READING AND WRITING
L1: General Concept in Reading
1. READING - is a cognitive process of
decoding symbols to derive meaning from
a text. It is always an interaction between
the text and the reader.
Skills while we read:
• identifying the author’s purpose;
• grasping main ideas of the text;
• locating important details;
• using context clues;
• answering specific questions; and
• critiquing the text.
According to Sir Francis Bacon, the
Father of English Essays, “Reading
makes a full man.”
2. TEXT AS A CONNECTED
DISCOURSE
According to Vaughn and
Overviewing- it makes use of taking a look
Linan-Thompson (2004), reading
comprehension is the active
process of constructing meaning
from the text.
the three components:
author, reader, and text.
3. THE READING PROCESS
Pre-Reading Stage - the purpose of
reading is set. It allows the reader to
activate background knowledge,
preview the text, and develop a
purpose for reading.
During Reading Stage - the reader
grasps the meaning of the reading
material by connecting it to his
schema or background knowledge.
double-entry journal enables the
reader to write text lifted from the
reading material on one side, and his
personal reactions from the other side.
Post-Reading Stage - in this stage, it
enables the reader to establish a
connection between what they know
and what they learned.
4. TECHNIQUES IN READING
Skimming - a strategy used only to get the
main ideas.
Subparts:
Previewing- involves giving a material a
general look
at the title, chapter, or heading.
Surveying- involves giving the text a
rundown from the first section to the last
section.
Scanning - is used only to search the
specific information needed.
Comprehensive - requires processing of
the text for full understanding of the
material.
Critical - involves a thorough analysis
and evaluation of the claims within
a text.

L2: Using Contextual Clues
1. CONTEXTUAL CLUES
These are words, phrases, and
sentences that would help in
deciphering the meaning of
difficult words in the selection.
2. TYPES OF CONTEXTUAL
CLUES
1. SYNONYMS - words having the
same meaning
• by dashes
• by commas to separate appositives
• by parenthesis
• by restatement or expressions
2. ANTONYMS- words that have
opposite meaning.
3. EXAMPLES - are lists of illustrations
which make an unfamiliar word clearer.
4. COMPARISON - identifying the
differences and similarities of two or
more things.
5. DERIVATION OR STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS - we use derivation for the
process of breaking words down into
their basic parts: root word, affix, and
inflectional ending.
☆ root word - base form of the word
☆ affix - prefix and suffix
6. SENSE OF SENTENCE -
considers the meaning, nature, or
significance of the whole sentence.
L3: Reading and Thinking
Strategies across Text Types
COMPREHENSIVE READING -
simply understanding what you
read.
COMPREHENSION - determined
by answering questions, includes
predicting summarizing, and critical
thinking
Levels of Comprehension
Literal Comprehension -
understanding the message directly
stated in the text.
Inferential Comprehension -
readers are able to make
references, draw conclusions, and
predict outcomes (implicitly)
Applied Comprehension -
is how you were able to use your
schema into written text
Inferring - comprehension skill which
involves the use of information
presented and connecting it to your
own knowledge
Summarizing Paraphrasing
• condensing text into • entails the use of
shorter form rewording and rephrasing
• getting only the most the orig. text
important part • done to achieve clarity
• 1/3 from the original of the text
text • same length as the orig.
text
 Recalling Details - we simply recall
details.
Outlining - process of organizing
information gathered from reading.
Two Types:
Topic Outline Sentence Outline
includes specific uses a sentences
words/phrases
1. Traditional Outline
- includes roman & arabic numerals
and capital & lowercase letters
2. Modern Outline
(Decimal) Subjective Narration Objective Narration
- includes numbers
Brainstorming - process of writing
down specific words gathered from
different sources.
Graphic Organizer - valuable tools in
coming up with a structured
representation of specific topic.
examples:
knowledge map, concept map,
story map, & evnn diagram
L4: Distinguishing between
Facts and Opinion
FACTS
• statements that can be checked
and proven
• can check facts by verifying
OPINION
• statements that cannot be
proven or checked
• tells what someone thinks, feel,
or believes
L5: Patterns of Development
in Writing
are strategies used to develop ideas,
and help us sort out information.
PATTERNS:
• Narration • Definition
• Classification • Comparison & Contrast
• Cause-Effect • Problem-Solution
• Persuasion
01. NARRATION - we simply tell a story
conveys impressions, presents facts to create
feelings, insights, etc. accurate timeline.
Using Transition in Narrative
- sequence of event can be presented using:
flashbacks & flash/fastforwards
Using Dialogue in Narrative
- dialogues makes the retelling of story
more realistic and genuine
Using Conflicts in Narrative
- conflict is the struggle/problem between
the writer and the opposing force
Person vs. Person Person vs. Technology
Person vs. Society Person vs. Self
Person vs. Nature Person vs. Supernatural
Using Point of View (POV) in Narrative
- POV refers to the relationship between
the narrator to the action.
First Person Point of View - the narrator is
also part of the story.
Third Person Point of View - action is not
performed by the narrator but the other
person.