DETERMINANTS OF EMOTIONAL HEALTH AMONG RADIOLOGIC

TECHNOLOGISTS: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY IN PUBLIC

TERTIARY HOSPITALS IN DAVAO REGION

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Graduate Program

College of Allied Health Sciences

Davao Doctors College, Inc.

Gen. Malvar St., Davao City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

of Master of Science in Radiologic Technology

Rosendo R. Dacuyan Jr., RRT

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 May 2021

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Emotional health is the ability to express feelings that are based upon the

information that were processed. When people are emotionally healthy, they are aware of

their respective emotions and have the ability to cope up with life’s challenges (Ramos,

2017). Emotionally healthy people also feel stress, anger and sadness, but they have the

ability to control their thoughts, feelings, emotions and behavior, and radiologic

technologists working in hospitals are exposed in a very stressful environment that could

affect their health emotions poorly. Whereas an emotionally healthy health care

professional can work productively and able to promote a better interaction with other

healthcare staff, and improve their well-being; hence produce a positive outcome and

efficient services to their patients, families, and communities (Laos, 2018).

Health care professionals are required to have a strong sense of interpersonal

awareness and a commitment to their emotional health to manage complex health care

professional-patient interactions. A contributing factor to emotional health is the

‘professional face’ wherein the emotional health of radiologic technologists in practice is

maintained. They further concluded that ‘professional face’ is an important strategy to

enable delivery of quality care even though it may result in emotional containment.

However, problems related to their emotional health has been documented globally.

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 In USA, approximately, 35-41% among radiologic technologists were affected by

poor emotional health (Maharaj, et al. 2018). According to Cecil and Glass (2015) in

their qualitative approach of research in Australia, emotions play a crucial role within

healthcare professional-patient relationships. Furthermore, in Saudi Arabia, during an

epidemic of an infectious disease, many healthcare workers including radiologic

technologists on the front lines caring for patients with the disease suffer from emotional

health problems (Khee, 2014). At the peak of the 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory

Syndrome (SARS) epidemic in Taiwan, healthcare professionals at a hospital caring for

27 suspected cases had trouble with emotional and psychological problems, such as

anxiety, depression, and hostility (Chen, Cheng, Chung, & Lin, 2015).

A study of Chan and Huak (2014) in Singapore stated that 27% of healthcare

workers during the SARS outbreak were reported to have emotional and psychiatric

symptoms (Chan & Huak, 2014). These findings indicate that emotional health problems

of health care professionals fighting such novel infectious diseases need to be considered.

There is also rare empirical evidence of emotional stigma among primary

healthcare providers during the COVID 19 pandemic in Manila, Philippines (Verma,

2020). Stigma was also considered as a source of perceived emotional stress (Crocker,

2020). Consistent with this, previous studies have found stigma to be related to stress not

only in people living with infectious disease but also in the healthcare professionals

caring for them (Hernandez, Morgan, & Parshall, 2016). Considering that perceived tress

is well known to a predictor of emotional health, stigma may indirectly influence

emotional health via stress (Gomes, Faria, & Lopes, 2016). With a similar perspective,

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Hatzenbuehler, Phelan, and Link (2013) noticed that stress might mediate the linkage of

stigma to emotional health outcomes.

Radiologic technologists played various roles in the environment of a patient’s

total healing being their immediate influential interaction force. They spend more time

with their clients, thus the need to be emotionally healthy is what makes the quality of

care therapeutic. Locally, there is a dearth in a published study highlighting the status of

the emotional health of radiologic technologists in Davao City. With these contentions,

the researcher is prompted to determine the level of emotional health among radiologic

technologists in Public Tertiary Hospitals in Region XI.

Review of Related Literature

The purpose of this literature review is to examine various approaches to

understanding emotional health among radiologic technologists and looking at the models

developed in an attempt to define emotional health.

Being emotionally healthy does not mean you are happy all the time. It means

you are aware of yourself and your emotions. You find ways to deal with them, whether

they are positive or negative. Emotionally healthy people have master or control over

these parameters, Emotional management, Self-Awareness, Good interpersonal

relationship and a means of coping effectively to any problems they face (International

Journal of Caring Sciences, 2015).

Emotional Health

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 Emotional health is defined as a state of well-being in which every individual

realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work

productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community

(WHO, 2016).

Emotional health is an important part of overall health. People who are

emotionally healthy are usually in control of their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. They

are able to cope with life’s challenges. They can keep problems in perspective and

bounce back from setbacks.

Being emotionally healthy does not mean you are happy all the time. It means you

are aware of yourself and your emotions. You find ways to deal with them, whether they

are positive or negative. Emotionally healthy people still feel anger, and sadness. But

they know how to manage their negative feelings. They can tell when a problem is more

than they can handle on their own and find ways to cope with the problem (Yu, 2017).

Demographic Profile

Health-care providers, especially radiologic professionals, are considered a

professional group with high risk of emotional health. The negative effects of diversity on

demographic variables on emotional health have been extensively reported (Shirom,

2013), and all the reports indicate that escalating, profound and rapid changes in

organizations and demographics are increasingly causing emotional stress to affect the

workforce (McGowan, 2011). Though such effects concern all professions, the

professionals of services and health attention seem to be particular victims of this

situation.

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 Among the different health professions, radiologic technologists have been

considered a profession highly susceptible to stress. Emotional stress is considered a

problem that affects the practice worldwide (Butterwoth,2013). For example, a Swedish

study reported that 80% of the nurses had high or very high levels of stress (Peterson,

2015). The effect of stress has been considered an important cause of decreasing

emotional health and reduction in the level of efficiency of health care professionals

(Kendrick, 2010). Among the socio-demographic factors, age has been the factor most

consistently related to emotional burnout (Maslach, 2011).

A study of Kleinbaum (2014) of 473 health care professionals from three General

Hospitals in Madrid (Spain) completed a self-report. All participants had experience in

actual serving in hospitals and interacted with patients. A total of 89.6% of the

participants were female with a mean age of 27.15 years (SD ¼ 10.44). Most of the

participants had a regular partner (61.8%), had no children (79.9%), and the majority

(61.5%) spent more than 80% of their working time interacting with patients, attending

an average of 15 patients daily. About 58.8% of them taking part in this study worked in

the morning or on rotating shifts. Results suggested that all the variables combined

accounted for 53% of the variance in emotional exhaustion. Among socio-demographic

characteristics, age and job status were significant predictors and accounted for 16% of

the variance in emotional exhaustion. Workload, experience with death, and conflictive

interaction were significant predictors of emotional exhaustion and accounted for 26% of

the variance. Ten percent of the variance of emotional exhaustion was explained by

commitment and control. Among all predictors, workload was the most important

variable to predict emotional exhaustion.

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 He also added that in the prediction of the emotional burnout sub-dimensions by

hierarchical regression, socio-demographic variables were entered in the first step, and

only age and job status were significantly related to emotional burnout. Younger ones

reported higher levels of burnout than those over 30 or 40 years old. The meta-analysis of

Brewer and Shapard (2014) about the effects of age and experience on burnout provides

support for this outcome. The diverse professional status was also predictive, so that

younger ones had less burnout than professional ones. Beck (2015), using a qualitative

methodology, and Bauer (2013), in the area of stress, found similar outcomes. The

different effect of overload and conflict might be one of the possible reasons for these

differences. Professional burnout may act as a model, the symptoms of which are

imitated through a process of emotional contagion (Bakker et al., 2005). In the three sub-

dimensions of burnout, more than 10% of the variance was explained by socio-

demographic factors.

Successful Coping

Health care professionals encounter a lot of physical, psychological and social

stressors at work. Because the adverse effects of job stress on the health of this group of

staff and subsequently on the quality of care services provided by health care

professionals; study and identify how they cope with the job stress is very important and

can help prevent the occurrence of unfavorable outcomes. Authorities have defined

coping as cognitive and behavioral attempts to control the internal and external demands

in encountering the surrounding environment (Lambert, 2016).

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 Coping reactions to stress include activities in the social and spiritual side of

human and in fact, it is considered as calming and stabilizing agent which may help

individuals in maintaining their mental peace during stressful events. Thus, all responses

to an environmental event may be as important as the event itself (Global Journal of

Health Science, 2016).

Knowledge about the coping strategies that individuals use to adapt to stress can

direct the actions of health care professionals and managers to mitigate and cope with

stressors, leading to a healthier work environment with fewer problems. The stressors are

coped with according to the meaning they have for those involved (Kaplan, 2016).

Coping with a problem means trying to overcome what is causing stress, redirecting the

meaning attributed to the difficulties, guiding the life of the individual, and maintaining

stable physical, psychological and social states. These stressors must be identified so that

coping measures are taken, in order to minimize illness and promote the well-being of

workers, their quality of life and motivation to work, therefore resulting in better patient

care (Paulista, 2015).

Self Esteem

The development of self-esteem begins with infancy in response to environmental

stimuli and is one of the most important evolutionary processes (Papanis, 2011). It is a

product of interaction with significant persons like parents, siblings, and friends and

generally with the environment and therefore is determined by the quality of the

interaction and experiences (Wilson & Dunn 2014). The self- esteem correlates perfectly

with the way one experiences the reality, no matter true or false perceptions (Makri-

Botsari, 2013).

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 The positive experience leads to high self-esteem, while the experience of failure

or rejection leads to low self-esteem (Munson, 2012). Once formed, it acts as a criterion

for all the experiences and individual abilities and influence on self and sense of self-

worth

(Papanis, 2011).

Self-esteem is a developmental phenomenon because it is formed and will vary

over time and dynamic phenomenon, because although it has stability data is open to

change (Wilson & Dunn 2014). So, while, Klaun (2015) generally considers that is

a stable characteristic of an adult, the contemporary researchers believe that it is a

developmental process that is affected by new situations and events. It is still considered

as a self-reinforcing phenomenon (Papanis, 2014). High self-esteem is associated with

the close, supportive relationships within the family, while negative relationships with

family members or absence of a close relationship of trust are associated with low self-

esteem (Mann, 2010). Other factors that interact and contribute to the formation, is the

individual skills, interests, the financial position and the influence of the external

environment, which as has been argued by Baumeister (2011) for many people is so

great that self esteem is formed through the acceptance of others and interrelationship.

Generally, when a person achieves to equate self-concept with the requirements of the

environment, the self-esteem is increased (Papanis, 2011).

Such interrelationship is continuing, ranging from a low to high effectiveness

ratio in health professional care. In order to help patients and work alongside peers,

health care professionals mus consider the skills and tools that are involved in effective

communication. From being aware of potential barriers blocking effective

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communication to utilizing integral communication skills, health care professionals can

take steps toward providing better care (Nesse, 2015).

It also includes the reflection on how our attitude and belief can influence others.

If one can build up self-awareness early in one’s own life then one can easily understand

another person better (International Journal of Caring Sciences, 2015).

The importance of such is also for personal growth; it helps an individual to be

aware and to manage self and to improve performance to an optimum level. It further

helps in setting appropriate and realistic goals, and career and manages personal life

difficulties. But it first starts with the understanding and acknowledging of its importance

in life.

According to Eckroth-Bucher (2017), this is always discussed and considered as

the most important and essential aspect of a health care professional. In addition, with the

insight that, this will lead to competency in provision of high quality professional care

and finally greater satisfaction in client care. Further analysis of different literature shows

that self esteem is a dynamic and transformative process of self-reflection and change.

Eventually, this is the use of self-assessment to analyze and guide behavior in a genuine

way; which enables health care professionals to create an environment, which helps in

promoting interpersonal relationship with the patients. Thus it helps in recovery process

by providing therapeutic environment (International Journal of Caring Sciences, 2015).

This has long been a fundamental for the health care professional with the

accepted view that self-esteem will lead to greater competence and performance in the

work area. This is a dynamic, transformative process of self. Ultimately, self-esteem is

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the use of self-insights and presence knowingly to guide behavior that is genuine and

authentic to create a healing interpersonal environment (Advances in Nursing Practice,

2016).

Possessing this trait indicates that the health care professional has arrived at a

philosophical belief about life, and the overall human condition. Introspection is critical

to the development of self-understanding. It involves objectively examining one's

personal beliefs, attitudes, motivations, strengths, and limitations. This process is

believed to be important because health care professional's psychological state influences

the way patient is treated and cared for. Additionally, health care professional’s social

biases can influence the way they interact with clients. This process of personal

introspection adds dimension to the health care professional-client relationship and is

pertinent to understanding client responses, thus enabling them to explore further issues

and deliver adequate care for the patient (Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental

Health Services, 2018).

Stress

Professional job stress has been studied and identified often in occupations with

high physical, emotional, and psychological demands and low personal autonomy. Health

care professionals are typical example of a high stress occupation, as they must interact

with other professionals frequently to perform required work (Decker & Shellenbarger,

2012). Although they share many of the same stressors as qualified health care providers,

they are at the lowest level of the hierarchical ladder. They share responsibilities for the

patient and family of the patients (Watson, Yanhua, Smith, Wong, & Deary, 2013). The

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stress response occurs regardless of the stressor, whether physical, emotional or

psychological or both types of stress (Selye, 2014). Individual reactions to stress are not

isolated events, but the outcome of previous experiences. Holistically the dynamic

interaction of coping responses, personality, and social support all affect the stress

response as they are exposed to multiple challenging experiences during their academic

career (Jimenez, Navia-Osorio, & Diaz, 2012).

According to Cleverism (2016), very simply, emotion management skills have to

be taken into consideration to master one’s own emotions and stresses. Emotional

management is the ability to realize, readily accept, as well as successfully control

feelings in his/herself which is known as the emotional management skill. For developing

emotional management skills, being open to one’s thoughts and feelings is not enough.

One must have complete authority over changing one’s thoughts and feelings that are

generated whenever one’s values are touched by the actions of a person or an event. This

is important because the change in your thoughts and feelings is what helps change your

emotions, preventing from reactive outbursts (Goleman, 2016).

The health care worker profession is probably one of the most rewarding but also

the most emotionally challenging career. To succeed, one requires a high level of

emotional intelligence and self-regulation. As a healthcare professional, one is bound to

interpret the phenomenon of illness and death based on personal understanding and

beliefs (Hassmiller, 2017).

A number of key facts stand out when it comes to handling stressful aspects of

being a health care professional (Boyatzis, 2015). These include ineffective coping, lack

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of preparation, beliefs, and personal fears. In response, healthcare workers are

increasingly placing emphasis on the need for better preparation towards better

adaptation. If no coping strategies are developed, the professionals experience fear and

anxiety. Ultimately, the lack of preparations may lead to decrease in the quality of patient

care (Derksen, 2017).

Managing emotions is more complicated. The situation is worsened by the need to

handle the emotions of both patients and their relatives (Goergen, 2016). A lack of

exposure to this aspect as part of health care worker profession orientation compounds

the situation. People handle emotional or stressful events differently. For some,

maintaining composure comes naturally while others need to learn self-regulation.

Emotional intelligence is as important as cognitive abilities and technical skills in

determining competence in the healthcare profession (Gerits, 2018).

Identifying and accepting one’s emotions is a vital step towards becoming

emotionally intelligent (Kane, 2017). This allows you to prepare when faced with

stressful situations. From handling irate patients to dealing with the loss of life, it is

important to identify your areas of weakness (ECPI University, School of Medicine,

2015).

The ability to identify and manage emotions and the emotions of others is known

as emotional intelligence or EI. According to a study conducted in Boston, it was found

that EI was twice as important as technical skills and cognitive abilities in determining

leadership ability. It was also found that successful health care professionals tend to have

average or above average EI. Because the evidence overwhelmingly supports the idea

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that developing one’s EI is essential to becoming a happy and successful worker, it is

essential that one takes the steps necessary to get in touch with one’s emotions and

deliver the appropriate actions and care to the patient (Humpel, 2017).

Emotional intelligence can help health care professionals to build better rapport

with patients, peers and management, which can in turn create fewer barriers to quality

care (Jordan, 2016). Emotional intelligence will allow one to interpret when a patient is

angry, in pain, happy or sad. Understanding their emotions will help in one’s approach. If

they are in pain, one will not take them lashing out at the individual personally. If a

patient is sad, then they may need time alone or may not want to talk to the staff (Hooper,

2015).

Better emotional management can also help health care professionals create a

better work-life balance, enabling them to identify and deal with emotions from the job. It

can also help one be more self-aware and accept constructive criticism in order to better

oneself as a health care professional. Health care professionals with emotional

intelligence resolve conflicts more easily with creativity, cooperation and by staying calm

under stress (Flavin, 2018).

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored on James’ Theory of Emotion (1890). The theory states

that the emotions are caused by the interpretation of bodily reactions. The theory is that

when an event occurs, our body reacts, then one feels the emotion after the brain

interprets that physiological (body) change. Events cause physiological (bodily) arousal

then interpret the certain arousal. It is after the interpretation, one shows emotion.

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 Nurturing the emotional intelligence, the nurses to have more positive

attitude, better relationships and increase adaptability (Lang, 1994). High emotional

intelligence is important to satisfy the demand of patient care in nursing. They can

emotionally cope with stress and deliver better service while achieving superior outcomes

(Lyon, 1994).

In addition, this research is also based on Jean Watson’s philosophy and

Theory of Transpersonal Caring in 1979. This focuses on how medical workers care for

their patients, how that caring progresses into better plans to promote health and

wellness, prevent illness and restore health. The best main idea of the model states that

caring can be demonstrated and practiced by health care professionals. The theory covers

the whole world of health care workers: With the emphasis on interpersonal process

between the caregiver and care recipient. Watson’s theory is focused on the centrality of

human caring and on the caring-to-caring transpersonal relationship and its healing

potential for both the one who is caring and the one who is being cared for (Watson,

1999).

Furthermore, she stated that health care professional seems to be responding to

the various demands of the machinery with less consideration of the needs of the person

attached to the machine (Watson, 2006). In Watson’s view, the disease might be cured,

but illness would remain because, without caring, health is not attained. Caring is the

essence of nursing and connotes responsiveness between the health care professional and

the person; the health care worker co-participates with the person. Watson contends that

caring can assist the person to gain control, become knowledgeable, and promote health

changes (Watson, 1999).

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 In fact, Watson’s model makes seven assumptions: (1) Caring can be effectively

demonstrated and practiced only interpersonally. (2) Caring consists of curative factors

that result in the satisfaction of certain human needs. (3) Effective caring promotes health

and individual or family growth. (4) Caring responses accept the patient as he or she is

now, as well as what he or she may become. (5) A caring environment is one that offers

the development of potential while allowing the patient to choose the best action for him

or herself at a given point in time. (6) A science of caring is complementary to the

science of curing. (7) The practice of caring is central to all health care professionals

(Watson, 1999).

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Demographic Profile Emotional Health

 Sex 1. Successful coping,

 Age 2. Self-esteem; and,
 Marital Status 3. Stress
 Educational Attainment
 Employment Status
 Frontline Status
 Years in Service

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

In the conceptual framework, the group has the independent and dependent variables.

Under the independent variable includes sex, age, marital Status, educational Attainment,

employment status, frontline status and years in service. The dependent variable is the

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emotional health of the radiologic technologists. It includes successful coping, self-

esteem, and stress.

Statement of the problem

The purpose of this study is to describe the level of emotional health among

radiologic technologists in Region XI. It will also determine the demographic factor

associated with the level of their emotional health. Specifically, it aims to answer the

following question:

1. What is the demographic-profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Sex;

1.2 Age;

1.3 Marital Status;

1.4 Educational Attainment;

1.5 Employment Status;

1.6 Frontline Status; and

1.7 Years in Service?

2. What is the level of emotional health of the respondents in terms of;

2.1 Successful coping;

2.2 Self-esteem; and

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 2.3 Stress?

3. Is there a significant relationship between demographic profile and emotional health

among radiologic technologists in selected public tertiary hospitals in Davao

Region?

4. What demographic profiles significantly predict emotional health among radiologic

technologists in selected public tertiary hospitals in Davao Region?

Hypotheses:
This study will be guided by the following hypothesis to be tested at 0.05 level of

significance:

Ho1: There is no significant relationship between demographic profile and emotional

health among radiologic technologists in selected public tertiary hospitals in Davao

Region

Ho2: Demographic profiles significantly predict emotional health among radiologic

technologists in selected public tertiary hospitals in Davao Region

Definition of Terms

The following terms are operationally defined for clarity and understanding.

Demographics. This refers to the factors that predict level of emotional health of

radiologic technologists such as sex, age, marital status, educational attainment,

employment status, frontline status, and Years in Service.

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 Emotional health. This describes on how the radiologic technologists control

their feelings, thoughts, behaviors and how they are able to cope up with the challenges

they face in taking care of patients.

Self Esteem. This refers to the confidence in radiologic technologists’ own worth

or abilities during working hours.

Stress. This refers to the emotional strain or tension experienced by the radiologic

technologists in a workplace.

Successful coping. This refers to how the radiologic technologist manages his/her

emotions and how to find solutions to overcome the problem.

Significance of the Study

Since the aim of this study is to determine the correlation between the

demographic profile and emotional health among radiologic technologists. The content of

the said research will be deemed beneficial to the following population;

Patients. The result of this study is beneficial to the patients because the

radiologic technologists will be able to control their emotions and perform procedures

and interventions of the best quality.

Radiologic Technologists. This study aims to help radiologic technologists to

promote self-awareness for them to give the best quality of patient care. Also, this allows

them to give importance not only to their patient’s welfare but also to theirs. Also, the

study presented will facilitate them to formulate new strategies on how to handle

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emotional crisis and participate in activities that will help co workers know one-self in

order for them to control their emotions towards giving care for their patients.

Hospitals. To encourage certain health care centers to continue their programs in

conducting activities that will help their health care professionals to increase self-

awareness to be able to control their emotions in providing patient care both in the

community and in the hospital.

Future Researchers. This study will serve as their cross reference that will give

them a background or an overview about the importance of managing emotional health

among radiologic technologists for them to achieve the quality of patient care they should

imply. The ideas presented may also be used as a reference data in conducting new

research about emotional health among radiologic technologists.

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 Chapter 2

METHODS

This part of the research will be focused more on the following aspects; (i) research

design, (ii) research setting, (iii) research participants, research procedure, (iv) and the

scope and limitations of the study. This will further enhance both the researcher and the

reader’s knowledge on the research.

Research Design
The design of the research in this study will be utilizing the descriptive-

correlational design, wherein the researcher will describe the demographic profile and

emotional health of radiologic technologists. The researcher will also outline the

correlation and determine the significant association between the respondent’s

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demographic profile and emotional health among radiologic technologists in selected

public tertiary hospitals in Davao Region. This study is also predictive in nature since the

study will attempt to determine what factors will significantly predict respondents’

emotional health status.

Research Setting

The research study will be conducted in Region 11, Mindanao, Philippines

particularly in Davao City and Tagum City. Region 11 or commonly known as Davao

Region is located on the Southeastern portion of Mindanao, Davao region comprises 5

provinces: Davao de Oro, Davao del Norte, Davao Oriental, Davao Occidental, and

Davao del Sur.  The region has six cities, namely: Davao, Digos, Mati, Panabo, Samal,

and Tagum; and 44 municipalities, grouped into 11 congressional districts and divided

into 1,162 barangays. The region covers a total land area of 19,673 sq.km. Its premier

city is Davao City which has an area of 2,444 sq. km.

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 Fig. 2 Site map

Research Participants

The researcher will cater radiologic technologists from the setting through the use

of Slovin’s technique and the following criteria; (i) must be currently employed as a

radiologic technologist in the affiliating hospital, (ii) must have at least 1 year of

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experience in the affiliating hospital, and (iii) must be 18 years old and above regardless

of sex, civil and economic status.

Research Instruments

This section will tackle on how the participants will respond to the study

presented by the researcher.

In order to gather the data, the researcher will determine the number of

participants through the use of Slovin’s formula. The said participants will be the

radiologic technologists in Region XI.

The researcher will utilize an adopted inclined with the emotional health among

the radiologic technologists with the following indicators such as successful coping, self

esteem, and stress. The questionnaire is adopted from the study of Lopez and Dresch

(2008) which is entitled, “The 12 Item General Health Questionnaire”.

The first part of the questionnaire is the socio demographic profile of the

radiologic technologists which is enumerated as sex, age, marital status, educational

attainment, employment status, frontline status, and years in service. The second is

composed of the statements on the emotional health which indicates matters on

successful coping, self-esteem, and stress.

The ratings are described as follows:

Range of Means        Description                Interpretation

4.21-5.00                      Very High                  The respondents always
exhibit good emotional health.
 
3.41-4.20                     High                            The respondents oftentimes exhibit
good emotional health.

24
  
2.61-3.40                     Moderate                    The respondents occasionally
exhibit good emotional health.

1.81-2.60                     Low                             The respondents rarely exhibit

good emotional health.
 
1.00-1.80                     Very Low                    The respondents never exhibit
good emotional health.

Ethical considerations

Ethical guidelines will be observed during conducting the study to ensure the

correct means or ways to gather data used by the researcher considering ethical aspect of

the research, the respondents will be given enough time to depict or describe view on the

research questions. Identities of the respondents will be confidential as strictly agreed

upon the signing of the informed consent. The ethical aspect of research will be

considered throughout the research.

Risk of participants. Participants in the research study will be informed about

the aims and objectives of the study. Confidentiality of the participants will be strictly

protected. Research participants should not be subjected to harm in any ways whatsoever.

Respect for the dignity participants will be prioritized.

Confidentiality. Full consent will be obtained from the participants prior to the

study. No information and identification about the participants will be written in the

research study. The protection of the privacy of research participants will be ensured.

Voluntarily Participation. Voluntary participation of respondents in the research

is important. Moreover, participants have rights to withdraw from the study at any stage

if the participants wish to do so.

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 Informed Consent. Informed consent will be obtained before the conducting the

interview. Researchers will provide sufficient information about the consent participants

will be fully informed. Considered and freely given the decision or not to do so, without

the exercise of any coercion or pressure.

Proper Data Gathering. The questions will not contain any degrading

discriminating or any other unacceptable language that would be offensive to any of the

participants. The researcher will analyze the data questions in a manner that avoids

misstatements, misinterpretations, or fraudulent analysis.

Research Procedure

In the descriptive study, collection of research data will be done in chronological

order: An approval to conduct the study will be obtained from the Program Chair of

Davao Doctors College. Next, an approval to conduct the study will be obtained from the

Head of research team of a public tertiary hospital. After the permission will be granted,

the researcher will use an adopted survey questionnaire to determine the emotional health

of radiologic technologists to quality of patient care. The researcher will give out the

questionnaires to the respondents after expressing their consent to participate. The

respondents will be chosen using Slovin’s formula sampling method. When the

questionnaires will be filled up by the respondents, the data gathered will be processed,

computed, analyzed and interpreted. Basing from the findings that will be generated,

conclusions and recommendations will be made and, consequently, a proposed affiliation

policy enhancement will be formulated.

Statistical Tool

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 In order to have a further understanding in describing and correlating the gathered

data, the researchers will be using the following statistical tools;

Frequency and percentage. This statistical tool will be utilized as a mean to

determine the demographic profile of the respondents.

Statistical Mean. This will be applied to define the level of emotional health and

the level of quality of patient care delivered by the respondents.

Pearson chi square. This statistical tool will be used to determine the significant

association between demographic profile (nominalized) and emotional health.

Pearson R. This statistical tool will be used to determine the significant

association between demographic profile (continuous) and emotional health.

Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis will

be used to determine the demographic profiles that will significantly influence their

emotional health status.

Scope and Limitations of the study

This study will be focused on describing the level of emotional health among

radiologic technologists in selected public tertiary hospitals in Davao Region. This study

is purely quantitative in nature, underlying reasons on behind their emotional health will

not be exhausted in the study. The study will be accomplished in whole month of

November. Emotional health outside the study duration is another limitation.

27
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SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Emotional Health Among Radiologic Technologists IN

PART I. DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION QUESTIONNAIRE

Please provide the following information by either checking or filling in the necessary
information. In accordance with the ethics of research, your responses will be treated
with utmost confidentiality. Thank you for participating in this part of my research.

Name (Optional):_______________________________
Age:____________
Sex: ( ) Male ( ) Female

31
 Highest Educational Attainment: ( ) Bachelor’s Degree
( ) Masters Level
( ) Master’s Degree
( ) Doctorate Level
( ) Doctorate Degree

Employment Status: ( ) Contractual

( ) Regular

Marital Status: ( ) Single. ( ) Married ( ) Widowed ()

Separated
Years in Service: _________
Frontline Status: ( ) Frontline ( ) Non-Frontline

PART 2

Directions: Please write / to the number which corresponds to your perception

towards the EMOTIONAL HEALTH AMONG RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGISTS
in the boxes provided below using the following scale.

EMOTIONAL HEALTH
LEGEND
Score Verbal Description Verbal Interpretation
4 Strongly Agree This means that the emotional health of radiologic
technologists is very high.
3 Agree This means that the emotional health of radiologic
technologists is high.
2 Disagree This means that the emotional health of radiologic
technologists is low.
1 Strongly Disagree This means that the emotional health of radiologic
technologists is very low.

EMOTIONAL HEALTH 1 2 3 4
Have you…
1. Been able to concentrate on whatever you are doing?

2. Lost much sleep over worry?

3. Felt that you were playing a useful part int things?
4. Felt capable of making decisions about things?
5. Felt constantly under stress?
6. Felt that you could not overcome your difficulties?

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7. Been able to enjoy your normal day-to-day activities?

8. Been able to face up to your problems?

9. Been feeling unhappy and depressed?
10. Been losing confidence in yourself?
11. Been thinking of yourself as a worthless person?
12. Been feeling reasonably happy, all things considered?

33