Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION III – CENTRAL LUZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TARLAC PROVINCE
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READING AND WRITING SKILLS THIRD QUARTER
Compendium of Notes
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I. LEARNING COMPETENCY (Q3, MELC1):

Compare and contrast pattern of written text across discipline.
II. Topic
Identify the different patterns of development
Narration
III. Duration
1 hour/day
IV. Key Concepts
Pattern of Development- a logical arrangement of ideas. The pattern helps you follow
ideas easily and understand a text better. Help you distinguish major details from minor
ones and predict ideas.
PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
1. Narration
2. Description
3. Definition
4. Comparison
5. Contrast
6. Comparison and Contrast
7. Exemplification
8. Classification
9. Cause and Effect
10. Persuasion
11. Problem – Solution
1. NARRATION
• tells a story. It relates an incident or a series of events that leads to a series of
events that leads to a conclusion or ending. It tells the readers when, where and
what happened.
• is usually used in humanities. In writing class, for instance, you can write about
a particular event or situation.
NARRATIVE PARAGRAPH
• contain action verb and transition words that indicate time or sequence.
 • tells a part of a story in the first person. It shows a sequence of events
connected by transition words.
Transition Words Used to Signal Time or Sequence Order
first, second, etc., after, next, then, eventually, soon, meanwhile, a short time
later, during, at the same time, simultaneously, suddenly, instantly,
momentarily, the next day, following, thereafter, then, suddenly, finally,
momentarily, and the next day
Also, action words like was walking, ran and fell - are used to indicate
movement.

2.DESCRIPTION

gives information of what a person, an object, a place, or a situation is like. It appeals to

the readers senses, it makes the reader see, hear, taste, smell, or feel the subject.
DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPH
has concrete and specific details, which are carefully chosen by a writer to point a picture
in the mind of the reader. Examples of writing genres that use descriptive paragraphs:
• Literary analyses
• Business plans
• Laboratory reports
• Descriptive essays
• Research papers

3. DEFINITION- explains a concept, term, or subject. Its main purpose is to tell what
something is. This pattern of development is commonly used in the sciences,
humanities, and business.
Three Parts of Definition
1. The term, concept or subject to be defined,
2. The general class to which it belongs and;
3. The characteristics that differentiates it from the other members of its class.
Tips
> You can develop your paragraphs in any pattern that suits your writing purposes.
> Use narration to relate incidents on a series of events. ( Remember to use
transition words that indicate time and sequence)
> Use description to tell what someone or something is like. ( Remember to use
concrete and specific details)
> Use definition to explain a concept, term, or subject. (Remember to give specific
characteristics of what you are defining)

4.COMPARISON - to compare person, things, places, events, situations, or ideas is to

show how they are alike. You need to identify the points of comparison and make a list of
similar characteristics or qualities for each point of comparison.
Words that signal similarities
Also, like, both, as..as, similarly, in the same way, equally important

5.CONTRAST - to contrast persons, things, places, events, situations, or ideas is to show

they are different. To do so, you need to make a list of the characteristics or qualities of the
subjects and then identify the differences between them.
Words that signal contrast
But, however, though, on the other hand, in contrast

6.COMPARISON AND CONTRAST - A paragraph developed by comparison and

contrast has a unifying idea or purpose. Also, it must be balanced in such a way that there
is an equal amount of information for each subject to avoid bias.

7.EXEMPLIFICATION
• the main idea is explained by giving an extended example on a series of detailed
examples.
8.CLASIFICATION
• refers to sorting or arranging subjects (e.g. persons, places, things, ideas) into groups
or categories according to their common or shared characteristic.
• The subjects be grouped in many different ways defending on your purpose in mind,
you can determine how to group the subjects in your list.
• The group or category should have a single basis of classification.
USING EXEMPLIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION
• You can use both exemplification and classification in developing a paragraph. You
can begin by classifying some ideas and then explain each idea by giving examples.
• It shows proves, or explains a general idea or point by using examples.
• Classification refers to sorting or arranging subjects into groups or categories according
to their common or shared characteristics. The group or category should have a single
basis of classification, and the grouping or categorization must suit the purpose. You
can use both exemplification and in developing a paragraph
1 hour/day

9. CAUSE AND EFFECT

• is simply ‘’ why something happens, “and an effect is “what happen.” With the
cause-and- effect pattern, the writer can explain how an event or action leads to
another. The following words can be used to signal cause and effect; as a result,
accordingly because of (this) due to (this) consequently hence/ therefore

Three Different Ways to Use the Cause and Effect Pattern in Writing
1. Cause to effect
2. Effect to cause
3. Consecutive cause and effect

Cause to Effect
• The cause, which can be an event or action, can be stated right at the beginning
of a paragraph, followed by sentences stating the effects.
• This type of organization is best for explaining a single cause with different
effects.

Effect to Cause
• The effect can be stated at the beginning of the text, followed by sentences and
paragraphs that expound on the causes.
• This type of organization is best for presenting a single effect with different
causes.
 Consecutive cause and effect
• In this type of organization, the causes, each with its corresponding effect, are
tackled one by one in a few sentences or a paragraph. The writer explains each
cause and effect completely before moving on to the next cause and effect.

10.PERSUASION

A persuasive paragraph intends to convince readers or believe in something. Many writing

genres such as critiques or reviews, reaction papers, editorials, proposals, advertisements,
and brochures make a strong use of persuasive paragraphs to state opinions and to influence
others.
Three techniques that you can use in developing a persuasive paragraph:
1. Using evidence. You can use strong evidence such as facts and statistics,
statement of expert authorities, and research findings to create impact and
establish credibility
2. Giving examples. Providing examples can enhance your idea or opinion and
make it concrete. These examples can be based on observations or from your
own personal experience. When using examples, they must be concrete,
relevant, and reasonable.
3. Attacking an opposing View. In this persuasive technique, you assert your
opinion by attacking or criticizing someone or an opposing idea. Belittling
someone’s idea, dismissing the credibility of someone or an idea, and making
fun of someone’s idea are some forms of attack that can be used to strengthen
your opinion. However, this technique can insult or alienate the readers if
excessively done.

11.PROBLEM SOLUTION
• A problem in general is an unsatisfactory situation that causes troubles or
difficulties Therefore, it needs a solution, a way to deal with the situation so that
the troubles or difficulties are removed.
• In writing across disciplines, the problem- solution pattern of development is used
to deal with topics that pose problems and present solutions in a logical manner.
Variation of the problem- solution pattern
• The problem – solution pattern is a straight forward approach. The problem is
expressed in a simple statement, and, a possible solution is given.
• In a problem- cause solution pattern, the cause of the problem is identified and
analyzed before a possible solution is presented.
• In a problem- process-solution pattern, the process or procedure is discussed
extensively.
• In the discussion, the problem is addressed; the readers are led to the solution.

Source:
https;//www slideshare.net/aliciamargaretjavelosa/patterns-of-development-reading-
and-writing