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ONLINE EXAMINATION – SP2/2021

CIVE 3009 (Hydraulics and Hydrology)
Examination Duration: 2 hrs (= 120 minutes) plus 1hr (60 minutes) for uploading answers

Instructions To Students:

1. This exam is open book

2. Download the exam paper at the beginning
3. Answer all questions
4. Select set of parameters for each question based on specific digit of your student ID
(Failure to select correct set of parameters will result in 20% penalty)
5. Every answer should be hand-written (no screenshots)
6. Ensure that you show all calculations with clear and logical working out for each question
7. Calculations are expected provide on a graph paper (5 mm square-rule paper). Rule a 3
cm right-hand margin to summarise important results. The calculations should be neat
and logical.
8. Student ID number and page number (eg. 1 of 10) should be shown at the top of each
page of the answer booklet.
9. Scan all pages. If you do not have access to a scanner, install CamScanner on your smart
phone. This will convert photos taken into single pdf file for submission.
10. When uploading your exam file, make sure that you include all pages in the correct order.
Only 1 file will be allowed in a PDF format.
11. Failure to submit on time will result in 50% penalty for each 15-minute delay. No
submission is accepted after 30 minutes.
12. If you come across any technical difficulties (IT related), specific details of the issue,
including time and any screen shots or other evidence to support your request should be
compiled and submitted on request.
13. Lecturer may request for viva after the examination if a doubtful situation is arised.
ONLINE EXAM SUPPORT:

IT Helpdesk: If you experience any technical issues while completing your exam, contact the IT
Helpdesk, this may include internet connection issues or computer performance which has
impacted on your ability to complete your exam. Please note the specific details of the technical
issue, including time and any screen shots or other evidence to support your request. IT Helpdesk
can be contacted on:

• Local: (08) 8302 5000

• Interstate & Country: 1300 558 654 (cost of a local call)
• International: (+61 8) 8302 5000 (we can call you back to minimise your call costs)
Please do not hang up even if you are on hold as a service ticket will be raised once the call is
answered. This service ticket will be your evidence of an issue occurring.

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Course Coordinator: If you require clarification of any question in the exam, you should contact
your Course Coordinator via email (guna.hewa@unisa.edu.au) during the first 30 minutes of the
exam period.

Question 1: (4 x 3 + 5 x 4 = 32 marks)

Note: all answers should be in your words and handwritten and hand drawn. Direct
copying from other resources, including the world wide web and course materials
are treated as plagiarism.

1. Hydrology is not an “exact science”, discuss this argument by giving your

reasons.
2. What sort of flow is predominant in a natural river? Explain why this should
be so.
3. What are the essential differences between hydraulic principles applied in
analyzing rapidly varying and gradually varying non-uniform flows in open
channel systems?
4. Discuss similarities and differences between hyetograph and hydrograph.
5. List three catchment characteristics and explain the effects of each
characteristic on runoff at the catchment outlet.
6. ‘Alternate depths’ are not ‘conjugate depths’, give your reasons to support
this argument (not expecting calculations or numerical answers here).
7. Define the term “flow transition”. Using two practical examples, demonstrate
possible two different flow transitions in an open channel system. Give
reasons for each transition.
8. As part of the computer practical 2, energy loss of a hydraulic jump was
calculated using two different methods. Describe these two methods and
discuss the outcome by giving the reasons for the similarity or the difference
you had observed (not expecting calculations or numerical answers here).
9. A long rectangular open channel which carries 10 m3/s consists of three
segments: AB, BC and CD. Bottom widths of the three segments are 5 m, 4 m
and 6 m respectively. Plot how the ‘flow depth’ varies with the “specific
energy” for this channel system (not to scale). Clearly name the axes (with
units) and the curves.

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Question 2 (5+7+10 = 22 marks)

A long reach of a wide-rectangular river channel is to be analyzed. There is an underflow sluice

gate in the middle of the reach. Table 1 lists many possible scenarios that can be analyzed
depending on flow rate, bed roughness and boundary conditions. You have been assigned one of
these possible scenarios. Use the fifth digit of your student ID to select the assigned scenario.
S T U D E N T I D

1 2 0 4 1 3 2 8 7

Answer following questions.

1. Decide the slope type of the channel. Clearly present your argument, calculations,
and interim results that helped to achieve the final answer. No marks will be given if
only the final answer is provided.
2. Considering the allocated boundary conditions and the gate at middle of the
channel,
a. indicate all possible flow changing locations,
b. draw flow profile variation along the channel and
c. identify/name profile type in each segment.
3. Calculate approximate length of the allocated non-uniform flow profile using
direct step method in two steps. Present all your assumptions,
approximations, and interim results (to four decimal places) along with the
calculations and working-out in each step.

Table 1: Preliminary data for question 2

Specific Starting Non-uniform flow
Bed Manning’s discharge boundary Profile from the dv
ID slope roughness (m3/s/m) condition Ending boundary condition start (m)

Reservoir with water level

0 0.001 0.025 4 Free below the channel bed level First 0.3

1 0.003 0.015 4 Reservoir Free flowing First 0.4

2 0.003 0.015 5 Reservoir Free flowing second 0.5

3 0.008 0.025 6 Reservoir Free flowing second 0.5

4 0.008 0.025 6 Reservoir Free flowing First 0.4

5 0.08 0.04 7 Reservoir Free flowing Third 0.3

6 0.08 0.04 7 Reservoir Free flowing Third 0.3

Reservoir with water level

7 0.003 0.04 8 Free flowing below the channel bed level second 0.4

Free flowing Reservoir with water level

8 0.002 0.04 9 below the channel bed level second 0.3

Free flowing Reservoir with water level

9 0.002 0.025 9 below the channel bed level Third 0.5

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Question 3 (8+8+6 =22 marks)

There had been a plan to construct a 20 m long concrete lined trapezoidal open channel (bottom
width = b, side slopes = 1:m) to carry flow rate (Q m3/s) on a bed slope of S0. Manning’s
roughness of a concrete lined channel can be taken as 0.012. This 20 m long channel segment is
straight (no bends) and hence only an allocation of 0.3 m freeboard is sufficient. Channel
excavation and dumping will cost 12 $ per one 1m3 and concrete lining will cost 7 $ per 1 m2.

The engineering team is also interested in investigating alternate options that can minimize the
cost. As a result, they have decided to investigate an option of a rectangular channel as well.
What will be the percentage of cost saving if a rectangular channel of same bottom width (b) is
constructed instead of a trapezoidal channel? Select preliminary data from Table 2 based on
sixth digit of your student ID.
S T U D E N T I D

1 2 0 4 1 3 2 8 7

Present all your calculations and interim results (to two decimal places) in addition to the
final answer.

Table 2: Preliminary data for Question 3

Flow rate ‘m’ of side
ID (m3/s) slope (1: m) Bottom width Bed slope

0 20 2 4 0.005

1 20 1 5 0.01

2 10 1 4 0.006

3 10 2 4 0.006

4 20 1 5 0.008

5 10 1 4 0.008

6 10 2 3 0.01

7 20 1 5 0.007

8 10 1 4 0.005

9 10 2 3 0.007

Question 4 (6+6+6+6 = 24 marks)

Travel time of a catchment in the Mount Lofty Ranges is given by

where A is the total catchment are in Km2 while tc is in hours.

A mixed-land use catchment (C10 is given) of A ha (Area = A ha) in the Mount Lofty ranges
is of concern. The nearest pluvio station to this catchment is at Kent Town (IFD data at
Kent Town is provided in Figure 1). Select a set of preliminary data given in Table 3 using
the seventh digit of you student ID and answer following questions.

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a) Calculate T-year (ARI = T years) Design flood peak using simple rational formula
b) Calculate total rainfall (mm) and the resulting runoff volume (m3) of the event in
part (a)
c) If the catchment was relatively wet at the start of the event in part (a) and hence
the initial loss (IL) can be considered as negligible, compute equivalent Pi index
(  ) for the event in part (a).
d) When another storm event of D-duration and T-year was fallen over this
catchment derive effective rainfall hyetograph resulting from this event.

Select necessary preliminary data set from Table 3 using your seventh digit of the
student ID. Other necessary data is given in Tables 4 and 5.
S T U D E N T I D

1 2 0 4 1 3 2 8 7

Present all your calculations neatly.

Table 3 Preliminary data for Question 4

ID ARI for Q 4 for Parts 4(a), 4(b) and 4(c) For part 4(d)

D IL (mm) CL (mm/hr)
ID ARI (yrs) A (ha) C10 (minutes)

0 100 50 0.45 15 3 40

1 20 75 0.47 20 5 20

2 5 90 0.49 25 7 20

3 2 60 0.45 30 3 25

4 100 45 0.47 15 5 35

5 20 50 0.49 20 7 36

6 5 110 0.45 25 3 24

7 2 65 0.47 30 5 32

8 100 85 0.49 15 7 48

9 20 95 0.49 20 3 52

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Figure 1: IFD data at Kent Town

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Table 4 Frequency conversion factor FT

ARI (T-years) 1 2 5 10 20 40 60 80 100

FT 0.8 0.85 0.95 1 1.05 1.13 1.17 1.19 1.2

Table 5 Temporal distribution (% distribution) of IDF data for Zone 6, Australia (for
question 3)
D=10min 2 periods of 5 minutes

Period 1 2

57 43

54 46

D=15 min 3 periods of 5 minutes

Period 1 2 3

32 50 18

33 47 20

D=20 min 4 periods of 5 minutes

Period 1 2 3 4

19 43 30 8

20 40 30 10

D=25 min 5 periods of 5 minutes

Period 1 2 3 4 5

17 28 39 9 7

18 26 35 11 10

D=30 min 6 periods of 5 minutes

Period 1 2 3 4 5

16 25 33 9 11 6

16 24 30 10 12 8

END OF EXAMINATION

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