03 March 2023 10:56 AM

Four Quadrant Operation

The four quadrant operation of the motor can be described as follows −
Quadrant I
In the first quadrant, the developed power by the motor is positive, thus the motor operates
in motoring mode and converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Therefore, the operation of
the motor in first quadrant is called forward motoring.
Quadrant II
In the second quadrant, the direction of the rotation is positive i.e. speed is positive and the torque is
negative. Hence, the developed power is negative and the machine operates as a generator which
opposes its motion. The kinetic energy of the moving parts of the machines is converted into electrical
energy. Therefore, the operation of motor in second quadrant is called forward breaking.
Quadrant III
In the third quadrant, the motor speed and torque both are negative, hence the power is positive.
Therefore, the operation of the motor in the third quadrant is known as reverse motoring.
Quadrant IV
In the fourth quadrant, the motor speed is negative and the developed torque is positive, hence the
motor power is negative which is corresponding to the breaking operation. Therefore, the operating in
fourth quadrant is known as reverse breaking.
The four quadrant operation of the motor can be summarised in the figure shown below.

From <https://www.tutorialspoint.com/four-quadrant-operation-of-dc-motor-motoring-and-breaking-
operation>

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AC VS DC MACHINES
Difference Between AC and DC Motor
Sl. Differentia AC Motor DC Motor
No. ting
Property
1 Definition An AC motor can be defined as A DC motor is also a rotatory electric
an electric motor that is driven motor that converts Direct current (DC
by an alternating current (AC). energy) into mechanical energy.
2 Types AC motors are mainly of two DC motors are also mainly of two types –
types – synchronous AC motors DC motors with brushes and DC motors
and induction motors. without brushes.
3 Current AC motors only run when an DC motors will only run when a DC
Input alternating current is given as supply is given. In the case of an DC
input. series motor, the motor might run with an
AC supply. But, for shunt motors, the
motor never runs on an AC supply.
4 Commutato Commutators and brushes are Commutators and carbon brushes are
rs and absent in AC motors. present in the DC motors.
Brushes
5 Input AC motors can run on both DC motors can run only on single-phase
Supply single-phase and three-phase supply.
Phases supplies.
6 Starting of A three-phase AC motor is self- DC motors are always self-starting in
Motor starting, but a single-phase AC nature.
motor requires a starting
mechanism.
7 Armature In AC motors, the armature is In DC motors, the armature rotates while
Characteris stationary while the magnetic the magnetic field remains stationary.
tics field rotates.
8 Input In AC motors, three input In DC motors, two input terminals
Terminals terminals (RYB) are present. (positive and negative) are present.
9 Speed The speed of an AC motor can be In the case of DC motors, speed can be
Control changed by varying the controlled by changing the armature
frequency. winding current.
10 Load AC motors show a slow response DC motors show a quick response to the
Change to the change in load. change in load.
11 Life Since AC motors do not have The brushes and commutators in DC
Expectancy brushes and commutators, they motors limit the speed and reduce the life
are very rigged and have a high expectancy of the motor.
life expectancy.
12 Efficiency Due to induction current loss The efficiency of the DC motor is high as

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12 Efficiency Due to induction current loss The efficiency of the DC motor is high as
and motor slip, the efficiency of there is no slip and induction current
the AC motor is less. loss.
13 Maintenanc AC motors require less DC motors require excessive maintenance
e maintenance as brushes and due to the presence of brushes and
commutators are absent. commutators.
14 Application AC motors are required where DC motors are required where there is a
s there is a need for high speed need for variable speed and high torque.
and variable torque.
15 Practical They are mainly used in large They are mostly used in small domestic
Uses industries. appliances.
Th

From <https://byjus.com/physics/difference-
between-ac-and-dc-motor/>

ARMATURE VOLTAGE CONTROL( CONSTANT TORQUE MODE):_

FLUX WEAKENING CONTROL(CONSTANT POWER MODE)

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Advantage and disadvantage of permanent magnet machine

PM MATERIALS LIST AND EXPLAIN

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PM MATERIALS LIST AND EXPLAIN

2 MARK QUESTION:_
Th e sinusoidal output waveshape is one of the most common requirements for the loads. This is usually accomplished by means of
driven inverter topologies. To obtain a sinusoidal output waveshape, the square, quasi, end or centre PWM waveform that is generated
from the inverter is passed through a filter such that the harmonics are attenuated and only the fundamental is allowed to pass
through to the load.

the filter should have a sharp cut-off profile to significantly attenuate the amplitudes of the third and higher harmonics.
In the sinusoidal pulse-width modulation technique, the pulse width of a high-frequency switching signal, called the carrier, is varied in
accordance to the amplitude of a low-frequency signal, called the modulating signal, as shown in Figure 6.42.

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 ENOUGH FOR 2 MARKS

It is seen from the frequency spectrum that the major harmonic after the modulating signal frequency is at the carrier frequency. Th
erefore, to fi lter out the carrier from the PWM, the fi lter requirements are less stringent compared to fi ltering out the harmonics in a
square or a quasi-square waveform. As the fi lter is supposed to fi lter out only the high-frequency carrier, the fi lter size will be small.

Th e angular pulse width is proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal value at the specifi c q values. Th e sinusoidal
modulating signal is compared with a high-frequency triangle or sawtooth wave form.

Th e points of intersection between the sinusoidal modulating signal and the triangle carrier are the angles at which the voltage
transitions take place. Every voltage transition is called a “notch”. Th e corres ponding angles at which these transitions occur are
called the “notch angles”.

Th e voltage transits between two levels from V+ to V– and vice-versa. V+ is usually the input DC voltage level Vdc and V– is usually –
Vdc or 0. At every notch, if the voltages transit between positive and negative voltage, then such a PWM is called bi-polar PWM as
depicted in Figure 6.43.

At every notch if the voltages transit between zero and either posi tive or negative voltage, then such a PWM is called a unipolar PWM
as illustrated in Figure 6.42

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WHY STATOR FLUX IS NOT ABLE TO CATHCH ROTOR FLUX IN INDUCTION MOTOR??
Why Induction motor is called as asynchronous motor

WHEN STATOR WINDING IS SUPLLIED FROM AN 3 PHASE SUPPLY, 120* DISPLACED

CURRENTS FLOWS THROUGH STATOR WINDING. WHICH PRODUCES A RMF

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 CURRENTS FLOWS THROUGH STATOR WINDING. WHICH PRODUCES A RMF
( ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD) IN THE AIR GAP.

THIS RMF LINKS WITH STATIONARY ROTOR CONDUCTOR THUS AN EMF IS

INDUCED. THIS EMF CIRCULES ROTOR CURRENT THROUGH SHORT CIRCUITED
ROTOR CONDUCTORS.

AS PER THE LENZ LAW THIS INDCED EMF OPPOSES ITS CAUSE, HERE CAUSE IS
RELATIVE SPEED BETWEEN STATOR AND ROTOR, AND THUS TO REDUCE THE
RELATIVE SPEED THE ROTOR ROTATES IN THE SAME DIRECTION OF STATOR.

ROTOR SPEED < STATOR SPEED, WHEN THE ROTOR SPEED = STATOR SPEED (I.E
DUE SUDDEN REMOVAL OF LOAD), THERE IS NO RELATIVE SPEED, HENCE NO
ROTOR EMF, NO ROTOR CURRENT THUS NO TORQUE HENCE SPEED REDUCES
AND BECOMES < STATOR SPEED.

THE DIFFERENCE IN SPEED BETWEEN OF ROTOR AND STATOR IS CALLED SLIP.

PRACTICALY DUE TO WEIGHT OF ROTOR AND FRINCTION( AND WINDAGE LOSSES
ROTOR NEVER CATCHES STATOR SPEED AKA SYNCHRONOUS SPEED.

OR

• BASIC CONFIGURATIONS (BOTH AC(DISTRIBUTED WDG) & DC(CONCENTRATED WDG) )

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