutive fouls, it shall count a goal for the
opponents (consecutive means without the opponents in the meantime
making a foul).
8. A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the grounds
into the basket and stays there (without falling), providing those defending
the goal do not touch or disturb the goal. If the ball rests on the edges,
and the opponent moves the basket, it shall count as a goal.
 9. When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field of play
and played by the first person touching it. In case of dispute the umpire
shall throw it straight into the field. The thrower-in is allowed five seconds.
If he holds it longer, it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in
delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on that side.
10. The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls and
notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made. He shall
have power to disqualify people according to Rule 5.
11. The referee shall be judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in
play, in bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall
decide when a goal has been made and keep account of the baskets, with
any other duties that are usually performed by a scorekeeper.
12. The time shall be two fifteen-minute halves, with five minutes rest
between.
13. The side making the most points in that time is declared the winner.”
(Zhang, 2020)

RULES OF BASKETBALL
         A jump ball is done to start the game or resume the game. At least two players of the
opposing teams fight for control of the ball after it is tossed up by the official.
Direct quote:
         “The basket or the hoop is placed at the height of 10 feet on a back board. Each
team tries to protect the goal on their side while trying to make a goal on the opponent’s
side of the court. The ball is dribbled and passed among the teammate until one is able one
to take a shot. The opposite team tries to get the ball while it is being passed to take control
of it.

         When a player commits a foul, the other team gets a chance for a free throw or to
inbound the ball. Each goal carries two points and each free throw one point. The shot
made beyond the line that forms an arc is worth three points. The team with higher score
wins the game. Players can be substituted by a player from the bench.

         Personal fouls include many types of illegal physical contact such as hitting, pushing,
slapping, holding,  sticking out a limb to block the path of the opponent.  Violations include
walking/ traveling, carrying/palming, double dribble, held ball, goaltending, backcourt
violation and holding inbound ball beyond time restriction.   

         In the international sport, each game is divided into four 10 minute periods. However,
if there’s a tie at the end of 40 minutes,  they play for an extended period of 5 minutes. After
the first period and after the third period, the players take 2 minute breaks. After the second
period, the players take a 15 minute break and exchange baskets. After a break, the last
player holding the ball throws the ball in and starts the next period.” (Basketball - How to
Play?, n.d.)
PLAYER POSITIONS

  Position   Offensive Role  Defensive Role

1. Center - usually tallest and Be open to receive a pass and Blocking opponents’ shots in
usually plays near the basket shoot the key area
Open other players to drive to Rebound
the basket
Rebound
2. Forward - usually next tallest  Be open for a pass Prevent drives to the goal by the
and plays in different areas  Take outside shots opponents
 Drive for goals Rebound
 Rebound
 3. Guard - usually the shortest Dribble and pass Steal passes
and very good at dribbling and Set up offensive plays Contest shots
passing Drive to the basket Prevent drives to the basket
Shoot from perimeter Box out opponents

Week 9

Volleyball as Team Sport

Direct quote from the Rizal Technological University:

           “Volleyball is a team sport which is played in a court with a high net by two (2)
teams with six (6) Persons on each team court. It may be played by all male, all female, or
mixed teams with net height Adjustments for boys, girls or age-group differences; and using
a variety of playing surfaces; wood, rubberized materials, and or grass.

           The basic objective of the game is to keep the ball which is served over the net,
from contacting the Floor on your side and to return it so that it contacts the floor on the
opponents’ side before they can return it.

           The team that fails to return the ball within the specific limits loses the chance to
serve and gives a point to the team’s opponent. In the game volleyball, the cooperation of
the members of the team is important.” (Rizal Technological University, n.d.)

Direct quote from the Department of Education, Republic of the Philippines:

           “In the game volleyball, the cooperation of the members of the team is
important.” (Department of Education, Republic of the Philippines, n.d.)

The History Volleyball

Direct quote from the Rizal Technological University:
          “Volleyball was first developed by William G. Morgan. After graduation from
Springfield College in Massachusetts in 1895, William G. Morgan took a position as
physical director of the Holyoke Young Men’s Christian Association. The main activity was
basketball, a relatively strenuous sport for the businessmen who used the facilities of the
gymnasium.” (Rizal Technological University, n.d.)

Direct quote from the Department of Education, Republic of the Philippines:

          “Some older men did not like it because of the roughness of the game. In 1896 at a
YMCA Conference at Springfield College, Mr. Morgan publicized a new game. A net 6 feet
6 inches was stretched across the gymnasium. The main object of this new game was to hit
the ball back and forth over the net with the hands. The game was started with a serve. 

          The server was allowed three ‘outs’ after which the opposite team was permitted to
serve. To constitute an out, the ball had to land out-of-bounds or hit the floor on a second
bounce. The game was introduced as “Mintonette” but after watching the game, a faculty
member of Springfield College, Dr. Alfred T. Halstead, recommended that the name be
changed to volleyball. Shortly after the game’s invention, Mr. Morgan drew up specifications
for a special ball. By 1912, several rule changes had been made. Volleyball became very
popular with schools, colleges, playgrounds and the armed forces. In 1929, the United
States Volleyball Association was formed. The game volleyball was introduced in the
Philippines by the YMCA in 1910. This sport became an Olympic sport in1964 during the
Tokyo Olympic Games.” (Department of Education, Republic of the Philippines, n.d.)

Historical facts about volleyball

          Direct quote from the Red Bank Regional High School District:
A.  “Volleyball was developed in 1895 by William G. Morgan at the Young Men's Christian
Association (YMCA) in Holyoke, Massachusetts.
B.  It was created for businessmen who required a game that involved less physical contact
than basketball.
C.  Volleyball blended elements of baseball, basketball, handball, and tennis.
D.  Volleyball was originally played using tennis net hung 6 feet 6 inches above the floor.
E.  The first game of volleyball was played on July 7, 1896 at Springfield College. - Official
volleyball was designed in 1900.
F.  The set and spike were introduced in the Philippines in 1916.
G.  the United States Volleyball Association (USVBA, now called USA Volleyball) was
formed in 1928.
H.  Volleyball was introduced to the Olympic Games in Tokyo in 1964.
I.  the Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) was formed in 1983.
J.  U.S. men's team won the Gold medal, and the U.S. women's team won the Silver medal
at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles.
K.  U.S. men's team won the Gold medal at the 1988 Olympics in Korea.
L.  Volleyball celebrated 100 years of existence in 1995.
M.  Two-person beach volleyball was added to the Olympics in 1996.”
(Red Bank Regional High School District, n.d.)

Volleyball Equipment
Direct quote from Mr. Hinojosa's PE Class 2020-2021:
“The Net

 The net is placed vertically over the center line.

 The top of the net is set at the height of 2.43 meters
 (7 feet 115/8 inches). For men and 2.24 meters (7 feet 41/4 inches) for women.
 Its height is measured from the center of the playing court.
 The net is 1 meter wide and 9.50 meters long and is made of square black mesh.

The Ball

 The ball is spherical and is made of flexible leather or synthetic leather with a
 Bladder inside made of rubber or a similar material.
 It may be a uniform light color or a combination of colors.
 The volleyball measures 65 to 67 centimeters (25 to 27 inches) in circumference
and weighs 260 to 280 grams.

Playing area

         The size of the volleyball court will depend on the playing ability level and the
equipment used. Dimensions will range from approximately 20 feet wide by 40 feet long for
Lawn or backyard volleyball to 19 feet 6 inches wide by 59 feet long for tournament play.
The width of the court is determined by the size of the net used. The service areas should
be a minimum of 6 feet in depth back of the end line.” (VOLLEYBALL, n.d.)

Basic Rules in Volleyball

Direct quote from the Drumheller Valley Secondary School:

 “Volleyball is played by two teams of six players on a court divided by a net.

 The object of the game is to send the ball over the net so that the opposing team
cannot return the
  Ball or prevent it from hitting the ground in their court.
 Each team has three hits to attempt to return the ball.
 The ball is put in play with a serve that is hit over the net to the opponents (May
the touch net)
 The volley continues until the ball hits the playing court, goes out of bounds, or a
team fails to return it properly.
 When the receiving team wins a volley, it gains a point and the right to serve.
The players rotate One position clockwise.
 When the serving team wins a volley, it wins a point and the right to continue
serving.
 Each team consists of no more than six persons, with each side having an equal
number.
 Each player must be in his or her own position before the ball is served.
 After the server strikes the ball, each player may cover any section of the court.
 Each player serves in turn and continues to serve until the volley is lost (side
out).
 After a team has lost its serve, the team receiving the ball for the first serve must
rotate one position clockwise before serving.
 The ball may be volleyed only three times from one team member to another
before returning it over the net.
 During this volley, a player may not hit the ball twice in succession. One or both
hands may be Used.
 A blocking player is entitled to a second play at the ball. This 2nd hit counts as
the team's 1st touch.

YOU ARE ALLOWED TO:

 Serve from anywhere behind the end line.

 Play the ball after it hits the net, even off of a serve.
 Spike, or Volley the ball off of a serve.
 Hit the ball with any part of the body.
 Double contact the first ball that comes over the net.
 Reach over the net to block, as long as it is the 3rd hit for the other team.

YOU ARE NOT ALLOWED TO

 Block the serve.

 Touch the net.
 Cross the center line and interfere with play.
 Scoop or “carry” the ball.
 Double contact the ball
 Play the ball when it’s on the opponent’s side of the net (see blocking exception
above)
  Block, if you are a back row player.

SIDEOUT

 A player holds or throws the ball.

 The ball touches any part of the body, other than the hands or forearms.
 A player touches the net with any part of the body or hands or reaches over the
net.
 A player does not clearly hit the ball or allows the ball to come to rest on any part
or parts of the
 Body.
 A player hits the ball out of the boundaries of the court.
 A player allows the ball to hit the floor, or any object outside or over the court
(except net),
 Before being legally returned to the opponent’s court.
 A player touches the ball twice in succession.

SCORING

 The game is played by the Rally point system, and a point is awarded on every
serve.
 When the serving team fails to score, it is side out, and the receiving team
becomes the serving team.
 The game is played to 25 points, “win by 2.” With a cap of 30.
 A match consists of normally either 2 out of 3 sets or 3 out of 5 sets. In the event
that the sets are
 Tied with only one set remaining, the last one is played to 15 points.

BASIC POSITIONS

 Power – blocks, and attacks on the outside

 Middle – blocks, and attacks in the middle
 Setter – sets the ball
 Libero – a back-row-only player that is a defensive specialist

SERVING

 “W” Service Formation - Receiving

 Front row: the middle player moves up to the net, the other two players receive
short serves
  Back row: the middle player moves up to receive short serves, the other two
players receive all the
 Deep serve”
(Drumheller Valley Secondary School, n.d.)

Week 10

      The ability to pass the ball to a teammate is the most fundamental skill to be learned. It
is required on almost all plays. To receive spikes, serves, and low balls, a forearm pass
should be used. The forearm pass is used to recover the opponents’ attack called a “dig.” A
set, which is generally the second play by a team, is a high pass that is used to relay the
ball to the spiker. A spike is a ball that is hit forcibly from a height from above the net.
Moreover, a spike that is impossible to return is called a kill. Now, a defensive play that
attempts to stop the ball from returning over the net is called blocking.

Basic Skills in Volleyball

          Competitive teams master six basic skills: serve, pass, set, attack, block, and dig.  A
number of specific techniques compromises each of these skills. Over the years, these
techniques have been introduced and are now considered as standard practice in high-level
volleyball.

A.   Serve
          A serve is what always starts the game and helps to keep the game. In an attempt to
drive the ball into the court of the opponent, a player stands behind the inline and serves the
ball. The main objective of serving is to make the ball land inside the court. It is also
desirable that the direction, speed, and acceleration of the ball is set so that the receiver will
find it difficult to handle it properly.  A serve is called an "ace" in certain situations. It can be
when the ball lands directly onto the court, travels outside of the court after being touched
by an opponent, or when the server is the only player on the server's team to touch the ball.

In contemporary volleyball, there are many types of serves that are employed:

1. Underhand - A serve in which instead of tossing it up and striking it with an

overhand throwing motion, the player strikes the ball below the waist.
Underhand serves are rarely employed in high-level competitions because
they are considered as very easy to receive.
2. Sky Ball Serve - A specific type of underhand serve occasionally used in
beach volleyball, where the ball is hit so high it comes down almost in a
straight line.
3. Topspin – An overhand serve wherein the server tosses the ball high and
then hits it with a wrist snap. This gives it topspin, which will cause the ball
to drop faster than it would otherwise and will help maintain a straight flight
path. Generally, topspin serves are hit hard and aimed at a specific part of
the court or returner. Standing topspin serves are rarely used above high
school’s level of play.
 4. Float - An overhand serve where the ball is hit with no spin so that its path
becomes unpredictable, akin to a knuckleball in baseball.
5. Jump Serve - An overhand serve wherein the ball is first tossed high in the
air, then the player makes a timed approach and jumps to make contact
with the ball. They would then hit it with much topspin and pace. Among
college and professional teams, this is the most popular serve.
6. Jump Float - An overhand serve wherein the ball is tossed high enough
that the server may jump before hitting it similarly to a standing float serve.
Here, the ball is tossed lower than a topspin jump serve, but contact with
the ball is still made while in the air. The jump float serve is becoming
more popular among college and professional players. This is due to its
certain unpredictability in its flight pattern. This is also the only serve
wherein the player’s feet can go over the inline.

B.   Pass
          A player making a forearm pass or bump is also called reception, which is a way of
receiving the ball and setting for offensive attack. To properly handle the serve or any form
of attack of the opponent, the pass is attempted by a team. In proper handling, it must
include not only preventing the ball from touching the court, but also making it reach the
setter’s position both quickly and precisely.

          Two specific techniques is involved in the skill of passing: underarm pass, or also
known as bump, wherein the ball touches the inside part of the joined forearms or platform,
at waistline; and the overhand pass, where it is handled with their fingertips, like a set,
above the head. In professional and beach volleyball, either are acceptable. However, in
beach volleyball, there are much tighter regulations on the overhand pass. It is ideal that the
ball does not have a lot of spin when the player passes a ball to their setter to make it easier
for the setter.

1. Underhand Pass - The best option in receiving a spike or serve.

2. Overhead Pass - This is also known as toss. As preparation for an offensive
attack, like the spike, this is usually done by the setter.

C.   Set
          Usually, the set is the second contact that a team will make with the ball. Putting the
ball in the air in a way that it can be driven by an attack into the court of the opponent is the
main goal of setting. The offensive movements of a team  is coordinated by the setter. They
are also the player who ultimately decides which player will actually attack the ball.

          Sometimes, a setter may refrain from raising the ball for a teammate to perform an
attack and instead try to play it directly onto the court of the opponent. This movement is
called a ‘dump.’ Only when the setter is in the front line that this movement can be
performed, otherwise, it constitutes as an illegal back court attack. The most common
dumps are to 'throw' the ball behind the setter or in front of the setter to zones 2 and 4.

          More experienced setters may toss the ball into the deep corners or even spike the
ball on the second hit. As with a set or an overhand pass, the setter or passer must be
careful that they touch the ball with both hands at the same time. On the occasion that one
hand is noticeably late to touch the ball, a less effective set could be the result, and as well
as the referee calling a 'double hit,' which will give the point to the opposing team.

D.   Attack
          The attack is also known as the spike. Usually, it is the third contact that a team
makes with the ball. The object of this volleyball skill is to handle the ball so that it may land
on the court of the opponent and cannot be defended. To do so, a player makes a series of
steps (the "approach"), jumps, and then swings at the ball.

E.   Block
          The actions taken by players standing at the net to stop or alter an attack of the
opponent is referred to as blocking. A block is called offensive if it is aimed at completely
stopping an attack, which will make the ball remain in the court of the opponent. A well-
executed offensive block is performed by jumping and reaching to penetrate with one's
arms and hands over the net and into the area of the opponent. It requires anticipating the
ball’s direction once the attack takes place. It may also require calculating the best footwork
to execute the ‘perfect’ block.

          To intercept the trajectory of the ball prior to it crossing over the plane of the net, the
jump should be timed. Palms are held deflected downward at roughly 45–60 degrees
toward the interior of the court of the opponents. A ‘roof,’ which is a spectacular offensive
block, redirects the attack’s speed and power straight down to the attacker's floor as if the
attacker hit the ball into the underside of a peaked house roof.

F.   The Dig

          Digging, another volleyball skill, is the ability to prevent the ball from touching one's
court after an attack or spike, particularly a ball that is nearly touching the ground. This skill
is similar to passing, or bumping in many aspects: overhand dig and bump are also used to
distinguish between defensive actions taken with fingertips or with joined arms. It varies
from passing, in a way that it is a much more of a reflex-based skill, especially when it
comes to the higher levels. While digging, it is especially important for players to stay on
their toes; several players choose to employ a split step to ensure that they are ready to
move in any direction.

Rules of the Game

Toss a coin. The winner can either:

1. Choose whether to serve or receive.

2. Select the side of the court. The loser will take the remaining choice. If
necessary, another toss coin will be made before the start of the fifth set.

Serve
          The server must serve the ball anywhere inside the serving area and behind the end
line.
The server must wait for the signal of the referee before serving. If the server makes a
wrong toss, she must not hit the ball and just let it fall onto the floor before retrieving it and
repeating the serve. Otherwise, the serve will be considered in play.

Scoring System
          The failure of the receiving team to return the ball legally over the net into the
opponent’s court scores one point for the serving team.

          The first team to score 25 points wins the set, but they must win by at least two
points. A match is won by the team that first scores two of three games. Rally scoring
eliminates side-out, and thus a point is scored on every serve.

Player’s Rotation
          Each time a new server takes their turn to serve, players will rotate in a clockwise
direction. The same player will serve for their team until a side out occurs, wherein the
opposing teams earns the point and the serve. Illegal rotation, with the wrong players, may
switch positions, but only front line players may jump from the attack area to bring the ball
over the net to the other side of the court.

Hits
          A maximum of 3 hits per offensive play is given to each team. Except for a block, a
player cannot hit the ball two consecutive times if two players hit the ball at the same time. It
will be taken as one hit.

          The ball must not come to rest. To hit the ball, any part of the body, including the feet,
may be used. A serve must not be blocked nor attacked by the opponent. The ball may be
played off the net off during a volley and on serve. The ball is called in if it lands on the line.

Violations
 The following are violations which will result in the loss of a point.

1. A server steps on the end line during a serve.

2. A serve does not cross the net or goes under it.
3. The ball is illegally hit, through caring, palming, and throwing.
4. A player touches the net or steps over the center line during the game.
5. A player reaches over the net (except during follow through or block).

Volleyball Game Officials

 FIRST REFEREE She/he makes the major calls, such as awarding of

Points, calling violations, deciding on matters that are not covered by rules,
inspecting the condition of the playing area before and during the game,
giving an explanation of calls made upon the team captain’s request,
displaying sanction cards, and taking responsible over other officials. The
first Referee stays at the referee’s stand at one end of and above the net.
  SECOND Referee she/he assists the first referee in making calls, especially
on actions that occur in her/his area (such as under the net), supervise time-
outs, substitutions, and monitor player and team bench conduct. The second
referee stands at the end of the net opposite the first referee
 FOUR LINE JUDGES They are responsible for calling checked balls and
balls in and out of bounds. Each stays at a corner of the court and holds a
flag.
 BALL RETRIEVER In charge with the out-of-bound balls. Provide ball to be
used by the player.

Sanction Cards

 YELLOW CARD Assessed to a player as penalty for rude conduct. A point

will be awarded to the opponent, as well as the serve.
 RED CARD assessed to a player or coach, and includes-expulsion from the
set-for the second incidence of rude conduct-for the first incidence of
offensive conduct (insulting words or gestures). As a consequence, the team
member cannot play for the remainder of the set and will have to sit on the
bench. Coaches who are expelled may not intervene with the team’s game
and will be asked to stay in the penalty area for the rest of the set. RED AND
YELLOW CARD given to a player or coach as disqualification for the third
incidence of rude conduct, the second incidence of offensive conduct, or for
physical attack or threatening aggression. As a consequence, the
disqualified player or coach must leave the competition area for the
remainder of the game.