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Diagnosis and Protection of Stator Faults in

Synchronous Generators Using Wavelet Transform
M. A. S. K. Khan', Student Member, Okan Ozgonenel2, Member, and M. Azizur Rahman', Life Fellow, IEEE
'Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science 2Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department
Memorial University ofNewfoundland Ondokuz Mayis University
Newfoundland, Canada Samsun, Turkey
E-mails: akhangengr.mun. ca, okanoz@omu. edu.tr , rahmangengr.mun. ca

Abstract- This paper presents a novel application of wavelet connected generators from faults in the stator winding have
transform for the diagnosis and protection of stator faults in been reported in the literature. It has been recognized by recent
synchronous generators. The instantaneous powers of the wavelet studies that the generator damage is caused more by the fault
packet transformed coefficients (dd2) of line voltages and currents current contribution from the generator itself than from the
decomposed up to the second level of resolution of the wavelet system. During a stator fault in a generator, the fault current
packet tree using a mother wavelet are used to detect and persists even after the opening of circuit breakers, and causes
differentiate different faulted conditions from normal (unfaulted) more extensive damages [3]. Faults in synchronous generators
conditions. The performance of this newly devised protection produce one or more of following symptoms:
technique is evaluated by simulation results as well as by * Unbalanced air-gap voltages and line currents
experimental results. The complete protection scheme
incorporating the wavelet power based detection algorithm
successfully implemented in real-time using the ds1102 digital
* DIsturbances in the current, voltage, and flux waveforms
* Increased losses andreduction in efficiency
signal processor board for a laboratory 1.6 kW three-phase * Excessive heating.
synchronous generator. The stator phase unbalance, single line to Differential protection is the most common type of method
ground (L-G) fault, line-to-line (L-L) fault and turn-to-turn fault used to detect faults in synchronous generators. Typical
are investigated in order to evaluate the performance of the protection methods for generator stator winding ground fault
protection technique. In order to prove the superiority of the include the following [4]:
proposed protection technique over the conventional techniques, a 1) Percentage phase differential protection
comparison between the proposed and the conventional discrete . 2) Ground
Fourier transform (DFT) based diagnosis scheme is made at
different dynamic operating conditions.
differentialnprotection
3) Ground time-over current protection
4) Instantaneous ground over current protection
protectionrvoltage
Wye-broken-delta
5) voltage transformer (VT) ground over
Index Terms- Digital signal processor Discrete Fourier Dscet Fure
transform, Fault diagnosis, Generator protection, On-line testing, voltage protection
Wavelet power, and Wavelet packet transform. 6) Stator winding zero-sequence neutral over voltage
protection.
The present differential protection schemes in use are either
I. INTRODUCTION static relay or microcomputer-based types, which can provide
reliable protection. These schemes generally extract integer
D ROTECTION of synchronous generators during faults is multiple of fundamental harmonic current or voltage signals to
1 an essential part of power system reliability. Failures of detect faults [5-8]. However, faults in synchronous machines
these machines result in lost revenues, expensive repair costs, produce wideband, non-stationary, and non-periodic signals,
losses in production capacity, and service disruptions to and often manifest themselves as short transients superimposed
customers. There is an ongoing need for a better understanding on the fundamental frequency. In addition, the performances of
of the effects of faults within or at synchronous machines in traditional signal analysis tools such as fast Fourier transform
order to provide better generator protection [1]. Some of the (FFT), Kalman filtering, least squares method, and finite
functions associated with generator protection may operate impulse response filtering are unsatisfactory for the case of
during these transient conditions. It is important for the relays non-stationary and non-periodic signals. Furthermore, many of
to provide protection while optimizing their coordination to those signals are outside the bandwidth of perceptibility of the
avoid undesirable operation during the system disturbances and present generation of protection [9]. In order to detect these
thereby preserving the integrity of the power grid [2]. short transients, one need more detail representation of the
Faults in the stator winding of synchronous generators are fault generated high-frequency signals.
found to be one of the major causes of synchronous generator The wavelet transform, developed earlier as a mathematical
failure. Many incidents of severe damage to bus or unit- tool, has the ability to decompose wide band signals into time

1 -4244-0743-5/07/$20.OO ©2007 IEEE 184

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and frequency domains simultaneously in order to focus on Level 0

short time intervals for high frequency components and long Discrete Signal
intervals for low frequency components [10]. Its ability to
examine the signal simultaneously in the time and frequency
domains in a distinctly different way from the traditional FFT Cf co

and STFT has spawned a number of sophisticated wavelet- B

based methods for the signal manipulation and interrogation. i
Recently, some work has been reported on use of time-
frequency localization of wavelet transforms for generator Level 1
stator winding protection [10-13]. A wavelet based protection
scheme using negative sequence line currents and voltages has
been presented in [11 ] for generator stator winding unbalance 9n
current protection. The scheme is based on the theoretical o _.
analysis of the fourth level wavelet transformed coefficients of
negative-sequence current and voltage of the generator aa a Level 2 da2 dd2
terminals. In [12], an on-line incomplete differential protection
technique based on the exploitation of the fault-generated high Fig. 1. Two-level decomposition of a discrete signal by WPT.
frequency currents using wavelet transform has been
implemented for detecting internal faults in stator windings
during all operating conditions. The polarity of the modulus
Here, d[n]anda[n]are the outputsof high-pass andlow-pass
filters, respectively. They represent the details (d') and
maxima of wavelet transformed coefficients of third-harmonic approximations (a') of the original signal at level 1. The signal
voltages at generator terminals and neutral at finer resolution at first level is down sampled by two to get a better frequency
levels has been utilized in [13] for generator stator windings resolution. After down sampling, each signal is again
ground fault protection. However, these earlier wavelet based decomposed into low-pass and high-pass filters. The second
protection of synchronous generators lack experimental results level four frequency sub bands can be expressed
for the real-time implementation. mathematically as
N12-1
The main objective of this paper is to develop and ad2[n] = E a'[k]h[n-k] (3)
implement a wavelet based protection scheme in real-time for k=O
the diagnosis of stator faults in synchronous generators. N/2-1
Comparison of instantaneous wavelet power of the second aa [n] = E a' [k]g[n - k] (4)
level wavelet packet transform (WPT) coefficients of fault k=O
currents and voltages at the generator terminals using the dd2 [n]= E d[k]h[n-k] (5)
selected mother wavelet "db8" is used to detect a fault in the k=O
synchronous generator. The proposed wavelet power based N/2-1
protection technique for synchronous generators is successfully da2 [n] = E d' [k]g[n - k]. (6)
implemented in real-time for the first time using the dsl 102 k=O
digital signal processor board on a laboratory 1.6 kW A. Wavelet Power
synchronous generator. The performance of the technique is In this work, the orthogonal wavelet based instantaneous
evaluate through
evaluated thog simulation
siuato and an experimental reut.......I
exeimna results. hswr,teotooawaeebad natno
power quantity is defined using the instantaneous values of the
second level WPT coefficients (dd2) of voltage (V) and current
II. WPT samples (1) of the wavelet packet tree as [14]
The WPT is a time scale representation of a digital signal N
using digital filtering techniques. The resolution of the signal, =, 7V (m)I (m) (7)
which is a measure of the amount of detail information in the m=1
signal, is changed by the filtering operations; and the scale is where N is the length of the discrete vector and m is the
changed by the down sampling operations. The procedure discrete time integer. Integersj and k are indexes for number of
starts with passing the discrete signal x[n] of length N through levels of resolution and wavelet packet node, respectively. The
a high pass filter with impulse response h[n], and through a relevant line to neutral voltage and line current of the
low pass filter with impulse response g[n]. The outputs of the synchronous generator are decomposed up to the second level
high-pass and low-pass filters constitute one level of of resolution of the wavelet packet tree shown in Fig. 1 using
decomposition of the discrete signal. It can be mathematically an orthogonal mother wavelet. In a single-phase system, this
expressed as yields two series of second level WPT coefficients for the
d[n]= x[k]h[n-k] (1) voltage and current signals, and the wavelet power is then
k=O calculated from equation (7) using these coefficients.
N-1
a' [n] = , x[k]g[n - k]. (2)
k=O

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AC

o AC Switch on/off ynchronou o ()_j

_j Generator _j AC
AC AC

(a) DAQ Device DAQ Device (b)

AC AC

CZ AC
R=25 Q AG
R=25 LI
O jj ynchronou 0 ynchronou
_-1 Generator Generator
0
AC _ Switch
onofon/off
AC Switch
DAQ Device DAQ Device
(c) (d)

Fig. 2. Experimental arrangements for stator faults: (a) stator phase unbalance, (b) turn-to-turn fault, (c) external phase to ground fault, (d) internal phase-to-phase
fault.

a) 10
~~ -~~~~~ ~ ~ Q0 ~~~~GQ 800 200~~~~~Y .400 *500 oaQ0c
1___________________________
On 1000

>-1
MOO -O0 f 00 aOO 1 O Ri O0o 00 *Q0 ecl 1000

~~~~~~01 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Faualt applie

___X_________________________________,______ ___ ._ii

(a) (b)

10
a:> 1Q

_ 0 01

,> S 6| Favilt applied _ F p

0 1OO1)1000 W000 3o0o 4000 5OO 0 10 00) 2000 SOOD 4000 5000
(c)
Number of Samples
(d)
Number of Samples

Fig. 3. Simulated wavelet power of different faulted and normal conditions: (a) normal condition, (b) external phase to ground fault, (c) turn-to-turn fault, (d)
stator phase unbalance.

III. STATOR FAULTS of resolution of the wavelet packet tree using the selected
mother wavelet "db8". The digital data are acquired through
Faults in stator windings of synchronous machmnes might the three-channel A/D converter of the dsl 102 DSP board. The
include high or low impedance between phases, between coils sub-band frequency components of the wavelet packet tree that
in a single phase, or between a phase and ground. Four are extracted using the multi-resolution analysis of equations
experimental investigations have been done in order to (1)-(6) can provide the needed features to detect and classify
evaluate the performance of the proposed protection technique any disturbance a synchronous generator may experience.
on a laboratory synchronous generator: one stator phase These features are extracted through the analysis of
unbalance using a variable resistance in series on one phase, instantaneous wavelet power of equation (7) of the second
one stator phase to ground fault, phase-to-phase short circuit level WPT frequency components resulting from different
fault, and a turn-to-turn fault using an inductance in parallel on transient disturbances. We looked only at the waveleet power
one stator phase, as shown in Figs. 2(a)-2(d). Unbalance in one of the second level high frequency details (ddc) of line currents
stator phase consisted of increasing the impedance of that and line to neutral voltages as most of the disturbances contain
phase using a variable resistance in series as shown in Fig. high frequency components superimposed on the fundamental
2(a). Placing an inductance in parallel on one stator phase as frequency. Figures 3(a)-3(d) show the simulated wavelet power
shown in Fig. 2(b) simulated the deterioration of the turn-to- of the second level high frequency sub-bands (dd2) of different
turn insulation. The stator of the three-phase generator is normal and faulted conditions in a laboratory 3-phase Y-
connected to the star connected load. connected 1.6 kW synchronous generator. The wavelet powers
IV. WAVELET POWER-BASED FEATURE EXTRACTION for the case of faulted conditions in Figs. 3(b)-3(d) are higher
than those of the normal (unfaulted) condition as shown in Fig.
The collected data of different faulted and normal 3(a) after the initiation of a fault.
(unfaulted) conditions are decomposed up to the second level

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determined experimentally during the healthy condition of the

Gnitialize
n
timer (timerO)
input~s/
Initialize
_outoults_
/ filtercoefficients
Z of the wavelet cdh8
ead Line current fralm ADC1
r ~~~Read Line to> neutral voltage
frc>m AD2
4_
Co>nvolve samples of line
current and line voltage with the
high pa!ss filter coefficients
|P~erformicients
' c>nvc>Iv
cAthefjirstlevelt of re5luticn and again
highapa1-.*-.
with the filter co-efficient
Execute equatio>n seven and
Fig. 4. Wavelet power-based protection algorithm flow chart.
V. WAVELET POWER-BASED PROTECTION
As can be seen from Figs. 3(a)-3(d), the wavelet power of
the second level high frequency sub-bands (dd2) during the
faulted conditions shows distinctive features of transients i.e.
immediately after a fault happens, several sharp spikes appear
in the power signal indicating the occurrence of the
disturbance. So, the proposed protection algorithm is based on
the comparison of the wavelet power of the second level high
frequency details (dd2) of line current and line to neutral
voltage of different faulted conditions with a threshold "db8".
O) e 4
_ U,
A-0
o 0
synchronous generator. The procedure for implementing the
DSP- _proposed wavelet power based protection algorithm using a
DSP board is given in the flow chart of Fig. 4.
/
/ VI. OFF-LINE TESTINGS
The proposed diagnosis scheme was tested off-line in the
NlMATLAB environment using the data collected from a
laboratory 1.6 kW synchronous generator. The desired off-line
testing included different fault and normal operating currents.
As can be seen from Figs. 5-6, the proposed technique
responded accurately according to the input patterns of
different faulted and normal (unfaulted) currents. The decisions
in all cases were made within one cycle. A DFT-based
protection algorithm was also simulated in the MIATLAB
N<>
e S
environment in order to compare the performances of
signalt.
trip DAC'l responses obtained from the proposed wavelet power-based
protection technique. It is to be noted that the DFT-based
technique failed to detect the internal phase-to-phase fault as
shown in Figure 5(b).
VII. REAL-TIME IMPLEMENTATION AND TEST
RESULTS
The complete experimental setup for on-line testing of the
proposed protection algorithm is shown in Fig. 7. The
hardware includes the dSPACE digital signal processor board
model dsl 102 with the 32-bit floating-point processor
TMS320C3 1. The software part consists of the wavelet power-
based algorithm written in the Turbo C language, where the
WPT is applied to the samples of three-phase line currents and
line to neutral voltages using the selected mother wavelet
Tripped ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3 N~~~~o trip signtal

Time (s) Time (s)

Fig. 5. Simulated responses of the protection system using FFT: (a) external phase to ground fault, (b) internal phase-to-phase fault (failed to detect).

irripped TrippedL|
<CDJ

0~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-2

(a)1£)6 Time (s)

-6
Time (s)
(b)2
|||

Fig. 6. Simulated responses of the protection system using wavelet power: (a) external phase to ground fault, (b) stator phase unbalance.

187
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In this work, faults initiated on the stator terminal are 8-9. The results are very similar and consistent with those
defined as internal faults, and faults on the load side are obtained from off-line test results. As can be seen from Figs.
defined as external faults. Four asymmetrical faults are 8(a)-8(d), in all fault cases disturbances are identified promptly
investigated to test the wavelet power-based algorithm and properly, and the trip signal is initiated almost at the
response: (i) line to ground (L-G) fault, (ii) line to line (L-L) instant or within one cycle of the fault occurrence. On the other
fault, (iii) turn-to-turn fault, and (iv) stator phase unbalance. hand, in cases of R-L or rectifier loading conditions shown in
The proposed protection technique is tested on-line using the Figs. 9(a)-9(b), no trip signal is initiated.
experimental setup. Some sample results are presented in Figs.
Triac Switches

1PM SynchronouR-
iUti
I ity ~~~~~~~~Motor_ Generator f_ R-C
Rectifier

Load

DSP7conetrtoller board r e t g o t p

Y2.5v/div. aul ppii Y1 /di_.Vb

X:OAi''0 TnM ed igna1

v iv.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
/di
Fig. 7. Experimental setup for on-line testing ofsthe proposed algorithm.
1

---i---
-----7!V
Y2
5'dd - - - - - - --------|-4
-
y
v ---v.------w Trd -s a
voltage-for-phase--to-ground-- fault(b) -algorithmresponseand line current for turn to turn fault (d).line.to.ne--utral tage f turn-- fl

Van~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c

J1 88
aultapNii-d---- -~---~-w~:~
Z > M-1

y2t
5WWe 1 1 a 8--
X=;
0.l_ m == ===div aWi liq= = == -= 1= --- -'------'=------'------=--- ----
------- ------- ------- ---

| an --.----------*------~~~---------1 ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~-~~~~

-~~~
1------------------
-------=----- ~~~=
|__ ___ __ ------------ ----------------------- |1
------------ --------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Fig. 8. Experimental responses of the protection system using wavelet power: (a) algoirthm response and line current for phase to ground fault, (b) line to neutral
voltage for phase to ground fault, (b) algorithm response and line current for turn-to-turn fault, (d) line to neutral voltage for turn-to-turn fault.
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Yl1: 5v/div.
Y21:. 5- - -div. i ->- o trip signal: X1 vdiv. o trip signal

v-------- ------

A
±- --+--- - +----- -
<
-----4-+
+ lX~~a)
-+----- ----+ ----------+ - +--------- -
-----± ----- 4 +- +----- - -
n
a7^t
-----*-1-+-- +
7tb)
( H-+------
----- -+-----

Fig. 9. Experimental responses of the protection system using wavelet power for (a) inductive (R-L) loading, (b) uncontrolled three-phase rectifier loading.

VIII. CONCLUSION
In this work, the instantaneous power of second level
wavelet packet transformed coefficients (dd) of line voltages
and currents is used to detect stator faults including stator inter-
turn fault, stator phase unbalance, and line to ground (L-G)
faults in a synchronous generator. The criterion for the
detection is based on the comparison of instantaneous wavelet
powers between different faulted and normal (unfaulted)
powers . , ,
.[8]M.
conditions of voltage and current samples acquired from the
terminals of the generator. It has been observed that the
instantaneous wavelet powers of each phase have distinctive
features for stator faults in generators. The protection technique
incorporating the proposed wavelet power based detection
algorithm is tested on-line successfully for a laboratory 1.6 kW
synchronous generator using the dsl 102 digital signal
processor board. The protection technique is validated in both
simulation and experimental results at different operating
conditions. The performance of the proposed protection system
has been found more prompt and quick as compared to the
conventional DFT based protection system in terns of its
ablity to provide
ability to provide a trip signal for.faults
trip signal
a
for faults in stator winding.
in stator windin
Finally, it requires less computational memory for the on-line
implementation. The proposed technique is quite fast and easy
to implement.
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