Ocean Energy

iitM■ : : ~-
. Ocean Energy : OTEC principle, open, closed and hybrid cycle OTEC system, Energy from tides, estimation of tidal
·; po\Yer; tidal powe,r plants, single and double basin plants, site requirements, advantages and limitations.

• Waye energy ·:wave energy conversion devices, advantages and disadvantages, present scenario.

. . .. : .

:·:1~£ .~ Techn_ologies Available to Section I : OTEC System

· '. · Utilize Ocean Energy
7.2 Ocean Tempera ture Difference
·. ' ,·
·- : Oceans and ~.iv~rs cover about 70% of the earth's and Principle of Working of
. I
.si;trface which · receive, store and dissipate vast OTEC Plants
· am_o_unt of thermal energy.
,; . . ..
.Thus
; .
they · ac.t as huge reservoirs of various
,
Universit Questions
•·. re_newable resbu_rces of energy. Q, Explain principle of ocean thermal energy conversion.
·. - At. present the technologies which are available to GTU - Dec: 14, Dec. 16, Ma 18, Dec. 18. Ma 19
utilize this vast resources of energy are:
Q. What is Ocean thermal energy?
@ii■•Mlti
· : '1. ·Con~ersi9n of ·ocean wave :·energy to .generate
Q, State the principle of Ocean Thermal•. Eoergy
·_··• : p_ower.· Ho.wever, this energy varies very widely
.. Conversion (OTEC).
: : . · •· ~ith time. and ·place in amplitude and frequency.
. h:~
p ,-
-,:.T •.,. · >Thus the J?OWer·gener,ation from waves is not cost - Out of the total solar radiations incident on sea water,
.. : ' :'_:
.. effective. · lakes, rivers etc. only 14% of the heat is absorbed.

of
-.· 2; Conv~rston tidal energy to generate power. It is equivalent to 100 W/m 2 approximately.
•·. . .·:The tides· are caused due to the interaction of According . to Lamberts law of absorption, the
. '"•.

. gravitational .fields of the ~ nd the moon. The absorption of solar energy by water by each layer of
·_. ~cean level difference caused due to tides contain equal ·thickness absorbs the same fraction of light
.l~rge ·amo.unt ·of potential energy which can be that
.- ,_
goes through It. According to this law.
·._·u;~d to ru-~
a hydraulic turbine. The cost of power l(h) = lo · e· 11h r ,.,(7.2.1)
· · generatiqfl is ve·ry high. Where, lo = Intensity of radiation of surface
··. 3, The temperature gradie11t across thej epth of sea
can be _u·sed to ~enera~e e_lectrical power. It is
whenh=0 - -
I (h) - Intensity of radiation at a depth of h
· . called ocean "temperature energy conversion meters from surface
•· (OTEC).·: sincethe temperature differential is low, µ = Absorption coefficient
: the effiCien~y- of .!illerg_y CO!l.ll,ersion is ~ ow
h = Depth of water surface from top .
. ·.•. V:,ith higlfca'pital cost.
·.•

..,
',.;

',\ ·i-
' ......
 ., Renewable Energy Engineerlng (GTU) 7-2 pcean Energy
~

Value µ is approx1mate ·
__ 1y 0.05 per m for clear water, Assuming, Th = 25° (298 KJ;
0.5 for very salty wa ter and 0.275 for turbid water. ·
.......__ .---. T, = 5° C(278 K) . and TJ,= 0.4,
- lt is 'd
evi ent from Equation (7.2.1) that the most of ( 278) .
solar heat ab . 1 then , T) = 1 -298. X 0.~..
,.... sorption takes place at the surfacej ust
below the water an d most of the absorptio - = 0.0268 or 2,68% :.. (7.2.4)
n (about
95 %) takes place within 6 m d';i,th. - - Thus we see the actual or . . . .ciency of
thermal effi. '
OTEC
- While the deep waters in ocean remains cool because power plants is very low. · . .
no com:ection currents are set since warm water is - The power developed ca~ be _writt_en as, .
lighter compared to heavier cold water. p = p · g· Q· ~ ..:Cl.2.5)
- The temperature of.sea water at its surface is on an - Where p is density (kg/m 3J and Q is the ~ischarge
average of ,____, 25° C in tropical regions and the
rate (m3/s) and g is the acceleration _due fo gravity
temperature o_£ water at a depth of 1000 m is about

-50 C.

- Therefore, this temperature difference between the

(g = 9.81 m/s2).
- To generate sufficient' powet, the discharge rates
required are very large. Consider a1 MW plant (Jsing
warm surface water and the colder deep water can be
~ ~----'---- Equation (7.2.5) with TJ= 0.0268, p = 10.25 kg/m3, the
utilized to run a heat engine coupled to a generator to discharge Q will be,
produce electrical power. P •· 1 x·l0 6
In this, the warm surface water acts as reservoir of Q = p· g · rj = 1025 X 9.81 >< 0.0268
heat
---,source and the cool water at a depth will act as a = 3710.84.m3/ s .
reservoir of heat sink.
- Thus such plants will-r~qufre very big: size of heat .. ·
The plants using t..:!!1perature differential of sea . exchangers and compbneilts . to, dea( with _huge
water are called Ocean thermal energy conversion quantity of discharge rates. .·

(OTEC} plants.
This plants can operate indefinitely and their best
location is in the tropical belt of 20° N and 20°S latitude.
7.2.1 Efficiency of OTEC Power Plants
and Power Developed
- Though the fuel cost is ni_I, but the :c~pitai cost for .
installation of OTEC plants is extremely high. ., .
7.2.2 Efficiency of OTEC Power Plant
and Quantity o(Wat er to be ·
Pumped for 1 MW Plant_

Let Th be temperature of warm surface water and T, Universit Question

be the temperature of cold water at a depth under sea
water surface.
The maximum efficiency (Carnot efficiency, TJ,) can be
written as:
a. Explain limitations of oce-an ihe~f)'lai ·ene~gy conversion. ·.
: . (ij(IIW fi'w .-
Let Th be temperature ~f warm surfa1:e water:and T,
be the temperature of coidw ater at a dep,thtm aer sea .

... (7.2.2) water surface .

The maxi~~m efficiency (C~r~ot ef[icie'ncy, nc) can be::.·.·.
In case the relative efficiency of OTEC system is TJ,. written as:
Th en the actual efficiency, TJ of the OTEC plant wlll be, . Tc) ..
11, = 1 - (r~Th : ,!.(7,2,6)
·( Tc)
l'J = l'J, · l'J , = 1 - Th TJ, ...(7.2.3)

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r•• .···.··\'~•• ·tt~.'~ ·•.· .·.'Renewa· b1·.te,.,n- . '. ..

:in:g~(G:'l'U~):~~?:~r-;;::::;;:~::-:----~=!:::!!,
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: ' .:· f~· .::1· . ergy engineer·

.' · , i -.
. . -~, ·
· · · , ·,f'
· · : • ·;.. i:
· •
-The n th·the refa
_n_case
. . .,
. tt~e .efficiency 0 r
· e actual ~•llc "'
lency 'I) or
OTEc s
Yst ern is T)
7.3

Howe o
Octan Ene'1Y

, ·, · ' the OTEc J WIii be, , r, -

ver, TEC plants have low llfe since sea water ls
, .. p ant
.: . :, ·!\
· ·: ·,'. ' ·
. 'I) : ·:::
· 'IJc , 'llr:::
(
1-1.)
.. ,(7,2.7)
corrosive,

Assuming, 1' . . . Th Tlr

h -.~ . 25° (298 K), Type■ of OTEC Systems
T~ ·::: S~ C(278 K)
and - There are two basic types of OTE
'I), ::: 0.4, as follows : CsyS tems which are

then , . 'r) ::: · ( 1 _

. ·..
ll.!!
298
) X 0.4
Typea of
OTECSyatam 1
· · .

.. . ·::: .0.0268 or 2.68% 1· Open cycle ·system or

- Thus we fl d that ...(7.2.8) Claude Cycle System
' · m actual th
OTEc p0 . r O
ermal efficiency of
2. Closed c.ycle system or·
~er plants is very low.
.. Anderson Cycle System
. .. · As~utne for sea·water :
Fig. C7.1 : Typa-.; of OTEC Systems
· Ci, =. _4:2 l<J/kgK,
the followin
These systems are being discussed in g
,i . P. .::: 1025 kg/m sections .
Given: · W. . = 1 MW= 1000 kW 7 ,3,1 Open Cycle or Claude Cycle
w OTEC System
T) =
Rate of Heat Supplied, Q. Universit Questions
system with
. .0:0268 '= . 1 X103 a. Describe the working of open cycle OTEC
schematic diagram. GTU • Dec. 3, Dec . 15, Ma 20
sketch.
a. Explain open cycle OTEC system with neat
· Q. = . 37313.4 kJ/s
GT • Dec. 16, Ma 16

=.·m ms .
But, · Q. Cp(T 1 -T 2) a. Draw a neat sketch of Open r.ycle OTEC syste

. 37313.4 . = ~ X 4.2 X (25 - 5) fflllli•N l:I

system is shown
- An open or Claude cycle OTEC
m = 444.2 kg/s
schematically in Fig, 7.3.1.
Volume 'flow rate ~ - In this system the warm water from
ocean surface is
in X 3600 to the flash
.· in (m 3 / hr) admitted through the deaerator
=.. p {m /s) =
3 p vacuum.
evap6rator which is maintained under high
. _ · 444.2 x 3600 -1560 m3/ hr As a result, a low pressure steam is gene ,
rated due to
-:- . · 1025 -
er. liquid is
throttling effect and the remaind
h.
.·. Conclus ion / Llmitatlbns. discharged back to the ocean at high dept
. . '

lved non·
OTEC plants are The deaerator also removes the disso
)ho ugh the fuel :cost is nil, but the lied to the
tal cost and low condensable gases from water before supp
·gen~rally large with very high capi
evaporator,
effi~iency. ·
me of warm and
""' . They require to handle large volu
coldwater. . V TtcU-'"1'
p1,111 11tfl\O ll1

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• • 1
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J-w-1) (8--t'n~~
vrh; ch h tt \J e
-!( Renewable Energy Engineering (GTU) Ocean Energy
7.4
Vacuum pump

- Non-condcnsabte gases
Generator
~ Dcaerator Low prea ein
ateam ~ --ff v)

ti-0-- ,s~ ~tj

Warm waler
from ocean
surface
Flash

conde nser
._)-ie)e, CV) 0
1--oJ-.... ~ t ~vn--~'VJ cond ensa te to ocli~n oJ->
~ o.,il ) uff 'J ~ V) Liquid c{}()eds hJ -
(brine )
dJ s~ oi v~ ~~ ~ft( "() (18
to ocean
al depth
Cold water from
ocean depth
ed-..wo.)-e}, , fo S ~ fig. 7.3. l: Open or claude cycle OTEC
system
- This low pres sure stea m having very
high specific The com bine d cond ensa te and cold
volu me is supp lied to turb ine whe re watP r are
it expa nds. The exha uste d back to oceari at state 7.
mec hani cal pow er so deve lope d is
conv erted into T
elect rical pow er by the gene rato r.
- The exha ust stea m from turb ine is disc
harg ed into a
dire ct cont act type heat exch ange
r (since syste m
wor ks on open cycle and cond ensa 2
te is to be
disc harg ed back to ocea n).
- It mixes with the cold wate r draw n 5'
from ocean at a
dept h of abou t 1 km. It cond ense s the ....__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
exha ust steam . _ ___ $
The mixt ure of cond ense d stea m
and ocean cold Fig. }.3.2 _
wate r are disc harg ed in_to the ocean.
- Note that if the cost lier surfa ce 7.3 .2 Closed or And ers on Cyc
cond ense r is le OTEC
emp loye d inste ad of dire ct cont act Sys tem
type cond ense r,
the cond ensa te can be used as desalina
ted water. Universit Que stion s
Temperature-entropy diagram : (Ref Q. Explain selection criterion of fleat exch
er Fig. 7.3.2) ange r In OTEC
War m wate r at state 1 ente rs system. GTU ·Ma , 14. Dec:i 16
into the flash
evap orat or whic h is main taine d at a Q. Draw a n~at_sketch of Closed cycle OTE
pres sure belo w C ~ystem~.
the satu ratio n pres sure of warm wate
r.
. . : . .
ldQd•I4&f:i:
- During the entr y it gets supe rhea ted. 0. Describe the working qf closed cycle
The proc ess is . OTEC syst em with
repr esen ted as proc ess (1-2) and part schematic diagram. GTU - Ma
of wate r is 14; Dec ·14."
evap o rated called flash steam.
Low p ressu re steam at state 3 is sepa rated In this cycle the work ing fluids for heat , ·
and supplied engi ne.s use
to turb ine whe re it expands upto state 5. the fluids like amm onia ,' rr.·e on-12, bu
Ideal process is tail~ gas having-
repr esen ted by process (3-5') and low boiling poin t sinc e the ~~rk ing
(3-5) repr esen ts ~errip.erat ures of •.
actual process with losses. The exha ust sea wate r are small.
steam at state 5
is supplied to direct contact type of conJ The sche mati c diag ram 'o r a _dosed or:A
ense r where it rider son cycle .
mixes with cold wate r at state 6. OTEC pow er plan t is sho~vn iii Fig'.:7.3.3
..

..•-...,-

~ ~ C (
,~

c o-(Y).p o-JJ-rn ey .j- CVhJ. ) h

~ (_ eJ. ~ I~ccJ 91v1-i-~- v, 2 .
e- .
.:,
c A ~ 1'>J }h e.- o. ch i'e VJJ le.- o .,;/p t-J-p
owt A 7

l
,V · R~newable E · · ·
. . nergy Engineering (GTU) 7s
- ·Warm wate f . · • Ocean EneriY
· r rom ocean r . .
· ·
freon vapour at hi'gh suriace 1s circulated thr h
o~g a pump to a heat exchanger which acts as boiler to generate
· pressure.
- This vapo .
. ur expands m the turbine to d I .
produces . eve op mechamcal power. It Is used to drive an electric generator which
e1ectr1c energy.
- Freon.vapour from tu b' I . .
th d . · r me at ow pressure 1s condensed in the condenser with the help of cold water drawn from
e . epth of ocean through a pump.
- The freon condensat ·
.. e 1s pumpe d again
· ·
m to the heat exchanger. The overall efficiency of such plant Is very low in
th e range of2 to 3%
,
only. Sea water being corrosive, life of plant is small
I
Turbine Generator
Vapour
freon

Heat exchanger
Condenser
~~~To ocean

Liquid freon Cold water pump

Warm water from
sea surface

Fig. 7.3.3: Closed or Anderson cycle OTEC plant

Heat Ex.changers , - In this chamber, the sea water is flash evaporated

- · The. materials ·of heat exchangers needs to be very
corrosion resistant with enhanced heat transfer rates
over. the commonly_used shell and tube type heat
exchangers,
- . These should _be light in weight 'and cost effective.
. The · materials.· selected for heat exchanger also
' depends on the ty'pe of fluids used for the turbine.
- . In these h~at excha.ngers the mic'robio fouling has to
into steam as in case of the open cycle OTEC system,
during the evaporation process.
- The steam so produced is passed through a heat
exchanger similar to the closed cycle where it
vapourises a fluid having low boiling point like
ammonia, butane, Freon-12 refrigerants.
The refrigerant vapours are used to drive a vapour
turbine coupled to a generator to produce electrical

e
be prevent~d, to p~eserve the maximum heat transfer power.
rat~. ·
Advantages and
7,3,3 Hybrid OTEC Cycle Disadvantages of Closed Cycle
System
Univers,t Question ,
a. Explair, with neaf ~ketch the working of hybrid OTEC 7.4,1 Advantages of Closed Cycle over
system. Open Cycle of OTEC Systems
· - Hybrid system combines the features of closed and Universit Question
open cycle OTEC systems. Q, Describe the advantages of OTEC system.
,.. In the hybrid system, the high temperature or warm ll'ltl"l!'l!Wj•·l"l~Ml/--l!W
se~ :water from the depth of sea enters into a vacuum a. Write advantages of 'closed cycle' OTEC system,

----------
·. . . . -I
chamber. over 'open cycle' system. {cj(ijl'ifjlltiiHH
vrocuNWINti
 I -

Ocean Energy
• Renewable Energy Engineering (GTU) 7-6 A

1. Power developed is continuous and it is independent Soln.:

of weather. Surface temperature, T1 -
27°C_= 300 K .
2. There is a small variation in power output from Cold water teP1perature, T 2 =·8°C =28i .K I'

season to season.
Rate oftherrna; energy to be. supplied;
3. The system uses conventional power plants needing
only small changes in design. W, = 1 MW= 1000 kW
4. It can produce simultaneously the desalinated water 3
p = 1000 kg/m ,
and nutrients for mariculture.
CP = 4200 J/kg K
7.4.2 Disadvantages of: Closed Cycle Carnot efficiency,
Over Open Cycle of OTEC T2 281 .
Systems 17 = 1 -Ti =1 - 300 =.0.06333
Universil Question j
W,
0. Describe the disadvantages of OTEC system. 17 =
·m-....o-m•,.-m· .Heat supplied,Q,
1000
1. Capital cost is very high. 0.06333 =
2. Efficiency of energy conversion is very low. Q,
3. Needs very l,irce sized turbines due to use of low Q, = 15790 kW
pressures of steam having high specific volume in
case of open cycle. Q, = mx cp x (T 1 -: r 2J
4. It uses expensive working fluids in case of closed 15790 = IT1 X 4.2 X (300 - 281) ;.
cycle. m = 197.87 kg/s
5. Cost of electric power generation per kWh is very
high. But m = pxV
197.87 ·.. j .

7.4.3 Environmental Effects of OTEC

V = 100D x 3600 m /hr
= 712.33 m3/'1r ,;.Ans.
Plant
. . .
OTEC power plants has the following impacts on Ex. 7.4.2 : In a closed cycle OTEC power generat!on system,
environment : water flow rate to evaporator"' 1000 tons/hr, Ocean surface .. , .• ·};
1. It affects the quality of ocean water in that region. temperature= 25 degree C, Ocean temperature :at 1ooo;m .
3
2. It affects the aquatic and shoreline ecosystem. depth = 5°C. Density of sea water,,; 1000 kg/m , Specific
3. It affects the navigation system. heat of sea water 4200 J/kg °C : Calculate the power ,output
4. NH 3 is used in closed cycle of OTEC system. Its of an ideal (based on Carnot cycle._efflciency) OTE_C ptarit in

leakage may have serious consequence on marine such conditions. Show all the paramet~rs . on a sditable
life. diagram.

Ex. 7.4.1 : Find the quantity of water to be pumped to OTEC Soln.:

plant working with surface water at 27° C and with cold water Water flow rate to evaporator, · · .' . • ;-- .
' 1000 >< 1000· :·. .··.· .
at 8° C at a depth of 600 m from the surface to obtain 1.0 m, = 1000 tons/hr':' · %OO ·.. kg/s . .
MW of thermal energy. Assume the density of ocean water
as 1010 kg!m 3 and the specific heal of water as 4200 J/kg K. = 277.778 kg/s

.
(,:TtiU~
P.utit1CitJo r, '-
 V. Renewable
.
E · ·. · .
· nergy Engineering (GTU) 7-7 Ocean Energy
_ocean surface tem'imature,
:·' Section II : Tidal Energy
.; . Tj = . 25°C= 298 K
zt
. -~ Ocean temperatur~ at 1000 m depth, 7,5 Tidal Energy
T2 = : S°C:;: 278 K
Dens'ity of sea waterI Universit Questions
. .

a. What do you understand by spring and n~a~-~tides?

P· = ' 1000 kg/m 3,
How are they caused? :
cp = 42ooi/kg °C= 4.2 kl/kg °C
Q, Define term Tidal Range.
·Refer Fig. P.7.42 . for _schematic diagram
- Tidal energy is renewable source of hy_dro energy
p,a,t25°C = 0.0317baratT 1 which is available ~ i s e and fall of tides which
Rate ~f.heat supplied by sea water in evaporator occurs twice a day.
The tides are caused due to the gravitational
Q,, - m,x CP X(T1-T2) attraction of moon and sun upon the rotating earth.
·.1. - 277.778 X4.2 X(25- 5) - The highest level of ~ e r is known as flood
= 23333.52 k)/s or high tide or sp_:!ng tide and the lowest level
T of tidalwater is known as ~bb ti de or low tide or
neap tide.
Definition : The level difference between high and low
tides is called tidal range.
- The tidal range varies from time to time, season to
season and its location.

s
'
- The maximum tidal range occurs at the time of new
and full moon called spring tides .
. Fig. P. 7.4.2 - The total tidal energy of the world is estimat~d to be
3 x 10 6 MW. However, only a fraction of this energy
Assuming tlie evaporator or boiler to be 100%
efficient, same heat :will represent the heat supplied to can be recovered.

fluid in the boiler/ evaporator. 7.5.1 Limitations of Tidal Energy

1. _Carnot efficiency, 11, ·
l!thN4 t1id•tffltiif,]M
. i:2 , 278 a. What are the difficulties in tidal power developments.
. ,Tl, - 1.-ri=l-299 @Ui•Mil
... Ans. a. Describe three limitations of Tidal Energy.
= 0.0671 or 6.71 %
·m-u"'·,-,a
-"a~
2. . J>ower output; P or W
1. It is site specific and the tidal energy can be
p = TJc X Q, recovered economically on the locations where the

0;0671 X 23333.52 tidal range is 5 m or more .

... Ans. 2. The availability of tidal energy is variable, thus the
1566 kW
power generation is highly fluctuating in nature.

Jw T1dllNllldfi
V,u1111c1ttoni
 ,.
-+, Renewable Energy Engineering (GTU) 7-8 Ocean Energy
3· Turbines - In case of power generation by tipes, ·the wa";
. are
fluctuating h d needed which can operate with
ea s. during high tides is first trapped In .an artificial basin
4. Them arme • and then it is allowed to escape during the period of
Where th .life and eco Iogy is. affected in the region
low tides.
navigati· e tide plants are Iocate d• It also affects the
on system. The water while escaping i~ utilised ·to run a
5. In order to handle I hydraulic turbine coupled to a generator.
Water at I h arge volume flow rates of tidal
- The first tidal power plant ·was c_ommi~sioned by
several tu ow
b' eads
. , t'd I J
I a p ants need to operate with
r mes m parallel. General De Gaulle at La France in·1966.
6. Sea water is corrosive. The three main components of a tida'i power plant are:
a) The power house
7,5,2 Availability of Tidal Power in
b) The dam (barrage) to form basin
India and Locations
c) Sluice ways from the basin .to •the sea and vice
mmumr@•mtnffl versa.
Q, Explain site selection criterta of tidal power plants. - The function of the dam is .to for~ ~·barrier b~tween
Wiil ®G the sea and the basin.
- In India th e potential
· for tidal
· power generation - The sluice ways are used efther to fill the basin during
eXtS
. ts m
. Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat and in Sunderban high tide or empty the basi_n during the low tide.
area of West Bengal.
- The tidal power plants can be established on rivers of
Malta and Curzon Creek in this reason.
- Small tidal power plants can be located at Beledone
Creek (WB), Durgadowni Creek (Sundarban area),
Rakshakhali Creek and at Bhavnagar in the Gulf of
Combay.
The power potential in Gulf of Kutch and Gulf of Fig. 7.6.l: Single basin one wa; system of tldal.pciwer
Combay is estimated to 1000 MW and 7000 MW plant

respectively. A tidal power plant based on single

'
basin..
.system
' . is ...
shown in Fig. 7.6.1.
7.6 Tidal Power Plants
Here the power house is. situated at th~ mouth of
(Single Basin System)
basin. The hydraulic turbine in the powerhouse only

I Universit Questions
operates during the discharge of water ·from the
basin during ebb tide.
Q. Explain construction and working of. single basin tidal
- During the high tide the basin is again filled. The
power plant with neat sketch. main disadvantage is that the system's operation is ·
I · I·
intermittent in nature.
The tidal range of 5 m and above available in
_ However, we also have double cycle system in
particular locations can be utilized to operate a th
which the.power generation is affected. during e ·
hydraulic turbine. ebb as well as in flood tides ~s shown in Fig; 7-.6.2.
The mechanical power of the turbine can be used to
run a generator to produce electrical power.
,·· ~· ; ·

; f: ~1"_.~, :-~:~-
· ···\
./ ;i r, - The direction
Ri,ew,h\e E ·
::~n:er~gy~E~n~g~m:ee:r:in;g~(G;T:U:)
of.flow th h .
· ..
-= :::::::=::~ ~=~~•~~~-------.!!:~::2:,
79
Ocean Energy
·( . . roug the turbine during the ebb and fl d id 1
/,;, . accomplished both -du . h . . oo t es a ternates and generation of powe I
· • f .- · ·' nng t e emptying and filling cycle of basin. r s
co r · the double
Though . . cycle system has only short durat'10n m. terrupt1ons
. . turbine generator ope ti b
·.:, ·t .
.. •i
. ·,,~..•~."'._" ...

n mu.ous power generation is still not possible.

m
ra on, ut the

·: .tf
' ' l\
ill,;;.

' ™1
·:1
'.,
., · ' ;~
.:.. ~t .~ ?
~ :

ff
·i
i",c
Sluice
HTG : Hydraulic turbine generator
.l Fig. 7.6.2: Double Cycle System
' j:•' -:---:--.,...,.-:---r-~--:-------------:---------,--------------
- ·. F;~ri:h~r, the po\Ver generation coincides occasionally - The water level in upper basin is maintained above
' ' ' i. the-level of water in the lower basin.
with . the peak ·power demands: This problem is
overcome in double-basin system described below. - The upper basin is filled with water during high tide
and lower basin is emptied during the low tide.
7,6.1 Tidal Power Plant-Double Basin - Therefore, a permanent head is created between the
· Systeni upper and lower basins.
- When sufficient head is developed, the turbines of the
Universit Questions
power plant are started.
Q. Write . a s~rt note on Tidal power plant with doubfe
The water flows down from upper basin to the
· basin. system. · ·
turbine which discharges into the lower basin. Thus
·. @ul •fitl•NWi&ltilMMtlilllll the electrical power is generated.
a..Explain with a •~e~i ~ketch of tidal power generation.
Whalare the Jimi,tations ? fe)IIIMMMi•M f:I - When the water level in upper basin is m~mum
during high tide the inlet sluice is closed and the level
- this system .has twci basins at different levels and a
of water in lower basin keeps on rising due to
dam is:provided in between these basins as shown in
discharge of water by the turbine.
Fig..7.6.3. I~1et 'and outlet sluice gates are provided in
- When the level of water in lower basin equals during
the dam. · ·
the ebb tide, the outlet sluice is opened and It Is
closed when the water level reaches to its m\nimum
level, equal to the level of water in upper basin. Again
the inlet sluice Is opened and the cycle is repeated.
The advantage of this system is that the po~er can be
generated continuously during discharge and filling
of basins.
However, in this method also the power generated
may not coincide with peak load demand.
- This problem can be overcome by pumping water by
other means from lower basin to upper basin during
Fig. _
76
_f: M~I P,owilr generation - Double basin system peak power demands.
 ! Renewable E
nergy Engineering (GTU) 7-10 '.
Ocean Enerey
....
77 dtff~rence of level ·
.

• Advantages of Tidal Power Let: R = Tide range ( . · . ..

h'gh ti·d· e and lowtlde)
between .1 . . · · .
1. Energy is freely available and Inexhaustible. .
' ~.. . .

2. Power can b h = lntermedla.te range

e Used to meet local needs of coastal area
a nd for peak loads. dh . = Small change. in.head .
3. Power is
. . ensured round the year though its operation m = Mass flow of Wa ter through
. . the turbine
is intermittent
4 P = Density ofwate.r
· It is Pollution free.
5 A = Surface area ofwater
· It is unaffected by the vagaries of mon;oon. Dam
A ,vt:'; 1. ~h tide level
1:,8 Disadvantages of Tidal Power

me M4 tfili•l'r§ mm dhi-?;?( ..·.-1-.t•r•,ac<•

f. - - - - ,---.-
h -
0. What are the difficulties in tidal power development?
==~======-==~-: ;-Turbine.- :· .· Low tide level
_______________ rJ1p~1.J,.J~-•• •),t. ,
Wi 1d•Mtl •t&lta
1. Cost of plant is high and needs long constructional Fig. 7.10.1: Estimation of power · .
period.
at .
0

Consider an element of water of tflifkness dh

2. Not many locations are suitable for installing such a height h.
system.
Workdone by water,
3. Power developed is on limited scale only.
I dW = dm ·g · h- ...(i)
4. Sedimentation of basins is a problem.
But, dm = - p ·A · dh
5. Sea water is corrosive.
6, It has uneven operation. (since head decreas~s d~ring /low of wa,ter) ... (ii) .
I 7. Marine life is affected. dW = - p ·A· dh: g ·h-
' ' . .. .

Total Work or potentiai ·eMergy of water .supplied

7,9 Type~ of Hydraulic Turbines
ii for Tidal Power Plants System
during emptying of basin . ·
0 0 .
I
L

w. = I dW= f ~p ·A·g·_h·dh. ' '1

Following types of hydraulic turbines can be used R R · . " .. I
·-·i
for tidal power plants : .· ' 0 ·1
1. Kaplan turbines with variable pitch blades. = -p·A·g[~2l, , ; ;
' ,. ·, ' .· .· ' j
2. Special bulb typ_e turbine generator sets in an
1
W = z·P·g·A•R ·
t ... (7.lO;i)
enclosed steel shell.
·
It is evident from Equation (7.rnl)· ·that·' .the· work
·. •
7.10 Estimation of Tidal Power in
potential is proportional tnthe square ofthe tidal range, R.
Single Basin System
Average power,

tW ... (7.10,2)
Universil Question
Pav = .,
Q Derive an expressi-:in of e~ergy and power in simple
. single basin tidal power PIan I • - rriUOWME The tidal cycle between high tide and ·1~w tide is 6 hrs
12.5 minutes i.e.
Refer Fig. 7.10.1. - , .1

I · .,\,, T11:1-K1n1lt<IP · · ·. -~
V.. l'~b l fCil!I O~ S. :, , ·~l
I
' .... ij

L ·< .?
~
 Re n:ewabie E..
nergy En 1 .
. . .t .:, : . g neenng (GTU)
- 6 hrs 12.5 min 7 -11

' "' 6 -x 3600 + Ocean Energy

. 12.5 X 60 = 22350 Ex. 7 .10.2 : A typical Ilda\ pro\8<:I has an lnata11~
P. W
· ·av ·= -.,P·A·"·R' l
sec.
2176 MW In 64 units ea•h ot 34 MW
= eapacl1y ot
t .~ 2 X-:--- " rated output, The
.· · · 22350 ... (7 .10.3) .embankment Is 6.4 km long and the head t
A~slirrting; · a rated output Is
5.52 m. The turbine and generator efficiency la 930,,., each
.Average sea w. Assume density of sea water as 1025 kllfm' . It th~
. . .. · . . ate.r de_n sity, p = 1025 kg/m'
generation is 5 hours twice a <lay, calculate :
· . · · ·Average Powe . ·
·. · ,. · · . rper Unit basin area becomes, 1) the basin capacity and
I ,
. _· i'X 1025 X 9.81 x R' 2) The annual energy generation per year. Assuming that
.. A 2 · . 22350
power decreases linearly.
= o.i2S,R2 W atts . ...(7 .10.4)
Sein. :

_Ex,
7 1
'.: Q,1 / T~e . ~asl~ ·a rea of a singl_e basin type power Total power, P, 2176MW ;
.,pi~nt .IS. 10 m . The t.1dal ran ge is 6 m. The turbine starts Power per unit, P = 34 MW
i OP~rating·. wh~.n th~ · wilier head on it falls below 2 m . The
Number of units, n = 64 ;
· gen erato r .e fficiency is SQb/o. Assuming density of water as

between
. high
: . .
3
1025 'kg/m find th(i average power generated in kWh . Time
-tide ahd
. . .iowtide is 22350 seconds.
'
...
Head, h = 5.52 m ;
Turbine and generator efficiency,
. Soln. : Ti = 93% or 0.93 ;

A = 10 7 m 2 ; Density of water, p = 1025 kg/m3

Number of hours, t 1 = 5 hr twice a day ;
R 6m;
Length of embarkment,
R . = Z_m ;
L = 6.4km
·ri = 0.8; .
Total time of power generation,
p . "' 1025 kg/m 3 ;
2 x 5 = 10 hrs
T :c 2°2350 s = 10 x 3600 seconds
r
w = I- p . A. g . h . dh 1) Basiq capacity, V
w
R p = T\XP,v=T\Xt
1 .
= 2 p ·. g , A (RZ - r2) . 1p•v•g•h
= T\Xz , t
W . 1 p . g x A (R2 - rZ) x kWh 1 1025 xV x 9.81 X5.52
·· . Pav = T=-2 22350 · 34x10 3 kW 0.93x2x 10x3600
1 1025 x 9.81 x l0 x (62- Z2) x ~
7
.. .Ans.
= zX 22350 1000 V = 47423,8 m3

('·' 1 hour= 3600 s) 2) Annual power general

= p x No. of units x No. of hrs/day
= 27538 x 106 kWh.
x 365 days/year
Avet~ge electricai power qutput, .
= 34 X 64 X 10 X 365
p = rJ X Pay .. .Ans,
= 0.8 X 275.38 X 106 = 7942400 MWh/year
... Ans .
.- izo.3 X10_6_k_Wh
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
 -1'r .Renewabla!.F,,erg:, Engineering (GTU)
Ocean Energy
7-12 :a

. :'
Ex. 7,10.3 . A lid
· al power plant of single basin type, has a
basln area of 2 Section Ill : Wave, Energy
5 x 10e m2. The tide has a range of 10 m. The
tu rblne howeve
r, stops operating when the head on it falls
beiow2m Ci 7.11 Wave Energy .
· a culate the energy generated In one fflllng
process, In kWh If the turbine generator efficiency "is
75% Taked · Universil Question
· ens,ty of sea water is 1025 kg/m 2•
GTU - Ma 12, 7 Marks
Q, What is wave energy? Explain with ;idva_niage~ and
Soln,: disadvantages.
- The wave energy is developed due to .the winds
A = 25 x 10 6 m 2,
interacting with the surface of the ocean.-
Range, R = 10 m,
The wind gets about 1%· tci 5% 'ofsun's erlergy and
r = 2 m, part of this energy is transferred to the waves. .
llgenerator = 0. 7 5,
The availability of this w~ve e~ergy depe~ds upo~
the height and frequency of waves. ·
P = 1025 kg/m 3
Jt is estimated that about 10 kW of energy is available
r
for 1 m of wave front and, its 'pote,ntial in Jndi~ . is /',.,
w = I- p . A . g . h . dh estimated to 40000 MW. The power deveioped canbe . •
0
/ .:tJ1··
R ·. di
estimated by the formula. · ·. '~:··
1 . ..
= 2 pg A (R2 - r2J
,)•,:,'

Power, P = 0.55 H2 • t ·. .:.(7.11.1)

,,
. . : ·: ....,? .
1 Where, H = Wave height, t = Ti~e peri_od in sec~nds,
: zX 1025 X 9.81 X (25 X 10 6) (10 2 - 22) '.--c~·
?
P = Power in kW · ..,,
";,,, .

= 12.0663 X 10 12 W Though many attempts have be~n made to harness

Assuming tidal cycle, this energy and many conceptual 'profotypes have
been patented but upto now no ·major development
t = 6 hr 12.5 minutes
programme has been carried ·ou_t in our country, , ···
. . . .
= 6 X 3600 + 12.5 X 60 Only small de.vices are avaiiable. for small ·po~er use
= 22350 sec for buoys and navigational aids_.·

Average power, 7.11.1 Wave Energy Conversion .··

12
p _ _!'.!'. _ 12.0663 X 10 W Devices
av - t - 22350

= 12.0663 x 10 12 3600 kWh

22350
= 1.94357 x 10 9 kWh
Average power output
= Pav X Tl generator
= 1.94357 X 10 9 X 0.75
X 1000
... ('.' 1hr = 3600 s)
line and offshore.
2) The power take off system e.g. using hyd~auHc ram,
hydroelectric turbine, air turbine and pump _to shore
method.
The oscillatory nature of waves .allow ,us to use
' · ...~.

= 1.45767 x 10 kWh 9 ... Ans.

variety of wave energy conversion devices •which are
as follows:
-~j;
 • . ReriewabJ.. . . · .
e Ener · ·
· ·· · , · gy Enginee ·
L Wav~:Profile . . . ting (GTU)

·. of
, .ocean
mechan.
. surface
tea 1'ener
d ~~::~~~71-1~3;:".;;:-;:;:;;--;;;::;::"".:--~=:~:!!!'..
IC h the oscm .
... .ue. intowi.w·aves
·d~ytces .
is at1ng height. 6. The power tr . Ocean Energy
. W .. .. . . . .. gy, . converted i' nto ansmtss1on f
2. av.e:capture d ,,. . conversion plants to the h rom wave energy
Wave·s·. . ..ences Wh1'ch costly s ore Is comp!
•.. . . ~nto •Potenti 1·· converts the . ex and very
run h d, . . a energy a d energy of 7. The
. : y .ro turbjn.e . n subsequently us d re may be formation of w t
3, Osciltati . . .. generators. . e to in the plants. a er hyacinth, algae etc.
· · · ng Water
· the · · ·· ·· · ·· ·. ·column de · .
. . Wave energy int . vtce which converts 7,12 Wave Profile Devices
converted :· . .o air pressure. This energy . h
. . .. . .: . . tnt~ electric ... IS t en Few of the wave profile d e v i c e ~
· · gen,erator. · ·· · power ·by aero turbine iscussed below :
th~ . . · · · ·
. . .Vanous device . . 7,12.1 Float Type Wave Energy
. ,.: .·. .· . · . . . . . s. are. ct·tscussed in section 7.12. Converter or Point Absorb
7 · 11 -~ :Advanta · · ·. Buoy Method er
. . . .. . .. '. ges of Wave Energy
· .. Conver_ slon Universit Questions

. Advant~ges of .wave ener . Q. Explain the Float wave energy conversion d I

are as foHows : . . . . . gy conversion into power neat sketch ev ca With
. EiiilN@ID
i. ltfis.renewable form of energy which is available free - The schematic diagram of float type en ·
.
o cost · 1s shown in Fig. 7!12.1.
. . . . .
2: Needs - In t~is the buoy floats on the surface of water. The
• . . sm~ll ·· st0
. .·. · e.nergy · rage since this energy is
available for-small periods. device is held by cables connected to thesea bed.

3. ,:he energy.density per mZ is high compared to solar Buoy uses the swell waves (the large waves that
· i~ : · · and wind energies. · travel from their origin to distant are called swell
••J'
1
waves) to drive the hydraulic pump and generator to
· • 4. Pumped storage wave plants can be used for fish
generator electricity.
farming.
These devices are operated at shallow sea -near shore
5; Coas~I areas will :be '.~hie to get supply of electric locations.
· energy. Thus it will help economic development of Buoy
coa.stal areas. ··
Swell wave
(?. Availab11ity of wave energy is continuous.
·7. lnstaHadon of these plants will reduce the erosion of , Pump and
, generator
coastal ·land.
c::=:!=:::, Submerged
· heavy blast
7.1 L~-l.imitc,tions and Disadvantages plate
. ·o f Wave Energy Conversion
Fig, 7.12.1 : Float typl! wave energy converter
L 'Fhere are difficulties in construction of wave energy
conversion devices. both at shore line and offshore. - The disadvantages of these systerr are : ·

2; If i~subjected to large sea storms which can damage a) Devices are destroyed by ha~d weather conditions
e.g. forces of stror.g storms and tides .
the piants parti~lly or completely.
b) Maintenance, repair and access to device is very
.3.. It cauies,the cor·~~s-ion of materials used in plants.
costly.
4.. Caµs~s' ob~tructio(l to ship movements and other
c) It affects the marine life due to accidents.
floating obj_ects:•
ct) Efficiency is low.
$. Cost of capftal i:O1;t is high. V T1cUnllldp
'Y' Publ l catlDl'l 5
 0 .
Renewabt e Energy Engineering (GTU) 7-14 Ce~I\
7 12 2 . . . . Ile~
" · Surface Attenuator - It uses two floats having two motions,
. . . r·On
. e..or .
- It is similar tO . motion is a rolling motion about_its own Ulcr . the
. . . U11J_ •
'th point absorber buoy device except that
, as multi I the connecting rod and the other motion 'is . ·. \v1t 0
T P e devkes that float on the surface of sea. . · · liea
vertical motion about the cortnectirig, rod. • ,rfy a
hese devices a .
ke . re interconnected to one another and
Pt In the directi
on perpendicular to swell waves.
It causes relative revolving movements ·biti.., ·. ·
The up and dow . connecting rod and the stationary dolphin.. een the
hydrau( · n motion of waves drive the
ic pump and generator to generate electric - In both the above ca~es the move men~ are ~l1J . · ·.
Power. and converted by gears into continuo 0 lllified

7.12,3 p I
motions. These rotary motions a~e used to ds .rota1y
' . . . /'ti,,
e amis Wave Energy two electncal_generators. . · · e the
Converter . Floating
generator .
- It is an offsh ore dev1ce
· located at a depth of 40 .
more and 't d m or · ·. Float )
I was eveloped by the company Pelamis
Vert
Wave Power. . 'ca,
Dolphin . '---..--"'. , li)O!iori .
- It is a floating dev1ce
• wh'ich operates parallel to the R~llmg l'llotion

waved'1rect1on· and effectively rides the waves.

- It has
. a series· of long cylindrical floating devices
which are connected by hinged joints and anchored Fig. 7.12.2: Dolphin Type Wave Energy c011,, ..·. ·
to the sea bed. "tter

o>
These joints move with respect to each other due to 7.13 Wave Capture Devices . . . .
wave motion.
- Wave capture devices are ais~
.
called as
.· . . 'l!l't
This motion of the joints is resisted by hydraulic rams 0 .
wave power devices. . · . . ., Ppih,,g
which in turn drives an electrical generator through
These devices are installed near. the sher · · .
hydraulic motors and -accumulators to produce e Ii -
captures the movement of tide_s and waves. ne and
power.
- The k_inetic energy of waves is com,el'te .
7.12.4 Dolphin Type Wave Energy potential ene_rgy to run a turbine.generator, · d into
Converter A overtopping wave power device is Sno1y ..
Fig. 7.13.1. · n in
Universit Questions
a. Explain the dolphin type wave generator with neat
sketch. He~~
a. With neat sketch explain wave energy conversion by
'tirig
floats and its requirements for high energy conversion. Turbine .
generator Sea water ·ou·t · ·
ct~,&-
ldUl1WrtUI
Fig. 7.13.1: Overtopping·wave power <lev·1. ..
- This type of w~vi! energy converter was designed by .. , te ·

Tsu Research laboratories in Japan. It is schematically In this the kinetic energy of the wave is
. . . . on~
shown in Fig. 7.12.2. into potential energy by lifting the water •· rtect
As shown in Fig. 7.12.2 its main components are a higher level in the reservoir which acts l\ke /PtQ a
hydro electric power plant. . · · dani of
dolphin, a float, the connecting rod and two electric
generators.
 ,, "!_
, _;, ·
Renewable Ener· . . .
· · · gy Engineerin (
Ocea n Energy
.,, - The sea ' .· g GTU)
} ...,: . . water due t0 7-15
l".' \ .. . reservo· . . wave mot1on
. . . . tr of a floatin . is
. captured .
• :{;:: . through c>bles. .. g structure connected to sea ;e: 1.Dlud"""'"
There is large variation in height and frequency of
waves throughout the year at any given location, thus
:~ ~- - As . the .· oceah . . the power output fluctuates widely.
. ,.,, . ,• wave . and
fl,. ... .up the. ramp hits th
:i '. ow : e flo ati ng structure, they
·+t reservoir risis. the le.el of wate, In the 2. Capital cost is high.
'--·~
·., j-· . The· pot..e ·a1· . : . .
• , ·r,:
:.: { \
, ·.: ·.
. extri,te.d ,y
. . ; . . nti .ener th
gia/Y of ". trapped watec
•• coupled _to a . ene· ty: to . dnve a . Kaplan turbine
Is

.1' · ,·hydr~ul' . r;itor. Finally the water from the

. ·. • . IC turbine is discharged back to the sea. Main water level i _,__,_.__ .i.-

1
7 ' 4 O~~illatirig Water Column wave rising
...--WavedirectiOn
.. . Wave Energy Converter cnambcr

Universit Question Fig. 7.14.1: oscillating water column wave energy

Q; Explain · construciion· and working of oscillation water conversJon system
col1.mi_n system with neat sketch. State two advantages
7,15 Present scenario of
·m-....,-.m·•-m...
---- -
and two disadvantages of wave energy.
Development of Ocean Energy

- . I.n India, 150 kW system utilising wave energy has Indian Government has made lot of efforts to build
power plants based on renewable energy sources so that
been installed atThiruvananthapuram. the country may achieve its goal of climate change by the
,,.. _
Tbe ~ost commo_n·wave energy conversion system is year 2030. In the last decade or so, there had been
\r .
' '
t , •·

. the osdllating water column system as shown in ·initially a thrust in the last decade to develop solar and
·-' } ,• wind power. However, due to very high capital .cost of
::-, ' Fig._7) 4:1. development of ocean power and technical problems our
- It consists of a ch~mbe·r in the sea ··exposed to wave country could not move in a big way to exploit ocean
act;~plhrough a~ opening on the si~e.
.. . power.
- It co~presse:S the air column above it. Compressed - It is estimated that our country has potential of
. air nows through the butterfly valve and runs the air 40 GW of wave energy, 180 GW of OTEC based plants

turbine connected t0 .the induction generator which and 12.455 GW of tidal power.
. , ' - India has potential to develop ocean power in th.e
.- -t _: . produfes electric power. Gulf of khambat, Gulf of kutch and sunderbans in
- · When_the wav~s recede, it causes suction of air West Bengal regions. Development of OTEC, tidal
/' and
(shown· by dotte~ lines) and the atmospheric air is wave energy will reduce the carbon emissions and
drawn .in.to the chaml)er. boost the economic growth and employment
- . Therefo,re, there. 1s ;i· regular oscillatory movement of - India is progressing well to develop OTEC.plants with
.\ ·. water colOoiri causing toaod froof alC motion which the development of new technologies. India's maiden
OTEC power plant is coming up in 3kavaratti,
. drives. the .air
. tu. rbine:
. . '
Lakshadweep. It will power 100 m /day of
desalination plant and project is expected to be
Advarttages
. 1. Energy js fre.~lya~ail~ble. completed by 2020.

2. No
. pollution
. .pro.. bl e~-:
r Ocean Energy

7.16 . rEC systerTI .

~_,.t..!!==~~~~::;!~~2.,..--:~:::ff~;;~
0
"" Renewable Energy Engineering (GTU)
f National
Advanta ges of Oeneration f
continuous g .
°·P:. .
wer,
: : .. .
- 1 ndi~n Navy with technical suppTo)~ :tudying the 1, O
f weather, . ·th sl'T}a)l changes
nstitute of Ocean Technology (NIO is ns _ No effect . ower plant.WI · : . . · ·;
1 2
feasibility of developing of OTEC plant in Andam;EC Uses conventional P · . ·. . : ..· .. · . ·.·
in Bay of Bengal. NIOT is implementing 1 MW O · 3.
plant of the Tutocorin coast in Tamil Nadu. in design. alinate d water,
. .
des
'd th t Jndia is p duces ·
Ocean Energy Systems (OES) has sa1 a 4. ro oTEC systerJI
. . . under the ges of
mvest1gat1ng development of wave power
th
oisadvanta t •· ·
aegis of IIT, Chennai. Our country has identified e l. High capitc.11 coS · ·
locations for development of wave power along thed 2 Low efficiency. :
west coast of India in Kerala, Karnataka, Goa an · . d turbines. · I
Maharashtra. 3. Needs large size k'ng flUI · closed eye
· •d S JO . e.
1
'd l st of Expansion of wor · · .. · ·. .
- Earlier efforts were made to harness ti a co 4. enerat1ort, ·
30-60 crores/MW. However, due to availability of 5 . High cost of power g d· e · to in · teraction. · of
new technologies, again the effort are being made to The tides are ·caused ·nd u moon· and rotation o(
.. .:,:~
develop n'd aI Power · I fi
gravitationa ie Ids of sun a · • ·. ·.. ·. ,.·
,·, ·.(;j

tt
earth. . ·. .. d : to iides cpntain
ce causes . ue . ... . :,l'
Summary The ocean level di fferen . . h' h can be used
· I energy W ic · · ·

;i~•·•
large amount of potentta .. ... . .
- Ocean thermal energy can be used to run a heat
for power generation. . · ;- . :·. .· ' . .' d
engine by utilizing the warm water of ocean surface . 1· d fl od or hi~ t1d.e an
(heat source) at about 25° C (tropic regions) and the Highest level of tide is cal e . o . . . The
.. low tide: . . .1eve
· I
colder water at a depth of about 1000 m in ocean as its lowest level is called eb b or.. · · . .• ·· . ,:,&
difference of high and low-tide is ~all~d tidal range.
heat sink.

511
The limitations of tidal ei,.ergyar~:
Efficiency ofOTEC plants, Tl = ( 1 - ~:) x Tl,
1. Site specific. _
T, = Temp. of cold water (K) ; •.:A':
2. Can be harnessed if tidal range is 5 m or more. _
.'t)
. . . ·,J
Th = Temp. ofwa,m water (K); .: -~ ~;
3. Specially, designed hyd~o tur~ines are rieeded . .
Tlr = Relative efficiency.
(p Density of 4. Ecology is disturbed. ·
:<>Jl
. ,._ -~-l
- Power developed = p · g · Q · Tl
-- ·f.B
5. Sea water is corrosive.· ·
water and Q, discharge rate)
Suitable locations for tidal ~ower g';neratlon In
- Types of OTEC s3•stems
India are : Gulf or kutch (Gujrat), . Sundar.ban area . . ;\ ·:1
1. Open or Claude cycle system
2. Closed or Anderson cycle system
(West Bengal), Beledone Creek (WB), Guir of Com bay
at Bhavnagar, Gujrat. , ,' ,
. /~
. ;::~ , :,
In open or Claude cycle system the surface warm
Basic components of tidal power plant are : dam • : ;.i ··<·].
}'
··:t1
>

-'i ~ l
water is converted into low pressure steam in a flash
?i 1t
.

to form basin, sluice ways from basin to sea _3:nd vice- -·. ,
chamber under high vacuum. This steam is used for
power generation in conventional power plant.
.
versa and hydraulic turbine-generator set-
. .
-
- In closed or Anderson cycle OTEC system the Tidal power plants are single basin, and double ba_sin . :- J;_ ·-·~
warm surface water is used to evaporate some hig~ly
volatile fluid like NH 3, R-12, butane in a heat
exchanger. This vapour is used for power generation
- :::,ntages oftldal pow,, ; ) j
1. Freely available and inexhaustible. · ' . ·. ~~:: ).

l
in conventional power plant. .
·• T~~.,il;' .
~ P l l t l_ll,~ltDI\~
 ' ·. Rettewabl~ Energy Engirie . . ·
. . . · ermg (GTU) Ocean Energy
7-17
.. 2. 9sed a5: peak load plan'ts . I
., ·. 3. .· ·.. .. ' . .. . ln coastal area• Exercise I
Pollution·free. · · I

·4.· Unaffected
· .-· ·:: by monsoo.
. · n·. ·. [Note : For answers please refer the section number

Dlsadvant;ages of tid .1 : Indicated In bracket.)

. . ·. · . a power
1. High cost · · 1. W,hy the water at ocean surface Is warm and colder at a
depth of 1 km ? Define OTEC plants. (Section 7.2)
' ;:; .•. ,2. Fewlo~atioris a~e only suitable.
1~:.· .
f·.•· .
2. Discuss open cycle OTEC system with the help of a neat
3. lntermitten_toperat;on: .

r•..: ~;,7~i:;rioe
diagram. (Section 7.3.1)
4. Sediinen\at1on of basin. .
, Describe the working of an OTEC system based on
3
closed cycle with help of a schematic diagram.
Hfe.
(Section 7.3.2)
t.- Turbines used are Kaplan and bulb type hydraulic _ Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of OTEC
¥~ ·
,,.\'::•.
. turbines. . . 4
41
system. (Sections 7.4 and 7 - - )
iii · . .· . .. ,· . .· . p 2
f~ . . .,. Average_· p<>w
_ er_generate_._d,· Aav == 0.225 R
t:I:·
5. Write a short note on availability of ocean energy in

various forms. (Section 7.1)

.where, A =( Area of basin; R == Tidal range.
I ,;. ~nergy is ·obtaine<;I due to winds·, interacting
Wave
6. How tides are caused ? Define flood tide, ebb tide and

I~ : ·. with the ~urface of the.ocean: tidal range. Discuss the limitations of tidal energy.

ft:_-.. Availability O; this enO.-gy d0pends on the height and

frequencygiven bythee_cjua~ion:
~Sections 7.5 and 7.5.1) 1

1. Discuss the working of single basin type tidal power

plant. (Section 7.6)
J -~ =-0.55 Ji2t s.
f: . (P kW; height, m; t == Time, seconds)
Discuss the working of double basin type tidal power
plant. (Section 7.6.1)

r
,. - ·.•..Wa~e ~ne'r~ converiion c,le:vices are classified as :
9. Derive an equation for average tidal power generation
1. Wave profile de~ice~ .. per unit area of basin In terms of tidal range.
2. -Wav~··ca.·pt:u_re _d~viCe_s:
·r:
r--~· ·

~- •• 3. Oscillating.~at_
er column device
(Section 7.10)

1o. What is wave energy ? How it can be used for power

·,t-" Most commonly used for wave energy conversion is
eneration? Section 7 .11
oscll/atingwate.r column system: .
;_;.".',';-__. , . Renewable Ener E. . . .
. . ,- . · . gy . ngineering (GTU)
6-25 Bio Energy
·:~•;.. · .1) TotalkWh of en~r . . .
~{ . .··._. .· . . . . gy contained m b1ogas, E Energy required from rice husk in the boiler,
1
• E . =_. _Mas_s_ofbiomass (kg) x Gas produced ( k;h) --------=-----
E, = EX Efficiency of generator

_. :_x Efficiency of biogas plant (l'J) x -1- x -1-

1'lturblne Tiboller
- 130208 X 0.064 x 0.6 (kWh) 1 1 1
~ . 5000 kWh = 15999.36 X 0_95 X Q. 3 X Q. 6S
... Ans .

. 2) Total volti~e:·ofgas output in Nm 3 (V)

= 86366.3 kWh/day

1) Weight of rice husk required per day, m

= Total energy in gas, E (kWh)
V
•. :·~nergy de~sity of gas, e (kWh / Nm 3) E1
m = Specific energy of rice husk,e
. 5000
=-zoo =
86366.3 (kWh/day)
3.926 (kWh/kg)
=.- 25lllm 3> ... Ans.
= 21998.6 kg/day ... Ans.
.·..3) Mec.h.anirnl' e~ergy
. .
output, Em in kWh
.
Z) Weight of ash produced, m1
Em : : . Total energy -in biogas, E (kWh)
Given : Ash content in rice husk is 25%. Therefore
_x Efficiency of gas engine, TJ 1
• = .5000 X 0.8 weight of ash produced,
... Ans . m = Weight of rice huskxFraction of ash in rice husk
1
•: 4000k:W .
25 ·
· Ex. 6:17.3 : aoo kW bioma~s power plant generates electricity
= 21998.6 x
100 = 5499.65 kg/day ...Ans.

•by . direct . combustiqn pi~cess with daily plant load factor of Summary
83.33 °io: Efficiency of electric generator is 95 %, steam turbine
· is 30 % and of boil~r is 65 %. Rice husk Is used as a biomass - Biomass is an organic matter produced by plants
both grown on land (terrestrial) and grow~ ,on water
fuel, spe1cific energy of whic:h is 3.926 kWh/kg.
(aqu'atic) and their derivatives and animal manure.
Firid: .
. 1) Total weight of rice husk required per day as a biomass The energy obtained from biomass is called biomass
fuel. · . energy.
. 2) Weight of the ash per day if the rice husk contains 25 %
- Resources of biomass are:
. ash by weight. .
a) Obtained from cultivated fields, crops, forests,
SQln. :·.
algae and organisms living both on land and
._. Specific energy of rice husk, water,
e = 3.926 kWli/kg b) Derived from waste e.g. municipal waste, animal
. · Capaoityofplant, C = 800 kW; and human excreta, forests, sewage etc.

Plant load facW - 0.8333 c) Biomass converted into liquids fuels

Actual energy generated, E e.g. methanol, ethanol etc.
Capacity of plant x time
Plants convert the sun energy into chemical energy
E
.0.8333 . = 800 x 24 (kWh) by the process called photosynthesis. It is the
process of combining atmospheric CO2 with water
E = 15999.36 kWh/day and light energy into carbohydrates and 02.
V!!~,~~!fs
I),
::::::~::.::;::::!6T
-2!6=:-=-:=-~=======~====;!~
Renewable Ener .
. ._,~Jr ! ngmeering (GTU)
- Land c .
hecb,, rops
A
rncludes
he,·ba th e sugaccane, ,weetsocghum
ceous plants ·1 . ', . kg
2. so_ lid concentration and l9a_dlng rate (0.2
B
io£no
. /~ ~
qua tic crops i nc Iude plants' s1 v1cultural plants · d,gesteccapadcy) · /,__ h,a_ '
- wate,
En e.g. algae 'see weeds etc.gcown on sea and mud 3 Retention. pedod (30 to 45 days) ·. Of

ergy conversion f . .
direct combustion th rom biomass are classified as 4. pH value (7 to 8)
j
conversion. The ' ermo chem. · I and biochemical
tea 5· Nutrients .concentration
process of co . '.i
p, T micro-organisms an nvers1on depends upon 6. Toxic substances .I
7 . Digester size and shape
- In direct co b . d culture condition.
m ustton the b. 8· Agitation of contents of digester
I

t
of Oif air to produce h tomass is burnt in presence
eat and by-pr d Biogas plants are classified·a·s ·:
combustion into ash i II . o ucts. It's complete
- In s ca ed mcineration 1. Continuous or batch . type w··h.i'ch may be s···
thermo chemical .
b' . conversion th stage type or two stag.e ~y'p_e. Ittgle
IOmass 1s converted . e organic
• into gaseou d .
gasification (with d fi . s an hquid fuels by 2· Dome a nd drum type which ·may be fl~ting
·· dr·.
e 1c1ent o / . type or fixed dome typ e. . · . . . . litti
(heating at 500 - 900oc . b z air) or pyrolysis
ma sence ofO) 2
- In ~ingle stage continua~~ type bioga~ plant
The biochemi ca I conversion of b" • entire process of conversion of_.bio'mass .into bio the .
metabolic action of microbial i~mass uses the having the stages of acid. formatipn .anp . me '5ets .
liquid and gaseous fuels eithe;r:;~:::;~t:;.o duce a
formation is carried out in single ~ig~ster wh::Qlle ·
1
anaerobic digestion of biomass. ,on or two stage type the acid formation and n'let e 11 ·
formation is carried out in different chambers. ha11e
Ferm~ntation is the process of decomposition of
organic compounds under the influence of micro- - In batch ~pe biogas plants the f~edink is d.011e 1. .
batches with large time int~rval ·between · 11 ··
organisms like yeast, bacteria, enzymes.
consecutive batches. · •. · . ·• ·· l:i.vo
Anaerobic digestion of biomass involves the
- Floating drum type biogas . .. plants . (f&IC
. . . .Ill Od_
conversion of decaying wet biomass and animal wastes
has the digester made in masonry consti-uction llrictel)
into biogas through the action of anaerobic bacteria. the ground level. a floating gas holder of mil cf ei-
Biogas generation can take place by digestion, called dome with inlet and otitlit slu~ry pjpes an:teel ·
pyrolysis or hydroga5ifka~ion. pipe. .. .· · · &as

Biogas can be produced from waste biomass by
fermenting organic materials in absence of air with
the help of anaerobic bacteria to breakdown
materials to intermediates into simple water soluble
organic compounds, then acid forming bacterial
produces acetic acid and propionic acid and finally
into methane and CO2 by anaerobic action of bacteria.
Advantages ofbiogas production are:
In fixed dome type .blogas . . . plants. the digest~i-
. . an.
the dome are combined and ~nclosed _, in _the salt\ ct
chamber. Examples are Janta_ or Ch1~ese . iliocte~
flex ible bag type, Deenbandhu plan~etc. . · .'
_ Factors consider in site selection·for locating the
biogas plant are :
1. Minimum distan.ce between, points ofprb<l.uc~lon
and consumption of gas: · · ·· ·

2. Open space for solar h_eat.

1. Waste used as fertilizer
2. Use biogas for cooling, lighting, as fuel for engines. 3. 10 m away from well.
. Availabil!ty of sufficient water.
3. Low cost of gas produc,tion. 4
s. sufficient space for operation.
factors affecting biogas production are :

-~~~-==~~--~---------------------------~---,..
1. Pressure and temperature (35oC - 3so CJ "" •
....
 y · .Renewable
. .
En
. er_gy Engineering (GTU) Bio Energy
.., B1ogas can be · . . 6-27
. . , used In diesel . . Another example is rice mill where the rice husk
engine by advaridng· . . . . engines as duel-fuel
• . .. · Injection ti · , can be used in boilers to generate steam for power
mixing. chamber b f . . ming and provision of
. .. e ore air clea f generation.
·and bi?gas: • . . .· ner or supply of gas
Exercls~
Ccrnversio~ of c~rtain bio-m .
are 1=a_lled hio-filels. . ass into alcohols and oils
[Note : For answers please refer the section number
- Blending ~f ~ii ~ith d; . lndicate_d In bracket.]
fuels can be used . S lresel is called _bio-dlesel. These
•. , • m .' and C.I engi_nes . 1. Deline biomass and biomass energy. Discuss various
. Gasification
. . . is the
. .·process
· of heating a solid biomass biomass resources with examples. (Section 6.1)
f.or . dconversio·
·n mto· gas m . presence of 2. Write a short note on photosynthesis process.
I1m1te· ·/deficientO 2 / a1r.
. The equipment used for the (Section 6.1.1)
•purpose is called gasifier. 3. Write a short note on availability of biomass from land
- Types of gasifiers ar~ : and aquatic crops. (Section 6.1.2)

J. Downdraft gasifier 4. What are the methods of converting biomass Into energy ?

2. Updraft gasifier
3. Cros.s draft gasifier
4. . Fiu!dize_Qbed gasifier
. . .
.- TM9as produceiby biomass can be used for cooking,
heating· of water, · drying, steam for industrial
application . and In. I.C. engines for production of
·power.·
Power generation from urban waste can be done
from following types: ·.
1. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) : It is sent to
landfill ?ite~ away from city and buried into the
pit,··The landfiU gas is generated by anaerobic
·digesti~n in ·2-3 months which is taken out
through ·pe_rforated pipes to storage tank. From
· storage·· taken, the gas is sent to gas turbine·
, gen,erator system through gas regulator for power
·. generat(on,
z. Power ·generatipn from liquid wastes like
(Section 6,2)
5. Write a note on direct combustion of biomass and its
applications. (Section 6.2.1)
6. What is biochemical conversion of biomass and how it Is
achieved ? (Section 6.2.3)
7. Write a note on biochemical conversion of biomass Into
liquid and gaseous fuels . (Section 6.2.3)
8. Write a short note on methods of biogas generation.
(Section 6.3)
9. Discuss the principle of biogas production· by anaerobic
digestion process. (Section 6.3.1)
1o. Discussion the factors which affect the biogas production
in details. (Section 6.4)
·11 . Discuss the classification of biogas plants. Differentiate
between single stage and two stage continuous blogas
plants and batch type plants. (Sections 6.5 and 6.6)
12. Describe the working of a floating drum type biogas plant
with the help of neat sketch. (Section 6.7.1)

'. sewage, distill~ry waste and pulp and paper mill 13. What are fixed dome type biogai, plants ? Discuss the
·black Hquor waste. These wastes can be used for working of the Chinese model with the help of a neat
power genera~ion. · sketch. (Sections 6.7.2 and 6.7.2(1))
3. Industrial . waste can be used in co-generation
14. compare the floating and fixed dome type biogas plants.
p; arits ,io r : heat and el ectricity e.g. In su~ar
·. . ·d t . we· have bagasse based co-generation (Sections 6.7.1 and 6.7.2)
. in us ry .
ar)d bi-product of ethanol is produced,

: . . .
~ -~-·
 1Jr Renewable Energy Engineering (GTU)
Bfo Energy
6-28 .:a

15. Describe the working of Deenbandhu model of bioga,s 22. What are th'e reactions ph~ses taking plac!3 ih a digester? , ,, I

model. (Section 6.7.2(3)) Mention the various facto~s _affecting generation of biog a~ . .':\. 1'
16. Write a short note on site selection for installation of (Sections 6.3 and 6.4) :-:. 1'
'.: g
biogas plants. (Section 6.10) 23. Write a short note on : "Energy
. '
Piantation.'\
. (Secticm
. '
6.13) .·
' :: .1

17. What is the composition of blogas and its salient

properties ? (Section 6.11)

18. Discuss the method by which the biogas can be used in

24. What Is MSW ? How it can be us'~.d. fdr .pow_

(Section 6.16.1)
25. What is landfill gas and h;w it •can
. . e. rgeneratiori

be. use.d
. .

for powe(
?.:
. .
•.. ..; 1
·..
•• • .(}
n.
diesel engines. What are its advantages ? generation ? Explain with the hel't) of a blo~~ '.dlagram, . ·.: '.; .

_:,;t
' l -!
(Section 6.11.2) (Section 6.16.2)
19. Define and discuss the use of bio-fuels. (Section 6.12) 26. What are the types of municipa! liquid wa$te: ? Discuss ••· ··. ' '' }
. -· if

20. What are the advantages of energy plantation ? power gen~ration using sewaQe with the 'help of r:ieaf )1
J

(Section 6.13) sketch. (Sections 6.17 and 6.17.1) . ·,

21. Describe in brief a community type biogas plant.

(Section 6.8)

,1 . •

.> I

.; t

, I'.