TERRORISM AND ITS IMPACT ON KHYBER

PAKHTUNKHWA: A CASE STUDY OF DISTRICT

PESHAWAR

By

ABDUR RAHEEM KHAN

Registration No.AUP-18FL-BS-IR-14011

Research Thesis Submitted to the Department of Governance, Politics and

Public Policy (GPP), Abasyn University, Peshawar, in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Sciences in International Relations

FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

ABASYN UNIVERSITY- PESHAWAR
RING ROAD (CHARSSADA LINK) - PESHAWAR
KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
SESSION 2018-2022
 i

ABSTRACT

Since 9/11 (2001), the War on Terrorism has started and Pakistan again emerged as a
“frontline” state in the world. Pakistan joined US-led war on terrorism and ultimately the
province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has seen the escalation of instability, insecurity and political
violence in the land. The province has paid a huge price in this war. There is no doubt that
terrorism has made the biggest menace for Pakistan particularly to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The
evidence has identified the human, economic, political, social and psychological impacts of
terrorism on the province. In terms of human losses, more than 95,000 people, including
civilians, personnel of law enforcement agencies, and troops have been killed in terrorist
attacks from 2002-2020. The exacerbation of domestic security challenges has exacted an
extremely high cost on the economy, both in terms of direct costs of the fight against
extremism, as well as in terms of knock on effect on investment inflows and market confidence.
Social impacts of this prolonged war are horrendous. In order to sustain their activities, militant
organizations have established close nexus with criminal network, which has results in increase
in crime rate across the province. Moreover, one of the worst impacts of the war on terror in
the Pakistani society has been that religious intolerance has become rampant; people have taken
the law in their hands, weaponization is common, people have turned against anti-sate and law
enforcement agencies, including the military for wreaking this tyranny on the people.
Nonetheless, most of the impacts of terrorism on Pakistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are
negative which harm the state, society and system and might it will continue due to il-
management by state guardians on might they want to earn from war against terrorism rather
to learn after their great socio-economic and political losses.

Keywords: War on Terrorism, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Socio-Economic Losses,

Socio-Religious Intolerance, Weaponization and Extremism
 ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious the Most Merciful.

I am very thankful to Almighty Allah, the mighty, the merciful, who extended me strength to
observe, think and analyze. I bow before this compassionate endowment and all the respect for
his last Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) for enlightening with essence of faith in Allah converging
all his kindness and mercy upon us.

I wish to express my heartiest gratitude to all those who enhanced my Research work in
different ways.

I render my sincerest thanks to my supervisor, Professor Dr. A.Z Hilali, HOD, Department of
Governance, Policy IR and Public Policy (GPD), Abasyn University Peshawar who provided
me guidance and encouragement in a very positive and pleasing manner, where I got an
opportunity to flourish my potentialities and intellect. Her invaluable guidance and intellectual
stimulation were at once warm and inspiring.

My thanks also go to all my teachers and staff members who sincerely guided me through his
intellectual thoughts and experience.

I owe a special debt to librarian of Abasyn University, who helped me in collection of data for
literature review. Now I pay special thanks to my beloved parents who supported me in
compilation of thesis and they financially assisted at every stage.

Abdur Raheem Khan

Date:
 iii

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, Abdur Raheem Khan S/o Aman Ullah Khan bearing registration no. AUP-18FL-
BS-IR-14011, hereby state that my BS thesis titled entitled “Terrorism and its Impact on
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: A Case Study of District Peshawar” is my own work and has not
been submitted previously by me taking any degree from Abasyn University or anywhere
else in the country/world.

At any time if my statement is found to be incorrect even after my Graduation the

Abasyn University has the right to withdraw my BS degree.

(Student’s Signature)
. Name of Student: Abdur Raheem Khan
Date: _________
 iv

DECLARATION REGARDING PLAGIARISM

I Mr. Abdur Raheem Khan solemnly declare that research work presented in the thesis titled
“Terrorism and its Impact on Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: A Case Study of District Peshawar”
is solely my research work with no significant contribution from other person. Small
contribution help whether taken has been duly acknowledged and that complete has been
written by me.

I understand the zero tolerance policy of the HEC and Abasyn University toward
plagiarism. Therefor I as an Author of the above titled thesis declared that no portion of my
thesis has been plagiarized and any material used as reference is properly referred/cited.

I undertake that if I am found guilty of any formal plagiarism in the above titled thesis
even after award of the BS degree, the Abasyn University reserve the rights to withdraw/revoke
BS degree and that HEC and the Abasyn University has the right to publish my name on the
HEC/University Website on which names of students are placed who submitted plagiarism
thesis.

Student Signature: ___________

Name: Abdur Raheem Khan
 v

DEDICATION

I dedicated this work to my parents and teachers for their endless love, support and
encouragement
 vi

Certificate of Approval

This is to certify that the research work persisted in this thesis; entitled “Terrorism

And its Impact on Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: A Case Study of District Peshawar ” was

conducted by Mr. Abdur Raheem Khan S/o Mr. Aman Ullah Khan under the supervision of

Dr. A.Z. Hilali.

No part of this thesis has been submitted anywhere else for any other degree. This thesis

is to the Department of Governance, Politics and Public Policy (GPP), in partial fulfillment of

the requirement for the degree of Bachelor in Sciences in the Field of International Relations.

Faculty of Management and Social Sciences

Abasyn University Peshawar
Student Name: Abdur Raheem Khan Signature:
___________

Examination Committee
a) External Examiner: Signature: ___________

b) Internal Examiner: Signature:___________

Ms. Asma Dilawar
Department of Governance, Politics/IR and Public Policy (GPP),
Abasyn University Peshawar

Supervisor Name: Dr. A.Z. Hilali Signature: ___________

Professor,
Department of Governance, Politics/IR and Public Policy (GPP),
Abasyn University Peshawar

Name of HOD: Prof. Dr. A. Z. Hilali Signature: ___________

Professor,
Department of Governance, Politics/IR and Public Policy (GPP),
Abasyn University Peshawar
 ix

List of Abbreviations

AC Assistant Commissioner

ANP Awami National Party

AP Associated Press

ARIMA Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average

BBC British Broadcasting Corporation

CIA Central Intelligence Agency

DC Deputy Commissioner

EL AL Israel's State Airline

ETA External Terrorist Attacks

FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas

FCR Fortier Crimes Regulation

ISI Inter-Services Intelligence

JI Jamat Islami

KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

MNA Member of National Assembly

MO Military operation

MPA Member of Provincial Assembly

NGO’s Non-Governmental Organization

PA Political Agent

PATA Provincially Administrated Tribal Area

PFLP Palestinian Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine

PLO Palestine Liberation Organization

RAW Research and Analysis Wing

 x

SSG Special Services Group

T.V Television

TNSM Tehreek Nifaz-i-Shariet-i- Muhammadi

TTP Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan

US United States
 xi

Table of Contents
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................ii
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ............................................................................................. iii
DECLARATION REGARDING PLAGIARISM ................................................................ iv
DEDICATION.......................................................................................................................... v
Certificate of Approval ........................................................................................................... vi
List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. ix
CHAPTER - I ........................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Definition of Terrorism .................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Introduction to the Study .................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Theoretical Framework .................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Literature Review ............................................................................................................. 4
1.5 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................. 6
1.6 Aims and Objectives of the Study .................................................................................... 7
1.7 Research questions ........................................................................................................... 7
1.8 Significance of the Study ................................................................................................. 7
1.9 Research Methodology..................................................................................................... 8
References ................................................................................................................................. 9
CHAPTER – 2 ........................................................................................................................ 10
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF TERRORISM ......................................................... 10
2.1 Dilemma of 9/11 Incident .............................................................................................. 10
2.1.1 Counter-Intelligence ................................................................................................ 11
2.1.2 Scale and Status of the 9/11 action .......................................................................... 12
2.1.3 The Turning Point .................................................................................................... 13
2.2 The Scourge After the incident of 9/11 .......................................................................... 15
2.3 ORIGIN AND NATURE OF TERRORISM ................................................................. 17
2.3.1 Origin of Terrorism ................................................................................................. 17
2.3.2 Nature of Terrorism Terrorist Groups ..................................................................... 18
2.4 TERRORISM IN PAKISTAN AND ITS CAUSES ...................................................... 19
2.4.1 Incident of 9/11:....................................................................................................... 19
2.4.2 Sectarianism as Cause of Terrorism ........................................................................ 19
 xii

2.4.3 Illiteracy Cause of Terrorism ................................................................................... 20

2.4.4 Media Coverage Cause of Terrorism....................................................................... 20
2.5 Effects of Terrorism on Pakistan Neighbor Relationship: ............................................. 21
2.6 Effects of Terrorism on Justice in Pakistan .................................................................... 21
2.7 Effects of Terrorism on Socio-Economic Condition of People:................................. 21
2.6 Effects of Terrorism on Political System of Pakistan................................................. 21
2.7 Terrorism in FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) ................................................. 22
2.8 Causes of Terrorism in FATA: ................................................................................... 24
2.8.1 Political, Administrative and Legal Vacuum in FATA: .......................................... 24
2.8.2 Illiteracy, Unemployment and Poverty in FATA: ................................................... 25
2.8.3 Role of Foreign Powers and Intelligence Agencies in FATA: ................................ 25
References ............................................................................................................................... 27
CHAPTER 3 ........................................................................................................................... 32
IMPACT OF TERRORISM ON DISTRICT PESHAWAR KHYBER
PAKHTUNKHWA ................................................................................................................ 32
3.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................ 32
3.2 Impact of Terrorism on District Peshawar ..................................................................... 32
3.2.1 Genesis of Militancy in District Peshawar .............................................................. 32
3.2.2 Social Impact of Terrorism in Peshawar ..................................................................... 33
3.3 Impact of Terrorism on Economic, Social and Cultural Right in District Peshawar ..... 33
3.6 Impact of Terrorism on Human Rights .......................................................................... 34
3.7 Impact of Terror on Education Sector in District Peshawar .......................................... 36
3.8 Impact of Terrorism on Health Sector in District Peshawar .......................................... 38
3.9 Impact of Terrorism on Sport Activities in Peshawar .................................................... 40
3.11 Impact of Terrorism on Pakhtun Culture ..................................................................... 40
3.12 Impact of Terrorism on NGO’s .................................................................................... 41
3.15 Economic Impacts of Terrorism ................................................................................... 44
References ............................................................................................................................... 47
CHAPTER – 4 ........................................................................................................................ 49
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................... 49
4.1 Conclusion...................................................................................................................... 49
4.2 Recommendations .......................................................................................................... 52
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 53
 1

CHAPTER - I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Definition of Terrorism

The terminology of “terrorism” is very difficult to define. The old principle “one man’s
terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter” is still a live and well today. But some definitions
of terrorism are listed below. The term terrorism is derived from Latin word “Terror” which
means frighten, extreme fear. The unofficial or unauthorized use of violence and intimidation
in the pursuit of political aims is called terrorism (Frey et al., 2014).

"The systematic use of terror or unpredictable violence against government, public or

individuals to attain a political objective is called terrorism” (Horgan, 2018). “Terrorism means
use of terror and violence and intimidation, especially for political ends; the state of fear and
submission caused this. This has been elaborated as actual or threatened use of violence for
political goals. The systematic employment of violence and intimidation to coerce a
government or community into acceding to specific political demand is called terrorism
(Jacques & Taylor, 2018).

1.2 Introduction to the Study

Terrorism is illegal use of power to attain an administrative objective in which the

public are targeted (Abadie & Gardeazabal, 2018). Brian J defines terrorism as the use of power
to bring change in a society. According to O’Neil, Terrorism is practice of violent activities by
non-state elements by targeting the public people in orders to attain their goals (Abid & Khan,
2019).
The systematic and methodological use of violent attacks to attain certain political
objectives is called terrorism. Various definition of terrorism refers to brutal and violent acts
to create fear among the people to attain certain objective, by targeting the non-competent. The
illegal use of power to create fear among the people is called terrorism. Terrorism has a long
history since the French revolution but terrorism get attention after Soviet –Afghan conflict.
However, this phenomenon gained significant turn after 9/11 incident in USA. Nowadays
terrorism become a global term as they affect the global politics (Bilal et al., 2016).
 2

Behind terrorism in Pakistan there are several reasons which include ethnic variability,
low literacy rate, financial inequality, inflation, over population, lack of job opportunities
political instability, social injustice. Terrorism reach to its peak after the 9/11 incident as
Pakistan fight war on front line against terrorism. In Pakistan both internal and external factors
are responsible for promoting terrorism in the region. Which negatively affected economic and
social development of the country. Some empirical work was done the impacts of terrorism on
Pakistan which reflects the terrorism negatively affect both the economic status of the whole
region (Ahmad, 2020). The studies shows the direct impacts of terrorism on economic system
of the country. On June 28 1989 Mulla Sufi Muhammad founded Tehreek Nifaz-i-Shariet-i-
Muhammadi in District Peshawar. Activities of Tehreek Nifaz-i-Shariet-i- Muhammadi was
limited to specific area of Malakand Division, Bajaur Agency currently Bajaur District and
District Kohistan. The demand of this Tehreek was to impose sharia law in the region (Aziz &
Luras, 2020).

As history reveal that people of Dir, Swat, Buner and Bajaur are religious, Maulana
Sufi Muhammad started his movement in 1994, which was supported by the people. In 2001
people also supported Maulana Sufi Muhammad in jihad against US forces and its allies in
Afghanistan. Local political parties try to break power of Jamat Islami also supported this
movement (Yousufi & Islam, 2017).

In 1976, when PATA regulation was implemented in Swat, Dir and Chital. All the
powers of the Qazi courts were transferred to Tehsildar. The Tehsildar organize Jirga to solve
legal cases of the people. Under this regulation any person could be arrested without any reason
(Faqir et al., 2013). Maulana Sufi Muhammad camped at District Peshawar Head Quarter and
demanded to implement sharia law in Malakand Division. CM Amir Afzal khan Assured
Maulana Sufi Muhammad that his demand will be full filled (Din, 2020).

The Supreme Court of Pakistan made a decision of land mark in 1994 ordering KP
government that Malakand Division should not govern under these rules as they are against the
Human Rights and discriminatory (Filer & Stanišić, 2016). After Supreme Court decision local
Khans and Malaks and executive authorities supported Maulana Sufi Muhammad financially
and emotionally. Maulana Sufi Muhammad started his long protest against the government in
May 1994. After that follower of Sufi Muhammad took control of government institutions in
District Swat (Daraz et al., 2012).
 3

After 9/11, US attack on Afghanistan, Sufi Muhammad fully support Afghan Taliban
and motivated the people for Jihad against US and its Allies. Dir is located on Durand line and
borders with Afghanistan. Sufi Muhammad was sentenced for three years of imprisonment.
After that Parveez Musharraf banned Tehreek Nifaz-i-Shariet-i- Muhammadi Movement but
still it exists in Malakand Division. Maulana Abdul Ghafoor led the Sharia Movement in
absence of Sufi Muhammad in Bajaur and Peshawar (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2014). Situation
of Malakand Division are weakened by the authorities who allowed Sufi Muhammad to access
to Afghanistan and provide all possible support. Political parties are also responsible for
weakening the situation of Malakand Division (Abid & Khan, 2019). Terrorist activities in
FATA badly impacted the lives of the locals especially in District Peshawar. Due to militancy,
schools were destroyed and millions of local people become IDPs. It is important to investigate
the causes of militancy and the factors which contributed in worsening the situation in the area.
Further, this study will help the researcher, authorities and elders of the area to know the
reasons. Further the reasons could be avoided in future and maintain a peaceful situation in the
area.

1.3 Theoretical Framework

Chandran (2008) conducted a quantitative study on the importance of tourism and the
problem of insecurity confronted by tourism industry in Nigeria (Chandran, 2008). According
to him, tourism and recreational events contribute very much to the culture, political as well as
socio-economic development of a country in general and particular in the said nation.
Furthermore, foreign exchange earnings are increased; various incomes are produced and
developing longevity of mankind as well, all these and many more, because of tourism events.
That is, the study observes the shares of tourism to improvement (Amir, 2019). The researcher
employed Merton’s (1957) theory of anomie as a basis of its theoretical framework. The study
also examines in depth some of the potentials in Nigeria’s tourism industry. However,
according to the scholar the main hurdle in the way of development of tourism to ensure
prosperity in the Nigeria is insecurity, faced by the very sector of recreation. This assembled
various social unrest, like: armed robbery, different violence, murder, kidnapping and bombing
of some of the tourism potential as well. The study condemned all forms of insecurity as they
are black spots on the sustainable development of tourism in Nigeria. The researcher also
recommended methods to minimize insecurity chances in the study country as to make sure
everlasting tourism development.
 4

1.4 Literature Review

The world population is considerably affected by terrorism. In a study conducted by

Teegan et al., (2016) violence discloses violence by way of a particular group for getting sure
objectives. The main target of the Tehreek Taliban Pakistan (TTP) is targeting educational
institution, as they are against the Western education and considered them as anti-Islamic law.
On December16, 2014 terrorist attacked on APS Peshawar in which they targeted the innocent
students and faculty members. In a study conducted by Khan and Seltzer 2016 find out the
impacts of terrorism on Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The result reveals that terrorism affect
enrolment of the students in schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Bilal et al., 2016 studied the
impacts of terrorism on education in KP. The results reveals that blasting of educational
institutions, abducting students and faculty members, drone attacks in tribal districts, create
fear among the students and teachers. Due to continuous terror attacks it has been found that
the college student were deprived, depressed and feel hostile condition. The study suggested
that special seminars are needed to arrange in order to encourage the students. In a study
conducted by Wazir et al., (2020) conducted research on the role of education on reducing
terrorism in 50 African countries. During his research work it is found that education have
different effects on different level of education.

Heritage has been categorized into two different forms, i.e. natural heritage and cultural
heritage. Natural heritage refers to oceans, gardens, flora and fauna etc. while cultural heritage
comprises of two things: Tangible and Intangible heritage. Cultural heritage refers to
monuments, stupas, folk music and cultural practices that are considered significant for future
generation. Moreover cultural heritage gives people a connection to several values, customs,
beliefs and religions. It allows them to recognize with others of analogous mind sets and
circumstances and gives us a sense of unity and belonging within a group and permit us to
better understand about earlier generations and history that from where it came (Afridi, 2013).
 5

According to Khan and Yusof, 2017, terrorism directly affect economic system and
development of Pakistan. According to Mubashra and Shafi 2018 terrorism have both short
and long term effects on country economy some empirical data on direct impacts are available
but indirect impacts are not explore yet.

According to a research conducted by Bari (2020) Pakistan has badly suffered by the
ongoing war on terror. The results reveal that education and economy of the country are badly
affected due to high cost on weapon. Literacy rate were low especially in Malakand Division
as people feel fear due to terror attacks. Dropout rate raises as 150 thousand students left the
school. Infrastructure of educational institutions were destroyed about36% school were totally
or partly damaged in Distract Dir and Buner.

In a study conducted by Din (2020) on the impacts of terrorism on Social and economic
system on allocating high budget but also alter the physical shape of the community. The result
also show the at dropout ratio has been increased due to the insecurity of educational
institutions and terror attacks on the institutions but the parents and students especially those
who institutions are targeted by terrorist attacks feel fear which leads to the high illiteracy rate
in FATA and PATA. Poverty ratio raised to the violence in the area which is again used as a
weapon by non-state actors against the government as the people are aggrieved of inflation and
poverty.

Naqvi et al., 2012 studied the impacts of terrorism on FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
The results suggested that terrorist totally took the control of the area. They destroyed the
schools and colleges. The terrorist violated human rights in the area such as acquiring modern
education, was banned in the area. As Taliban considered modern education against the Islamic
law. Syed et al., (2015) studied the impacts of terrorism on social, economic and political
structure of a society. The result showed that terrorism negatively affect both the social and
economic system of a society. The results suggested that strict action are needed to be taken by
the government in order to eliminate all the elements which create fear among the people of
the society and remain peace in the area.

In a study conducted by Nasim et., al 2014 on the impacts of terrorism on Pakistan. The
study reveals that terrorism negatively affect the economic development of the country. The
study reveals that 1% rise in terrorism will decrease the growth by 0.002%. The study
 6

highlighted both the external and internal factors which greatly affect the economy of the
country.

Mirza & Verdier (2018 identified the barriers to political empowerment of women in
District Peshawar. Major study of the research work is Tehsil Timergara, Balambat, Lal Qilla
and Khall. Various factors are identified which leads to lower rate of involvement in political
activities in the area. Political barrier which include wrong family perception, lack of family
media and financial support, socio cultural barrier, gender disparity, lack of awareness about
political empowerment, household work, lack of time to involve in political activities, and
strong religious practice of Islamic law are main barriers to political involvement of women in
the politics.

Khan (20102020) studied implications of military operation for Pakistan on PATA and
FATA. In the very first time Militant groups have succeed to gain trust of the local community
as they were ignored by the state. As a gap has been developed due to ignorance of the
administration and lack of awareness in the community. The military operation greatly affect
the social, traditional and economic system of the tribal area.

1.5 Statement of the Problem

Peshawar is the capital city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province is divided into four town
i.e. Town-I,II,III and IV. As Pakistan and Afghanistan share a long boarder of 2200 km name
as Durand line. Due to its location in nearby Pak-Afghan boarder Torkham, district Peshawar
is of great concern because militant groups can easily pass this route to achieve its target. This
area was also declared most dangerous area of the world by US president Barak Obama. Most
of the people are directly involved in war against US and NATO. These people also demanded
not to facilitate US and its allies as Pakistan provide logistic support to US. Like people of
FATA various religious group demanded to implement Islamic law I the country (Abid & Khan
2010).
District Khyber (former FATA) is composed of plains and mountains and district is the
closest district to tribal area District Khyber (former FATA). Physical makeup of the area
provides a better environment for terrorist groups as the area is directly and indirectly attached
to Afghanistan and FATA. History also reveals that the people are strongly religious and can
be motivated easily. After emergence of TTP District Peshawar was greatly suffered due to
military operation in the area. They totally change the economic, social and political scenario
 7

of the region. Due to militancy the area has suffered a lot, dozens of schools were blown up,
millions of people were internally displaced due to militancy and military operations. It is
important to know the causes and impacts of the terrorism in Peshawar, which will help the
locals, policy makers and authorities to avoid such conditions in future and help in maintaining
peaceful environment in the area.

1.6 Aims and Objectives of the Study

The following research objectives are framed based on the research problem to help in
investigating the research questions of this study.

1. To identify the causes of terrorism in District Peshawar.

2. To investigate the short and long term desire of militancy in the District Peshawar;
3. To analyze the socio-economic, cultural and political implications of terrorism in
Peshawar;

1.7 Research questions

1. What are the causes of terrorism in District Peshawar?

2. What are the short and long term desires of terrorism in District Peshawar?
3. What are the implications of terrorism in Peshawar?

1.8 Significance of the Study

This present research work was enquired about the co-integration between terrorism and
its socio-economic impact on study area. Found issues in the existing terrorist activities in
District Peshawar. Another motivation behind this research was to examine and compare the
socio-economic impact of terrorism in terms of militancy as well as decrease in the economic
growth of study area. The foremost importance of the study was to highlight the destructions
of terrorism in every aspect of life in whole district Peshawar in general and particularly, in the
research area. This study will provide a base for other researcher working terrorism and its
impacts. The study also highlighted the measures that were taken by the community, security
agencies, and the civil government in order to control over terror groups and implementation
of the writ of the government. The study is also important to highlight the changes occurred in
social and political structure of the area during and after the militancy in District Peshawar.
 8

1.9 Research Methodology

It is no doubt that any quantitative as well as qualitative research work is beyond

complication without proper data collection and suitable mentioned methodology as well. That
is, data gathering, methodological procedures, and analytical techniques is one of the
imperative actions in any research study. To sketch a research study the investigator must to
consider the approach of investigation that is associated with his methods and procedures of
research which transform the non-practical approach put into practice. In social sciences it is
compulsory that first of all the investigator confirms the population as well as the universe
under the study, sampling ways and, a prior identification of econometric models and methods
that have been used in the study (Khan, 2019). Taking into consideration the scope and aims
of the study, this chapter includes the methods of data gathering, validation, confirmation and
statistical methods using with methodical techniques of econometrics

The present study is qualitative in nature, as the researcher followed qualitative techniques in
order to collect and analyze data. In this qualitative research, it has been analyzed that what are
the impacts on lives of the local people. The study has documented the timeline of the events
in the research area, District Peshawar. This research is qualitative and has conducted
interviews with primary sources. The research has identified the causes of terrorism in District
Peshawar area, problems. Further identified the consequences of the militancy in the area.
There are a variety of tools which can be used for numerical information gathering from the
field, for example questionnaire, Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and observation. In this
research work, in order to collect primary data for the present research work, one precise
interview schedule was developed for multiplier socio-economic impact of terrorism and other
stakeholders. The present study is mostly base on primary sources, however secondary sources
are used where applicable. The researcher personally visited to the selected area and collect
information from various person of the society. For collection of data structured interviewed
were conducted from various stakeholders to achieve its goal.
 9

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limited social assets explain vulnerability to and resistance against violent
radicalisation?”, McGraw Hills, New York.
Bilal, M., Inamullah, H. M., & Irshadullah, H. M. (2016). “Effects of terrorism on secondary
school students in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa”, The Dialogue, 11(3), 258-258.
Blomberg, S. B., & Mody, A. (2015). “How severely does violence deter international
investment?”, Claremont Colleges Economics Departments Working Paper, (2015-01).
 10

CHAPTER – 2

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF TERRORISM

2.1 Dilemma of 9/11 Incident

Pakistan had to confront the worst dilemma of its life on 9/11 that was a very fateful
day. It was very hard and did not discern which way to move, and which way not to go as
its possibilities were inadequate and desolate. The world scenario had rehabilitated
overnight varying the essentials of worldwide relations. The economic, Political and safety
tremors had been transferred across the world at an electric pace, if not nearer. Terrorism
became the primary and “univocal” challenge for world to exceeding all other concerns
with issues of reconciliation, development and security (Regev et al., 2013). The political
history of post-independence is abounding with disasters and encounters that maybe no
other republic in the world had ever practiced. When the disaster of 9/11 happened with
new threatening authenticities, and also a prospect to consider anew and turn anew, after
this incident Pakistan hoisted there astounded already troubled with a legacy of many other
encounters, both national and international. Many parties have disintegrated into divisions,
apportioning democratic sustenance and leading to the development of associations that
often too close into groups since the late 1990s. Since 1988 there were three parties with
the extreme electoral provision and all have developed as obscurities of their earlier
identities. The (PPP) mislaid considerable legality as a consequence of engrossment in
fierceness (Ahmed& Anwar, 2016)

In 2002 there were officially seventy three parties contended the election of (PML-
Q) Pakistan Muslim League-Quaid-e-Azam led an alliance after the election of 2002 and
holds the control provincial assemblies in Sindh and Punjab and the National Assembly
and this knitted closely with the General Musharraf‟s government (Weerakoon et al.,
2010). The Parties frequently have no constitutions, credentials of finance sources or
membership lists. Moreover, election backing is infrequently countrywide and most
 11

frequently is strained from specific religious, regional or ethnic foundations. The army has
prearranged monetary sustenance to religious parties as a counterbalance to secular parties
but election sustenance for religious parties has been well underneath ten % countrywide.
There are many parties with distinct wings for youth, women and numerous are defendant
of partaking paramilitaries that assemble reserves and terrorize antagonists (Meierrieks et
al., 2011)

2.1.1 Counter-Intelligence

To those in the law implementation and intelligence community with even a

fundamental awareness of Salafi jihad and Al Qaeda of the world and 9/11 attacks could
hardly have been a deliberate shock (Fazamimah et al., 2016). The enmity of Al Qaeda
with America and its aspiration to put an attack on American land was planned and well
known prior to 9/11 attacks. As in 1998, Al Qaeda had previously declared that it was in a
state of war with U.S. In 1998 Bin Laden delivered a fatwa in which he showed his desires
to jihad against Americans is unequivocal; he declared that the killing of Americans with
their allies, soldiers and civilians are the individual duty of every Muslim who can do it
where it is possible in any country. This was, in turn, U.S. embassies in East Africa in
August, 1998 and the United States interference in Yemen Oct, 2000 were attacked.
Moreover, in December 1999, on the U.S. Canadian border the seizure of Ahmed Ressam
was a clear sign for intention of Al Qaeda about transporting its war against the United
States (Matthew & Fada, 2014)

This 'World Trade Center' heralded this form of comportment and this attack and
the attacks the Holland Tunnel were planned on protruding New York containing the
Holland Tunnel, which, though not Al Qaeda systematized or stimulated were definitely
symptomatic of the commencement of a sort of Islamic militancy determined on
conspicuous unswervingly at the America. This thought-out warning was accompanied by
strategic intelligence tightfitting the probability of a terrorist attack in the era leading up to
9/11 (Champ et al., 2003)
 12

Certainly, the professed hazard from Al Qaeda was such that the assortment of
intelligence on Al Qaeda developed a high precedence for American intelligence and the
White House in the 2 years leading up to the attacks of 9/11. Though influences persevere
about whether the American intelligence community followed Al Qaeda with enough
robustness in this era, it is obvious that Al-Qaeda was a significant objective whose
competencies and objectives were well identified. At the time of the attacks the Central
Intelligence‟s Director, George View, recognized this state of war, detecting (Ali et al.,
2013).

2.1.2 Scale and Status of the 9/11 action

Owing to the scale and status of the 9/11 action, the leadership of Al Qaeda grabbed
a dynamic part in pointing it, maintaining on consistent development booms which
comprised particular consequences from the investigative actions of the hijackers. This
definitely required momentous menace because the positions of communiqué are requisite
to succeeding this among coordinator, leadership, operatives and cell leaders as they had
the potential to bare almost all fundamentals tangled in the procedure (Mugus et al., 2012).
Counterintelligence tradecraft of Al-Qaeda destined that this announcement could ensue
assertively that it would not be bare. Undeniably, Binalshibh clarified that he described the
communication as a dangerous security gossip through which the enemy could infiltrate
and try to thwart any operation. Therefore, it was important for to establish the network the
safest means of communication (Alam & Mingque, 2018). The self-reliance encouraged
by the security of Al Qaeda‟s measures demonstrated itself in other means, reassuring
commotion that might have been eluded in the absenteeism of comprehensive
counterintelligence trials. For example these measures are permitted the hijackers to carry
out flight drill in America although the dangers intricate. For example, the accompanying
exercises in the United States showing the hijackers to extra threat for various number
explanations (Alam & Mingque, 2018). This training first protracted expressively the
 13

amount of time the hijackers were prerequisite to employ in the U.S, all the while revealing
them to the threat of recognition (Alam & Mingque, 2018).

Secondly, an assemblage consisted on Middle Eastern males steering aeronautical

exercise was more probable to entice undesirable responsiveness in America than if this
exercise was showed away, for instance some area in the Arab realm or in a state fewer
penetrating to the risk of Islamic constructed terrorism. Third, accompanying flight
exercise with the aim to state amplified the probability of the safety amenities classifying
the intentions and methods of the group. For bin Laden this came to be a matter for disquiet
as the time for the attacks reached and nervousness levels increased (Alam & Mingque,
2018).

Nervousness of Bin Laden was such that he hard-pressed for the attacks to happen
as soon as possible and anxious by the several of operators in America at the time. Indeed,
this exercise could have been commenced almost wherever else in the realm. It is claimed
by Binalshibh that in U.S the motives for directing this exercise were economic and climate
related (Flecha et al., 2010). These causes seemed immaterial, however, assumed the
measure and significance of the prearranged task. The preparation of the Al-Qaeda‟s
management to countenance training of flight to happen in the U.S simply for the causes
declared by Binalshibh is indicative of resilient assurance in those safety measures
previously in place and those that would monitor. The poise stimulated by the security of
Al Qaeda‟s dealings also subsidized to the resilience task. The power of these procedures
destined that when unexpected difficulties ascended particularly those that endangered to
revealing the process and the cell leaders and organizers were assured enough to continue
with the conspiracy (Mushtaq &Zaman, 2014).

2.1.3 The Turning Point

Despite religious, political, ethnic, and cultural assortments as well as discrepancies

in financial progress and effect, the universal community strut with infrequent
impulsiveness and harmony sentencing the attacks of terrorist and determining to effort
 14

together not only to carry the culprits to integrity but also to avert and eliminate the
terrorism. After 2 weeks, the America was competent to have a further precise action
oriented tenacity espoused in the UN Security Council on enactment of worldwide
procedures to overpower the terrorism through a UN Counter Terrorism Group (Mushtaq
& Zaman, 2014). Colin Powell Secretary of State Marshalled known as broad
ambassadorial struggle conversation to allied administrations and restating the
unmistakable memo to other nations that it is not possible for them to stay impartial in the
combat against terrorism. There is no nation who had any choice in its association with the
U.S. The option was an unambiguous “black or white. Even among the people of America,
there was a vociferous demonstrative reaction against Pakistan for its suspected
involvement with the terrorist (Basu & Marg, 2012).

The indications to Islamabad were equally threatening and portentous. Paul D.

Wolfowitz Deputy Secretary of Defence stated that the Senator Joseph Biden Chairman of
the Senate was also mentioned as having presaged Pakistan that it should essentially
resolve whether it counts as friend or an opponent (Basu & Marg, 2012). The
confrontational mood of the Government was more fueled by the media of American which
acquiescently communicated to choose borders as the only possibility for Pakistan. For
Islamabad it presented a condition and had to take decision whether it wanted to be a
partner or a target. In its September 13 report, the New York Times pointed out that
Pakistan was a country that "maintained the Taliban for the past five years, despite
international sanctions (Sajjad & Tariq, 2017).

According to another report, "Bush administration officials made it clear that they
would not be satisfied with Pakistan's offer of condolences and boiler plate assistance.
President Musharraf was amongst the very paramount worldwide frontrunners to be
expressed that failure to collaborate in the combat against universal terror would place his
state on a collision progression with the America (Ahmed et al., 2014). Colin Powell
Secretary of State called on 12 September evening to ask Pakistan for support and
collaboration to eradicate terrorism. In a subdued communication from one general to
 15

another he delivered to Pervez Musharraf President of Pakistan that in fighting terrorism if

Pakistan did not collaborate with the US, the American people would never understand.
President Musharraf assured in covenanting the required backing and collaboration. Powell
on 13th September said that the US was ready now to go after the terrorist networks and
the terrorists who provided support and assistance to this network wherever it was found.
On the same day, however, US President George W. Bush extended Pakistan's willingness
to cooperate, giving it a "chance to take part" in "defeating the perpetrators of terrorism."
A senior US official said, Pakistan was told that it is not what you say, it is what you do
(Gunatilake & Tachiiri, 2012).

2.2 The Scourge After the incident of 9/11

Terrorism became the most crucial threat to various states containing the most
authoritative countries. Terrorism endangered the dynamic national interests and objectives
of Pakistan. Pakistan has directed the way in this battle. Our counter terrorist operation is
enduring. President General Pervez Musharraf Discoursed to General Assembly on Sep,
22, 2004. Terrorism is the different scourge distressing our domain and a portent that
surpasses all limitations which, in current years has exaggerated the economic, political
and security situation of all areas, states and civilizations. Regrettably, the war on terror
has not away beyond reprisal and vengeance. (Singh, 2002) Kofi Annan (UN Secretary-
General) said, in which peaceful solutions are often lost against extremism violent
alternatives. President Musharraf also promises to this opinion and trusts that terrorism in
spirit trunks from unsettled disagreements and un-addressed matters that stretch the forces
of abhorrence and fierceness. Though, nobody negate that in current ages, furthermost
culprits of ferocity were qualified “militants” and rebel absconders from their own realms
and had a dogmatic peculiar schema in following their terrorist actions (Rahman, 2012).

Unfortunately, after the incident of 9/11, the attackers of Islam initiated a chance to
scheme stereotypes to damaging Islam and to organize an attitudinal environment of
aversion against its devotees due to concentrating fanatically on the belief of the personages
 16

and administrations purportedly intricate in terrorist actions. The eagerness with that
religion Islam was badmouthed disguised the veracity that those accountable for the
performances of ferocity were dissenting the absconders from their particular states with
erroneous, traditionalist political schemata which they were indomitable to chase through
the activities of terrorist (Singh, 2002). It is very hard to eradicate the terrorism through
retaliation and vengeance alone. To dialogue the underlying sources of this threat, to
eliminate the terrorism it is very essential to develop harmony among nations by mutual
tolerance and understanding as it is the need of the time to endorse coordination and
solidity, follow poverty annihilation and justifiable progress and certify socio-economic
evenhandedness, genuine democracy, political freedom and admiration for central
privileges of publics particularly the unassailable veracious of autonomy (Johnson, 2012).

It is very hard to confine the war on terror to pinching or killing the culprits or
changing for an administration in a country or any other country. It should be remunerated
at all stages like nationwide, local and international against tyranny, inequality and
uncertainty which created hate and ferocity. During the battle against terrorism, the main
restraint exists with state administrations which requisite rearrange their significances and
emphasis on the social and financial improvement of their civilizations. Public‟s
concentrated progress, not armed stashes, should be their urgency. Education should be
basic premeditated necessity and priority of every emerging state (Babar, 2017). A distinct
exertion is required to purgative the people of fanaticism and dogmatism for Pakistan
which have snuck into its positions over the times of unpredictability and paucity in its
area. This cannot be a tranquil job; an unremitting and influential exertion will have to be
ended not just by the administration but also altogether persuasive sections of the society
in Pakistan (Malik, 2012). Pakistan endures to recompense a substantial value for being
the pulverized nil in the war on terror. It has writhed in rapports of social subsists and
enormous financial sufferers. Its frontrunners have been targets of perversity killing
endeavors. The Pakistan government has frequently self-proclaimed that terrorism cannot
be battled alone. The eventual encounter in this war will be struggled in minds and
attentions of the individuals (Fair, 2013).
 17

Pakistan has constantly strained the prerequisite to detect and dynamically

discourse the main reasons of vehemence such as the extensive unsettled matters of
Kashmir and Palestine. But assistance must initiate at home, though preserving the density
on worldwide players for determining clashes and equalizing inequality, it must also
emphasis on its home grown difficulties that have encouraged radical ferocity (Compbell,
2013). Now again an unflustered concern is required into the cradles of antagonism and
militancy so that assertive prosecutions can be determined. In spite of consuming armed
force alongside its own individuals, the regime must engross them administratively through
the political and tribal persuasive of the country. It must need to form connections of peace
and synchronization within its people and endorse a situation of reciprocal
broadmindedness and place through good education, nationwide self-reliance building and
understanding (Nevers, 2007).

2.3 ORIGIN AND NATURE OF TERRORISM

2.3.1 Origin of Terrorism

The term “Terrorism” originated during the French revolution (1789-1799) and
change to trial by the new form of government to strengthen its power and threaten to
opponents. Many who were supporter of the old monarchy. The term had a much different
meaning, then terrorism was become with defending, new thought of justice and
democracy against an old order to understand as cruel and corrupt. For more than 100 years,
terrorism was a method by which the weak and oppress might become powerful. The period
of the French revolution from Sep 5, 1793 to July, 1794 caught up in civil and foreign war,
the revolutionary government decided to make terror the arrangement of the day to take
unfeeling action against the suspected of being enemies of the revolution. In Paris, a wave
of capital punishment followed.in provinces, representatives on mission and protection
committees established local terror (Khan, 2020).

The terror had economic side embodied in the maximum a price control measure
demanded by the lower classes of Paris, and a religious side that was embodied in the
 18

program of dechristianization pursued by the follower of Jacques Hebert. During the terror,
the committee of public safety exercised real authority control over French government. In
the spring of 1794, it removed its enemies to left and to right still uncertain of its position.
The committee obtained the law of 22 Prairial, year 2 (June 10, 1794) which suspended the
suspect's right to public effort and to legal help and left the jury only a choice between a
release and death. Theterror which followed, in which about 1400 persons were killed,
contributed to the fall of Robespierre on July 27. During the reign of terror, at least300,000
suspects were arrested, 17000 were officially punished and many died in prison or without
trial (Khan, 2011).

2.3.2 Nature of Terrorism Terrorist Groups

Terrorist groups manifest themselves in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. Some
group like the Irish Republican army, Fatah, Hamas and Hazbollah, Bader Meinhof and
the Shining Path are geographically concentrated and culturally and politically
homogeneous. Other groups like Al-Qaida are geographically dispersed and culturally and
politically diverse. Large heterogeneous terrorist groups confront more serious difficulties
in building membership. More homogeneous groups, they are organized for some other
purpose that provides privates benefits to their members. For Example, the Al – Qaeda
leadership preys on illiterate, simple minded male drop-outs drawn primarily from a range
of Middle – Eastern countries but also from Europe, North America, Africa, Australia and
Asia by indoctrinating them in fanatical Islam by focusing hostility toward Western values.
The Fatah motivate its membership into launching suicidal attacks on 1srael by promising
the establishment of a social state of Palestine and removal of Jewish occupation. Hamas
and Hezbollah motivate its membership by promising the elimination of Israel from the
map of Middle East. Furthermore, Pan-Islamism disposes adherent of that faith to view
themselves as Muslims first and as citizen of particular countries second. Clearly this
doctrine helped al – Qaeda and Multi – national terrorist groups to overcome the logic of
collective action (Marwat & Toru, 2015).
 19

2.4 TERRORISM IN PAKISTAN AND ITS CAUSES

2.4.1 Incident of 9/11:

Terrorism has engulfed Pakistan in the wake of war on terror after 9/11 attacks.
Pakistan has been suffered from terrorism for quite a few years where as the intensity and
frequency of terrorism incident have increased during last 13 years. Every political party
blames Zia–ul–Haq regime, whose 1slamization policies planted the seeds of the modern
day terrorism (Azam, 2014). The Mujahedeen from all over the world were brought to
Pakistani tribal areas during the Soviet Afghan war. Pakistan in conjunction with USA
supported and funded Mujahedeen. By the time the war subsided. Mujahedeen had settled
in Afghanistan and Pakistani tribal areas and had formed group such as Taliban, Lashkar -
e- Taiba etc. Initially, these groups were natured but the Pakistan government to fulfillment
the stat’s agenda in Afghanistan and Kashmir. However, after the 9/11 attacks in USA
followed by Pakistani support of the West in the war of terror, these Mujahedeen have
changed their ways and directly attacking Pakistan (Bhui et al., 2014).

2.4.2 Sectarianism as Cause of Terrorism

Sectarianism is a major cause in the world generally and particularly in

Pakistan. The problem of sectarianism did not emerge at once in Pakistan. It passed through
some phases then it becoming a national cause. These phases are based from (1947, 77) is
first, (1977-88) is second and (1988-2014) is third. The beginning of first phases, ulama of
both sects, the Sunni and Shi'ah played a vital role in constitution of Pakistan in the shape
of objective resolution. They both had same opinion about Qadianis that they are non
Muslims. After the declaration of parliament that Qadianis are non Muslims, sectarianism
was started in Pakistan because political power of parliament encouraged political parties
to use legislation as tool against other sect (Blomberg et al., 2016). In second phase the
sectarian violence was increased due to some reasons which were Zia 1slamization
programmed, the pressure of Sunni religious parties, the formation of Tehrik-I-Nifaz-I-
Fiqh-I-Jafriya, Islamic revolution in Iran and emergence of sectarian organization. These
 20

all factors played their role against country peace. In third phase (1988-2004), the sectarian
violence was reached to peak because of Zia's policies, legislation, emerging of major
terrorist groups. After 9/11 incident, Pakistan had become the alliance of USA against war
on terror. Finally Pakistan banned on all militant groups which were involved in terrorist
in one way or other due to high pressure from USA and world power (Din, 2020).

2.4.3 Illiteracy Cause of Terrorism

Terrorism is one of the serious causes of terrorism in Pakistan.In Pakistan, the

illiteracy rate is about 42% such a high illiteracy rate has made Pakistan vulnerable to
terrorism. It is said that “A hungry man is an angry man". Majority people in Pakistan are
living below poverty line. While especially, for the youngster, unemployment has made
the matter worse. In these adverse circumstances, some people go to till the level of
extremism and even commit suicide. These are the people whose services are hired by
terrorist group and they become easy prey of terrorism. These all problems are due to
poverty because it birth illiteracy which is the base of terrorism and other problems.
Education system of Pakistan is ineffective and population is going to high level day by
day which is making the cause of terrorism (Faqir et al., 2013).

2.4.4 Media Coverage Cause of Terrorism

It has basic role in promoting of terrorism in Pakistan. Although, private media

in Pakistan has brought benefits but some draw back as well. Media channel attempt to get
ahead of their competitors create sensation by running the news of each and every terrorist
incident at earliest. Broadcast images and videos of terrorist incidents very much
demoralized the society and general fear among the common people which very much
encourage terrorist (Filer & Stanišić, 2016).
 21

2.5 Effects of Terrorism on Pakistan Neighbor Relationship:

Terrorism is spreading in an entire world but Pakistan is affecting badly because

it has been affected it in all field of line including its relation with its neighbor. After
visiting China, Prime Minister Muhammad Nawaz Sharif had meeting regarding law and
order situation in country. All the concerned heads of the departments presented their views
and showed information. The DG ISI said that the Jahandullah in balochistan and other
territories. Due to its activities, the relationship between Pakistan and Iran is disturbing
(Yousufzai & Gohar, 2015).

2.6 Effects of Terrorism on Justice in Pakistan

Pakistan has been badly affected by terrorism. The chief justice of Supreme
Court of Pakistan said that the situation of just system in Pakistan is very bleak due to
terrorism. He further stated that if court persons will not be protected by state then how it
will be possible for court to deliver just to common people. The terrorism has impacted
law and order situation and feel insecure their selves. They are very uncertain about the
future. Terrorism has also impacted psyche of general masses. The government must take
a step immediately and defend the courts and people who work with them (Yousufi &
Islam, 2017).

2.7 Effects of Terrorism on Socio-Economic Condition of People:

Everybody will notice that the problem of terrorist is more profound in

undeveloped nation where developed nation or countries enjoy peace. This is because of
backwardness, unemployment, lack of proper health facilities and general backwardness
of the society gives air to extremist behaviors (Shahzad et al., 2016).

2.6 Effects of Terrorism on Political System of Pakistan

In the world one of the basic causes of terrorism is political ideologies. Although,
a precise moment might be hard to identify, a frequently cited date in 1989, which marked
 22

the crumbling of the Berlin wall. Until then, the wall separated communist controlled East
Berlin from West Berlin. More broadly it separated two Germanys: the German
Democratic republic allied with the Soviet Union and Federal republic of Germany, part of
the North Atlantic Treaty organization (NATO) alliance. At the most general level, the wall
served as a powerful symbol of division of world into a communist bloc of countries under
the control of Soviet Union. The collapse of Berlin wall swiftly ushered in a series of
peaceful revolution against the communist party states of East central Europe and Soviet
Union (Yousufzai & Gohar, 2015).
The implosion of these regimes and their replacement by government,
proclaiming a commitment to democratic rule, marked the end of the grim and some time
deadly cold war that has pitted Soviet and American alliances against one another in many
parts of the world. After tumbling down of Berlin wall, an important and controversial
analysis of world events was published with an audacious title, “The end of history” for it
author Din (2020), the failure of communism was a historic significance not only in itself,
but also because it signifies the end of any feasible alternative to western style regimes that
is regime that combine capitalist organization of the economy with a democratic political
system (Din, 2020). There was only one model of political and economic development for
the world. He also claimed that history has ended in the sense that never again would there
be the kind of global struggle between competing ideologies that had marked previous
period and that in the twentieth century alone, has led to two world wars and the cold war.
He did recognize that the political and economic transitions to this new era would not be
easy for many countries. He predicted that because of deeply entrenched nationalist and
ethic cleavages many parts of the world could not easily escape history and would be a
terrain of conflict for many years to come (Faqir et al., 2013).

2.7 Terrorism in FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP)

Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) lies on Pakistan’s Western border. It

covers an area of 27220 square Kilometers. It's inhabited by a population of3.17 million
people (according to 1998 census). It terrain is one of the most difficult in the world. Harsh
 23

environment and historical and cultural factors have made its populace one of the most
rigid and toughest in the world. Love for independence and bravery are the identity of the
area. It is a traditional and tribal society where literacy rate is low employment
opportunities is rare. The society in FATA is governed by traditions and customs. Arms
and weapons are considered as part of the dress of males. Revenge dominates all customs
and traditions as it lasts for decades taking lives of people generation after generation.
Tribal fighting, feuds and animosities are the normal business of the day of the people
living (Wazir, 2020). In spite these facts, FATA was considered as one of the most peaceful
area in the country just as Pakistan's Western border was thought to be safe for about 55
years since independence of Pakistan. Government never felt a need to deploy armed forces
either in FATA or Pakistan Western border with Afghanistan since 1947. But situation
changed from the starting of 21st century (Updegraff, et al., 2018)

After 9/11 incident the situation of FATA has been worse. Pakistani government
deployed its troops on its border with Afghanistan and also launched military operations
against suspected militants settled in FATA. Due to military operations it could not clear
from foreign militant and it become cause of hatred in FATA. These elements took arms
against Pakistani state. In the entire FATA different kinds of militia groups and militant
organization formed under different banner (Shahzad et al., 2016)

These groups operate either in Pakistan or Afghanistan or in both countries.

FATA showed its role in Afghanistan situation. Therefore US wanted to military operation
against these groups but Pakistani government did not allow it but US government launch
a campaign of drone attacks with the help of Pakistani authorities (Unerman et al., 2016).
These attacks was run by it premier spy \agency Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).Due to
drone strikes, thousands of innocent people lives have been finished since now. Therefore,
Tehrik-e-Taliban declared war against Pakistan state and killed around 50,000 people and
so many injured in the country (Syed et al., 2015).

The terrorism in FATA has several causes which are discussed here (Wazir, 2020).
 24

2.8 Causes of Terrorism in FATA:

There are several causes of terrorism in FATA. They provided a fertile ground for
the rise of terrorism militancy which several internal and external factors accelerated in the
course of time.

2.8.1 Political, Administrative and Legal Vacuum in FATA:

Due to unique history of FATA, It was given an autonomous status in the federation
of Pakistan at the time of creation of country and FATA's accretion to it. Qauid–e- Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of Pakistan, had promised the people of FATA that the
state of Pakistan would never interfere with their liberties and they would be enjoyed their
freedom as they did in the past. So, the people of FATA were also to maintained and
preserve their liberties without any government interference in their affairs. They lives are
being regulated under their own custom and tradition, instead of the ordinary law of
Pakistan. Political activities were not allowed in FATA and there was no effective political
system at any level. Even government introduced direct election and universal adult
franchise about a decade ago. Lack of political activities created political vacuum in the
area.

Administratively, FATA is administered by federal government through governor

of KP who also head the FATA secretariat located at Peshawar. Governor looks its affairs
through political agents (PAs). The tribal Maliks and staff of Khasader force help run the
affairs at the local level. This setup cannot solve any challenge when once they challenged
state authorities in the area. Fortier Crimes Regulation (FCR) provides some remedy for
legal vacuum in FATA. It is the old law and does not confirm the basic tenets of justice. It
does not discriminate between the guilty and innocent. It is too strong for the weak and too
weak for the strong. This type of regulation cannot provide justice to the people of FATA
(Wazir, 2020).
 25

2.8.2 Illiteracy, Unemployment and Poverty in FATA:

Illiteracy, unemployment and poverty are the hail mark of the FATA. FATA is
considered to be one of the most backward and underdeveloped area. The remoteness from
the developed centers of the country difficult topography, harsh local traditions and
imprudent government policies provided unfriendly conditions for investment in
commerce and industry. Lack of appropriate public sector attention and investment in
related infrastructure contributed to massive illiteracy, unemployment and poverty which
provide suitable environment for the rise of extremism and terrorism in the area (Persitz,
2014). Once the insurgent and terrorist started their activities they were able to attract
misguide illiterate people and use unemployed and poor youth for their political ends.
Poverty also helped rise terrorism in the region as the terrorist able to exploit the
deprivation of the common people and promote their agenda without much interference or
tear of state authorities (Orakzai, 2011).

2.8.3 Role of Foreign Powers and Intelligence Agencies in FATA:

It is widely believed among the scholars in Pakistan that the country in general an
FATA in particular has become a battle ground for proxy wars of different countries of the
world. Reportedly intelligence agencies of dozens of countries are working in the area to
promote their respective national interests and subvert peace and stability in the region.
Understandably, all neighboring as well as other important countries of the world including
China, India, Iran, Afghanistan, Russia, Israel, Turkey and some Gulf countries are part of
this so called New Great Game in the area. Some of these countries are responsible for
providing support of various kinds to insurgents in Pakistan and in FATA (Mirza &
Verdier, 2018).
 26

India’s role is most important among them. India’s intelligence agency (RAW)
Research and Analysis Wing is very active in both side of Pakistan and Afghanistan. It
uses several Indian consulates functioning mostly on Afghanistan Eastern cities near to
Pakistani border. These consulates not only get information but also providing different
kind of support to militant in Baluchistan, FATA and other parts of the country (Mehmood,
2014).
 27

References

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 32

CHAPTER 3

IMPACT OF TERRORISM ON DISTRICT PESHAWAR KHYBER

PAKHTUNKHWA

3.1 Overview

This chapter include the data collected through structured interviewed. This chapter
also include the causes and Social and Political impacts of militancy on District Peshawar.
Majorly Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is composed of plains and mountains and district is the closest
district to tribal area District Khyber (former FATA). Physical makeup of the area provides a
better environment for terrorist groups as the area is directly and indirectly attached to
Afghanistan and FATA. History also reveals that the people are strongly religious and can be
motivated easily. After emergence of TTP District Peshawar was greatly suffered due to
military operation in the area

3.2 Impact of Terrorism on District Peshawar

3.2.1 Genesis of Militancy in District Peshawar

History reveal that people of FATA were ignored and remained uneducated thus they
blindly support other people who used religious factor for terrorism. Lateron, some people who
participated in Afghan Jihad become violent and support any Tehreek who claim for Shariah
movement in Pakistan as well as in Afghanistan. In the very first time TTP movement in
District Khyber (former FATA) was peaceful and attract the people’s attention. Most of the
people in the area support TTP which become violent and challenged the writ of the
government (Marwat & Toru, 2015). Slowly this movement proceeded towards nearby areas
i.e. Peshawar, Charsadda, Shabqadar and other nearby villages to tribal areas

The present study focus on economic and social impact of terrorism on District
Peshawar. After Talibanization in District Khyber (former FATA) Pakistan Army Launched a
major military operation (operation Zarb-e-Azam) in the area FATA. Before Military
Operation Aman Jirga was formed by Local Malaks which was headed by Professor Akram
Khan In Malakand Division. The purpose of this Jirga was to talk with Taliban and try to the
region peaceful. They arrange various meeting with Taliban leaders to leave FATA. Taliban
 33

agreed with Aman Jirga but later they attacked on the members of Jirga. Malak Mahmood Jan
and Zimdari Mulisab an active members of Aman Jirga was killed by militants in 2008. They
also threaten other members. That lead the terrorism to migrate into administered areas of
Khyber Pakkhtunkhwa.

During the period 2008-2016 Taliban took the control of the area, in the very first time
Taliban were peaceful after that they become violent. They established Nizam-i-Salah in Tirah
valley, to impress the people. They also took control of traffic. Taliban also solve the disputes
among the people and impose various punishments to offenders. In the very first time people
were impressed （Amir，2019）. Some of the people join Taliban group to take revenge from
their enemies. Aziz Ahmad viewed that militancy creates some social and economic problems
in the area. As the military operation started in April 2009 long curfew were held and the people
migrated from their homes. Bazar were remain closed for three months. People traveled for
several kilometers on their feet to save their lives. People lift their home and migrated to nearby
areas. Crops and fruits which was ready to harvest were lifted as a result of long curfew in
District Khyber (former FATA). According to Aziz Ahmad infrastructures were totally
damaged due to use of heavy weapons, Schools were destroyed by militants. However some
person were missed as a result of militancy in the region.

3.2.2 Social Impact of Terrorism in Peshawar

Militancy not only impact on economic system but it also affect the social and political
life of the people. The social life of PATA which was already disturbed by special regulation
for PATA which was declared by supreme court of Pakistan as unhuman law. Terrorism also
negatively impact on the social system of life. Education, health and infrastructure were totally
damaged due to militancy in the region. Social structure of District Peshawar was degraded by
frequent attacks by militants in the area.

3.3 Impact of Terrorism on Economic, Social and Cultural Right in District Peshawar

Every citizen has the right to work in a favourable condition, right to get education and
health services, right to get adequate proper living standard, safe food, water and security.
Collective rights of a community include self-determination, development, right to use their
wealth and natural resources and living in a healthy environment.
 34

3.6 Impact of Terrorism on Human Rights

Human rights are rights that are given to a person by birth. Human rights relate to all
phases of life (Llussá & Tavares, 2011). Application of Human rights enable all persons to
figure and regulate their own lives in freedom, equality and respect for dignity of mankind
(LaFree & Ackerman, 2019). It includes political, civil, social, cultural and economic rights,
as well as the mutual rights of individuals. Civil and Political Rights include right to life,
Freedom from cruelty and punishing, insensitive punishment, right to freedom from slavery,
right to security, religious right, right to expression of thoughts, right to marry and right to
rational trial (Khan, 2020).

Globally perceived basic liberties are usually perceived to incorporate those rights to
which all people are entitled without separation by the simple certainty of being human that is,
rights that can't be denied or confined based on cultural, custom, political direction, ethnicity,
or social standing, yet should be secured truth be told and given impact by law. Extensively
talking, these rights incorporate the most crucial preconditions for a moral human survival.
They are principally attested against government specialists (i.e., should be regarded, ensured
and given impact by the public authority) yet in certain cases are additionally fit for statement
against others in their private limits (e.g. discernment).

It has been observed that that terrorism has different impacts on different region which
collectively affect human life. Terrorism also effect the economy of a region which results in
higher rates of commodity of items and unemployment. Terrorism badly affect the
development of a country (Khan et al., 2011). Approximately 78% of the terror attacks in the
world happened in 10 countries during the year 2007-13. However 79% of the militant attacks
happened in different parts of the globe. About30% of the total accidents were happened in
Iraq comprising the higher rate of the world’s terror incidents. However 13% incidents were
occurred in Pakistan, which was labelled as 2 nd most affected country in the globe. After the
9/11 accident the phenomenon of terrorism get the attention of Western and Eastern countries
which greatly influence on these countries (Khan et al., 2019).

Deprivation of basic rights of human undoubtedly creates a sense of separation and

alienation from it, which is often used to justify acts of terrorism. Such as personal issues,
spousal issues, unemployment, and psychological problems etc are the root causes of terrorism.
It has been observed that in some cases individuals who violent have become certain tendencies
 35

or mental stress. Many are drawn to follow what they see as the daring acts of other people.
Cruel mind-set people also found in every society which acts violently are also the cause of
terrorism. However violation of fundamental human rights also exists in civilized societies.
Violence or terrorism cannot be prevented even if strictly follow the international human rights
obligations.

Terrorism have direct impact on human rights. As it is clear from the definition that
terrorism is the use of violent behavior to achieve certain goals. Terrorism brought serious
impact on human rights of Pakistan especially in war affected area especially in District
Peshawar. In PATA and FATA both terrorist and terrorist encounter violate human rights on
regular basis. Right to life is the basic human right, in District Peshawar most of the people
were killed by unknown people without any reason. Most of the people were threaten and
kidnapped who oppose the agenda of terrorist.

An interview with Sardar Khan social activist in Peshawar from Paharipura viewed that
during terrorism in Peshawar most of the people were killed and kidnapped without no reason.
Sardar Khan was also threaten many times by terrorist. All the people were migrated from their
homeland to nearby areas and the people face several hurdles during his stay outside from their
homes. There were no proper shelter, food and safe water for drinking. People were tortured
during the militancy in Peshawar. No one can express their views, every individual feel fear
and do not express their feelings. Children feel fear due to heavy firing and bomb blasting in
the area. During militancy people lost their jobs and businesses in the area which creates
financial problems for the community. Most of the houses were damaged due to use of heavy
weapons. Schools were demolished by terrorist as they considered modern education as against
Islam. Moreover, militancy brought destruction in the area. People including women and
children lift their homes due to fear and walked for several kilometers and live for three months
in Camps. 76 people were killed in a suicide attack he added. Shortage of daily use item in the
area increase tension of the people of Peshawar due to risky situation and long curfew in the
area.

An interview with Haji Anwar Uddin President Bazar-I-Misgaran and member of Al-
Khidmat foundation District Peshawar stated that the impact of terrorism on the social and
economic status of District Peshawar are enormous. Unemployment ratio were high during the
military operation in District Khyber (former FATA). Settlement of the IDP’s was a major
 36

problem for us. There is no proper arrangement for IDP’s to manage in Camps. A lot of
problems originate in Peshawar city as the people migrate from the nearby area.

Maulana Amin Ullah a religious scholar and Member of Aman Jirga Lajbook District
Peshawar viewed about impact of terrorism on Peshawar. He Stated that terrorism badly affect
the social structure of the area. People feel uncertainty and don’t express his feelings. Normal
routine of life was suffered and the people were limited to their homes. Social gathering which
were held at various places were post ponded as a result of terror attacks in the area. The
villagers took the security of their homes due to fear of rubbers in the area. Right to life is a
basic human right which was violated during militancy in the area, he added. I my self was
threaten when I oppose the emergence of Taliban in the area.

3.7 Impact of Terror on Education Sector in District Peshawar

The exchange of information, from one person to another is called education. Education
is considered as basic human right throughout the globe. Education play a major role in
development of a nation. Saqib and Ahmad 2014 describe the importance of education.
Education bring positive changes in the society. It is important for a developed society to be
educated. Education bring peace, prosperity and development in a society. Education play an
important role in personal and social development of a person.

Without education human being cannot be considered as complete because knowledge

comes from education and education makes the man perfect. Through education development
occur and to think accurately to take decision easily. Second, improbable an uneducated person,
as comparable an educated person receive information from the world very quickly. As a
common dialogue “education is light” and “education is life” this means that education guide
the way when man gets hanged. Education is a mixture of thoughts, truths, tradition, trust which
established theories and boldness of life. Aristotle to John dewy the education thinker generally
study education is not a passive phenomenon but it is an innovator energetic method (Khan &
Khan, 2019).

In present era, without education it is very difficult to achieve development and its basic
objectives and goals, education is a social instrument, and it is obvious that an illiterate person
cannot contribute in the development of a nation, and a person can make his future and can
lead fate through knowledge. Education occupies a fundamental place of a country
 37

development. There for the country need to spend a huge amount of fund in education i.e. is
research and technology. Education plays a vital role in the development of a country. Because
education can bring progress, and prosperity in nations. In underdeveloped country the literacy
ratio is very high therefore the essential sources of progress is education. To attain modern
scientific and technological methods, education is very essential to overcome dissimilar
procedures of development. It is education which capable human beings to reach the power of
nature and to reach on the planets and unseen sides of space. Education enable people to realize
for survive and to protect environment, and to make sure to understand the principle and
numerous actions to make powerful belief (Khan, 2019).

According to Islamic taught acquiring education and knowledge is necessary for every man
and women. Islam gives top precedence to schooling and its pursuance taken into consideration
as a matter of extremely good dignity and honors for every Muslim. Islam, which is a religion
of peace, offers notable importance to knowledge. According to Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H),
“looking for expertise is obligatory for each Muslim, (male and female).” In Islam there may
be no gender discrimination for the gaining of understanding. Terrorism is a worldwide threat
towards training. It is the need of the time that all Muslim nations which include Pakistan must
take foremost steps to counter this terrorism against training in a greater realistic manner.
Schooling is the great weapon to fight terrorism and in particular female’s education. Education
can remodel terrorist’s mindsets into ordinary and tolerant ones. Thus in the long run, education
could in the long run empower us with peace, knowledge, prosperity and take guns out of our
arms (Ghafoori et al., (2019).

Dr. Mimar Turkkahraman enlighten on the importance of education. According to

Turkkahraman, 2012 education not only improve the lifestyle of a single person but it make a
person to be a good citizen. Being educated is not for himself but it provide a responsible citizen
to a society. Education is not only considered as a key for development but it an effective way
for decision making and real democracy. Education strengthen the developmental capabilities
of an individual and a society. It is the responsibility of state to provide quality education to all
in order to bring positive changes in the society. Education is the basic right of every person
and it is threaten in many countries like Pakistan. Various suicide attacks were reported in
Pakistan which drastically affect pace of education in the country. Study reveals that most of
the educational institutions were closed due to fear of terror attacks. Student feel fear in their
School, colleges due to terror attacks. Mentally the students were disturbed.
 38

Main feature of the Taliban militancy is the frequent and systematic attacks on the
people who openly violated the basic principles of Islamic teachings. Health care centres and
hospitals were also targeted by the militant groups, as 29% of health care centres in KP have
been targeted by militant groups and security forces.

Tehreek Taliban Pakistan was against the modern education. They considered modern
education against the Islamic teachings (Frey et al., 2014). KP is the province which is greatly
affect by militancy. Nobody knows how the situation will be in the future. Most of the students
are affected directly in term of suicide attacks on schools, colleges and other educational
institutions, however indirect effect of terrorism are worse as this phenomenon disturb the
students psychologically throughout the country. Students feel fear of suicide bombing,
kidnaping, and warnings to heads of the schools. TTP who strong opposed female education
had brought major destruction in the society. Schools were closed due to terrorist attacks in
PATA and FATA. Parents feel fear to send their children to the schools.

The students and their parents are disturbed psychologically because their precious time
is wasted. Students also face hurdles as most of the educational institutions suspend their
transport facility for the student and teachers due to fear of kidnapping. This situation totally
degrade the education system of the country especially PATA and FATA. After military
operation in PATA and FATA internally displaced people were settled in educational
institutions which cause a major destruction to the public property and education system. The
students also face transport problem due to long curfew and checking at various check points,
even most of the students walk for several km to attend their classes. Students were disturbed
as the schools were opened to fulfill the curriculum in a short time duration, even most of the
schools were opened at holidays. According to education department District Peshawar, 81
schools were demolished by terrorist. Several schools were damaged partially, however the
schools were closed during military operation in the area. Ongoing exam of HSSC was
cancelled which leads to wastage of one year of the students.

3.8 Impact of Terrorism on Health Sector in District Peshawar

Good health is important both for physical and mental power of the body. It is true that
“Health is Wealth” because a healthy person can face and avoid any emergency situation
(Sadruddin, 2012). A healthy person not only support himself but it can contribute to the overall
progress of the society. Terrorism is not as simple as people think, it has long history, it is the
 39

unlawful behavior of violating all the human rights to attain certain goals. Pakistan play vital
role in war against terrorism, since 9/11 incident. Frequent terror attacks caused individual and
health injury particularly in developing countries. Pakistan is one of the country which was
suffered from terrorism (Ramsay, 2020). More than35000 innocent people which include
women and children were killed during 2001 to 2010. More than 5000 security forces personal
which include police, Army Troops and other security officials have lost their lives. 269 suicide
attacks on public places which include markets, Mosques, parks and schools were reported in
the last 10 years. (Ramsay, 2020).

Access to health care services is the fundamental right of each citizen. During the
militancy in FATA and Peshawar people especially women do not receive proper treatment
due to fear of strong rules imposed by Taliban in the area. In a research conducted by Bari,
2010 57.9% male and 53.4% female respondents viewed that we do not access to health care
services in Taliban regime. Psychological impact of terrorism were noted high in men as
compare to women.

According to Ministry of Health Services Islamabad most of the children aged from3
month to 11 years which were displaced from their homeland have problems of depression,
acute stress, insomnia and post-trauma stress syndrome (Shah & Tariq, 2013). In a report
published by Dr Khalid Mufti 54% of the people living in war zone have complication of stress,
mental disorder, loss of appetite and sleeping problems. According to the report 60% of the
women are affect and feel fear, and post trauma stress while men are depressed due to
militancy. It has been found that in Pakistan both terrorism and mental disorder are common
which reflect that both are inter linked with each other. According to W Laqueur wrote that ‘all
terrorists believe on the plans by the dominant, aggressive forces and suffer from obsessed with
some form of deception and persecution. Mental disorder play a significant role in terrorism.
(Shahzad et al., 2016). In some cases, it has been found that there is no connection between
terrorism and mental disorder (Shahzad et al., 2016). However in certain cases an individual
engaging in terrorism have developed psychological disorders which is worsen in stress,
depression and anxiety.

The negative effects of terrorism lead to the masses and lead to suicide and mental
illness (Syed et al., 2015). According to Teegen (2016) poor psychological health, symptom of
depression, dangerous actions in youth, character variables, social injustice, criminal attitude,
 40

lack of social linkages and foreign policy are the main drivers which influences on terrorism
and radicalisation (Teegen et al., 2016). It may well be that people with mild depression are a
better target for gradual psychological moulding. Female suicide bombers who are motivated
primarily by revenge rather than their male counterparts may have some degree of medical
depression. It is unfair that only personality traits are responsible for a person who become
terrorist. However, personality traits and ecological circumstances are the causal reasons for
terrorism (Bhui et al., 2014). Violence which are related to terrorism affect public health and
health care services, which leads to psychological disorders in the community. The
psychological disorders include an array of disturbance in cognition, anxiety, and post trauma
depression.

3.9 Impact of Terrorism on Sport Activities in Peshawar

For a healthy society sport and sporting event are necessary. Sport make a man strong
both physically and mentally. Sport make a society healthy, hospitals are empty where sport
activities are at peak. A sport man never go to hospital. Sport sectors were suffered due to
terrorism in the area. Terrorist attacked various sport event in the region. A suicide bomber
killed more than 65 persons in Lakki District, another suicide bomber attack on football match
in Kabal District Swat. This suicide attacks on playground leads to evacuating of the grounds
and the payers limited their activities. In some areas sport events were cancelled due to fear of
Suicide bomber attacks.
An interviews with sport related persons stated that terrorism leads to destruction of
sport activities in the area. Taliban warn various persons in the playgrounds not to participate
in the game. Tournaments of the schools were cancelled due to fear of terror attacks in District
Peshawar. Various tournaments which was held every year were post ponded due to fear of
terrorist attacks.

3.11 Impact of Terrorism on Pakhtun Culture

Pashtunwali a dominant culture in District Peshawar which provide code of conduct to

be followed by every person in society (Abid & Khan, 2019). In Pakhtun society a good
Pakhtun is those who follow all the code of conduct according to the standard of Pakhtunwali.
Whenever asked about the characteristics of Pakhtunwali. The answer of the respondent is
Melmastya (Hospitality), respect of the elder, corporation with each other (Ashar), and religion.
Purdah is another aspect of Pakhtun culture in which a female can cover her whole body and a
 41

women is not allowed to leave her home without any male member. Females are considered as
the respected class of the society even an elder person lift their seat for a women. Cultural and
religious event are celebrated on its own traditional way.

Psychological oppression has welcomed a gigantic weight on South Asian nations

through the unfriendly effects on their social, monetary, political and actual foundation (Daraz
et., al 2013). Pakistan has experienced especially unnecessarily the social, monetary and human
expenses because of illegal intimidation District Peshawar in which religion and culture were
strongly observed. Terrorism brought negative impact on the culture of District Peshawar
especially in District Peshawar.

According to Asad Durrani a social worker that before the militancy we people observe
all the traditional and religious events openly. In our society all the norms and values of
Pakhtunwali were strictly observed. Hospitality (Melmastya) is one of the dominant aspect of
our culture was mostly affected by terrorism. A man cannot host a guest due to fear after
militancy in the area. Marriages and other delight events which was celebrated and decorated
with firing and lightening has now celebrated with simplicity, as it was banned by the security
agencies in the area. Formal culture of Purdah which was strongly followed in Peshawar was
replaced by informal culture as the people migrated from their homeland.

Rahimullah research scholar added that hospitality is totally ended in Peshawar because
people feel fear and there is restriction on hosting any known guests. Before the militancy in
Peshawar we cannot see any female in the markets but now this culture was replaced after
Military operation. During the militancy people feel fear and do not attend any religious and
cultural festivals because of Suicide bombing attacks.

3.12 Impact of Terrorism on NGO’s

NGO’s are the non-profitable organization of voluntaries act together for the
development of a community on continuous basis. NGO’s take the responsibility of an area
when the government is fail to provide services due to lack of resources (Afridi, 2013). NGO’s
have considerable role in the development of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa which was hit by natural
and manmade incidents (Aziz & Luras, 2020). Militancy in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa disturb the
development in the region in the last two decades. The situation become worse after the 9/11
incident in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as the consequences of the community increase. Various
 42

NGO’s in collaboration with KP government started different developmental projects in order

to facilitate local people (Bilal et al., 2016).

NGO’s provide a wide range of services in the field of social and environmental
development. Most of the NGO’s mainly work when a natural disaster hit an area however
most of the NGO’s work for the improvement of agriculture, irrigation and infrastructure
development (Yousufi & Islam, 2017). Some of the NGO’s provide services in emergency
situation.

NGO’s also provide advocacy to the vulnerable community to promote the life style of
poor people. Various NGO’s work on the awareness of their legal rights. They arrange various
seminars for awareness of the people. Different NGO’s provide health services to the
community in emergencies. NGO’s play a significant role in the settlement of IDP’s during the
military operation in the area. Most of the governmental hospitals are still working in
collaboration with various NGO’s to promote health sector. Existing buildings of schools were
reconstructed to provide better environment to the students.

Like other fields of life terrorism has negative impacts on activities of NGO’s, in
District Peshawar, as described earlier that NGO’s provide services in different sectors of life.
Taliban groups were strongly against the NGO’s especially foreign funded NGO’s which was
considered as anti-Islamic. Most of the NGO’s projects were closed due to insecurity in the
area and were shifted to other areas (Yaseen & Awan, 2020).

As Taliban are against activities of NGO’s and considered NGO’s as agents of west.
Taliban also claim that NGO’s develop a culture which are against the teaching of Islam.
Taliban targeted most of the NGO’s official in many areas. Several person were killed in
POLIO eradication campaign. This type of threat and targeting of NGO’s official leads to
closure of various developmental projects in the area. Most of NGO’s closed due to insecurity.

3.13 Terrorism as an injustice in a society

Justice is the fundamental human right that must be observed in every society. Without
justice no one can achieve their goals in a good manner (Syed et al., 2015). It is the legal right
of an individual to utilize all the resources to protect their legal rights. In Pakistan especially
the poor people do not get access to the legal rights especially justice due to unavailability of
 43

resources and adequate knowledge of their legal rights. In section 76 of PATA regulation all
the authority were given to Jirga of which mostly members of the Jirga was Khan, Malaks and
Nawabs of the area. The poor people who don’t have the access to the Justice as they are bound
to follow the decision of the Jirga. Therefore most of the people do not achieve the Justice
which were given to the citizens of a State. In PATA regulation all the conflicts which was
related to land disputes, Crimes, family and cast disputes were heard by the DC and Jirga,
mostly influences on the Justice as they contain local people leads to violation of the law in the
region.

Due to lack of justice the people become violent and involved in terrorist activities.
Most of the decision made by the Jirga members were leads to bloodshed as they contain
rigging the decision made by the Jirga members. This decisions also leads to loss the
confidence of the people on the Jirga and become violent.

3.14 Terrorism and Ignorance about Right of Vote

Casting vote is the legal right of an individual in a democratic society to elect a

representative to represent their problems and suggestion on the assembly floor (Shahzad et
al., 2016). Casting. Voting mostly take place both on national and local election. According to
the constitution of Pakistan the people of the area have rights to cast vote, the female cannot
cast their vote due to the mountainous area the polling station are not secure for female voters.
Other barriers include lack of awareness of their political right, house hold activities, and
gender discrimination. In District Peshawar all the political parties are agreed on casting vote
of female. The Taliban also oppose the democratic system. The border village between
Peshawar and District Khyber (former FATA) the Taliban strongly oppose the democratic
system and considered it against the Islam. They form its own Shura in which decision was
made on the basis of their own system. Taliban also oppose the female voters in order to follow
Purdah.

However according to the rule of ECP casting of 10 percent vote of woman are
necessary for every pooling station (Shah & Tariq, 2013). The decision was made that less than
10% of female vote would be rejected. In election 2018 the decision of election commission
leads to a higher rate of female turn out in all pooling station. The result of election 2018 shows
that total number of registered voters in District Peshawar 1 is 351,245, which include 205,669
male voters and 145,576 female voters. Total turn out of male members are 120139 and female
 44

members are 51639. Total percentage of male turn out is 69.94% and female turn out is
recorded is30.06%. This is the first election in history of District Peshawar that female
participated in general election of 2018 and caste30% of vote in overall. However total turnout
of female voters in the country is above 2 corer represents a percentage of39.78%. in general
election 2018 for the first time in history of Dir a female candidate from Dir also participated
in election, which is also a positive change in the society. The above data shows that strict rule
for general election results bring a positive change in the political empowerment of women.

3.15 Economic Impacts of Terrorism

Terrorism is not confined to a single definition but it is a complex phenomenon which

is defined by different authors according to their own concept (Ramsay, 2020). According to
GTD terrorism is ‘he threatening or use of force to create violence by someone to achieve its
own goal such as political, economic or religious goals. After the 9/11 incident terrorism get
attention of the whole world due its new dimension. Its foundations are however much Middle
Eastern as they seem to be European and however much strict as they may be mainstream.
Economic development and peace are interdepended without peace economic development is
not achieved and remain peace economic development is necessary. Terrorism both directly
and indirectly affect the economic growth and development.

Human capital and physical strength both two are necessary for financial development.
Regional conflicts, terrorism and violence destroy human capital and weaken the physical
strength which ultimately affect the economic growth and development. Domestic and foreign
investors do not trust on the countries where there is violence as they are not secure in these
countries which ultimately affect the economic growth of a country. Similarly labour force and
business resources are shifted from the country where terror attacks are common which badly
affect the economic growth. Similarly allocation of budget to security agencies in order to keep
peace is a main determinant financial decline of a country.

Terrorism brought drastic impacts on the whole region after the nine eleven incident.
Pakistan which share a long border of 2200km with Afghanistan (Nasim et al., 2014). Economy
of Pakistan was suffered badly as a result of allocation of high budget for security. Settlement
of IDP’s and high cost on military operation in FATA and PATA. District Peshawar which is
the nearest an adjacent District with Afghanistan in the North West, directly suffered after the
invasion of US and NATO in Afghanistan. The militant group easily move through the border
 45

to achieve its target. This war brought serious economic and social impacts on the region.
According to history militancy rise in those areas where the people were ignored. According
to PATA regulation people of District Peshawar were ignored and there is no writ of the
government. Militancy raised when Mangal Bagh demanded for the implementation of Sharia
Law in District Khyber (former FATA).

Talibanizition in Peshawar started when Taliban violated the peace agreement with
ANP government (Marwat & Toru, 2015). They attacked security personnel’s as a result a huge
military operation was launched by Pak Army in order to eliminate the terrorist from the area.
Long curfew was implemented and the people were displaced from their homeland. Terrorism
leads to closure of all economic and other activities in the area. As District Peshawar with a
large area and huge population brought severe impact on the economy of the region. Market
were closed as a result of long curfew, unemployment ratio increased in Peshawar. various
developmental projects were closed due to insurgency.

An interview with different people related to commerce and trade viewed that militancy
have brought severe impacts on their business. Most of the shops were looted by unknown
people. Imran khan viewed that our business was stopped due to military operation in
Peshawar. Our family who was totally dependent on their shop, face several hurdles in this
time. Said Usman whole sale supplier of dry fruit viewed that our business was suffered due
militancy during 2008/09 in District Peshawar. He stated that 80% of the total supply was
canceled as a result of displacement of the people.

Haji Anwar Uddin president Peshawar trade union viewed that militancy badly affect
the area especially business community and related people who work on daily wages in the
markets. Poverty ratio increase to its peak point. Fresh fruit and vegetables markets were
suffered due insufficient supply of food items as a result of checking in various check points.
A huge loss were noted in agriculture sector, as the ready crops and fruits were lifted and the
people were displaced. There was ban on cultivating crops in the area for more than 2 years.
Forest and scrub forest on which more than 10% people of the area dependent have lost their
jobs. Forest were burnt due to heavy firing. Maize crops were crushed due to insecurity as these
crops were considered as shelter for terrorists. Salman khan fertilizer distributor viewed that
there was ban on the use of urea. Special permission was necessary to supplier from the security
agencies as a huge amount of fertilizers were used by terrorist in fields. these all restrictions
 46

leads to huge loss in the economic sector. Adnan Khan fresh vegetable supplier viewed that
terrorist demanded for bribe. When we refused the demand of the terrorist they ordered the
assassination of the whole family members. Most of the terrorist were involved in rubbery
cases which increase tension of the community.
 47

References

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in Malakand Division, NWFP: A Case Study of the Process of State
Inversion”, Pakistan Vision, 11(1), 89-119.
Aziz, K., & Luras, H. (2020). “Terrorism and extremism: A threat to Maldives tourism
Industry”, UNISCI Discussion Papers, Nº 24, 221-231.
Bilal, M., Inamullah, H. M., & Irshadullah, H. M. (2016). “Effects of Terrorism on Secondary
School Students in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa”, The Dialogue, 11(3), 258-258.
Daraz, U., Naz, A., Khan, W., Khan, Q., & Khan, T. (2012). “Sociological Analysis of
Terrorism in Pakistan”, Academic Research International,3(1), 203.
Frey, B. S., Luechinger, S., & Stutzer, A. (2014). “Calculating tragedy: Assessing the Costs of
Terrorism”, Journal of Economic Surveys, 21(1), 1-24.
Ghafoori, B., Neria, Y., Gameroff, M. J., Olfson, M., Lantigua, R., Shea, S., & Weissman, M.
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Peshawar: University of Peshawar, Pakistan Study Centre.
 48

Nasim, S., Khan, M., & Aziz, S. (2014). “Impact of terrorism on health and Hospital Anxiety
Depression Scale Screening in medical students”, JPMA, 64(275), 49.
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between FDI, terrorism and economic growth in Pakistan: pre and post 9/11
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Pakistan”, Journal of Applied Security Research, 10(2), 181-206.
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109-121.
 49

CHAPTER – 4

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 Conclusion

Terrorism brought severe impacts on the social, political and economic system of the
country. The present study highlighted that militancy in District Peshawar paralyzed the overall
situation of the region. From the above data it is concluded that militancy and military operation
in District Peshawar badly affect the social structure of the society. Interview with various
respondents viewed that terrorism totally change the societal structure of the society, as people
of the area strictly follow the social norms and values. Education sector was badly suffered as
the militant groups directly attacked on the educational institutions and threaten the people.
The Taliban strongly opposed the modern education as they considered the modern education
as a threat for the Muslim community.

Schools were destroyed by boob blasting. Female education were totally banned as the
militant groups threaten the Heads of the female institutions and also implement his own law.
People feel fear as they do not send their children for schooling due to militant attacks on
institutions. In District Khyber (former FATA) schools were closed in Peshawar as a result of
military operation launched in May 2009. Ongoing exams were cancelled and the educational
institutions were closed for 2 months. In this Situation various Schools were demolished in
District Peshawar. According to the Elementary and Secondary Education Department 80
Schools in the District Peshawar were demolished by militant groups. However the remaining
schools were allocated to the IDPs as most of the people were adjusted in these Schools. Higher
education system were totally paralyzed due to military operation. Later on the student faced
several hurdles as they waited for Hr.’s in various check points. Sometime the students walked
for several kilometers as a result of long curfew. The students and teachers fell suppressed as
a result of horrible situation in the area.

Cultural norms and values were changed as informal culture were introduced in to area.
Various respondent are agreed that culture of District Peshawar was changed after the military
operation in the area. Purdah, which was strictly followed by the native people. Various
respondent highlighted that hospitality, which is a key component of the Pakhtun culture was
replaced as the people feel fear to host any unknown guest. Social gathering of the villagers
 50

and sport events were limited due to fear of militancy leads to drug addiction and inferiority
complex. Traditional and religious events such as Ramadan, Eid celebration and weeding
ceremony are limited as a result of restriction from the militant groups and Security forces.
Crimes and robberies cases were increased which increased the tension of the local community.

Infrastructure which play an important role in the development of an area were totally
damaged. Buildings were damaged as a result of heavy firing and bomb blasting. Road and
Bridges were demolished by heavy weapons and bomb blasting. Main power line were
demolished by the militant groups. Several roads were closed due to the security reasons which
create a big problem for the villagers. Official activities such as administration, health and
Education and developments projects were stopped due to the Talibinazition in the area.
Communication system were totally degraded as most of the mobile towers were demolished
by the militants. Various Shops and Markets were looted and demolished by militants groups,
various respondents added.

Jirga System which was the main aspect of the Pakhtun culture was greatly suffered.
Jirga played an important role in resolving small and land disputes. Aman Jirga which was
founded by the native people which works for the development and peace in the area. The
Aman Jirga members were threaten and killed by militant groups as they considered them as
his enemy.

Health sector was badly damaged due to militancy in the area. People suffered both
physically and mentally. Physically some people lost their organs due to heavy firing and
mentally feel fear which leads to various psychological problems in elders and children. These
psychological problems have great impact on the development of child. Women which play an
important role in the development of society were limited to their homes and faced several
hurdles during the military operation. Health facilities were limited due to the insufficient
supply of medicine and surgical instruments, unavailability of Medical staff and poor
infrastructure of Basic Health units and hospitals. Mother and child health suffered badly due
to insufficient supply of their nutritional needs. Some of the responded viewed that new types
of diseases are introduced in the area as a result of migration and other causes.

Political leaders were threaten by militants groups as they strongly opposed the
democratic system and want to implement sharia system in the area.
 51

Military operation in FATA especially in District Khyber (former FATA) badly affect
the economy of whole province especially in District Peshawar. The area was considered as
war zone which needs additional military budget, closure of trade and high cost on settlement
of internally displaced people. The terrorism and MO’s not only affect the infrastructure but
also affect the economic system of the local area. Most of the people replied that they had badly
suffered as they lost their job, displaced from their homes, loss their income source, cattle’s,
cultivation and trade during this situation. Financial burden is totally shifted to men. Some
respondents replied that their property is devalued after the Military operation. Some of the
respondent viewed that they lost their jobs which worked on daily wages due to the closure of
Markets and shops.

In District Peshawar about 65 percent of the people are dependent on Middle East
countries. People lost their jobs as they returned to their homeland due to the insecurity in the
region. Fresh Fruits and vegetables which is mostly grow in hilly areas are spoiled due to the
huge military operation. Crops which was ready to ripe are crushed as they are considered as
the safe shelters of militants. The security forces also banned on the cultivation for 2 years
which also creates hurdles for the formers.

After the military operation high budget were allocated for the rehabilitation of
infrastructure of the area. Communication system that was totally damaged also need high
budget leads to the additional cost of money. Schools and other institutions were rebuilt which
was demolished by the militant groups. Markets, and houses which was totally or partially
damaged were restored either by the government of by self-finance method. These all the
factors collectively badly suffer the life style of the local community. The transportation cost
of goods were charged double due to the poor transportation system. People also feel fear of
the militant groups and long curfew in the area.
 52

4.2 Recommendations

After completion this research work the researcher recommended that government should
ensure security of the people. Moreover, govt. should allocate funds for infrastructural
development in order to facilitate the affected community as well as government should
allocate interest free loan for the war affected people.

Keeping in view the educational status in terrorism effected areas schools must be built
to increase the literacy ratio in the area. Government should have to build vocational institutes
in order to facilitate the female. Playgrounds must be built in order to facilitate youth. Likewise,
for development in education sector scholarship must be allocated to needy students to fulfill
their educational requirements.

Students should must conduct research both on social and scientific issues to highlight
the problems of the area. For socio-economic development various NGO’s are advised to
arrange awareness campaigns about the community problems. Government should provide
subsidy to farmers in order to increase crop productivity.

As in district Peshawar during terrorism, human rights violation was a peak, so now it
must be discouraged. Safe and sound environment must be provided to investors. Status of
Aman Jirga should have to restore in order to resolve disputes of the community. Sustainable
use of natural resources must be ensured in the area. There must be a clear policy for peace
keeping in the area.
 53

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