Statistics

Descriptive Inferential
Statistics Statistics

❑ summarizes data that ❑ summarizes data from a sample

describes a then generalize them to a
characteristic of certain population from which the sample
certain group was drawn

Estimation Parameters:
Population Mean
Estimation Parameters: Population Mean

𝝁 - Population Mean
n - Sample Size
𝝈 - Population Standard Deviation
𝝈𝟐 - Population Variance
𝒔- Sample Standard Deviation
N - Population Size
𝒔𝟐 - Sample Variance
𝒙 - Sample Mean
 Estimation Parameters: Population Mean
Point Estimation Interval Estimation
Point Estimate Interval Estimate
a single value range of values (LL, UL)
Point Estimator Interval Estimator
σ𝒙 ( 𝒙 − 𝜺, 𝒙 + 𝜺)
𝒙=
𝒏 n ≥ 30 or 𝝈 is n < 30 and 𝝈 is
known unknown
Normal Distribution T - Distribution
𝝈 𝝈 𝒔 𝒔 𝒔 𝒔
𝒙 − 𝒛𝜶Τ𝟐 , 𝒙 + 𝒛𝜶Τ𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 − 𝒛𝜶Τ𝟐 , 𝒙 + 𝒛 𝜶Τ 𝟐 ഥ − 𝒕𝜶Τ𝟐,𝒅𝒇
𝒙 ഥ + 𝒕𝜶Τ𝟐,𝒅𝒇
,𝒙
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
Margin of error (𝜺)
The distance of a sample statistic (mean) from the either lower limit or upper
limit of a confidence interval.

Confidence Level (1-𝜶)

The probability of getting the same result of confidence interval when another
sample is taken multiple times.

Significance Level (𝜶)

The probability of committing an error.
The number of grade 11 students from a a. point estimate
sample of 32 schools in Benguet selected Given: n = 32, s = 166.82
at random are given below with standard
σ𝒙
deviation of 166.82. Assume that the 𝒙=
𝒏
population is normally distributed, find (a)
𝟐𝟏𝟏 + 𝟔𝟐𝟏 + ⋯ + 𝟏𝟕𝟔 + 𝟓𝟑𝟗
point estimate of the population mean and =
𝟑𝟐
(b) interval estimate of the population
𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟔
mean with 95% confidence interval. =
𝟑𝟐
211,621, 318, 417, 384, 367, 836, 638, 396, = 344.56
408, 203, 425, 211, 515, 374, 159, 224, 280, Hence, the point estimate of the average
224, 324, 337, 289, 121, 395, 180, 412, 121, 431, number of grade 11 students of schools
134, 356, 176, 539 in Benguet is 345 students.
 b. interval estimate
The number of grade 11 students from a
sample of 32 schools in Benguet selected Given: 𝒙 = 344.56, n = 32, s = 166.82,

at random are given below with standard CL = 98% or 0.98

deviation of 166.82. Assume that the 1. 𝜶 = 1 – CL

population is normally distributed, find (a) = 1 – 0.98

point estimate of the population mean and = 0.02

(b) interval estimate of the population

mean with 98% confidence interval.
211,621, 318, 417, 384, 367, 836, 638, 396,
408, 203, 425, 211, 515, 374, 159, 224, 280,
224, 324, 337, 289, 121, 395, 180, 412, 121, 431,
134, 356, 176, 539
 b. interval estimate
The number of grade 11 students from a
sample of 32 schools in Benguet selected Given: 𝒙 = 344.56, n = 32, s = 166.82,

at random are given below with standard CL = 98% or 0.98

deviation of 166.82. Assume that the 1. 𝜶 = 1 – CL

population is normally distributed, find (a) = 1 – 0.98

point estimate of the population mean and = 0.02

(b) interval estimate of the population 2. Critical value (𝒛𝜶Τ𝟐 )

mean with 98% confidence interval. 𝜶Τ𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐Τ𝟐 = 0.01

211,621, 318, 417, 384, 367, 836, 638, 396, 1 – 0.01 = 0.99

408, 203, 425, 211, 515, 374, 159, 224, 280, 𝒛𝜶Τ𝟐 = 𝒛𝟎.𝟎𝟏 =
224, 324, 337, 289, 121, 395, 180, 412, 121, 431,
134, 356, 176, 539
 b. interval estimate
The number of grade 11 students from a
sample of 32 schools in Benguet selected Given: 𝒙 = 344.56, n = 32, s = 166.82,

at random are given below with standard CL = 98% or 0.98

deviation of 166.82. Assume that the 1. 𝜶 = 1 – CL

population is normally distributed, find (a) = 1 – 0.98

point estimate of the population mean and = 0.02

(b) interval estimate of the population 2. Critical value (𝒛𝜶Τ𝟐 )

mean with 98% confidence interval. 𝜶Τ𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐Τ𝟐 = 0.01

211,621, 318, 417, 384, 367, 836, 638, 396, 1 – 0.01 = 0.99

408, 203, 425, 211, 515, 374, 159, 224, 280, 𝒛𝜶Τ𝟐 = 𝒛𝟎.𝟎𝟏 = ±2.33
224, 324, 337, 289, 121, 395, 180, 412, 121, 431,
134, 356, 176, 539
 b. interval estimate
3. Confidence Interval
(LL, UL) Given: 𝒙 = 344.56, n = 32, s = 166.82,

( 𝒙 − 𝜺, 𝒙 + 𝜺) CL = 98% or 0.98

𝒔 𝒔 1. 𝜶 = 1 – CL
𝒙 − 𝒛𝜶Τ𝟐 , 𝒙 + 𝒛 𝜶Τ 𝟐
𝒏 𝒏
= 1 – 0.98

𝟏𝟔𝟔. 𝟖𝟐 𝟏𝟔𝟔. 𝟖𝟐 = 0.02

𝟑𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟔 − 𝟐. 𝟑𝟑 , 𝟑𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟔 + 𝟐. 𝟑𝟑
𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟐 2. Critical value (𝒛𝜶Τ𝟐 )
(275.85, 413.27) 𝜶Τ𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐Τ𝟐 = 0.01
1 – 0.01 = 0.99
𝒛𝜶Τ𝟐 = 𝒛𝟎.𝟎𝟏 = ±2.33
Hence, the average number of grade 11 students of schools in Benguet is between 276
and 414 at 98% level of confidence.
The maximum temperature, in degrees a. point estimate
Celsius, of the day at La Trinidad is Given: n = 7, s = 1.43
recorded for a given week are given below
σ𝒙
with a standard deviation of 1.43 ℃. 𝒙=
𝒏
Assuming that the maximum temperature
is normal, find (a) point estimate for the 25.5+23.6+22.1+21.5+24.5+24.7+23.9
=
𝟕
true average maximum temperature and
𝟏𝟔𝟓. 𝟖
(b) interval estimate for the true average =
𝟕
maximum temperature with 98%
= 23.69
confidence interval.
Hence, the point estimate of the average
25.5 23.6 22.1 21.5 24.5 24.7 23.9
maximum temperature in La Trinidad is
23.69 ℃.
The maximum temperature, in degrees b. interval estimate
Celsius, of the day at La Trinidad is Given: 𝒙 = 23.69, n = 7, s = 1.43
recorded for a given week are given below CL = 98% or 0.97
with a standard deviation of 1.43 ℃. 1. 𝜶 = 1 - CL
Assuming that the maximum temperature = 1 – 0.98
is normal, find (a) point estimate for the = 0.02
true average maximum temperature and 2. DF = n – 1
(b) interval estimate for the true average =7–1
maximum temperature with 97% =6
confidence interval. 3. Critical Value (𝒕𝜶Τ𝟐,𝒅𝒇 )
25.5 23.6 22.1 21.5 24.5 24.7 23.9 𝒕𝜶Τ𝟐,𝒅𝒇 = 𝒕𝟎.𝟎𝟐Τ𝟐,𝟔
𝒕𝟎.𝟎𝟏,𝟔
The maximum temperature, in degrees a. interval estimate
Celsius, of the day at La Trinidad is Given: 𝒙 = 23.69, n = 7, s = 1.43
recorded for a given week are given below CL = 98% or 0.97
with a standard deviation of 1.43 ℃. 1. 𝜶 = 1 - CL
Assuming that the maximum temperature = 1 – 0.98
is normal, find (a) point estimate for the = 0.02
true average maximum temperature and 2. DF = n – 1
(b) interval estimate for the true average =7–1
maximum temperature with 97% =6
confidence interval. 3. Critical Value (𝒕𝜶Τ𝟐,𝒅𝒇 )
25.5 23.6 22.1 21.5 24.5 24.7 23.9 𝒕𝜶Τ𝟐,𝒅𝒇 = 𝒕𝟎.𝟎𝟐Τ𝟐,𝟔
𝒕𝟎.𝟎𝟏,𝟔 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟑
4. Confidence Interval a. interval estimate
(LL, UL) Given: 𝒙 = 23.69, n = 7, s = 1.43
( 𝒙 − 𝜺, 𝒙 + 𝜺) CL = 98% or 0.97
𝒔 𝒔 1. 𝜶 = 1 - CL
ഥ − 𝒕𝜶Τ𝟐,𝒅𝒇
𝒙 ഥ + 𝒕𝜶Τ𝟐,𝒅𝒇
,𝒙
𝒏 𝒏
= 1 – 0.98
𝟏. 𝟒𝟑 𝟏. 𝟒𝟑 = 0.02
𝟐𝟑. 𝟔𝟗 − 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟑 , 𝟐𝟑. 𝟔𝟗 + 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟑
𝟕 𝟕
2. DF = n – 1
(21.99, 25.39) =7–1
Hence, the average maximum temperature of a =6
day at La Trinidad is between 21.99 ℃ and 25.39 ℃
3. Critical Value (𝒕𝜶Τ𝟐,𝒅𝒇 )
at 98% confidence level.
𝒕𝜶Τ𝟐,𝒅𝒇 = 𝒕𝟎.𝟎𝟐Τ𝟐,𝟔
𝒕𝟎.𝟎𝟏,𝟔 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟑