SPE 77669
Reservoir Management Scope In A Mature Niger Delta Field
Ikomi, J. G. (SPE); Nwosu, C. J. (SPE); Mandhane, J. M.; Akem, B. T. (SPE) / The Shell Petroleum Development
Company Of Nigeria, Port Harcourt
Copyright 2002, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc.
This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and
Exhibition held in San Antonio, Texas, 29 September–2 October 2002.
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Abstract
An integrated petroleum engineering investigation of the
Awoba field X reservoir (about 300 feet thick) was
necessitated by its puzzling production performance.
Considered to be one of the largest hydrocarbon bearing
reservoirs in the Awoba field, with an ultimate oil recovery of
52.5 MMstb, this reservoir produced only 13.7 MMstb dry oil
and started cutting water. Results of a recent sidetrack from
an existing well in the field have provided a basis for updating
existing static and dynamic models which in turn have
provided a framework for simulating the movement of water
and consequently improved reservoir management.
Introduction
Production from the completed interval on the X reservoir in
Awoba-2 had indicated a rapid increase in BS&W (see Figure
2), although the POWC from carbon-oxygen log of April 1998
was estimated to be some 59 ftvd below the lower
perforations. The withdrawal rate was also judged to be well
below the critical rate for the onset of water coning. It was
suspected that the high BS&W from the completed interval
was the result of poor cement bond (Ref. 1). A rig re-entry, to
effect some well repairs, was to afford the team the
opportunity to investigate the possibility of annular (casing-
formation annulus) communication due to probable poor zonal
isolation during the cementation at primary completion.
Subsequent recovery action planned, included a remedial
cement squeeze followed by re-perforation of the same
interval.
However, due to some operational difficulties, the existing
completion accessories could no longer be retrieved, and a
sidetrack from the existing well was initiated, after
abandoning the X and deeper Y reservoirs in the Awoba-2
well. The sidetrack (Awoba-2ST) was planned at a maximum
deviation of 6 degrees from kick-off (circa 10650 ftah) to
achieve a maximum lateral displacement of 300 ft, at a total
depth of 13240 ftvd. The revised plan would allow for the re-
evaluation of the X (for possible completion in the sidetrack)
and the completion of the deeper Y reservoir.
On acquiring the log data in the Awoba-2ST, the X reservoir
showed clear evidence of preferential flushing when the
resistivity profile was compared to that of Awoba-2 prior to
production (see Figure 2 ).
Field Location and Data
The Awoba field straddles OMLs 18 and 24, some 40 km SW
of Port-Harcourt Nigeria (fig. 1). The field was discovered in
1982 by Awoba-2, and to date, a total of nine (9) wells have
been drilled into the Awoba structure. There are 29
hydrocarbon bearing reservoir sands between 7000 and
15000 ftss.
The X is the third largest reservoir in Awoba Field, accounting
for about 17% of the field’s expectation STOIIP of 573.6
MMstb. The reservoir has been completed in five (5) wells,
Awoba-2, -3, -5, -6 and –8.
Production started from Awoba-2 in 1992, and as at 1.1.2002
cumulative oil production from the reservoir is some 13.7
MMbbls of oil, with current BS&W of 70% as seen in
Awoba-3S.
Reservoir Geological Concept
Environment of Deposition: The depositional environment of
the Awoba X sand, as interpreted from core/well data,
biostratigraphic/ichnofacies and sequence stratigraphy,
indicate the reservoir was deposited in a coastal/marginal
marine setting occasioned by fluctuations in sea level. The
sedimentary setting is predominantly deltaic and comprises of
shoreface and tidal channels/inlets deposits and marine shales.
2 J. IKOMI, J. MANDHANE, C. NWOSU, B. AKEM
Stratigraphic Setting: The entire X sequence is capped by an
interval consisting of highly argillaceous bioturbated offshore
sandstone of the X reservoir a thickness of about 80 feet (Fig.
3). The sand represents a major backstepping of the delta
shoreline as a precursor to the period of maximum flooding
represented by an overlying W shale.
The X sand is about 300 feet thick and can be observed field-
wide with a uniform thickness from the east to the west.
Evidence from core data as well as logs indicates that the X
sand is made up of a mix of shore face sands and tidally
influenced channel facies.
In terms of stratigraphy, this sand can be divided into three -
an upper part consisting of upper/lower shoreface sands, a
middle part consisting of an amalgamation of tidal channel
bodies as evidenced from the degree of incision in each well
and a lower part consisting of shoreface sands.
The shoreface sands (about 180 feet thick) are made up of four
(4) different parasequence sets comprising a series of cyclical
upper shoreface-lower shoreface heterolithics formed during
four different episodes of deposition. The upper shoreface
sands are very well developed and vary in thickness from
forty-two (42) feet in some wells to twenty-two (22) feet in
others. It is noted that these shoreface sands can be correlated
field-wide from the east to the west. The underlying lower
shoreface heterolithics are less thick and vary in thickness
from about ten (10) feet to about six (6) feet.
In terms of reservoir quality, the upper shoreface sands show
good reservoir quality (average porosity of 23% and
permeability of 574 mD) and sand development and could act
as a good reservoir for hydrocarbon retention. The lower
shoreface heterolithics are mainly made up of shaly materials
with comparably poorer reservoir properties (average porosity
of 19% and permeability of 35 mD). This can act as baffle to
the vertical flow of hydrocarbon from the underlying channel
sands, in areas where the reservoir characteristics of the
heterolithics, is poorest. If this happens, there could be a
possibility of some by-passed oil retention in the underlying
channel sands.
Underlying the cyclical shoreface sands are a series of tidally
influenced channels amalgamating into three main bodies with
a NNE-SSW linear trend (fig. 3). The channels could
collectively be as thick as 120 feet in some wells.
Connectivity within the channel is expected to be very good as
evidenced from core data and sidewall samples description.
These channels are made up of medium to coarse grained,
well-sorted sands and in terms of reservoir properties (average
porosity of 20% and permeability of 461mD), would rank high
in hydrocarbon retention.
The lowermost part of the Awoba X sand is made up of
shoreface sands and could be as thick as 40 feet. These
SPE 77669
sands have the same reservoir characteristics as the top
shoreface sands.
3-D Reservoir Static Model
3-D Static and Dynamic models were built for the X reservoir
in 1998 in order to understand the behavioral patterns of the
subject reservoir. The model architecture was constrained by
structure map interpreted from a 3-D seismic survey over the
field. The map was constrained to the well markers before the
model architecture was constructed. Average net-to-gross,
porosity, and water saturation values from the petrophysical
evaluations were assigned to each layer by kriging. The
kriging parameters were chosen to emphasize continuity of
rock properties in the strike orientation. The porosity model is
shown in fig. 4.
Matrix permeability was calculated directly from the porosity-
permeability (phi-k) relationship derived from the core data.
However, this relationship showed a high degree of scatter in
the data and a misrepresentation of actual flow parameters (fig
5). Thus, matrix permeability was considered as a major
source of uncertainty in the dynamic simulations.
Results of Side-track Well Drilling
As stated earlier, a well re-entry into the Awob-2 was
necessitated by a reported well head collapse in 2001. This
collapse resulted from the corrosion of the 13-3/8" casing that
could no longer support the weight of both the 9-5/8" casing
and the well head. The well head was successfully repaired
but it became impossible to retrieve the Baker A5 packer.
Subsequently, the completed X and Y sands were abandoned
and a sidetrack well was planned from the existing Awoba-2
(Ref. 2). A window was milled at a depth of 10,638 ftah and
drilled directionally and built angle at 2.5deg/100 ft from
10,670 feet to a maximum inclination of 30.7deg. @ 11,916
feet along an azimuth of 126 degrees. A tangent section was
drilled to TD at 13,406 ftah with a maximum deviation of 12
degrees and then logged on wireline.
The well logged a total of 404 feet net oil sand in four
different intervals including the X and Y. The contacts logged
in the well were found consistent with those earlier logged in
Awoba-2. However, the logs from the sidetrack well indicated
flushed water zones on top of oil in the X reservoir (Fig. 6). It
also showed an increase in Sw on the X reservoir which is
attributable to the flushed interval. This meant that there may
be layers with large difference in permeability or probably two
different reservoirs separated by shale within the X sand. This
shale layer is correlatable field-wide thus setting the stage for
a reassessment for the existing full field 3-D static model of
the X reservoir built in 1998.
Generally, the contacts logged in the well were found
shallower by some 13-19 ft when compared within the average
reservoir contact logged in the field.
SPE 77669 RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT SCOPE IN A MATURE NIGER DELTA FIELD
With the above results, it was decided that the sidetrack well
be completed on the Y only as a single string single
completion, while a blue print should be evolved in
developing the X reservoir in the light of the new data.
Although this decision resulted in a decrease in the developed
ultimate recovery for the well (since only the Y was
completed) it was felt that the reassessment of the present X
hydrocarbon ultimate recovery was not necessary.
Optimized 3-D Models
In the light of the results from the well 2 sidetrack drilling, a
better development scenario forecast from the X reservoir was
required to support major capital expenditure. This was
achieved by numerically simulating the reservoir via static and
dynamic models subjected by history match.
Static Model : As a result of the information derived from the
sidetrack well showing clear evidence of differential flushing
thus leaving behind some by-passed oil, there was need to re-
evaluate the 3-D static and dynamic models built in 1998.
The first area of uncertainty as earlier outlined is in the
derivation of the matrix permeability property. Matrix
permeability was calculated directly from the porosity-
permeability relationship derived from the core data. It was
observed that some areas of low porosity particularly in the
lower shoreface heteroliths were over represented in the 3-D
volume. As the permeability is determined from porosity via a
phi-k transform, this means that the permeability will also be
over represented as well in the lower shoreface heteroliths.
This will in turn lead to an undue increase in assigning flow
parameters in the dynamic model. Thus the actual
permeability profile of the X reservoir was not adequately
represented. A possible improvement in the over
representation of this permeability property is to apply the
concept of Flow Zone Indicators (FZI) in an alternate model.
The FZI concept was developed in Shell Nigeria with all the
different types of facies/genetic units found in the Niger Delta
catalogued and assigned with flow parameters based on
previously observed flow properties. The concept considers
that fact that permeability is related to porosity by the
mathematical expression:
K=1014 (FZI)2 Q3
(1-Q)2
where k is the permeability, FZI the flow zone indicator and Q
the porosity. The FZI for most facies/genetic units have been
catalogued by SPDC. For the facies identified in the X
reservoir, the respective FZI values are listed below:
3
Table: 1
FACIES FZI VALUES
Channel Sands 14.27
Upper Shoreface 7.54
Lower Shoreface 4.55
Shale 0.1
Tidal Channel Sands 10.2
The permeability as a function of FZI and porosity was thus
computed in LOGIC using the facies curve (geological
interpretation) as a basis for assigning FZI values to reservoir
intervals. The resultant curves were kriged and the resulting
permeability model showed a sharp difference in permeability
parameters from one facies type to another. This thus
represents the true permeability properties of the X sand.
Simulation Model : The X reservoir simulation study follows
previous modelling attempts in 1998. The updated static
model data created forms the basis for carrying out the
updated simulation study. Appropriate re-scaling for dynamic
model was done with the changes in the static property
models. As stated earlier, the static model data was based on
3D seismic interpretation, infill mapping, petrophysical
review; PVT properties review, recovery factors and resource
volume review, production performance review and some
reservoir modeling analysis. The dynamic modeling process is
as follows:
a. Discretize reservoir and surrounding area rock into grid-
blocks using the UPSCALER and the static model data. If
appropriate, redo discretization to get better history match.
b. Create and initialize the dynamic model by incorporating
the X reservoir data and fluid properties.
c. Perform the history match by varying uncertain parameters,
e.g., aquifer properties, Permeabilities, etc. Match the
drainage point production history and bottom hole
pressure measurements.
The static model has [X, Y, Z :: 89, 42, 466] 1,741,908 voxels
along the survey system. A voxel in the model has the
dimensions of [X, Y, Z :: 100 meters, 100 meters, 1 ft]. All of
the wells penetrated identified five layers (four geological
units), namely, X.11Top, X.12Top, X.13Top, X.14Top, and
X.14Bottom. Fault data was digitized using mid-point method
for verticalization.
A voxel equal to one grid block in the dynamic simulator
would have resulted in very large simulation model, which
would be very slow on the computer. Therefore, the need to
reduce number of grid blocks to appropriate size was very
high. As the x and y axis voxel had dimension of 100 meters,
there was no opportunity to reduce them. Therefore, only z
axis could be up-scaled. Initial attempts at history matching
using ten layers (also used while preparing an earlier 1998
model) resulted in premature water breakthrough. This was so
because restricting to ten layers resulted in almost no
4 J. IKOMI, J. MANDHANE, C. NWOSU, B. AKEM
opportunity to properly simulate four geological units.
Generally, more layers are required in the top geological unit,
which leaves lesser number of layers for the lower geological
units, and often, only one layer for the most bottom geological
unit. After many upscaling trials, it was decided to use 30
layers one of which is shown in figure 7. Then the next
decision point was how to distribute those layers in the
geological units. The following distribution seems to give the
desirable results:
Top X.11 to Top X.12 : 12 layers
Top X.12 to Top X.13 : 6 layers
Top X.13 to Top X.14 : 8 layers
Top X.14 to Bottom X.14 : 4 layers
The distribution of layers was done to have as much as
possible uniform layer thickness to minimize convergence
problems.
Results Of History Match
The production history (oil rate, BSW, and cumulative fluid
production) and bottom hole pressures were the history match
variables. The main variables employed in this history match
exercise were the aquifer size, aquifer response time and
aquifer strength. A series of simulation runs were carried out
for history matching. First by maintaining fluid withdrawal
equal to the gross volumes while the aquifer data was matched
to get historical pressure match. A history match was
attempted on BSW and oil production while still maintaining
fluid withdrawal equal to the gross historical volumes. This
was done after the adjustment of the relative permeability data.
A good match on BSW means matching water breakthrough
time and its performance. Then a good match on BSW will
result in complimentary good match in the oil volume since
gross volumes were used as inputs. It is important that the
drainage point oil volumes be matched closely so as to obtain
comparable cumulative oil production figures from the
simulation model. Results obtained from the history match are
discussed below.
Model Stability: The stability of the simulation model was
tested by running it with no well producing. Results showed
that the model is stable and in equilibrium condition, i.e. no
flow across the grid-blocks.
Porosity: The static model using the foregoing data resulted in
a STOIIP of 102.2 MMstb compared to the desired
expectation of 97.0. Although it was regarded as a good
conformance for the STOIIP, the reservoir porosity was
multiplied by 0.977 to match the desired STOIIP of 97.0
MMstb.
Relative Permeability: The average absolute horizontal
permeability value was not changed in the process of getting a
history match. The kv/kh was used as part of the history match
variable to get BSW match. Many cases were run and the best
results were obtained with kv/kh ratio of 0.35. The earlier
model used 0.4 as kv/kh ratio (fig. 8).
SPE 77669
The end-point relative permeability (ref. 7) values in a set of 5
curves for oil and water, kro and krw, were varied during the
history match process until good history match of the water
cut performance of all wells was attained. The data set is
systematic and the Corey exponent and the end points
are reasonable.
Well Completion Skin: The completion skin of 1, -3, -5, -5,
and -3 for well 2, 3, 5, 6, and 8, respectively was simulated to
have history match on the flowing bottom hole pressure. Well
2 is simulated with small skin damage, while all other wells
are simulated without damage.
Aquifer Properties: Finite radial aquifer with inner radius of
5650 ft and outside radius 15 times that resulted in a good
historical pressure data match.
Discussion
Figures 9 and 10 show the history match performance.
The legend for the Figures 9 and 10 is as follows:
Oil Rate data: red circles
Historical and History matched BSW: down triangle and
continuous blue line
Historical and History matched GOR: up triangle and
continuous green line
Historical and History matched static BHP: solid square
and bold black line
Historical and History matched flowing BHP: hollow
square and light black line
Figure 9 shows a relatively good match of oil rate for well 2
(when seen along with the cumulative data, not reproduced
here). Water breakthrough from this well could not be
matched. By introducing simulated barriers to oil flow the
water breakthrough was matched. Subsequent drilling and
logging of well 2 sidetrack, due to safety problem, showed
water over oil. Stratified two permeability reservoir is more
likely petrophysical model for this reservoir. Good match on
flowing and static pressure is noted.
Figure 10 show a very good match of oil rate on X reservoir
basis (when seen along with the cumulative data, not
reproduced here). Although water breakthrough time is earlier
then reported, but the breakthrough time, the overall BSW
trend and amount of water production match is very good after
discounting excess water production from well 5 (not included
here as it has no significance to the objective of this paper).
Very good match on static pressure is noted.
The Figures 11 and 12 show the initial and at the end of the
history match XZ saturation cross section for the Awoba
well 2.
As discussed before, the water over oil noted in the new
sidetrack well 2 (drilled subsequent to this study) is not
evident in the above saturation cross-sections.
SPE 77669 RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT SCOPE IN A MATURE NIGER DELTA FIELD
The log data from the side-tracked well 2 has clearly
demonstrated preferential water movement above the reservoir
shale. Update of the simulation model and history match prior
to proceeding with depletion scenario forecast cases is
highly recommended.
Reservoir Management Strategy
Integrating the above dynamic simulation results with the
results of the well 2 sidetrack drilled further provide a
blueprint for managing the X reservoir. The work
provides further insight in to the anomalous production
performance data.
As stated earlier, the 5 wells (2, 3, 5, 6 and 8) are producing
from the X reservoir. Historical production data reveal that
wells 5 and 6 which came on stream in 1992, were closed-in in
1993 and 1995 respectively for high water cut and
corresponding low productivity circa 400-1000 bopd. Both
wells were initially producing about 2000 bopd each. Both
wells were completed on the uppershoreface sand member.
Results from the sidetrack indicate that this zone is flushed.
On the other hand, the wells 3 and 8 which are located further
updip on this upper shoreface sand, are still producing almost
dry at about 3000 bopd each. Current water cut is put at about
10%. Water broke through in May 1999. Therefore, it is
suspected that with time, the water leg in this reservoir will
move updip due to production thus flooding the perforations in
both wells. This will result in flushing as there is a limited
vertical communication arising from the presence of the
heterolithic sand member. Thus there will be by-passed oil
left below in the other sand members. Well 2, which is
equally downdip has been known to cut water since 1996. In
order to optimize production in this reservoir, wells 5 and 6
closed in for water should be reactivated by squeezing off the
existing perforations and perforating across the lower
heterolithic sand member. Production from wells 3 and 8 can
be optimized through additional perforations across the lower
heterolithic sand member.
Any additional development well to be drilled will be
perforated in the heterolithic in order to optimally produce the
reservoir from the well.
Conclusions
An integrated petroleum engineering study of the Awoba X
reservoir combined with the sidetrack drilling of well 2 has
helped in explaining the puzzling production performance of
this reservoir.
A comprehensive re-interpretation of the reservoir geology in
order to understand and mitigate the anomalous production of
the reservoir thus revealed a distribution of various facies with
different reservoir characteristics from the top to the bottom of
the reservoir. It is noted that the reservoir characteristic
exhibited by the X reservoir, was not fully comprehended in
an earlier 3-D modelling exercise thus resulting in an
5
inaccurate assignment of some modelling parameters. A
simple characterisation of the subject reservoir shows that it
consists of an upper layer of good quality upper-shoreface
deposits, a middle layer of poor quality lower shoreface
heterolithics sitting right above a layer of good quality tidally
influenced channel sands. The bottom part of this reservoir is
made up of a layer of medium quality shoreface sands. The
middle layer of poor quality heterolithics has acted as a baffle
to vertical flow. As a result, the X reservoir has been
compartmentalized into three sub-units with each having its
own fluid distribution confined within its sub-unit. In the
development of this reservoir, all 5 previous wells were
perforated on the top sand subunit. In that situation, the
hydrocarbon present is quickly depleted hence the early water
breakthrough in well 2. Thus, the hydrocarbon in the
unperforated middle subunit is by-passed and can not be
produced until this layer is perforated.
The above assertion was confirmed by the results from a
recent rig re-entry/sidetrack from an existing well -2. This rig
re-entry/sidetrack exercise apart from confirming the above
discovery also showed clear evidence of preferential flushing
in the upper member of the X reservoir, due to the contrast in
permeability between the upper/lower shoreface sands and
their adjacent tidally influenced channel. The results of the
well sidetrack have thus further provided a blueprint for
understanding the reservoir characteristics as they relate to the
anomalous production performance of this reservoir. With the
knowledge gained by this exercise, a blueprint has been
formulated to further manage the remaining reserves in the X
reservoir. This has been done, by evolving a reservoir
management strategy discussed above. With this, substantial
gains of better understanding the X reservoir have been
estimated at approximately US$10-15 million (risked) (being
the cost of drilling 2 water-wet wells) for optimizing future in-
fill well positions.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank SPDC management for
permitting the publication of this paper. Eastern swamp asset
team of SPDC-E. Also we acknowledge the contributions of
Messrs. Joe Ezeh, Joshua Itua, Linus Edet and other
colleagues in well engineering team. We thank Mr. Sam Udo
for his support and encouragement.
References
1. "Development Strategy For A Niger Delta Brown Field,
by John G. Ikomi, Shell Nigeria; Offshore Technology
Conference Houston, Texas, May 2002.
2. "Land Use Optimisation In SPDC-E: economic
justification for minimising community and environmental
problems; John. G Ikomi & O.A. Eruja, Shell International
Exploration and Production Newsletter, The Hague,
June 1996.
 6 J. IKOMI, J. MANDHANE, C. NWOSU, B. AKEM SPE 77669

3. "Cawthorne Channel Node, Field Development Plan", June

2001, SPDC, Eastern Division. See, "Awoba Field
Development Concept Selection (DCS)" included in the
subject report.

4. "Annual Review of Petroleum Resources 1-1-2001", Part

2, East, SPDC.

5. "Awoba Field Review", SIEP 98-5236, EPT-IF, The

Hague, June 1998.

6. "Awoba Well 8, X reservoir PVT Laboratory Study

Report", Schlumberger, Port Harcourt, Nigeria,
December 1995.

7. "New Residual Oil Saturation Measurements for the Niger

Delta Show More Mobile Oil", Uzoh O.J., Ojo Sanni,
Bram Sieders and Pieter van den Heuvel, 2000 SPE
Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition,
Abuja, Nigeria.

8. "Awoba Field Review, Basic Data Review and

Methodology, Volume 2", SIEP 97-5157, EPT-IF, The
Hague, September 1997.
 SPE 77669

Awoba Field Location in Nigeria

LEGEND

LAND

AT

Niger River
LA
WESTERN SWAMP NT
IC

AMESHI
O

EASTERN SWAMP AND OFFSHORE

AKRI/OGUTA
CE

UGADA
20
A

EGBEMA
N

EGBEMA W.

ASSA NORTH
IBIGWE
BISENI ASSA OGUALI
SAMABIRI ADIBAWA
21 N.E.

ADIBAWA AHIA
OTAMINI
ZARAMA UBIE MINI NTA UBIMA

ETELEBOU UMUECHEM IMO RIVER

AWOBA FIELD
OBELE
NKALI
GBARAN RUMUEKPE OHURU
AGBADA
ISIMIRI OZA
OGBODO OBIGBO N. OBEAKP
NUN RIVER ENWHE ELELENW OKOLOMA
KOLO CR AKPO U
APARA A BANGHAN
R AKUBA AFAM
NUN RIVER. DEEP EGBOLOM AJOKPORI
SOKU BUGUMA TAI KOROKOR
OLOIBIRI ASARITORU ONNE O BOMU
DIEBU CR Port Harcourt IBIBIO AKATA
OKOROBA UBIMA
ORUBIRI ALAKIRI 11
EKULAMA ALAKIRI E. YORLA EKIM
IGBOMETURU BODO WEST ETEBI
UTAPATE
BUBOUWE-BOU SANT. BARB. KRAKAMA OPOBO AKAI
RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT SCOPE IN A MATURE NIGER DELTA FIELD

NEMC EAST BELEMA AWOBA AKASO AWOBA SOUTH

ELEPA NEMBE CR.ODEAMA CR

KALAEKULE
BIGHT OF BONNY

FIGURE 1
ATLANTIC OCEAN
7
 8

A
Flushed
zone
B

C
J. IKOMI, J. MANDHANE, C. NWOSU, B. AKEM

Figure 2: Well 2 side-track X Reservoir Log Interpretation

SPE 77669
 SPE 77669

Well 2 Well 3 Well 2st Well 8 Well 6 Well 5

1
1 1
1
1
2 1
2 2
2
2
3 2
3 3 3
3 3
RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT SCOPE IN A MATURE NIGER DELTA FIELD

Figure 3: Panel showing 3 sub-units of the X Reservoir

9
 10
J. IKOMI, J. MANDHANE, C. NWOSU, B. AKEM

Figure 4: 3-D Porosity (Static) Model of the X Reservoir

SPE 77669
SPE 77669 RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT SCOPE IN A MATURE NIGER DELTA FIELD 11

Figure 5: 3-D Permeability (Static) Model of the X Reservoir

 12

A
Water
zone
B
oil
zone
C
J. IKOMI, J. MANDHANE, C. NWOSU, B. AKEM

Figure 6: Well 2 side-track showing water above oil in the X Reservoir (By-passed oil)
SPE 77669
SPE 77669 RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT SCOPE IN A MATURE NIGER DELTA FIELD 13

Figure 7: Dynamic Simulation Model for Layer 4

 14
J. IKOMI, J. MANDHANE, C. NWOSU, B. AKEM

Figure 8: Permeability X-section (Dynamic). Red colour represent poor reservoir

SPE 77669
SPE 77669 RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT SCOPE IN A MATURE NIGER DELTA FIELD 15

Figure 9: Well 2 Production Performance Match

16 J. IKOMI, J. MANDHANE, C. NWOSU, B. AKEM SPE 77669

Figure 10: X Reservoir Production Performance Match

SPE 77669 RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT SCOPE IN A MATURE NIGER DELTA FIELD 17

Figure 11: Saturation X-section through Well 2 at initial condition

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J. IKOMI, J. MANDHANE, C. NWOSU, B. AKEM

Figure 12: Saturation X-section through Well 2 at end of history match

SPE 77669