Professional Documents
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2construction Site Premises Rev 01
2construction Site Premises Rev 01
2construction Site Premises Rev 01
• PROCESS HAZARD
A: Faults in process plants leads to:
1.Overheated machinery bearings and frictional sparks.
2. Tremendous amount of HEAT.
B: Sparks from cutting and welding tools
C: Lack of regular maintenance
Causes of Industrial Fires
• FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
• Flammable solvents of all kinds are both
necessary and dangerous in many industrial
processes.
• With peculiar problem of petrol shortages,
experience has shown that often this most
dangerous of all substances is badly transported
and stored.
INDUSTRIAL FIRE SAFETY
How Fire Spreads
INDUSTRIAL FIRE SAFETY convection
STAGES OF FIRES
These stages are:
• incipient
• growth
• fully developed
• decay
INDUSTRIAL FIRE SAFETY convection
STAGES OF FIRES • It is the stage where anyone in the workforce can
utilize the fire
These stages are: • It is the Stage that a Fire can be deplete using
conventional fire Extinguishers or Waters.
• incipient • It is the stage that the need for PPE for fire fighting
• growth is not required (such as SCBA and Fire Suits)
• fully developed • Fire is not on a large quantity
• decay
INDUSTRIAL FIRE SAFETY convection
STAGES OF FIRES Growth –
• The growth stage is where the structures fire
These stages are: load and oxygen are used as fuel for the
• incipient fire. Self-sustaining
• growth • There are numerous factors affecting the
growth stage including where the fire
• fully developed started, what combustibles are near it,
• decay ceiling height and the potential for
“thermal layering”.
• It is during this shortest of the 4 stages when
a deadly “flashover” can occur; potentially
trapping, injuring or killing firefighters.
INDUSTRIAL FIRE SAFETY convection
STAGES OF FIRES Fully Developed –
• When the growth stage has reached its
These stages are: max
• incipient • all combustible materials have been
• growth ignited.
• This is the hottest phase of a fire and the
• fully developed most dangerous for anybody trapped
• decay within.
INDUSTRIAL FIRE SAFETY convection
STAGES OF FIRES Decay – During the final stages of fire, a flame will
enter the decay phase.
These stages are: • This stage occurs after the fully developed flame
• incipient starts to run out of fuel or oxygen. F
• The decay stage is reducing the oxygen supply
• growth with firefighting equipment.
• fully developed • during this phase that it has to limit the fire’s access
to combustible material and oxygen.
• decay • Even if a fire appears to be out, there is a chance
of reigniting when the right materials are available.
INDUSTRIAL FIRE SAFETY convection
Fire Extinguishers malfunctions
Industrial Fire Safety convection
Fire Extinguishers Inspection
Fire Extinguisher Types (1/6)
PRESSURIZED WATER
A
• Class “A” fires only.
A Trash Wood
Trash Wood PaperPaper
materials.
Fire Extinguisher Types (5/6)
COMBUSTIBLE METAL
• Class “D” combustible metal fires only.
• 30 lb. pressurized dry powder optimized for
specific combustible metal (also available in bulk
containers for hand scooping onto fire to
extinguish).
• 6-8 ft. maximum effective range.
• To activate, must first open nitrogen cylinder on
COMBUSTIBLE
back to pressurize body.
• Extinguishes by smothering, burning materials.
D
METALS
Fire Extinguisher Types (6/6)
WET CHEMICAL
AA Trash
Trash Wood
Wood Paper
Paper
• Class “A”, “C”, and “K” fires.
• 1.5 gal. of stored pressure PRX wet
chemical extinguishing agent (40 sec.
C
C
Electrical Equipment
Electrical Equipment discharge time).
• 10-12 ft. maximum effective range.
• On Class “K” fires, don’t use until fixed
K Cooking Media
extinguishing system has activated.
• Extinguishes by cooling and forming foam
blanket to prevent re-ignition.
Familiarization of your Workplace and Exits
EMERGENCY EVACUATION PLAN
EVACUATION PLAN:
OFFICE OFFICE OFFICE OFFICE
= FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
= HANDICAPPED WORK STATIONS ASSEMBLY
POINT
COMMUNICATION FLOW CHART FOR SERIOUS ACCIDENT / INCIDENT
Accident
Hotline & Emergency Supervisor
or First Responder
Response Team Superintendent
Incident
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Electrical Hazards
Electrical burns are among the most serious burns and
require immediate medical attention. They occur when
electric current flows through tissues or bone,
generating heat that causes tissue damage.
• Electrical burns
• Arc or Flash Burns
• Thermal Contact Burns
•
In addition to shock and burn hazards, electricity
poses other dangers. For example, arcs that result
from short circuits can cause injury or start a fire.
Extremely high-energy arcs can damage equipment,
causing fragmented metal to fly in all directions. Even
low-energy arcs can cause violent explosions in
atmospheres that contain flammable gases, vapors, or
combustible dusts.
EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT TO THE HUMAN BODY
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EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT TO
THE HUMAN BODY
How does current travel through the body?
The body, composed mostly of
water, is a conductor of electricity,
so current travels easily.
Current travels the path of least
resistance to complete its circuit.
This path could be through upper
limbs or between upper and lower
limbs.
If this includes the heart and
respiratory systems, it can result in
serious injury. 49
SEVERITY OF SHOCK
• SEVERITY OF SHOCK IS NOT DETERMINED
BY VOLTAGE ALONE BUT DEPENDS ON…
• QUANTITY OF CURRENT
• PATH / PASSAGE OF THE CURRENT
• LENGTH OF TIME
• TYPE OF ELECTRIC ENERGY
• HUMAN / PHYSICAL CONDITION
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OSHA Office of Training & Education 52
Electrical Burns
Exit Wound
Entrance Wound
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Arc or Flash Burns Thermal Contact Burns
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Internal Injuries
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Involuntary Muscle Contraction
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Safe Approach during electrical Accidents
•Secure the Environment & try not to add
another victim
Safe Approach during electrical Accidents
•If at all possible, turn off the source of electricity (i.e. light switch,
circuit breaker, etc.).
Safe Approach during electrical Accidents
•If there is no option of turning off the switch remove the contact
such as plastic or dry wood to separate the source of electricity from
the victim., use non-conductive material
MATERIALS HANDLING
MATERIALS HANDLING – is the preparation, placing, and
positioning of materials to facilitate their movement or storage.
Many manual handling injuries are cumulative rather than being truly
attributable to any single handling incident. The result can be physical
impairment or even permanent disability.
MANUAL MECHANICAL
Crouch close to the load and get a firm grip. Keep back as straight as
possible
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3. GHS Pictograms
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Chemical Hazards on Hazardous Materials
• A chemical is said to be hazardous if it can cause a physical injury or cause a
disease in the employee handling it. Hazardous chemicals may create physical
hazards as they can cause fires, explosions, or chemical reactions. They also
create health hazards and can cause diseases like cancer and asthma. Examples
of hazardous chemicals include: asbestos, lead, and radioactive substances,
Gasoline, Paint Thinners, Petrol Products such as oil and grease and Etc.
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The Use and Disposal of Hazardous Materials
For proper use and disposal of flammable liquids, the following points are important to consider:
Welding, open flames, or smoking are strictly prohibited in places where flammable liquids are transferred,
used, disposed of or stored.
Always keep containers, tanks, and drums closed when not in use.
Immediately clean up spills.
Ventilation is very important to keep a storage place free of vapor build-up.
Used rags must be disposed of or stored in a self-closing oil rag waste can.
Use Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
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How Can the Body Be Exposed to Toxic Substances?
How Can the Body Be Exposed to Toxic Substances? Skin Contact
Inhalation Some substances are caustic, meaning that they can
For a toxic substance, inhalation is the most common form of chemically burn the skin; examples include strong
exposure to the body. Inhaled materials can be deposited in acids and alkalis. Some substances are irritants,
the lungs and can have numerous harmful effects on the dissolving the oils produced by the skin, leaving it
body. They may block the air sacs (alveoli) or may be further dry and cracked. This makes the skin more
absorbed into the bloodstream, where they can cause harm susceptible to absorption of toxic materials; if the
elsewhere in the body. If the inhaled substance is an irritant, it skin is cracked or cut, substances can be absorbed
may lead to nose and throat irritation, or may also lead to and passed into the bloodstream more easily.
coughing and chest pains if it comes in contact with the
bronchi.
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• Eye Contact • Ingestion
Some substances can irritate or burn the eye. Conscious ingestion of a toxic substance is
In some cases the substance in contact not common, though it may occur if the
with the eye may be absorbed into the substance has been left on your hands or
bloodstream. Eyes are highly susceptible has contaminated food or drink.
to damage and any contact or irritation
should be taken seriously.
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The Effects of a Toxic Substance on the Body
Systemic Effect
Local Effect • In the case of a systemic effect,
• When and where a toxic substance comes in the substance is absorbed by the
contact with and causes damage to the body body and enters the
is known as its local effect. For example, a bloodstream, and may eventually
toxic substance comes into contact with skin cause damage to internal organs.
and causes inflammation or irritation. For example, if taken through
inhalation, the substance enters
the bloodstream by way of the
lungs and eventually damages
the liver.
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Cancer
• Some chemicals are known to induce cancer (the uncontrolled
growth and spread of abnormal cells) in the body. Chemicals that
cause cancer are known as carcinogens. There are many different
proven carcinogens for humans and even more that cause cancer
in test animals - those are considered to be potentially threatening
to humans.
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Mutagens or Mutagenic
It has been discovered that some toxic substances can lead to changes in the
genetic makeup of a person, even to the point of damaging the genes. This kind of
genetic change is commonly known as mutation, and the substance that induces
the genetic change is known as a mutagen. Mutation of genetic material will
ultimately mean that the cells affected are unlikely to function or reproduce
properly. Furthermore, cells reproduced from the mutated cell are also not likely to
function properly.
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The Reproductive System
• Exposure to some chemicals can lead to the inability to bear children or may
adversely affect unborn children. Toxic substances can lead to infertility,
disruption in the menstrual cycle, fetal damage, stillbirths, spontaneous
abortions, and defects in born children - both at birth and in the future.
• Substances that cause defects in children, stillbirths, or otherwise damage
the fetus in a mother's womb are known as teratogens. Other chemicals that
generally damage the fetus are known as fetotoxins. Furthermore, as a
general rule, any chemicals that lead to health complication in a pregnant
woman are likely to have the potential to damage the fetus. In the case of
males, some chemical can reduce sperm count, cause infertilty, sterility, and
a reduction in sex drive.
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Control of Exposure
These procedures constitute limiting the level of toxicity and hazardousness at the
source. They include the following measures:
• Substitution -- Using a less hazardous substance is a good measure for limiting
access to a toxic substance. This, however, may not be a solution if no
substitution exists, or if the substitution results in lower or undesirable
performance.
• Process or equipment enclosure -- This will isolate the toxic substance, limiting its
access to the employee and/or ensuring that those who do have access have
the necessary clearance and, as such, are well informed of the effects.
• Personal protective equipment (PPE) must be used when engineering controls
and/or administrative controls are insufficient. PPE can include the use of
protective goggles to protect the eyes, as well as gloves and aprons to protect
the hands and body. In some cases, the nature of the substance may warrant the
use of a respirator to prevent the inhalation of toxic materials.
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ANY QUESTIONS???