1

CHAPTER 1: BIODIVERSITY

1.1 INTRODUCTION BIODIVERSITY AND TAXONOMY:

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BIOLOGIC AL DIVERSITY

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

a) Define biodiversity
b) Explain the biological classificatio n and nomenclatu re based on Linnaean System
c) State Three-Dom ain System (Carl Woese, 1977)

a) Definition Of Biodiversity

Total number of species, the variabili ty of their genes

and the communi ties in which they live

b) Biological Classification And Nomenclature Based On Linnaean System

1-1 ierarch iral c lassi ti cation

• Develop by Swedish botanist name Ca vo lu~ Lrnncie u S
• Consist of hierarchy of organism grouping called 7Q'l( o (s ingular : taxon)
• This system includes identificatio n. classificatio n and naming the organsim
• Taxa range from the kingdom to the spec ies
• 7Q:xGne>m y : The science of naming, describing and classi fying organ isms.
Domain
Taxo nomy group: Eu~,1r,a

Kingdom
Animaua

Phylum
Chc.rda:a

C~ass
Man1m,1ha

Family
Canld::ia

Genus
Vl/{p DS

~ Species
'W w ipes

Figure 1. 1 (a): Taxonomy ~roup

Naming system : Binomial nomenclature

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2
CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY

• The Namrng System (binomia l nomencl ature) of Hierarch ical Classific ation is
pioneere d by S wed,<;h 0011./falf!;• (1707 -78).
CQIII Lrn110eu S'
two name naming system
,..J,, I I I
I 11
I I

bi nomi al nome n clatur e

t
(1) Genus (2) species

Figure 1.1 (b): Binomial nomenclat ure

• In Binom ial System, every organ ism is given a ·Scientif ic Name' that consists of TWO
parts:
I. ~ ell tis - the generic name
o The first alphabet of the genus is written in CGprta I lel-tev
o Species in the same genus are thought to be closely related
11. .rpe Ci es - a specific name
o The second part of a scienti fie name
o All letters are I G we v c CH es
o Always follows gen us name. Never written alone.
0

• ff handwri tten, both words shou ld be underlin ed.

• lhyped , both words whou ld be italic. Example:

Taxon Exampl e

Eukarya
0001arn

Kingdom AOffi!QI[ 0

Phylum Chordat a
~

Class ~
m ammali Q
9 v
Order Carnivo ra

Fami ly felidae
Commo n name: Cat
Gen us Felis Scientifi c name: Fe/;s ca t u s '

Species p-pavd us
Figure 1.1 (c): A cat and its scientific name

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 CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY 3

• What is wrong with common names?

o Some species have simi lar common names. Example: Cacing Kerawil.
Cacing Tanah, Cacing Pila. These are 3 different species of worms and even
catagorized under 3 different phyla.
o Misleading. Starfish is not a fish, and seahorse is not a horse!
o Some species have many common names.

"·, Pepatung I am not

""-·-~-- Sibu-sibw a horse!
~<~~ Cal<c1bor
-----
---:...:-_ ~
'
':\:
Tuyu
Dragonfly
Figure 1.1 (d): A drgaanfly with several different local names Figure 1.1 (e): A sea horse

Match the following terms with correct description.

a 1) ((:, Cr!!.

Term Description
Extracellular digestion involved in the processing of
Unicellular
/
V dead or decayed organic matter

/ '- Ingestion of complex organic matter, which is

Multicellular
/
,/\ ,.,
//
/
,,
.
subsequently digested and absorbed

Synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide and

f-----s_a_p_ro_ph-y-ti_c _, / _\\l water in the presence of sunlight

~ •
' Organisms consisting of a single cell
Holozoic /
\. Organisms that are composed of a number of cells
Photosynthetic

c) 3-Domain System
• Considered as the most recent classification system.
• Introduced by C ei vl Woese ( 1977)
• Based on differences in vrbosom al (rRNA) nucleotides sequence
between microorganisms
► rRNA - molecular building block for ribosomes.
► Splits Kingdom Monera into Bacteria and Archaea.

• 3 domains:
I. Domain e,acte,1a : Includes Prokaryotes. Mostly single and microscopic
II. Domain Ar cheo : Includes Prokaryotes. Mostly single and microscopic
III. Domain t'uk ~ vyo : Includes all eukaryotes. Both Unicellular and
multi cellular organisms.

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CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY

Figure 1.1 (t): Identify each domain below based on the description given

Arc hco (: U l<Q V~G

•includes prokaryotes •includes prokaryotes •includes all

in the kingdom in the kingdom eukaryotes.
Bacteria Archaea •Unicellular and
•cell walls chemically multicellular
different from • Kingdoms Protista,
bacteria Fungi, Plantae,
•differences Animalia
discovered by
studying RNA
• living in extreme
environments

1.2 DOMAIN BACTERIA & DOMAIN ARCHAEA

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

a) State the two domain of Prokaryotes : Bacteria (E.coli) and Archaea (Sulfolobus sp .)
b) Describe the diversity of bact eria ba sed on cell sha pe
c) State the importance of bacteria

"All organisms of Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea are Prokaryotes"

Unique characteristics of Prokaryotes:

Figure 1.2(a): Common structure af o Prokaryot e

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CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY 5

Tab le 1.2 (a): Unique characteristics of Prokaryotes. Fill in the blanks to complete the
table.

Characteristics Criteria
I. Level of organization of Unice llular
ori2;anism
2. Genetic mate ria l C ircular Bacteria: DNA is ~ associated
DNA with hrst0ne protein
A-rt:11CH'Q : DNA associated with
histone protein
DNA located in oucfe0rd
No nuclear me mbrane
Presence of SMALL circular DNA called e1~&-1YlidG
"
.J. Bacte ria cell wall contain 12e eti d 0g I ~ CCJ 0
Ce ll wall - mainta in cel l shape
Archaea cell wall contain po lysaccharides and
and for protecti o n
prote in. No 12eendo~19 CC:1 n
4. Organel les Do no t have me mbrane-bo und organe lles.
5. Reproduction Asex ua lly: binary fissio n
Sexua lly: conjugation
6. Protecti o n Some bacteria fo rm 1 ~rv-y1e o u tc;fde
Archaea produce unique e nzyme
A ll Pro karyotes have capsules
• add itio na l protection
• cause disease (oathogenic)
7. Cite for cellu lar resp irati o n Mesosome
8. Flage lla For m otil ity
Assist conjugation (exchange genetic ma te ria l)
9. Pili
10. Fimbriae For attac hment

11. Modes of nutrition A1~ to t:rn ~Yl re =

Require CO2 as carbo n source to make organic
compounds
Heterotrophic: require carbon fro m organic
compounds of o ther organ ism

a) C lass ification of prokaryotes

• Prokaryotes are d iv ided into two (2) domains:
• Do main A rchaea (Example: Su(folobus sp.)
• Domain Bacteria (Example: E.coli)

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CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY

Table 1.2 (b): Differences between bacteria and archaea. Fill in the blanks to complete the
table.

Bacteria Criteria Archaea

I. Cell wall structure Cell wal ls lack of
Cell wall contains Qeghde> l~COll
nentido2:lvcan
2. Association of In plasma membran e,
In plasma membrane. straight- hi stone protein to the branched-chain
chain fatty acids are linked to DN A hydrocarbons are linked to
glycerol by estev linkage. glycerol by ethe v linkage.

DNA is not associated 3. Structure of DNA is associated with

with hi stone protein membrane lipids histone protein

b) Diversity of Bacteri a based on cell shapes.

Fig ure 1.2 (b ): Diversity of bacteria based on cell shapes.

CELL SHAPES

Comma
Spherical

~
coccus
B
bacillus
EJ
~

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CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY

the table.
Table 1.2 (c): Differe nt shape of bacteri a. Fill in the blanks to comple te
SP~l - S \1 GI pe>e:I c0mm a - sh0pe 0
Spnurcl'.:I I - ~aped Re~ - ~napeel
Known as spirillu m Known as vibrio
Known as coccus Known as bacillu s

• Unicell ular :
mouoco ccus

• Two-ce ll :
diploco ccus
Unicell ular, co lonies Unicellular Unice llular
(chain)
• Chain:
strepto coccus

• In cluster :
staphy lococcu s

Ea·
e·
Ea·
e·
Bacillus Eg : Ea·
e ·
Strepto coccus th uringiensis Rhodospirillum sp. Vibrio cholerae
pneum oniae E.coli

c) The impo11a nce o f bacteria

ance of bacter ia.
Table 1.2 (d): Fill in the blanks below to comple te the ta ble of the import

Im portan ce Exam ole Explan ation

Recycli ng of chemic a l Rhizobium s p. He lp 111 fi x ing o f nitroge n
elemen ts 111 ecosyst em from atmosp here throug h
(nitroge n fi xation, as root nodule s.
decomp oser). Plant use nitroge n fo r
synthes is o f protein and
nuc le ic acid.

Enterobac teria He lps to digest comple x

e.g: E. coli in human mo lecu les (lactos e) .
Symbio tic intestin e.

Affects the intestin a l trac t

~ patti ogeni c Salmonella sp. caus ing hig h fever, diarrhe a.
nausea, vomitti ng.

Bacteri a l p las mid used as

Researc h & Techno logy Bacte rial plasmid
vector in gene c lon ing.

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CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY

1.3 DOMAIN EUKARYA: KINGDOM PROTISTA

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

a. State t h e unique characteristic of Protista

b. State the classification of Protista : Algae (plant like) and Protozoa (animal like)
c. State the importance of Protista

a. Unique characteristics of Protista

• Eukaryote; has true nucl eu S and membrane bounded organe lles

• Body form: l.,IOIC e II I.\\UV , co lony and simple multicellular
• Type of nutritio n: ph c tequ t-otroph 5 and heterotroph
• Most of whic h are 01 i >< CJ tro pf1 s
• Mostly are free I iving
• Reproduction: asex ua l, sexua l and syngamy
• Habitat: water or very damp surfaces

b. C lassification of Protista

Algae - Chlamydomonas sp.

ro
.....,
Vl
.....,
0
!i....
I a.. I Protozoa - Amoeba sp.
L

c. Importance of Protista

JMPOR~NCE;-_P_R_O
_T~~-S-T_A_ ; - ~
____..,

f00cl
s 0 urce
• Chlorella sp. has high
protein, positive effect o n
reduction of dioxin
(substances that cause
cancer) in breast milk.
( oewog, rreorrnent ]
r • Process of removing
Uumon health contaminants from
municipal wastewater,
containing mainly
ho usehold sewage and
• Malaria caused by parasite
some industrial wastewater
Plasmodium sp.
• Plasmodium sp. is
protozoan which can live in
two hosts (human and
mosq uitoes).
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CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY

1.4 DOMAIN EUKARYA: KINGDOM FUNGI

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
a. State the unique characteristics of Fungi
b. State the classification of Fungi into 3 major phyla based on types of spore bearing
structures : Zygomycota, Ascomycota & Basidiomycota
c. State the importance of Fungi

a) The unique characteristics of fungi.

• ~IH<~ry<HiC
• o on -va~culQV
• Non-motile
• Basic building unit :
h:g-y:6€ hypn~e
• Cell wall made up of
Chrnn
• Lack of chi <H0ph~\I

• Mode of nutrition:
Heterotrophs:
saprophytic, parasitic.
mutualistic symbionts.
~
~-.-~~-
.--~:.
--~:.

;
~~;~
. ., . \, _: , -~-l
• Mode of reproduction:
Asexual
-- .
:i-~
'

Sexual

...
~..-.... -- X: :a- :'f'C
..-,¥1"
~
••

Reproduc tive ·

Hyphae

2 0 µm

Mycellum

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CHAPTER 1 B/ODIVERS/1 Y

b. Cln~sitic at i1111 or hmgi

- Based on 1hc spore bearing structure

Zygote Sac Club

fungi fungi fungi

Phylum Zygomyc ota Phylum Basidiom ycota

Table I .4 (a) C omplete the table to show the cha racteristics of 3 major phyla of Fungi
based on types of spore-bear ing structures.

Phylum Phylum Phylum

-:zijgem ~w~ a f.\scom!J03lu B0 Cl d10m~c0r o
Sexual spores /,) gosr orcs I\ SC 0C pG r e S Basicliospon.:s

Sexual Zygosporan gium Asci (ascus Basidia (basi dium

reproducti ve - singular). found ~singular). fo und in
structure \\ ithin ascoca rps basidioca rps
T ype of Asexual anJ ~ex ual Eexual ( (}t()(UOI Sexual (asexua l
reproductio n repmduct1 0n 1-s reproduction is
uncernn10 n) uncommon)
Common types Black bread Penicillium , Mushroom s/
molds/ Rhizopus Sacclwromyces Agaricus
sto/011ifer

c. Importance of Fungi

I. Decompose r
11. Sy mbionts
111. Pathogen
IV . Commercia l importance in food production (fermented food)
v. Pharmaceutical (penicillin)

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 CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY 11

1.5 DOM AIN EUKA RY A : KING DOM PLAN TAE

Learnin g Outcom es:

At the end of this lesson, student s should be able to:

a. State the unique charact eristics of Plantae

b. State the classifi cation Plantae into four groups:
1. Bryoph ytes
11. Pterido phytes
iii. Gymno sperms
iv. Angios perms
c. State the unique charact eristic for each group
d. Describ e evoluti onary relation ship in Kingdo m Plantae (Bryop hytes
➔ Angios perm)

a. Unique charact eristics of Plantae

Diagra m 1.5 (a) Compl ete the diagra m below to summa rise the charac
teristic s of
Planta e.

Have qlteroanonof gen erc:rno sI Eukary otic

Cl
- ~~=t~e
i ~n_: composed of
i.e two generations in life ~- - - - - ~ more than one cell , that makes
cycle: Sporoph yte ge nerati on them vi sible to our naked eyes.
(2n) and gameto phyte

Reproduce both by .rexu

and asexual f utrl 1<Je tT on : Have
chloroph yll to
Develop adaptative and synthesi se own food
self defense with the help of solar
mechanisms for energy through
surviva l. photosynthesis.

Cells store food in

Sessile/lack motility: Celt (A)~ 11£ are made
cytoplasm in the form of
Plants are anchored to one of cellulose
starch granules.
place

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CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY

b. Classification of Kingdom Plantae

non vascular ---1[ BRYOPHYTES ] eg.: Pofytrichum sp.

<
KINGDOM seedless [ PTERIDOPHY_TES] eg. : Dryopteris sp.

!~~~:;~
PLANTAE

vascular ----1[GYMNOSPERMS]

<
within ov~ry
eg. : Pinus sp.
seed
seed er,iclosecl
withim ov_ary
---ti ANGIOSPERMS l
eg. : Hibiscus sp.

c. Unique characteristics for each group.

capsule
Unique Characteristics Of Bryophytes (eg. : Polytrichum sp. ) ,✓ spore
• Most primitive terrestrial plant _.
• Habitat : moist and sheltered places (eg. : near "'
streams, damp forest fl oor) sporophytel seta
• Non-vascular
• No true roots, stems and leaves
• Have rhizoids for attac hment to the so il
• Reproduction : sexual and asex ual leaves
• Exhibit alternation of generations : Gametophyte gametophyte
generation is dominant
• Sporophyte is small and shorter li ved, depend on
gametophyte for nutrient and shelter
rhizoids
Polytrichum sp.

Match the tables below thus explai n bryophytes adaptations for survival on terrestrial
(land) habitat.

Compact multicellular plant Embryo formed is retained and protected inside

bod female re reductive bod durin its develo ment

Absorption of CO2 Root-like structures are specified for absorption of

water and anchora e.

Development of rhizoids The presence of female gametes (non-motile eggs

containing stored food) and male gametes (motile
s erms ensures the success of sexual re reduction .

Heterogamy Multicellular plant body reduces surfaces exposed to

dry land conditions without losing much water when
ex osed to Ii ht.

Protection of embryo Have modified photosynthetic tissues for more

efficient absor tion of carbon dioxide.

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CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY

Uni ue Characteristics Of Pterido h tes (eg. : Dryopteris sp. )

Alternation of generation: Habitat: Found in various habitats (have

i. DCHYITnQnt gener~h~Cln
Young sporophyte is
dependent on
gametophyte for nutrition.
Upon maturity, it carries
out photosynthesis,
becomes independent and
dominant.
ii. § ~ metn p~ y re
Small and free living.
characteristics adaptable to terrestrial
Seedless
living)
Have simple vascular
system: xylem & phloem
Have true r@Gts , true
sl-em s & true le~ve S: they
already have vascular
system

Mainly dispersed by Wrrld

Waxy cuticle layer: to reduce
water loss and prevent
Two different types of sporophytes: drying
i. Item oq,p0rou~ sporophyte:
Produces a single type of spores
ii. lte ro~ porous
t-e sporophyte:
Produces two kinds of spores. f erlili ?-<Hrnn reproduction fully
o Megaspores (develop into female dependent on watery medium:
gametophytes) antherozoids or flagellated sperms
o Microspores (develop into male swim through a film of water to
gametophytes) reach the egg cell.

Sof'v.S

lesP£.t"o~hyt.e (2n} I~
bryo s porang lum

.-.--=--
zygote
- -, di p l o i d (2n)
1=========1 meiosis
l
h a plo id (n)

sperm spore
egg . ~ ,/
game tophyte (n)
~ g ametophyte (n) I~
Dryopteris sp.

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CHAPTER 1 · BIODIVERSITY 14

Uni ue Characteristics Of G mnos erms e . Pinus s .)

No. Characteristics Oescri tion
I.
• Naked seed in which their seeds are exposed
Seea - be01rrri~ pl~n~ onmodifiedleaves(cone/strobilus)
2.
c0mp1ex, Hgnrfred va~cu10v • Xylem only have tracheids, while phloem
plQrlts only have sieve tube (except phylum
Gnetophyta)

A1t:erocatro n e:f ~ cneran0 n

• Sporophyte generation is dominant
generation whereas gametophyte Microscopic female
gametophytes (n)
generation is reduced (microscopic) inside ovulate cone
and depends on sporophyte for
nutrients.

. '.
......., ~

~1
Microscopic male
gametophytes (n)
inside pollen
cone
Sporophyte (2n)

FIGURE 2: Sporophyte and

gametophyte of Pine tree.

4. Type of spore: O'lfCrospores Consist of two types of spores called

microspore (male) and megaspore (female)

5. Reproduction • Pollinating agent: only wind.

• Fertilization is not depending on water
because sperm cell is non-motile thus sperm
cell reaches the egg cell by pollen tube.
• No double fertilization and no endosperm
formation.

Female cones grow in the Cone 1

upper branches where they scale
may be fertilized by pollen (SporophyU)

blown on the wind

from the male cones. ...-==------Ripened
,
..
:.. , ...d"'
, ,
seeds Open cone

' /
I
Male cones grow in the
lower branches.
I
\
\
,... I
suppty{n)
\EmlMyofUII

Cone of Pinus sp.

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CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY

Uni ue Characteristics Of Anoios crms

No. Characteristics Descri tion
I.
• Seeds are enclosed in fruit
Geed p1onts

Fruit
( (l \ \,;
j

Seeds

2. C0mp1ex, Jrgnifim ascular system • Xylem have tracheid and vessel

element, while
• Phloem has sieve tube & companion
cel l.
3. Alternation of 9eoemt1ofi
• Sporophyte generation is Microscopic
dominant generation whereas female
gametophyte generation is gametophytes
reduced (microscopic) and Microscopic (n) inside
depends on sporophyte for male these parts
nutrients. gametophytes of flowers
• Gametophyte of angiosperms: (n) inside
I. Pollen grain (male)
these parts ~ ~
of flowers
11. Embryo sac/ovule
(female).

, -~
~

Sporophyt: ~~

FIGURE 4: Sporophyte and

gametophyte of
Angiosperm

4. Type of spore: H.r-e rospores Consist of two types of spores cal led
microspore (male) and megaspore
(female)

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CHAPTER 1: BIODIVERSITY

5. Reproduction • Pollinating agent: Insect, wind etc.

• Fertilization is not depending on water
because sperm cell is non-motile thus
sperm cell reaches the egg cell by
pollen tube.
• Has double fertilization and endosperm
formati on.
• Reproductive organ is flower that have
specialized shoot with four circles of
modified leaves:
I. Sepal
11. Petal
...
Ill. Stamen
IV. Carpel/pistiI

po llen tube - - - ' c '

~- \ . L . _ ponen tube

~
'
\ \

\
sperm

\tr- t:ube nucfeus

Germination of pollen grain

------Petal
- - - - - -Stigma Sepals
~ ([ - - - -Stamens ~
\~1~V;r
~~ 1--~
5ty1
e /

\ I
• ;·

(.~
~\

- - - ova,y ~ /
Floral tube '\ .11
1
Ovule ( in a)
(a) becomes seed (in b) /
( b) \ •

I/ ,.
'-4~,
I

Reproductive organ in plant : Flower

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i
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CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY

Evolutionary Relationship in Kingdom Plantae

CHARACTERISTICS BRYOPHYTES PTERIDOl'HYTES GYMNOSPERMS ANGIOSPERJ\IS

Size Small (2~3 cm) Varied shrub to Tree (larger than Woody tree,
tree (larger than bryophyte and varied huge tree.
bryophytes) pteridophytes)

Dominance of Sporophytes Sporophytes

gametophytes and <a<ll rri e te p n_y tet ~p0r0pny res
sporophytes

Dependence of Sporophytes Young Gametophytes Gametophytes

gametophytes and depend on sporophytes depend on depend on
sporophytes gaf"Je te p\1y-te~ dependent on sporophytes sporophytes
f0v t h e ~ gametophyte but
when it matured,
rect 0 f rts lrfe
the sporophyte
independent from
gametophytes

Water dependence Fully depend on Need water for Does not need Does not need
in fertilization water medium ferti lization water for water for
fertilization fertilization

Presence of Non-vascular Simple vascular Incomplete Complete vascular

vascular tissue (absence) tissue. vascular tissue tissue
(xylem and (Xylem consist of (Xy lem: tracheid
phloem not well tracheid only and vessel
develop) while phloem element.
consist of sieve Phloem: sieve
tube only) tube & companion
cell)

Embryo protection Female Female Sporophyte Sporophyte

gametophyte gametophyte (Seed protects the (Fruit surrounding
(archegonium) (archegonium) embryo) the seed protect
the embryo)

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CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY

1.6 DOMAI N EUKAR YA : KINGD OM ANIMA LIA

Learni ng Outcom e:

(a) State the unique characte ristics of Kingdom Animali a

(b) State the class ification of anima lia into nine phyla.
(c) State the unique characte ristics for each phyla.
(d) Describ e evolutio nary re latio nship of Kingdom Animali a

___ _
Some are haf 0,-ofc ,
m os t are capabl e for m0 rne at- f.0me
locom otion H me c:zJ urrn@ Jiff
C Cle

Uniqu e
chara cteris tic Type o f nutriti on :
Repro ductio n : Hetero troph or
mostly sexual (forn~ of Kingd om
spenn and egg) Anima lia

Lack of cell Carbohydrate

wall s torage :
G lycogen

Figure 1.6a shows the unique characte ri sti c of Kingdom An ima li a

b. C lassific ation of Kingdo m Animal ia

• Kingdom Animali a is divided into 9 phyla:-

a.
b.
Phy lum P0nf-er q
Phylum CMdar1 0
(/ 1/!r' ~

>~
c. Phylum Platyhel minthes
Phylum t-f emcHeid<3
~
d.
e. Phy lum Mollusc a
f. Phylum A-MlelfC fo

~ ~
Phylum Arthropo da

-
g.
h. Phy lum Echinod ermata
i. Phylum Cn0r~a ra
~

• Animal s can be characterized by body plan :

a. t...evel of organiza tion
b. Body b!::\mme h]
c. §e r-m layer
d. Body ca vTI-~
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CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY 19

1. TISSUES ORGANIZATION

a) PARAZOA b) EUMETAZOA
❖ No -true tissue/No germ layer ❖ Have I-rue tTS!:Ue~
❖ E.g.: Sponges ❖ Different tissues perform different
function

2. BODY SYMMETRY

a) RADIAL b) BILATERAL

❖ The body of organi sm can be cut through
the canter of the structure in any directi on
(multiple planes) produces two halves that
are mirror images of each other.
❖ E.g.: Phylum Cnidaria & Echinodermata
❖ Radial symmetry animals show:
1. Has a top (oral or mouth) and
bottom (aboral).
11. They have no head and rear end, no
left and right side.
❖ The body can be di vided into two halves
that are mirror images of each other along
one plane only.
❖ Bilateral symmetry animal show:
1. Has dorsal (top), ventral (bottom),
anterior (head) and posterior (tail)
11 . Has left side & right side.
Dorsal surface -----

Anterior
-------- 'S'8
end ~ j.,.
I ;{"--'•,
'-'
~ Posterior
• , - ,end

Cal W 1V111111n
;,+ V ~
entral surface _J
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r- CHAPTER 1: BIODIVERSITY
2.o

RADIAL VERSUS BILATERAL

bila tera l sym me try

rad ial sym me try

C.....__ _ ' /
__ _.. ..,.
3. GE RM LAYER

11. TRIP LOB LAS TIC

I. DIPL OBLAST IC

ectoderm - - - - -- ---,
ecto derm - - - - - - ~

~~ -

mes ogle a - - - --1 7

dige stive - - - - -,:,

bod y lume n tract

mesoderm ~

endoderm - - - - - - ~
endo derm _ __ __ __,

❖ An animal with a body wall composed of

❖ An anim al with a body wall composed of two
three types of germ layer which are
types of germ layer whic h are ectod erm and
ectoderm, meso derm and endo derm.
endoderm .

❖ Mesoglea is gelat inous non-cellular layer ... Orge~nv-e tmc t rs ~e 1et.n 0us nen -
cetwrav 1e:iy e11 vetween end ode rm,
between endoderm and ectod erm (occur in meG 0der m ond en00 d erm c0 ccuv m
c o ,~e7lt-ertHe~) wh1e n cire d0 n0t f e rm
coelentera tes) which are do not form any
an tr'b~ue ev or ~r1
tissue or or Jan.
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CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY

c_____ 4. BODY CAVITY

)
Coelom: A fluid filled space separating the digestive tract from the outer body wall. The specific
space for organs.

ii. P~eud0coet0mcne iii. Coe I 0 m 0 ~e

i. Acoelom~te

• Animal without body cavity
(lack a coelom)
• Animal have pseudocoelom • Animal have body cavity
develops between mesoderm (true coelom) that is
and the endoderm. complete lined with
mesoderm.

• A layer of mesoderm exists • It formed from ti ssue derived

• They have mesoderm but no
beneath the body wall but not from mesoderm .
coelom • Internal organ develop &
around the gut.
suspended in coelom.

E.g. : Phylum Nematoda • E.g.: Phylum Mollusca,

E.g.: Phylum Phylum Annelida, Phylum
Platyhelminthes (Roundworm)
Arthropoda, Phy Ium
(Flatworm) Echinodermata and Phylum
Chordata.

ectoderm - - - - :-r

-Yc~Pnlit!,~~ ~ mesentery
mesoderm- ~ j?~~ilf~'1/ti~

-.,;:::::,ch-+endoderm
endoderm ~•4.4"r'/--
r;J -:::<\:""'bl-~ coelom

digestive
cavity
c. Coelomate molluscs annelids arthropods
echinoderms chordates

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 22
Cf-/APTER 1. 8/0DIVHISITY

Roundwotm r Segmented worm

Body Body
covering
covorin11
Oigestivo Digestive
trtc1 - tl'Kt

TrS$UO IJycr
lining c:oolom
Dlgestive iissue-lllled Muscle Pseudocoelom ond wspending
sac region laver (fluid,fillodl internol organs

FIGURE 2: DI FFE RENCES OF BODY CAVITY BETWEEN WORMS.

Kingd om Anima lia: Phylum Porife ra

PMYLlJM PORI FE RA
Mt:an ·'pore hearin g''
,_ ___ The sponge bod it:s perforated b:, ti11) holes.

Mesohyl

Po,ocyloe \
=;'
0

Jl~=.~-.
t \~ "t~ \ I > Choanocyte

Wnto, ft'f],; ~ :.J,\

~~
- -amoebocyles

rlt ~ '-
flow ~- Splculoa (

Spongocoel
} ~,/ 1

~ - : { :I ---~ rostium
I.,.,,.,
Choanocyte .,.. ~ j ~~
Amoebocyte L'.- • , .. ,. 1f ;.~ 1 mesohyl
..._I_:__~ •.
~ /
~ ,(

Epldem,i, 7 ', ...

FIG lJ RE I: Structure of Sponges

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CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY 23

UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF PORIFERA

AG"s~metry
~fYlffi€~
I) TISSUE ORGANIZATION: ~G§'affl el'ttj (notrue tissues)
• Have some cell differentiation, but no tissue organization.

2) HABITAT: most are marine & some are freshwater.

3) BODY SYMMETRY: N0 bed~ p l~fl cy mmeh--y

4) LACK NERVOUS SYSTEM

5) SESSILE (NON-MOTILE) in adult.

6) GAS EXCHANGE : Diffusion from water

7) SUSPENSION FILTER FEEDER

• Trapping and eating whatever food is suspended in the water that passes through
their body.

8) HERMAPHRODITES:
• Each individual functions as both male and female in sexual reproduction by
producing sperm and eggs.

9) REPRODUCTION: Occur both asexual and sexual.

• Asexual: small fragment/ bud may break free from the parent and give rise to a new
sponge
• Sexual: Produce sperms/ eggs

10) BODY STRUCTURE:

1. Consists of two layers of cells separated by tYl es0 g Ie a region.
,1. Body wall consist of ct, 0 Qfl0 de rm (specialized tube-like cells)
111. Have calcareous spicules.
iv. Have choanocytes or collar cells (flagellate cells).

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CHAPTER 1: BIODIVERSITY 24

''\. /

Kingdom Animalia: Ii

'
Phylum Coelenterata / Cnidaria '
/
"'
No. Unique Description
Characteristics
I. Tissue Eumetazoa//Have +rt1e tissue
oraanization
2. Habitat Most are marine (Ohelia sp.), some freshwater species (Hydra sp.).

3. Motility Sessile or motile forms

4. Body symmetry __
R......;
~_d _ rn_l __ symmetry

FIGURE 1: Bod s mmetry of Cnidarians

5. Germ layer Orp10b~~StiC
Outer layer (epidermis) and inner layer (gastrodermis) are separated by
mesoglea (gives hydrostatic pressure that support cnidarians)

Polyp . Medusa
'\\ If; ,
'.. ,. ~
Gastrovascular
cavity f.
,:f Gaslrodermis~ . / ~ ··\
/ .1~\ ~;
j
J;--M!Soglea
L Epldermls / tJ '\.
FIGURE 2: Germ layer of Cnida rians

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r CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY
25

6. Body plan Have two variations: i. Polyp ii. Medusa

i. ii. /\/I e d uro

• Cylindrical shaped • Bell shaped.

• Mouth and tentacles point • Mouth and tentacle points
upwards downwards.
• Sessile - adhere to the substrate • Motile/Freely swimming
• e.g. hydra and sea anemone (Floating)
• e.g. jellyfish

TABLE 1: Differences between polyps and medusa

7. Digestive • Possess a single opening central digestive compa11ment called

compartment gastrovascular cavity
• A single opening to the gastrovascular cavity functions as both mouth &
anus.
• Digestion begins in the gastrovascular cavity and is completed inside food
vacuole in the gastrodermal cells.
• The gastrovascular cavity acts as hydrostatic skeleton.
• Mouth is surrounded by tentacles.

Mouth ~-~~==~~==~~-4-=-- z--r- 11..,,,-:.._

I
Oral view Lateral view

FIGURE 3: Oral and lateral mouth of hydra

8. Mode of nutrition: • Cnidarians are predator

Heterotroph • They capture prey and push the food into their gastrovascular cavity
using their tentacles.
• Tentacles .are .armed with cnidocytes. (Cnidocytes is the specialized ce- II s
th at fiunction in defense and capture the prey)

BIOACT 08024 SESSION 2021/ 2D22