Start

Nestor Roa Pacana

Department of History
UNIVERSITY OF SAN CARLOS
 GLOBAL VIEW
http://www.archatlas.dept.shef.ac.uk/GlobalView/GlobalView.php
 Zamboanga

Basilan

Jolo
 LANAO
DEL SUR
BASILAN
SULU
TAWI-TAWI
MAGUINDANAO

MINDANAO

ABHOUD SYED M. LINGGA

Institute of Bangsamoro Studies
Settlement of Peoples and Cultural Conflict

American Commonwealth Period

Philippine Republic and Muslim Identity

Abu Sayyaf and the Present Conflict..

 Settlement of Peoples and
Cultural Conflict

Early Movements of Peoples

Interaction of Lumad, Muslims and Christians

Conflict …
 Interaction of Lumad, Muslims
and Christians

The Pre-Colonial Setting

 Independent Baranganic communities

 Occasional confederations

 Trade-raid interaction

 Xenophobic to outsiders…
 The Lumad
 Timuay – leader; Bagani – warrior

 Animistic belief system, ancestor worship

 Subsistence agriculture

 Upland-lowland trade

 Incidental foreign trade…

 The Muslims
 Islam & its institutions

 Datu & Sultan; Ruma Bichara, slaves

 Maritime Southeast Asian links & outside

trade contacts..
 The Christians
 Western outlook; unitary state concept

 Toeholds in N, NE & W Mindanao in the Spanish period

 Migrants to the “Land of Promise/Yuta sa Saad” during
American rule

 Gradually displaced Lumad & Moros in Mindanao…

 Cultural Conflict
 Different ethnicity & belief systems

 Different concepts of land ownership

 Government-supported Christian migrants to Mindanao

 Government neglect for Lumad & Moro development..

American Commonwealth Period
Rationalizing Government

Development of Infrastructure

Creating a New Frontier

Deepening Muslim Ethnicity

Conflict and Resistance ..

 Rationalizing Government

 American tutelage in democratic governance

 Filipinization of government offices

 Gradual Filipino control over Mindanao administration..

 Development of Infrastructure
 Mindanao Administration : Moro Province,
Department of Mindanao & Sulu,
Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes, &
Commission on National Integration

 Government buildings, roads, bridges, hospitals &

sanitation programs, public schools & the
Pensionado system facilitating Moro integration
& assimilation…
 The New Frontier

 Mindanao - “The Land of Promise”

 Steady Christian migration to Lumad & Moro Lands

 Creation of migrant Agricultural Colonies

 Strategic placement of migrants in Lumad & Moro territories..

 Conflict and Resistance
 Moro Datus‟ petition - separate homeland under Americans

 Threats of “dire consequences” if Filipinos control Moroland

 Sporadic fighting against Christian settlers in Mindanao

 Filipino/Moro Constabulary suppression of Moro resistance

 Moro resentment towards a “Government of Foreign People…”

 Muslim Ethnicity
 Resurgent Islam in the 1950s to the 1970s

 Muslim Filipinos to the Mid-East - Al Azhar University,

the Hajj, & mujahideen in Afghanistan

 Influence of Islamic thinkers on Philippine Moro leaders

 Contact & solidarity with overseas Muslims..

The Philippine Republic

Land

Renewed Conflict

The Sabah Issue

Rise of Secessionist Groups

Clash of Secular and Islamic Ideals . .

 Land
 “Legalized land-grabbing” favoring Christian settlers
 Expropriation of Lumad & Moro lands for plantation
agriculture
 Lumad & Moro dispossession, displacement,
minoritization, & marginalization in their
Ancestral Lands
 Emergence of armed “Christian” groups financed by
businessmen & politicians..
 Renewed Conflict

 ―Ilaga”/ Rats vs. Black Shirts & Barracudas

 The „Genocide Issue‟

 „Civil War‟

 The Burning of Jolo, 1974

 Moro evacuees to Sabah…

 The Sabah Issue

 Covert Sabah invasion utilizing Army-trained Moro

soldiers

 The “Jabidah Massacre” & Jibin Arula

 Radicalization of Philippine Muslim youth..

 Rise of Secessionist Groups
 Mindanao Independence Movement (MIM)
- Datu Udtog Matalam, 1969
 Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)
- Nur Misuari, 1970s
 Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)
- Hashim Salamat, 1980s
 Abu Sayyaf Group ( )
- Abdurajak Abubakar Janjalani, 1990s..
 Clash of Secular and Islamic Ideals

 Misuari‟s MNLF is secular in orientation

 Salamat‟s MILF wants an Islamic State

under Shariah law

 Janjalani‟sA S G demands a fundamentalist

Islamic State..
Abu Sayyaf
 Militant Islam
 ―JIHAD!‖

 Uncompromising Political Islam

 Islamic Revivalism (i.e., Wahhabism)..

 The Present Conflict
 Continuing loss of lives; destruction of property

 Worsens poverty; hinders progress – fuels conflict

 Affects the National Budget (P100 Billion in the next 10 years)

 Possible cooperation of MNLF, MILF, ASG & the NPA

 Further foreign Muslim support & intervention

 Peace in Mindanao? - - innovative ways needed…

 Conclusions
 Reflect & learn from past mistakes
 Real respect for ethnic differences
 Incorporate Moro & Lumad studies in schools
 Keep communication lines open
 Encourage & support non-government initiatives
for peace..
The Mindanao Conflict
in Perspective

Cultural Identity,
Government Policy
and the Present Conflict
Finish
From Gray, R. D., & Jordan F.M. (2000) Language trees support the express-train sequence of Austronesian expansion. Nature 405(6790): 1052-1055.
Barangay
Sandugo/Blood Compact
PERMEATES EVERY ASPECT OF DAILY LIFE
CULTURE AND SOCIETY

PHYSICAL SPIRITUAL
REALM REALM

PHYSICAL SPIRITUAL
REALM REALM

SACRED GROVES
TRADITIONAL LAWS
PREMIUM IN BEING ELDERLY
DIWATA, LAON
BABAYLAN, BAILAN
Taluksangay Mosque, Zamboanga
Sultan Jamalul Kiram of Jolo
(seated with cane)
 17

19

3
6 11
2

13
 We [Moros & Filipinos] are two different peoples
adhering to different ideologies,
having different cultures, and nurtured by
different historical experiences.
We have contradistinct conceptions of sovereignty.

The Filipinos believe that sovereignty resides in them,

but we believe that sovereignty belongs to God alone.

The political, social, economic and judicial institutions
they inherited from the colonizers…are incongruous with ours
which are established on the postulates that life is a unity,
God is the Sovereign and man is His vicegerent.

Our culture, imbued with Islamic beliefs, tenets and principles,

is diametrically in contrast
with what is known today as Filipino culture…

Our art, architecture, literature and music

have retained their Asian character
[which] is not true of theirs.
Muhammad al-Hasan
Quoted by Gowing, 1978: 78)
http://www.yonip.com/main/articles/muslimminority.html
 Living Below the Poverty Line
(Dennis Arroyo, Inquirer News Service)
In 2000 only 5.6% of Metro Manila residents lived below the poverty line.
In Mindanao, the situation was:

Sulu – 92%
Tawi-tawi – 75%
Basilan – 63%
Lanao del Sur – 48%
Maguindanao – 36%
Sultan Kudarat – 35%
North Cotabato – 35%
*** Davao del Norte – 27%

Average annual incomes in Manila (2000):

P48, 816 [P133.74/day] (1997 pesos).

The average incomes for the three poorest Mindanao provinces:

Sulu – P 7, 850 [P21.50/day]
Tawi-tawi - P11 , 349 [P31.09/day]
Basilan - P13,193 [P36.14/day]
General “Black Jack” Pershing
Source: Bag ong Kusog Newspaper, 1915-1941
 Moro School in Zamboanga
 Mamanwa

Christian Higaonon

Settlements Bukidnon
Manuvu
Subanon
Maranao Atta Dibabawan
Mandaya
Kolibugan Ilanun Matigsalug
Palawan Moros: Mansaka
Palawani Manuvu
Molbog + Maguindanao
Bagobo
Jama Mapun Kalagan,m
Tiruray Kalagan,nm
Yakan
Cotabato Manobo
T’boli
B’laan
Tausug

Sangil

Samal & Badjao

Moro and Lumad Groups

Bag ong Kusug Newspaper Editorial Caricature (1915-1941)
  http://www.savageandsoldier.com/articles/asia/MoroConstab.jpeg

Capt. Pershing wrote in 1913:

“ The M o r o is not at all o v e r - a w e d or i m p r e s s e d b y a n o v e r w h e l m i n g f o r c e .
If he takes a notion to fight,
it is regardless of the number of men he thinks are to be brought
against him.
Yo u c a n n o t b l u f f h i m . ”
http://www.savageandsoldier.com/articles/asia/Moro.html
  Founded in 988 AD,
Al-Azhar University
is one of the oldest operating
universities
in the world and a center
of Islamic learning.

 Al Azhar University
http://www.medco.gov.ph/medcoweb/regprofl.asp
MINDANAO PLANTATIONS IN 1912

159 Large Plantations

(over 100 hectares)

66 – American owned
39 – Christian-Filipino owned
27 – European owned
27 – Chinese owned

BREAKING THE LINKS BETWEEN ECONOMICS AND CONFLICT IN MINDANAO

Sylvia Concepcion, Larry Digal, Rufa Guiam, Romulo de la Rosa, Mara Stankovich
December 2003
Tadtad/”chop-chop”group
Mindanao Vigilantes
 If the land of the Sulu Group and Mindanao

prove the land of promise that some hope –

if American enterprise and capital gradually change the country from a jungle

to a paradise of tobacco, hemp and coffee plantations –

then the Moro and his institutions will gradually be

shoved out,

succumbing, as our North American Indian succumbed,

to the superior race.

Harper’s History of the War in the Philippines

“Mindanao produces almost 100% of bananas and pineapple for export,

50% of all corn and coconut in the country,

20% of all rice, 50% of fish, 40% of cattle ,

89% of nickel and cobalt, 90% of iron ore, 62% of

limestone

and almost 100% of aluminum

yet receive only less than 50% of the national

revenue.‖

Mindanao Independence Movement II

This r e g i o n [ M i n d a n a o ] has l o n g s u f f e r e d i m p o v e r i s h m e n t
with an average income of only a f i f t h o f t h e n a t i o n a l a v e r a g e .
In northern and central Mindanao,
Muslims are now o u t n u m b e r e d b y C h r i s t i a n s 9 t o 1 .
In 1 9 1 3 ,
they made up 98% of the population;
by 1972, the percentage had fallen to 40.
Only 15% of the land are still in Moro hands today.
To make things worse,
most of the lands owned by Moros
are in remote and infertile mountain areas.
Madge Kho

A Conflict That Won’t Go Away

http://www.philippineupdate.com/Conflict.htm
 The Leaders

Nur Misuari, MNLF Hashim Salamat, MILF

Abdurajak Abubakar Janjalani Khadaffy Janjalani

ASG ASG
 The Leaders

Nur Misuari, MNLF Hashim Salamat, MILF

Abdurajak Abubakar Janjalani Khadaffy Janjalani

ASG ASG
 1965 - 1986
1986 - 1992 1998 - 2001

1992 - 1998 2001 - 2010

If the Estrada administration wants to keep the Republic intact,
it should learn from history
that the Moro cannot be subdued by military means.
The Spaniards did not succeed even after 300 years.
The Americans even with their superior firepower
faced an insurmountable hurdle.
And,
in the decades following independence,
to the young Philippine army recruits,
Jolo meant assignment in hell.
Close to 75% of Marcos’s 250,000 military troops was tied down in the south
during the height of the war in 1975.
By Madge Kho
A Conflict That Won’t Go Away
http://www.philippineupdate.com/Conflict.htm
 No lipstick
 No nail polish
 No makeup
 No talking to strangers
 No working outside the home
 No treatment by male doctor
 No school,university or other higher
institutions of learning
 No laughing loudly
 No sports for women
 No photographs
 No television, movies, etc.
 No riding on motorcycles…

 NO TO ALMOST ALL THINGS…

 Rene B. Javellana’s Fortress of Empire, 1997

James Warren Ilanun & Balangingi 2002

James Warren Ilanun & Balangingi 2002
 The real dynamite behind the war
is poverty,
& it is packed in the wrapping of
history, ethnicity, & religious identity.

Poverty has unleashed gunfire,

and the conflict in turn has worsened the poverty
there.

A lasting peace requires not only the redress of

historical grievances.

It demands a serious fight against poverty.

Sources of Support
 Q a d d a f y was
Nur M i s u a r i ‟s
early patron

 B i n L a d e n is
known to support
Muslim secessionist
movements in the
Philippines &
elsewhere
Does Violent Conflict Make Chronic Poverty More Likely? The Mindanao Experience
Hazel Jean L. Malapit, Tina S. Clemente and Cristina Yunzal
 APPENDIX G
POPULATION SHIFTS: MORO & LUMAD & CHRISTIAN
BUKIDNON
in ,
1918, 1939 & 1970 CENSUSES
1918
Population Range Muslim Lumad Christian

50.00% up - 10 towns -
25.00 – 49.9% - - 2 towns
10.00 – 24.9% 1 town - 3 towns
9.9% & less 3 towns - 4 towns
1939
Population Range Muslim Lumad Christian
50.00% up - 3 towns 7 towns
25.00 – 49.9% 1 town 2 towns 4 towns
10.00 – 24.9% - 3 towns -
9.9% & less 3 towns 1 town -
1970
Population Range Muslim Lumad Christian
50.00% up - 1 town 18 towns
25.00 – 49.9% - - -
10.00 – 24.9% - 4 towns -
9.9% & less 12 towns 14 towns -
 APPENDIX F
POPULATION SHIFTS: MUSLIMS & LUMAD & CHRISTIAN MIGRANTS
IN COTABATO, 1918, 1939, 1970 CENSUSES
1918
Population Range Muslim Lumad Christian
50.00% up 20 towns 5 towns -
25.00 – 49.9% 4 towns 2 towns 2 towns
10.00 – 24.9% 4 towns 7 towns 2 towns
9.9% & less 2 towns 6 towns 18 towns
1939
Population Range Muslim Lumad Christian
50.00% up 20 towns 9 towns 3 towns
25.00 – 49.9% 5 towns 2 towns 2 towns
10.00 – 24.9% 6 towns 8 towns 10 towns
9.9% & less 2 towns 8 towns 13 towns
1970
Population Range Muslim Lumad Christian
50.00% up 10 towns - 38 towns
25.00 – 49.9% 8 towns 1 town 4 towns
10.00 – 24.9% 11 towns 5 towns 5 towns
9.9% & less 21 towns 31 towns 2 towns
 APPENDIX H
POPULATION SHIFTS: MORO & LUMAD & CHRISTIAN POPULATIONS
IN ZAMBOANGA, 1918, 1939, 1970 CENSUSES
1918
Population Range Muslim Lumad Christian

50.00% up 10 towns 6 towns -

25.00 – 49.9% 5 towns 5 towns -
10.00 – 24.9% - 1 town -
9.9% & less 1 town 2 towns 13 towns
1939
Population Range Muslim Lumad Christian
50.00% up 1 town - 6 towns
25.00 – 49.9% 3 towns 3 towns 3 towns
10.00 – 24.9% 2 towns 4 towns -
9.9% & less 3 towns 2 towns -
1970

Population Range Muslim Lumad Christian

50.00% up - - 18 towns
25.00 – 49.9% - 2 towns 2 towns
10.00 – 24.9% - 4 towns -
9.9% & less 6 towns 14 towns -
 “Legalized” Land Grabbing

Public Land Act/Act No. 496 nullified all lands granted by Moro
sultans, datus or chiefs or any of the non-Christian
tribes without the authority of the state.

Public Act 926: all lands not registered under Act No. 496 are public
lands, and therefore available for homesteading, sale or
lease by individuals or corporations.

Mining Law of 1905 further confiscated Moro lands. This law declared
all public lands as free, open for exploration,
occupation and purchase even by Americans.
 “Legalized” Land Grabbing – Part II
Cadastral Act of 1907 facilitated the acquisition of new landholdings.
This law favored educated natives, moneyed
bureaucrats and American speculators…

Act No. 2254 awarded Filipino settlers with a 16 hectare lot.

Moros were permitted to own only eight
hectares.

Public Land Act No. 2874 of 1919 provided for the manner of
acquiring land ownership, especially in
Moro country. Under this law, a Filipino
could apply and possess a 24-hectare
parcel of land, while a Moro is allowed
only 10 hectares.
Corregidor Island
SOUTH WESTERN
UNIVERSITY

CEBU NORMAL UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF SAN CARLOS

UNIVERSITY OF
CEBU

UNIVERSITY OF THE VISAYAS

UNIVERSITY OF UNIVERSITY OF
SAN JOSE SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
RECOLETOS FOUNDATION
Zamboanga Peninsula: (REGION 9) Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur,
Zamboanga Sibugay, City of Isabela

Northern Mindanao: (REGION 10) Bukidnon, Camiguin, Lanao del Norte, Misamis Occidental,
Misamis Oriental
Davao: (REGION 11) Compostela Valley, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental

SOCCSKSARGEN: (REGION 12) North Cotabato, Sarangani,

South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat

CARAGA: (REGION 13) Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur,

13
Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur
9 10
ARMM: Basilan, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao,
Sulu, Tawi-tawi
11
ARMM
12

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mindanao_regions.PNG
 ―The United States,‖ according to Hayden,
―familiarized the Philippines with the institutions of modern democracy
and [gave] it an opportunity to adapt them to its own use.‖
American colonialism then ―entrusted [Filipinos] with genuine political power
and thus enabled them to develop an experienced native leadership
in national and local affairs‖ [ibid.: xviii, underscoring mine].

Patricio N. ABINALES
American Rule and the Formation of Filipino “Colonial Nationalism”
Southeast Asian Studies
http://www.quezon.ph/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/Patricio_604-621.pdf
 Islamic Thinkers

- advocated freedom—and supported - a Pakistani journalist,

rebellion against tyrannical rulers
theologist and political
philosopher

- an influential 20th century

Islamic thinker

Qutb's philosophy—and his - founded the

rigorous understanding of Islamic political party
Islam—was underpinning the
ideological basis of Al Qaeda
and its affiliates.
–Paul Berman of the New York Times Magazine
(March 2003)
SABAH
 SPRATLY ISLAND’S STALEMATE SITUATION

Main Actor’s Military Strength

China Vietnam The Philippines

Tanks 9,200 2,000 126

Submarines 51 0 0

Destroyers & Frigates 55 7 2

Patrol/Coastal Aircraft 870 55 44

Combat Aircraft 5,845 190 43

Armed Forces 2,930,000 572,000 106,500

http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com
 The Cebuano
speaking world

Number of native speakers:

Approximately a little more
than 20 million…
 WHO ARE THE MUSLIMS IN THE
PHILIPPINES?
 They consist of 13 ethno-linguistic groups
 distributed according to their respective geographical
locations. The first three are the largest groups.
 Maranao - Lanao del Sur
 Maguindanao - Maguindanao Province and Cotabato
 Tausug - Sulu
 Sama •Kolibugan
 Yakan •Jama Mapun
 Sangil •Iranun
 Palawani •Ka’agan
 Molbog •Badjao

 The number of Balik-Islam (reverts to Islam) is a surging

phenomenon in the Philippines.

Mindanao and the Mindanao and the Bangsamoro: Prospects for Peace

internationalstudies.uchicago.edu/.../090414-PhilippinesThailand-MindanaoCurrentAffairs.ppt -
1
 Mindanao and the Bangsamoro: Prospects for Peace
internationalstudies.uchicago.edu/.../090414-PhilippinesThailand-MindanaoCurrentAffairs.ppt -
 I. Historical
Historical Foundations
Foundations

Mindanao and the Bangsamoro: Prospects for Peace

internationalstudies.uchicago.edu/.../090414-PhilippinesThailand-MindanaoCurrentAffairs.ppt -
 Lumad / IPs - Where are they?
CAR & REGION I REGION II
Bontoc; Balangao, Isneg, Tinguian, Agta, Kalanguya, Kalanguya-Ikalahan,
Kankanaey, Kalanguya, Karao, Iwak, lbaloi, Bugkalot, Isinai, Gaddang , Aggay,
Ayangan, Tuwali, Kalinga, Bago, Applai, Isnag, Dumagat, lbanag, Itawis, lvatan, Yogad,
etc. Iwak, Ibatan, Karao, Ilongot, Ayangan, etc.

REGION III & REST OF LUZON

ISLAND GROUPS (RIV, RVI & R VII) (R III, RIV & RV)
Agutaynon, Tagbanua, Dagayanen, Ke’ney, Aeta, Abelling, Agta, Dumagat,
Batak, Pala’wan Molbog, Mangyan-Iraya, Remontado, Bugkalot, Cimaron, Kabihug,
Mangyan-Alangan, Mangyan- Buhid, Tabangnon, Abiyan, Isarog, ltom,
Mangyan- Tadyawan, Mangyan- Bangon, Tadyawan, Agta-Tabangnon, etc.
Mangyan- Gubatnon, Mangyan- Ratagnon,
Mangyan-Hanunuo, Ati, Cuyunon, Panay-
Bukidnon, Bukidnon- Magahat, Bukidnon- SOUTHERN & EASTERN MINDANAO
Korolanos, Ata, Eskaya, Calamianen- (RXI & RXIII)
Tagbanua, Bantoanon, Iraynon-Bukidnon, Mandaya, Mansaka, Mangguangan,
Cagayanen, etc. Dibabawon, Bagobo Clata, Tagakaolo,
Kalagan, Ubo Manobo, Agusan Manobo,
Higaonon, B’laan, Mamanwa, Talaingod,
Tagabawa-Bagobo, Matigsalug,
Banwaon, Giangan/Clata, Sama, Ata-
Manobo, etc.

CENTRAL MINDANAO (RXII)

NORTHERN & WESTERN MINDANAO
Aromanen, Teduray, Manobo, Ubo
(RIX & RX)
Manobo, Manobo-Dulangan, Manobo-Blit,
Subanon/Subanen, Kolibugan, Bagobo, Ubo-
T’boli, B’laan, Lambangian, Tasaday,
Manobo, Mamanwa, Higaonon, Talaandig,
Kalagan, Tagacaolo, Arumanon-Manobo,
Matigsalog, Iranon, Sama-Badjao, Sama-
Ubo-Menuvu, B’laan-Tagakaulo, etc.
Bangingi, Manobo, Bukidnon, Umayamnon,
Tiguahanon, Matigsalog-Manobo, etc.  14,184,645 IP POPULATION (16%)
Luzon: 4,822,779 (34%)
 7 .7 M HAS. (25.84%) Visayas: 425,540 (3%)
 110 ETHNOLINGUISTIC GROUPS Mindanao: 8,936,326 (63%)

DR. CARLOS P. BUASEN, JR.

Office on Education, Culture & Health
 Were
Werethe
theMuslims
Muslimsalways
always
a aminority
minorityininMindanao?
Mindanao?
SECTOR 1918 % 1970 % 1980 % 2000
%
Christians 159,132 22% 6.1 million 75% 7.1 million 65%
72%

Muslims 358,968 49 1.5 million 20 2.5 million 23

20

Lumads 205,555 29 1.2 million 1.2 million 12

5 N/A
100% 100%
TOTAL 723,625 100% 8.1 million 10.9 million
---

Official Data as quoted from Tan, S. K., 1995, NCSO 2000 census

Mindanao and the Bangsamoro: Prospects for Peace

internationalstudies.uchicago.edu/.../090414-PhilippinesThailand-MindanaoCurrentAffairs.ppt -
 Poverty Incidence in ARMM

2005 Philippine Human Development Report

Mindanao and the Bangsamoro: Prospects for Peace

internationalstudies.uchicago.edu/.../090414-PhilippinesThailand-MindanaoCurrentAffairs.ppt -
Pre-Spanish Period
Autonomy
1987 --
Constitution/IPRA
American
Period/Republic DETERMINATION
(1898-1946)
ASSIMILATION
Government forces MILF Forces Sovereignty-based

Government forces MNLF Forces Sovereignty-based

Communist Party
Government forces Ideology-based
(CPP/NPA)

Government forces Abu Sayyaf/JI Terrorism

Government forces Criminal elements Criminality

Clan/family Clan/family Rido (Clan conflict)

 'We never went away…'
- INQUIRER.net, Philippine News
MEMBERS of the fanatical Christian militiamen, called Ilaga, gather...
newsinfo.inquirer.net
Muslim Traditional Homeland
Muslim Majority Areas
2000 Census
Philippine army artillery in North Cotabato province August 12 to drive Moro
Islamic Liberation Front out of 22 villages it occupied after government
cancelled autonomy agreement. (Photo: Jay Directo/AFP)

http://www.internationalist.org/philippinesbangsamorowar.html
 ―Next to the U.S. nuclear monopoly, there was no more universally recognized symbol
of the nation’s superpower status than its overseas basing system.‖
-- James Blaker, former Senior Advisor to the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1990
http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz
Article at www.counterpunch.org/zoltanb
 U.N. Press Release
Human Development Gains Can Reduce
Armed Conflict and Terrorism in the Philippines
New Report Says Education, Access to Water, Cultural Integration Are Powerful Tools Against Conflict, While
Deprivation and Discrimination Can Fuel Resentment and Violence

WIDESPREAD DISCRIMINATION - A survey featured in the Report, conducted by the

independent opinion-polling firm Pulse Asia showed that

―a considerable percentage of Filipinos (33 percent to 39 percent) are biased against

Muslims,‖ the report says.

- majority of respondents (55 percent) think Muslims are more prone to ―run amok‖

- or that they are terrorists or extremists (47 percent), that they harbor hatred toward
non-Muslims (44 percent),
- and that they do not consider themselves Filipinos (44 percent).

This is despite the fact that only a small fraction (14 percent) of all Filipinos have had firsthand
encounters with their Muslim brethren.

This discrimination contributes to fueling anger and resentment, and in turn armed
conflict.

http://hdr.undp.org/docs/network/hdr_net/Philippines_Press_Release_1.doc
 Multidimensional Poverty - Patterns
The most glaring pattern is that regardless of which
welfare indicator is used --
 Provinces (or regions) adjacent to and including Metro
Manila, the country‟s capital, have the most
favorable levels, almost without exception.
 The provinces in one region, the Autonomous Region
of Muslim Mindanao, performs most poorly
in almost all indicators.

Multidimensional Poverty in the Philippines: Trend, Patterns, and Determinants

Geoffrey Ducanes and Arsenio Balisacan
icedragon64.wordpress.com
Manero and seven others were convicted in 1985 for the brutal murder of Italian
priest Tullio Favali, parish priest of Kidapawan, North Cotabato, with gory details
that included his gang having allegedly “feasted” on the slain priest‟s brain.

midfield.wordpress.com
militaryphotos.net
internationalist.org
http://www.internationalist.org/philippinesbangsamorowar.html
http://midfield.wordpress.com/page/202/
http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz
Article at www.counterpunch.org/zoltanb
http://www.internationalist.org/philippinesbangsamorowar.html
http://midfield.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/lanao-milf-camp-falls-montsge1.jpg
Ever been a Muslim?
http://www.washburn.edu/cas/history/stucker/Eurasia1200Essay.html
 Bisaya Magazine
February 27, 1985