LINUX OPERATING

SYSTEM
BY : 1 9 D C E 7 0 - 7 6 A N D D 2 0 D C E 1 5 2
HISTORY OF LINUX
•Linux began in 1991 as a personal project by Finnish student Linus Torvalds to create a
new free operating system kernel.
•In 1991, while studying computer science at University of Helsinki, Linus Torvalds
began a project that later became the Linux kernel. He wrote the program specifically for
the hardware he was using and independent of an operating system because he wanted to
use the functions of his new PC with an 80386 processor. Development was done on
MINIX using the GNU C Compiler
•Torvalds first published the Linux kernel under its own license , which had a restriction
on commercial activity.
•The software to use with the kernel was software developed as part of the GNU project
licensed under the GNU General Public License, a free software license. The first release
of the Linux kernel, Linux 0.01, included a binary of GNU's Bash shell..
HISTORY OF LINUX LOGO
HISTORY OF LINUX LOGO
•The logo of Linux is a penguin
•Initially no logo was selected for Linux
•Once Linus went to the southern hemisphere on a vacation, where he
encountered a penguin
•As he tried to pat it, the penguin bit his hand, this incident led him to select
penguin as the logo of Linux.
WHAT IS LINUX?
•An open-source operating system modelled on UNIX.
•Just like Windows, iOS, and Mac OS, Linux is an operating system. In fact, one
of the most popular platforms on the planet, Android, is powered by the Linux
operating system. An operating system is software that manages all of the
hardware resources associated with your desktop or laptop. To put it simply, the
operating system manages the communication between your software and your
hardware.
WHAT IS LINUX?
The Linux operating system comprises several different pieces:
•Bootloader
•Kernel
•Init system
•Desktop environment
•Applications
WHY USE LINUX?
•Open Source
The freedom to run the program, for any purpose.
The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make it do what you wish

•High Security
Installing and using Linux on your system is the easiest way to avoid viruses and malware

•High stability
The Linux system is very stable and is not prone to crashes. The Linux OS runs exactly as fast as it did when
first installed, even after several years.

•Runs on any hardware

Linux makes very efficient use of the system’s resources. Linux installation can be customized for users and for
specific hardware requirements.
FEATURES
•Multiuser capability:
o Multiple users can access the same system resources like memory, hard disk, etc. But they have to use
different terminals to operate.

•Multitasking:
o More than one function can be performed simultaneously by dividing the CPU time intelligently.

•Portability:
o Portability doesn't mean it is smaller in file size or can be carried in pen drives or memory cards. It means
that it support different types of hardware.

•Security:
o It provides security in three ways namely authenticating (by assigning password and login ID),
authorization (by assigning permission to read, write and execute) and encryption (converts file into an
unreadable format).
FEATURES
•Live CD/USB:
o Almost all Linux distros provide live CD/USB so that users can run/try it without installing it.

•Application support:
o It has its own software repository from where users can download and install many applications.

•File System:
o Provides hierarchical file system in which files and directories are arranged.

•Open Source:
o Linux code is freely available to all and is a community based development project.
LINUX ARCHITECTURE
LINUX ARCHITECTURE
The Linux operating system's architecture mainly contains some of the components: the Kernel,
System Library, Hardware layer, System, and Shell utility.
•Kernel
The kernel is one of the core section of an operating system. It is responsible for each of the major actions
of the Linux OS.
There are some of the important kernel types which are mentioned below:
o Monolithic Kernel
o Micro kernels
o Exo kernels
o Hybrid kernels
LINUX ARCHITECTURE
•System Libraries
These libraries can be specified as some special functions. These are applied for implementing the
operating system's functionality and don't need code access rights of the modules of kernel.

•System Utility Programs

It is responsible for doing specialized level and individual activities.

•Hardware layer
Linux operating system contains a hardware layer that consists of several peripheral devices like CPU,
HDD, and RAM.
LINUX ARCHITECTURE
•Shell
It is an interface among the kernel and user. It can afford the services of kernel. It can take commands
through the user and runs the functions of the kernel. The shell is available in distinct types of OSes. These
operating systems are categorized into two different types, which are the graphical shells and command-
line shells.
There are a few types of these shells which are categorized as follows:
◦ Korn shell
◦ Bourne shell
◦ C shell
◦ POSIX shell
LINUX / UNIX FILE SYSTEM
Linux / Unix file system:
NOTE: Unix file names
are CASE SENSITIVE!
LINUX COMMANDS
 Help!
Whenever you need help with a command type “man” and the command name
LINUX COMMANDS
 pwd
To find your current path use “pwd”
LINUX COMMANDS
 cd
To change to a specific directory use “cd”
LINUX COMMANDS
 cd
“~” is the location of your home directory
LINUX COMMANDS
 cd
“..” is the location of the directory below current one
LINUX COMMANDS
 ls
To list the files in the current directory use “ls”
LINUX COMMANDS
 mkdir
To create a new directory use “mkdir”
LINUX COMMANDS
 rmdir
To remove and empty directory use “rmdir”
LINUX COMMANDS
 cat
• Dumps an entire file to standard output
• Good for displaying short, simple files
 less
• “less” displays a file, allowing forward/backward movement within it
• return scrolls forward one line, space one page
• y scrolls back one line, b one page
• use “/” to search for a string
• Press q to quit
LINUX COMMANDS
 head
• “head” displays the top part of a file
• By default it shows the first 10 lines
• -n option allows you to change that
• “head -n50 file.txt” displays the first 50 lines of file.txt
LINUX COMMANDS
 tail
• Same as head, but shows the last lines
REQUIREMENTS
Motherboard and CPU requirements
• Does not support the Intel 286 and earlier processors.
• Supports the Intel 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, etc

Memory requirements
• Linux requires very little memory to run
• You should have a minimum 2 MB of RAM
• The more memory, the faster it will run
• 8 MB is enough for personal use
• 16 MB or more for a power users
REQUIREMENTS
Hard Drive Controller Requirements
• You can run a minimal system completely from floppy.
• You must have an AT-Standard (16-bit) controller
• Rule for non-SCSI controllers

Hard Drive Space Requirements

• A complete system requires 10-20MB of memory space
• A larger system requires 100-150MB
• Installing Linux on a system with so little disk space will omit useful applications
• Linux as a workstation: minimum of 600 MB
• Linux as a server: minimum 1.6 GB of free disk space needed
REQUIREMENTS
Monitor & Video Adaptor Requirements
• Linux supports all Hercules, CGA, EGA, VGA, IBM monochrome, and super VGA video cards and
monitors for the default text-based interface

Other Supported Hardware

• CD-ROM storage
• Soundboards
• Pointing Devices (Mouse, trackball)
• Printers
LINUX APPLICATIONS
1. Mozilla Firefox
Firefox is the default browser for various Linux distributions such as Linux Mint and Ubuntu. It is the
fastest web browsing software for Linux with an incredibly user-friendly interface. Its auto-update feature
makes it a very convenient application.
LINUX APPLICATIONS
2. Thunderbird
Thunderbird is a free and powerful yet easy-to-use email client which helps to manage your emails with
ease. The wizard acts as an assistant that gives a walkthrough of the application.
LINUX APPLICATIONS
3. LibreOffice
LibreOffice is free, complete and one of the best office suites. It has a basic interface along with
extraordinary advanced features. It consists of six component programs that can perform any kind of
operations such as Writer for word processing, Calc for spreadsheets, Impress for presentations, Draw for
vector graphics, Math for mathematical formulas, and last but not the least Base for handling databases.
LINUX APPLICATIONS
4. VLC Media Player
VLC is the most famous media player which supports any kind of audio or video files without the need to
download additional codec.
COMPARISION WITH OTHER OS
LINUX
Linux is an open source operating system so user
can change source code as per requirement
Linux is very well secure as it is easy to detect bugs
and fix
Comparing Windows file system vs Linux file
system, Linux runs faster even with older hardware
Linux peripherals like hard drives, CD-ROMs,
printers are considered files
Linux files are ordered in a tree structure starting
with the root directory
In Linux you would find the system and program
files in different directories
WINDOWS
Windows OS is a commercial operating system so
user doesn’t have access to source code.
Windows has a huge user base, so it becomes a
target of hackers to attack windows system.
Windows are slower compared to Linux.
Windows, hard drives, CD-ROMs, printers are
considered as devices
In Windows, files are stored in folders on different
data drives like C: D: E:
In Windows, system and program files are usually
saved in C: drive.
COMPARISION WITH OTHER OS
LINUX
Its target system types are embedded systems,
mobile devices, personal computers, servers,
mainframe computers and supercomputers.
Computer architectures supported by Linux are IA-
32, x86-64, ARM, PowerPC and SPARC.
Its kernel type is Monolithic.
Its update management depends on the
distribution.
File systems supported by Linux are ext2, ext3, ext4, File systems supported by macOS are HFS+, APFS,
btrfs, ReiserFS, FAT, ISO 9660, UDF and NFS.
MAC OS
Its target system types are workstation, personal
computers and embedded systems.
Computer architectures supported by macOS are
Ax86-64(10.4.7-present), IA-32(10.4.4-10.6.8) and
PowerPC(10.0-10.5.8).
Its kernel type is Hybrid with modules.
Its update management is Software Update.
HFS, UFS, AFP, ISO 9660, FAT, UDF, NFS, SMBFS,
NTFS, FTP, WebDAV and ZFS.
THANK YOU