Practical Exam Codes:

LED Blink:
void setup() {
// initialize digital pin LED_BUILTIN as an output.
pinMode(8, OUTPUT);
}

// the loop function runs over and over again forever

void loop() {
digitalWrite(8, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)
delay(1000); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(8, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW
delay(1000); // wait for a second
}
Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnPPoetX0uw
Analog Serial Read
void setup() {
// initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second:
Serial.begin(9600);
}

// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:

void loop() {
// read the input on analog pin 0:
int sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
// print out the value you read:
Serial.println(sensorValue);
delay(1); // delay in between reads for stability
}

Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9DEAreCD3g

Digital Serial Read
int pushButton = 2;

// the setup routine runs once when you press reset:

void setup() {
// initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second:
Serial.begin(9600);
// make the pushbutton's pin an input:
pinMode(pushButton, INPUT);
}

// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:

void loop() {
// read the input pin:
int buttonState = digitalRead(pushButton);
// print out the state of the button:
Serial.println(buttonState);
delay(1); // delay in between reads for stability
}

Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=diVyLYTAqoE

Buzzer
#include "pitches.h"

// notes in the melody:

int melody[] = {
NOTE_C4, NOTE_G3, NOTE_G3, NOTE_A3, NOTE_G3, 0, NOTE_B3, NOTE_C4
};

// note durations: 4 = quarter note, 8 = eighth note, etc.:

int noteDurations[] = {
4, 8, 8, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4
};

void setup() {
// iterate over the notes of the melody:
for (int thisNote = 0; thisNote < 8; thisNote++) {

// to calculate the note duration, take one second divided by the note type.
//e.g. quarter note = 1000 / 4, eighth note = 1000/8, etc.
int noteDuration = 1000 / noteDurations[thisNote];
tone(8, melody[thisNote], noteDuration);
 // to distinguish the notes, set a minimum time between them.
// the note's duration + 30% seems to work well:
int pauseBetweenNotes = noteDuration * 1.30;
delay(pauseBetweenNotes);
// stop the tone playing:
noTone(8);
}
}

void loop() {
// no need to repeat the melody.
}
Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K8AnlUT0ng0
Knob Circuit
#include <Servo.h>

Servo myservo; // create servo object to control a servo

int potpin = A0; // analog pin used to connect the potentiometer

int val; // variable to read the value from the analog pin

void setup() {
myservo.attach(8); // attaches the servo on pin 9 to the servo object
}

void loop() {
val = analogRead(potpin); // reads the value of the potentiometer
(value between 0 and 1023)
val = map(val, 0, 1023, 0, 180); // scale it for use with the servo (value
between 0 and 180)
myservo.write(val); // sets the servo position according to
the scaled value
delay(15); // waits for the servo to get there
}
Video Link for knob and sweep: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BfQpzlijMkE
Sweep
#include <Servo.h>

Servo myservo; // create servo object to control a servo

// twelve servo objects can be created on most boards

int pos = 0; // variable to store the servo position

void setup() {
myservo.attach(9); // attaches the servo on pin 9 to the servo object
}

void loop() {
for (pos = 0; pos <= 180; pos += 1) { // goes from 0 degrees to 180 degrees
// in steps of 1 degree
myservo.write(pos); // tell servo to go to position in variable
'pos'
delay(15); // waits 15 ms for the servo to reach the
position
}
for (pos = 180; pos >= 0; pos -= 1) { // goes from 180 degrees to 0 degrees
myservo.write(pos); // tell servo to go to position in variable
'pos'
delay(15); // waits 15 ms for the servo to reach the
position
}
}
4 pcs. Potentiometer
4 pcs. Pushbutton
4 pcs. LED
Resistors