FRWDES Compilation

Module 1 – Index Properties of Soil
Three-phase systems. A large portion of the earth’s surface is covered by soils, and they are widely used as
construction and foundation materials. Soil mechanics is the branch of engineering that deals with the
engineering properties of soil and its behavior under stresses and strains.
Soil and Volume Relationships
Fig 1a shows a soil mass that has a total volume V and a total weight, W. to develop the weight-volume
relationship, the three phases of the soil mass, i.e., soil solids, air, and water, have been separated in Fig
1b
Fig 1
From the given figure we can conclude that;
Volume Relationship
𝑽𝑽 = 𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂 + 𝑽𝑽𝒘𝒘 + 𝑽𝑽𝒔𝒔
or
𝑽𝑽 = 𝑽𝑽𝒗𝒗 + 𝑽𝑽𝒔𝒔
Weight Relationship
𝑾𝑾 = 𝑾𝑾𝒘𝒘 + 𝑾𝑾𝒔𝒔
where;
𝑉𝑉 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑊𝑊 = 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎 = 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑊𝑊𝑤𝑤 = 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu FOUNDATION ENGINEERING Page 1 of 7

𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤 = 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑊𝑊𝑆𝑆 = 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 = 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑉𝑉𝑣𝑣 = 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
Void ratio (e) - The ratio of the volume of voids Vv to the volume of soils Vs in a given volume of material,
usually expressed as a decimal.
𝑽𝑽𝒗𝒗
𝒆𝒆 =
𝑽𝑽𝒔𝒔
For soils, e ranges from about 0.35 in the most dense state to seldom over 2 in the loosest state.
Porosity (n) - The ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume Vt expressed as either a decimal or a
percentage.
𝑽𝑽𝒗𝒗
𝒏𝒏 =
𝑽𝑽𝒕𝒕
For soils, n cannot exceed the value 1.0
Degree of saturation (S) - The ratio of the volume of water to the total volume of soil voids, expressed as
a percentage but used as a decimal.
𝑽𝑽𝒘𝒘
𝑺𝑺 =
𝑽𝑽𝒗𝒗
Water content (w) - The ratio of the weight of water Ww to the weight of soil solids Ws, usually expressed
as a percentage.
𝑾𝑾𝒘𝒘
𝒘𝒘 =
𝑾𝑾𝒔𝒔
Unit density (𝝆𝝆) - The ratio of mass per unit of volume. In the Fps system the values are the same as unit
weight following. The SI system gives units of 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3 but a preferred usage unit is 𝑔𝑔/𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚3 .
𝒎𝒎
𝝆𝝆 =
𝑽𝑽
Unit weight (𝜸𝜸)- The weight of a unit volume of soil (or other material) in force units. The general
expression is;
𝑾𝑾
𝜸𝜸 =
𝑽𝑽
Dry Unit weight (𝜸𝜸𝒅𝒅 )- The unit weight of a dry soil is;

𝑾𝑾𝒔𝒔
𝜸𝜸𝒅𝒅 =
𝑽𝑽
Saturated Unit weight (𝜸𝜸𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 )- The unit weight of a saturated soil is; (note 𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 is obtained when the
degree of saturation is equivalent to 100%)
𝑾𝑾𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔
𝜸𝜸𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 =
𝑽𝑽
Effective Unit weight (𝜸𝜸′)- Also called as, submerged unit weight and buoyant unit weight. It is the
saturated soil’s unit weight and deducting it by the unit weight of water
𝜸𝜸′ = 𝜸𝜸𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 − 𝜸𝜸𝒘𝒘
Unit weight of water (𝜸𝜸𝒘𝒘 )- The unit weight of water may be taken as 9.81 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3, 62.4 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, or more
commonly as 1𝑔𝑔/𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚3 so that the factor 𝛾𝛾𝑤𝑤 drops out of the calculation.
Specific gravity of soil solids (Gs) - The usual definition for soil is the same as found in most elementary
physics textbooks. The unit weight of distilled water is standard at 4°C, but the usual laboratory
temperatures in the range of 15 to 25°C do not introduce serious errors. G is usually subscripted to
identify the quantity; for soil grains, obtain Gs as;
𝑾𝑾𝒔𝒔 /𝑽𝑽𝒔𝒔 𝜸𝜸𝒔𝒔

𝑮𝑮𝒔𝒔 = =
𝜸𝜸𝒘𝒘 𝜸𝜸𝒘𝒘
These six basic definitions in equation form are sufficient to develop any needed relationships for
geotechnical engineering problems; these sets of equation may help you in solving more complicated
problems in solving for the properties of soil.
𝒆𝒆
𝒏𝒏 =
𝟏𝟏 + 𝒆𝒆
𝑮𝑮𝒔𝒔 𝒘𝒘 = 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺
𝜸𝜸 𝑮𝑮𝒔𝒔 + 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺
𝜸𝜸𝒅𝒅 = 𝜸𝜸 = 𝜸𝜸
𝟏𝟏 + 𝒘𝒘 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒆𝒆 𝒘𝒘
𝑮𝑮𝒔𝒔 𝑮𝑮𝒔𝒔 + 𝒆𝒆
𝜸𝜸𝒅𝒅 = 𝜸𝜸 𝜸𝜸𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = 𝜸𝜸
𝟏𝟏 + 𝒆𝒆 𝒘𝒘 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒆𝒆 𝒘𝒘

Module 3 – Compressibility of Soils
When a load is acting on a soil, the soil is compressed, thereby causing its volume to decrease. This
decrease in volume results from reduction of void ratio of the soil by extruding of water and air from the
soil. If the saturated soil is subjected to the weight of a structure and water is subsequently squeezed out,
the resulting soil compression can cause undue building settlement.
Cohesionless soils usually compresses relatively quickly and settlement will undergo during the construction
phase whereas cohesive soil compress much more slowly because the expulsion of water from the small
soil pores is so slow. Hence, the settlement of a structure built on this soil may not occur until some time
after the structure is loaded. Total settlement involves two phase process, the immediate and consolidation
settlement. Immediate settlement occurs very rapidly within hours after the structure is loaded, where as
consolidation settlement occurs over an extended period of time (months or years). Consolidation
settlement is also divided into primary consolidation and secondary consolidation.
Settlement of Foundations
Settlement is the direct result of the decrease in the soil volume. Total settlement of a footing on clay maybe
considered to consists of three parts.
1.) Immediate Elastic Settlement (𝑆𝑆1 )
2.) Settlement due to primary consolidation of clay (𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑐 )
3.) Settlement due to secondary consolidation of clay (𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 )
Total Settlement (𝑆𝑆) can be computed as;

𝑺𝑺 = 𝑺𝑺𝟏𝟏 + 𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 + 𝑺𝑺𝒄𝒄
Immediate Elastic Settlement:
Immediately upon application of load on the footing, elastic compression of the underlying soil takes
place causing a settlement of the footing. However, this amount of settlement is usually very small and
can be neglected for all practical purposed. When a saturated compressible clay later is subjected to a
stress increase, elastic settlement occurs immediately.

In general, foundations are not perfectly flexible and are

embedded at a certain depth below the ground surface. It is
instructive, however, to evaluate the distribution of the contact
pressure under a foundation along with the settlement profile
under idealized conditions. A perfectly flexible foundation
resting on an elastic material such as saturated clay. If the
foundation is subjected to a uniformly distributed load, the
contact pressure will be uniform and the foundation will
experience a sagging profile. On the other hand, if we consider
a perfectly rigid foundation resting on the ground surface
subjected to a uniformly distributed load, the contact pressure
and foundation settlement profile will as shown. The foundation
will undergo a uniform settlement and the contact pressure will
be redistributed.
Theoretically, if the foundation is perfectly flexible, the settlement may be expressed as;
𝟏𝟏 − 𝝁𝝁𝒔𝒔
𝑺𝑺𝟏𝟏 = 𝒒𝒒(𝜶𝜶𝑩𝑩′ ) � � 𝑰𝑰𝒔𝒔 𝑰𝑰𝒇𝒇
𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔
where;
𝑞𝑞 = net applied pressure on the foundation

𝐵𝐵′ = B/2 for center of the foundation
= B for the corner of the foundation
𝜇𝜇𝑠𝑠 = Poisson’s ratio of the soil
𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 = average modulus of elasticity of the soil under the foundation measured from z = 0 to about z = 5B
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 = shape factor (Steinbrenner, 1934)
𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓 = depth factor (Fox, 1948)
𝛼𝛼 = factor that depends on the location on the foundation where settlement is being calculated
= 4  for calculation of settlement at the CENTER of the foundation
= 1  for calculation of settlement at the CORNER of the foundation
𝟏𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐𝝁𝝁𝒔𝒔
𝑰𝑰𝒔𝒔 = 𝑭𝑭𝟏𝟏 + 𝑭𝑭
𝟏𝟏 − 𝝁𝝁𝒔𝒔 𝟐𝟐

For calculation of settlement at the center of the foundation:

𝐿𝐿 𝐻𝐻
𝑚𝑚′ = 𝑛𝑛′ =
𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵
�2�
For calculation of settlement at the corner of the foundation:

𝐿𝐿 𝐻𝐻
𝑚𝑚′ = 𝑛𝑛′ =
𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵
Due to the nonhomogeneous nature of soil deposits, the magnitude of Es may vary with
depth. For that reason, Bowles (1987) recommended using a weighted average value of
Es;
∑ 𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 ∆𝒛𝒛
𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔 =
𝒛𝒛�
where;
𝑞𝑞 = soil modulus of elasticity within a depth ∆𝑧𝑧
𝑧𝑧̅ = H or 5B, whichever is smaller
The elastic settlement of a rigid foundation can be estimated as
𝑆𝑆1(𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟) = 0.93𝑆𝑆1(𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓)





Example 1:
A rigid shallow foundation 1m x 1m in plan is shown in the figure. Calculate the elastic settlement at the
center of the foundation.
• Given:
 q = 200
α=4
𝑩𝑩 𝟏𝟏
 𝐁𝐁′ = 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐
 𝝁𝝁𝒔𝒔 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑
• Solution:
• Elastic Settlement
𝟏𝟏 − 𝝁𝝁𝒔𝒔
𝑺𝑺𝟏𝟏 = 𝒒𝒒(𝜶𝜶𝑩𝑩′ ) � � 𝑰𝑰𝒔𝒔 𝑰𝑰𝒇𝒇
𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔
∑ 𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 ∆𝒛𝒛
𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔 = ? ; 𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔 =
𝒛𝒛�
𝒛𝒛� = (5)(1) = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
8000(2) + 6000(1) + 10000(2)
𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔 =
5
kN
𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
m2
𝑳𝑳 1
𝒎𝒎′ = = = 𝟏𝟏
𝑩𝑩 1
𝑯𝑯 5 𝑭𝑭𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒; 𝑭𝑭𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒏𝒏′ = = = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝑩𝑩 1�
� � 2
𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐𝝁𝝁𝒔𝒔 1 − 2(0.3)
𝑰𝑰𝒔𝒔 = 𝑭𝑭𝟏𝟏 + 𝑭𝑭𝟐𝟐 = 0.498 + (0.016) → 𝑰𝑰𝒔𝒔 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
𝟏𝟏 − 𝝁𝝁𝒔𝒔 1 − 0.3
𝑳𝑳 𝑫𝑫𝒇𝒇
= 1, = 1, 𝝁𝝁𝒔𝒔 = 0.3 →∴ 𝑰𝑰𝒇𝒇 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔
𝑩𝑩 𝑩𝑩
𝟏𝟏 − 𝝁𝝁𝒔𝒔 4 1 − 0.3
𝑺𝑺𝟏𝟏(𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇) = 𝒒𝒒(𝜶𝜶𝑩𝑩′ ) � � 𝑰𝑰𝒔𝒔 𝑰𝑰𝒇𝒇 = 200 � � � � (0.507)(0.65) → 𝑺𝑺𝟏𝟏(𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔 2 8400
𝑺𝑺𝟏𝟏(𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝑺𝑺𝟏𝟏(𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇) = 0.93 (0.010985) → 𝑺𝑺𝟏𝟏(𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

Primary Consolidation
NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED, OVERCONSOLIDATED, AND UNDERCONSOLIDATED SOILS

When performing consolidation analyses in the laboratory, we need to compare the preconsolidation
stress, 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 , with the initial vertical effective stress, 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 . The former is determined by laboratory test data
described earlier. Both values must be determined at the same depth, which normally is the depth of the
sample on which the consolidation test was performed. Once these values have been determined, we
need to asses which of the following three conditions exist in the field:
(a) Normally Consolidated (NC). If 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 ≈ 𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶 , then the vertical effective stress in the field has never been
higher than the current magnitude. In theory, these two must be exactly equal. However, in the reality,
both are subject to error due to sample disturbance and other factors, so the values obtained from
site characterization will rarely be exactly equal, even if the soil is truly normally consolidated.
Therefore, in order to avoid misclassifying the soil, we will consider it to be normally consolidated if 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜
and 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 are equal within about ± 10%.
Preconsolidation Stress. The point where the slope of the consolidation curve changes is an important
event in the consolidation process. This stress is called the preconsolidation stress, 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 . It is the greatest
vertical effective stress the soil has ever experienced. The value of 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 is sometimes greater than 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 at
the sample location, which means the soil was once subjected to a higher effective stress.
(b) Overconsolidated (OC). If 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 < 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 , then the vertical effective stress in the field was once higher than
its current magnitude. This condition is known as being preconsolidated. There are many processes
that can cause a soil to become overconsolidated, including:
a. Extensive corrosion or excavation such that the ground surface elevation is now much lower than it
was
b. Surcharge loading from a structure, such as a storage tank, which has since been removed
c. Increase in pore water pressure, such as from a rising groundwater table
d. Desiccation (drying) due to evaporation, plant roots, and other processes which produces negative
pore water pressure
e. Chemical changes in soil, such as accumulating of cementing agents
The term overconsolidated can be misleading because it implies there has been excessive
consolidation. Although there are few situations, such as cut slopes, where heavily consolidated soils
can be less desirable, overconsolidation is almost always a good thing.

(c) Underconsolidated. If 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 > 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 , which means the soil is still in the process of consolidating under a
previously applied load.
*Soil compressibility is based on the compression index, CC, for normally consolidated soils; or swell index,
CS , for overconsolidated soils.
OVERCONSOLIDATION RATIO
The 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 values from the laboratory only represent the preconsolidation stress at the sample depth.
However, we sometimes need to compute 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 in other depths. To do so, we compute the
overconsolidation ratio or OCR:
𝑷𝑷𝑪𝑪
𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶 =
𝑷𝑷𝑶𝑶
OCR varies as a function of depth. For normally consolidated soils, OCR = 1 and does not vary with depth
CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT PREDICTIONS
(a) Normally Consolidated Clay Soil
𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 𝑯𝑯 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 + ∆𝑷𝑷

𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 � �
𝟏𝟏 + 𝒆𝒆𝒐𝒐 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐
When using the equation, compute the stresses at the midpoint of each soil layer.
(b) Overconsolidated Clay Soil – Case 1 when (𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 + ∆𝑷𝑷 < 𝑷𝑷𝒄𝒄 )
𝑪𝑪𝒔𝒔 𝑯𝑯 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 + ∆𝑷𝑷

(c) Overconsolidated Clay Soil – Case 2 when (𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 + ∆𝑷𝑷 > 𝑷𝑷𝒄𝒄 )
𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 𝑯𝑯 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 + ∆𝑷𝑷 𝑪𝑪𝒔𝒔 𝑯𝑯 𝑷𝑷𝒄𝒄
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 � �+ 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 � �
𝟏𝟏 + 𝒆𝒆𝒐𝒐 𝑷𝑷𝒄𝒄 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒆𝒆𝒐𝒐 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐

COMPRESSION INDEX (𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 ) & SWELL INDEX (𝑪𝑪𝒔𝒔 )
Skempton (1944) suggested the following empirical expression for the compression index for
undisturbed clays
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏)
On the basis of observations on several natural clays, Rendon-Herrero (1983) gave the relationship for
the compression index in the form
𝟏𝟏 + 𝒆𝒆𝒐𝒐 𝟐𝟐.𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝑮𝑮𝟏𝟏.𝟐𝟐
𝒔𝒔 � �
𝑮𝑮𝒔𝒔
Nagaraj and Murty (1985) expressed the compression index as

𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳(%)
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 � � 𝑮𝑮𝑺𝑺
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
Park and Koumoto (2004) expressed the compression index by the following relationship
𝒏𝒏𝒐𝒐
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 =
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 − 𝟒𝟒. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝒏𝒏𝒐𝒐
The swell index is appreciably smaller in magnitude than the compression index and generally can be
determined from laboratory tests. In most cases,
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝑪𝑪𝒔𝒔 = 𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝑪𝑪
𝟓𝟓 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒄𝒄
CALCULATION OF SETTLEMENT UNDER A FOOTING ( 2 – 1 – Approximate Method)
The increase in the vertical stress in soil caused by a load applied over a limited area decreases with
depth 𝑧𝑧 measured from the ground surface downward. Hence to estimate the one-dimensional
settlement of a foundation, we can use the equations of consolidation settlement. However, the
increase of effective stress, 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 , in these equations should be the average increase in the pressure
below the center of the foundation. Assuming that the pressure increase varies parabolically, using
Simpson’s rule, we can estimate the value of 𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 as;
∆𝑷𝑷𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 + 𝟒𝟒∆𝑷𝑷𝒎𝒎𝒊𝒊𝒅𝒅 + ∆𝑷𝑷𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃

∆𝑷𝑷𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 =
𝟔𝟔

Where the stresses represent the increase in the effective pressure at the top, middle, and bottom of
the layer, respectively. This is known as the weighted average method.
Secondary Consolidation Settlement
Secondary Settlement is the additional settlement is the additional settlement that occurs at a constant
value of effective stress after excess pore water pressure has been dissipated. The process typically
continues slowly for a long period of time. Secondary settlement is usually small compared to primary
consolidation settlement.
𝑪𝑪𝜶𝜶 𝑯𝑯 𝑻𝑻𝟐𝟐
𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 = 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 � �
𝟏𝟏 + 𝒆𝒆𝒑𝒑 𝑻𝑻𝟏𝟏
where;
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 = Secondary Settlement

𝐶𝐶𝛼𝛼 = Secondary Compression Index
= 0.03𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 to 0.06𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐
𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑝 = void ratio at the end of primary consolidation
= 𝑒𝑒𝑜𝑜 − ∆𝑒𝑒
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 +∆𝑃𝑃
∆𝑒𝑒 = 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 � 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜
�
𝑇𝑇2 = time after completion of primary settlement
𝑇𝑇1 = time for completion of primary settlement

Example 2:
A 2.40m thick layer of compact sand overlies a 1.80 m thick clay layer. The unit weight of the compact
sand is 21.24 kN/m3, and the unit weight of clay is 15.74 kN/m3. The soil strata is subjected to a
surcharge pressure of 33.58 kPa located at the mid height of the clay layer. Laboratory testing indicates
that the clay is normally consolidated and the soil void ratio is 1.28. (a) Compute the compression index
if the clay has a liquid limit of 46.66. (b) Determine the effective stress at the mid height of the clay layer,
before the surcharge occurred. (c) What would be the settlement due to primary consolidation?
33.58 kPa • Given:
 Normally Consolidated
 eclay = 1.28
 LLclay = 46.66
• Solution:
(A) Compression Index (CC)
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏)
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 0.32994
(B) Effective Stress @ mid height of the clay layer
Pe = Pt – Pw ; P= γh
Pe = 21.24(2.40) +15.74(0.9)
Pe = 65.1420 kPa
(C) Settlement due to Primary Consolidation

𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 𝑯𝑯 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 + ∆𝑷𝑷 Po = 65.1420 kPa
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 � � ΔP = 33.58 kPa
0.32994(1800𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 65.1420 + 33.58
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 � �
1 + 1.28 65.1420
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

Example 3:
A 2.10 m layer of clay is buried beneath a 3 m stratum of very compact granular soil. Compact sand
underlies the clay. The layer of granular soil composed of material having a unit weight of 20.46 kN/m3.
The clay’s unit weight is 16.52 kN/m3. A laboratory compression test on a sample of the clay indicates a
compression index of 0.40 and a natural void ratio of 1.30. A planned building loading will cause a 26.38
kPa stress increase at the middle of the clay layer. (a) What amount of primary compression occurs in the
clay for the indicated conditions? (b) How much primary compression of the clay layer would result if the
groundwater table was at the ground surface? (Assuming that all the properties of the soil remains the
same). (c) How much clay layer compression would occur if the clay was an overconsolidated material,
the pre-consolidation pressure is known to be 95.94 kPa and the swell index was 0.10. (Assume that the
water table is very deep.
• Given:
 Cc = 0.40
 eclay = 1.30
 ΔP = 26.38 kPa
• Solution: (C) Settlement; Overconsolidated State

(A) Settlement due to Primary Compression
Pc = 95.94 kPa; Cs = 0.10
Po = Pt – Pw ; P= γh
𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 + ∆𝑷𝑷 = 78.726 + 26.38 = 105.106 kPa
Po = 20.46(3.0) +16.52(1.05) = 78.726 kPa
𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 + ∆𝑷𝑷 > 𝑷𝑷𝒄𝒄 ∴ 𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂 𝟐𝟐
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 � � 𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 𝑯𝑯 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 + ∆𝑷𝑷 𝑪𝑪𝒔𝒔 𝑯𝑯 𝑷𝑷𝒄𝒄
𝟏𝟏 + 𝒆𝒆𝒐𝒐 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 � �+ 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 � �
0.40(2100𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 78.7260 + 26.38 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒆𝒆𝒐𝒐 𝑷𝑷𝒄𝒄 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒆𝒆𝒐𝒐 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐
1 + 1.30 78.7260
0.40(2100) 105.106 0.10(2100) 95.94
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 � �+ 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 � �
1 + 1.30 95.94 1 + 1.30 78.726
(B) Settlement; GWT at the ground surface 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
Po = 78.726 – 9.81(3+1.05) = 38.9955 kPa
0.40(2100𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 38.9955 + 26.38

1 + 1.30 38.9955
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

Example 4:
Assume a buried stratum of clay 1.83 m thick will subjected to a stress increase of 33.6 kPa at the center
of the clay. The magnitude of the pre-construction soil overburden pressure 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 =48 kPa at the center of
the clay layer. A laboratory compression test indicates that the clay has pre-consolidation pressure of 72
kPa. Compression index is 0.30 and the value of swell index is 0.05. The void ratio of the clay is 1.50. (a)
Compute the settlement due to primary compression of clay. (b) If full consolidation settlement will require
approximately 8 years, compute the settlement due to secondary compression of clay over a period of
20 year time span. Assume secondary compression index is 0.008. (c) Estimate the total settlement to be
expected over a 20 year time span considering the effects of secondary compression.
• Given:
Clay • ΔP = 33.60 kPa
Cc = 0.30 • Po = 48 kPa
Cs = 0.05 • Pc = 72 kPa
eo = 1.50
1.83m
• Solution: 𝑪𝑪𝜶𝜶 = 0.008

(A) Settlement; Overconsolidated State 0.008(1830) 20
𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 � �
1 + 1.4309 8
𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 + ∆𝑷𝑷 = 48 + 33.60 = 81.60 kPa
𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 + ∆𝑷𝑷 > 𝑷𝑷𝒄𝒄 ∴ 𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂 𝟐𝟐
𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 𝑯𝑯 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 + ∆𝑷𝑷 𝑪𝑪𝒔𝒔 𝑯𝑯 𝑷𝑷𝒄𝒄

𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 � �+ 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 � �
𝟏𝟏 + 𝒆𝒆𝒐𝒐 𝑷𝑷𝒄𝒄 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒆𝒆𝒐𝒐 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 (C) Total Settlement
0.30(1830) 81.60 0.05(1830) 72 𝑺𝑺𝒕𝒕 = 𝑺𝑺𝒄𝒄 + 𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔

𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 � �+ 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 � �
1 + 1.50 72 1 + 1.50 48
𝑺𝑺𝒕𝒕 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 + 𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝑺𝑺𝒕𝒕 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
(B) Settlement due to Secondary Compression
T1 = 8 years; T2 = 20 years
𝑪𝑪𝜶𝜶 𝑯𝑯 𝑻𝑻𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 + ∆𝑷𝑷

𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 = 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 � � ; ∆𝒆𝒆 = 𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 � �
𝟏𝟏 + 𝒆𝒆𝒑𝒑 𝑻𝑻𝟏𝟏 𝑷𝑷𝒄𝒄
81.60
∆𝒆𝒆 = 0.30 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 � � = 0.0691
72
𝒆𝒆𝒑𝒑 = 𝒆𝒆𝒐𝒐 − ∆𝒆𝒆 = 1.50 − 0.0691 → 𝒆𝒆𝒑𝒑 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒

Example 5:
A rigid 3m x 4m rectangular footing is constructed over a loose sand layer as shown. (a) Compute the
average increase in pressure on the mid height of the clay layer. (b) Compute the primary consolidation
settlement if it is normally consolidated. (c) Compute the total consolidation settlement of the clay 5 years
after the completion of primary consolidation settlement. Time for completion of primary settlement is 2
years. Secondary compression index = 0.002.
• Solution:
(A) Average increase in pressure
𝑷𝑷𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 + 𝑷𝑷𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 + 𝑷𝑷𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩

∆𝑷𝑷 =
𝟔𝟔
𝑭𝑭 710 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑷𝑷𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 = = = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
𝑨𝑨 (3 + 6)(4 + 6)
𝑷𝑷𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 = = = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
𝑨𝑨 (3 + 8)(4 + 8)
𝑷𝑷𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = = = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
𝑨𝑨 (3 + 10)(4 + 10)
PTOP
7.89 + 5.38 + 3.90
∆𝑷𝑷 =
6 PMID
∆𝑷𝑷 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

PBOT
(B) Primary Consolidation Settlement
𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 = 16(5.2) + 18(2.0) + 20(4.0) → 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

0.315(4000𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 119.96 + 5.55
1 + 0.60 119.96
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
(C) Total Consolidation Settlement
T1 = 2 years; T2 = 5 years
𝑪𝑪𝜶𝜶 𝑯𝑯 𝑻𝑻𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 + ∆𝑷𝑷

𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 = 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 � � ; ∆𝒆𝒆 = 𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 � �
𝟏𝟏 + 𝒆𝒆𝒑𝒑 𝑻𝑻𝟏𝟏 𝑷𝑷𝒄𝒄
119.96 + 5.55
∆𝒆𝒆 = 0.315 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 � � = 0.006187
119.96
𝒆𝒆𝒑𝒑 = 𝒆𝒆𝒐𝒐 − ∆𝒆𝒆 = 0.6 − 0.006187 → 𝒆𝒆𝒑𝒑 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
𝑪𝑪𝜶𝜶 𝑯𝑯 𝑻𝑻𝟐𝟐 0.002(4000) 5
𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 = 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 � � = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 � � → 𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
𝟏𝟏 + 𝒆𝒆𝒑𝒑 𝑻𝑻𝟏𝟏 1 + 0.5938 2

Module 4 – Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity of a Shallow Footing
The lowest part of a structure generally is referred to as the foundation. Its function is to transfer the load
of the structure to the soil on which it is resting. A properly designed foundation transfers the load
throughout the soil without overstressing the soil.
Overstressing the soil can result in either excessive settlement or shear failure of the soil, both of which
cause damage to the structure. Thus, geotechnical and structural engineers who design foundations must
evaluate the bearing capacity of soils.
Shallow Foundation
Isolated Footings
Shallow foundations are those that transmit the structural loads to the near-surface soil or rock. There are
two types: spread footings and mats. Spread footings are by far the most common type of foundation.
The vast majority of one- and two-storey buildings use them, and if the ground conditions are good even
much larger structures can be supported on spread footings. Mats are commonly used on moderate-
sized structures.
• Spread footings spread the structural loads across a sufficiently large soil area that induced stresses
are reduced to acceptable levels.
• Foundation may be defined as a shallow foundation if the depth 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 is less than or equal to its
width 𝐵𝐵 (Terzaghi)
• They can be built in a wide variety of shapes and sized to suit individual needs, and are nearly
always made of reinforced concrete.
• Most common shape is a square footing, which usually supports a single column.
• A combined footing is one that supports more than one column.
• A continuous footing (sometimes referred as strip footing) supports a bearing wall.
• Most continuous footings are linear, but a continuous footing may wrap around in a circle to
support the exterior wall of a tank, thus forming a ring footing.

Behaviour of Spread Footings with different types of loads
Isolated and Spread Footing
Combined Footing

Mat Footings
• If structural loads are too large or if the soil conditions are too poor, spread footings become unacceptably
large so the need to construct a mat foundation is a must
• Essentially one large spread footing that encompasses the entire structure.
• A mat distributes the weight of the structure across a larger area, thus reducing induced stresses in the
underlying soils.
• Mats also have the advantage of structural continuity and thus reduce the potential for differential
settlements.
Bearing Capacity
During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, engineers realized that the design of spread
footings could be based on the contact pressure between the footing and the underlying ground. This
important parameter is called the bearing pressure (or gross bearing pressure), and is still used in
modern foundation design. In determining this value, the effects of the superimposed loads, self-weight,
and the weight of the overburden soil is divided by the total area of the shallow foundation.
A bearing capacity failure occurs when the soil fails in shear beneath the footing. This is a catastrophic
foundation failure that clearly must be avoided. To prevent a bearing capacity failure, the strength
requirement is needed to be evaluated similar to structural engineers’ requirements of strength of
structural members.

The bearing capacity failure just described is called a general shear failure and can be explained with
reference to the figure below. When the foundation settles under the application of a load, a triangular
wedge-shaped zone of soil (marked) is pushed down, and, in turn, it presses the zones marked II and III
sideways and then upward. At the ultimate pressure, 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞, the soil passes into a state of plastic equilibrium
and failure occurs by sliding.
If the footing test is conducted instead in a loose-to-medium dense sand, the load settlement relationship
is like Curve II. Beyond a certain value of 𝑞𝑞 = 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞’ the load-settlement relationship becomes a steep, inclined
straight line. In this case, 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞’ is defined as the ultimate bearing capacity of soil. This type of soil failure is
referred to as local shear failure and is shown in the figure below. The triangular wedge-shaped zone
(marked I) below the footing moves downward, but unlike general shear failure, the slip surfaces end
somewhere inside the soil. Some signs of soil bulging are seen, however.
General Shear Failure Local Shear Failure
Ultimate Bearing Capacity
The ultimate bearing capacity, 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞, is the bearing pressure required to produce a bearing capacity failure.
In 1943, Karl Terzaghi developed the first widely accepted formulas for computing the ultimate bearing
capacity.
The failure mechanism assumed by Terzaghi for determining the ultimate soil bearing capacity (general
shear failure) for a rough strip footing located at a depth 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 measured from the ground surface is shown
in the figure below.

Using equilibrium analysis, Terzaghi expressed the ultimate bearing capacity in the form;
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = 𝒄𝒄𝑵𝑵𝒄𝒄 + 𝒒𝒒𝑵𝑵𝒒𝒒 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝑵𝑵𝜸𝜸  for strip footing.
The equation contains three separate terms each capturing one part of the resistance to bearing capacity
failure. The first term, 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 , is the cohesion term and accounts for the cohesive resistance along failure
surface. The second term, 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞, is the surcharge term and accounts for the resistance supplied the by
mass of soil above the base of the footing. The third term, 0.5𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵, is the self-weight term and accounts
for the frictional resistance generated along the failure surface. The self-weight term is a function of the
footing width, 𝐵𝐵, because increasing the footing width increases the volume of the soil in Zones II and III,
thereby increasing the normal forces acting on the failure surface. This increase of normal forces on the
failure surface in turn increases the frictional resistance along the failure surface. Each of the bearing
capacity factors, 𝑁𝑁 , 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁, and 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 increases with the friction angle of the soil. Note that each bearing
capacity factor increases at a different rate.
To estimate the ultimate bearing capacity of square and circular foundations, the equation is modified to;
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝒄𝒄𝑵𝑵𝒄𝒄 + 𝒒𝒒𝑵𝑵𝒒𝒒 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑵𝑵𝜸𝜸  Square Footing
𝟎𝟎.𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝟎𝟎.𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = �𝟏𝟏 + � 𝒄𝒄𝑵𝑵𝑪𝑪 + 𝒒𝒒𝑵𝑵𝒒𝒒 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 �𝟏𝟏 − � 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑵𝑵𝜸𝜸  Rectangular Footing
𝑳𝑳 𝑳𝑳
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝒄𝒄𝑵𝑵𝒄𝒄 + 𝒒𝒒𝑵𝑵𝒒𝒒 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑵𝑵𝜸𝜸  Circular Footing
After the development of Terzaghi’s bearing capacity equation, several investigators worked in this area
and refined the solution (that is, Meyerhof, 1951 and 1963; Lundgren and Mortensen, 1953; Balla, 1962;
Vesic, 1973; and Hansen, 1970). Different solutions show that the bearing capacity factors 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 and 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 do
not change much. However, for a given value of 𝜙𝜙, the values of 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 obtained by different investigators
vary widely. This difference is because of the variation of the assumption of the wedge shape of soil
located directly below the footing

 Reissner, 1924
∅
𝑵𝑵𝒒𝒒 = 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝟐𝟐 �𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 + 𝟐𝟐� 𝒆𝒆𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅∅
𝑵𝑵𝒄𝒄 = �𝑵𝑵𝒒𝒒 − 𝟏𝟏�𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄∅  Prandtl, 1921
𝑵𝑵𝜸𝜸 = �𝑵𝑵𝒒𝒒 − 𝟏𝟏�𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕. 𝟒𝟒∅  Meyerhoff, 1963
Equations above were derived on the assumption that the bearing capacity failure of soil takes place by
general shear failure. In the case of local shear failure, we may assume that the values of cohesion and
angle of internal friction are;
𝟐𝟐
𝒄𝒄� = 𝒄𝒄
𝟑𝟑
𝟐𝟐
� = 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕∅
𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕∅
𝟑𝟑
The ultimate bearing capacity of soil for a strip footing may be given by
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = 𝒄𝒄�𝑵𝑵𝒄𝒄 + 𝒒𝒒𝑵𝑵𝒒𝒒 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝑵𝑵𝜸𝜸  for strip footing

GROUNDWATER EFFECTS IN THE ULTIMATE SOIL BEARING CAPACITY
Terzaghi’s ultimate bearing capacity equations presented before are based on the assumption that the
water table is located well below the foundation. However, if the water table is close to the foundation,
some modifications of the bearing capacity equations will be necessary.
In the field, if there is enough water in the soil to develop a groundwater table, and this groundwater
table is within the potential shear zone, then pore water pressures will be present, the effective stress and
shear strength along the failure surface will be smaller, and the ultimate bearing capacity will be reduced
(Meyerhof, 1955). We must consider this effect when conducting bearing capacity computations.
When exploring the subsurface conditions, we determine the current location of the groundwater table
and worstcase (highest) location that might reasonably be expected during the life of the proposed
structure. We then determine which of the following three cases describes the worst-case field conditions.
In developing the bearing-capacity equations given in the preceding section, we assumed that the
groundwater table is located at a depth much greater than the width, B, of the footing.
Case I: If the groundwater table is located at a distance

D above the bottom of the foundation, the magnitude
of q in the second term of the bearing-capacity
equation should be calculated as;
𝒒𝒒 = 𝜸𝜸�𝑫𝑫𝒇𝒇 − 𝑫𝑫� + 𝜸𝜸′ 𝑫𝑫

𝜸𝜸 = 𝜸𝜸′
Case II: If the groundwater table coincides with the

bottom of the foundation
𝒒𝒒 = 𝜸𝜸𝑫𝑫𝒇𝒇
𝜸𝜸 = 𝜸𝜸′

Case III: When the groundwater table is at a depth D below the bottom of the foundation.
𝒒𝒒 = 𝜸𝜸𝑫𝑫𝒇𝒇
When D ≤ B
𝟏𝟏
𝜸𝜸 = [𝜸𝜸𝜸𝜸 + 𝜸𝜸′ (𝑩𝑩 − 𝑫𝑫)]
𝑩𝑩
When D > B
𝜸𝜸 = 𝜸𝜸
FACTOR OF SAFETY
Generally, a factor of safety, 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹, of about 3 or more is applied to the ultimate soil-bearing capacity to
arrive at the value of the allowable bearing capacity. An 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 of 3 or more is not considered too
conservative. In nature, soils are neither homogeneous nor isotropic. Much uncertainty is involved in
evaluating the basic shear strength parameters of soil.
Using the definition of mechanics, allowable loads directly refer to working loads in a structural member.
The allowable bearing pressure is then;
𝑷𝑷𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝑾𝑾𝑫𝑫+𝑳𝑳 + 𝑾𝑾𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 + 𝑾𝑾𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔

𝒒𝒒𝒂𝒂 = =
𝑨𝑨𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝑨𝑨𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
The net allowable bearing capacity is the allowable load per unit area of the foundation in excess of the
existing vertical effective stress at the level of the foundation. The vertical effective stress at the foundation
level is equal to 𝑞𝑞 = 𝛾𝛾𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓 .
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 (𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏) 𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 − 𝜸𝜸𝑫𝑫𝒇𝒇
𝒒𝒒𝒂𝒂(𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏) = =
𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭

Example 1:
A square footing has a dimension of 1.20 m x 1.20 m. The bottom of the footing is 1.0m below the ground
surface. (a) If the groundwater table is located at a depth of 1.20 m below the ground surface, compute
the allowable load that the footing could carry if it has a factor of safety of 3.0. (b) Find the ultimate
bearing capacity if the soil if the groundwater table is at the bottom of the footing. (c) Find the ultimate
bearing capacity of the soil if the groundwater table is 0.50 m above the bottom of the footing.
• Solution:
(C) Allowable load, GWT @ 1.20m depth
q =𝛄𝛄𝑫𝑫𝒇𝒇 ∶ 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵. 𝟑𝟑
1846 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
q= (9.81)(1.0) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐
1000 𝐦𝐦
1965 − 1000 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
𝛄𝛄′ = (9.81) = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝟑𝟑
1000 𝐦𝐦
1 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
𝛄𝛄 = [18.11(0.2) + 9.47(1.2 − 0.2)] = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝟑𝟑
1.2 𝐦𝐦
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝑵𝑵𝒄𝒄 + 𝒒𝒒𝑵𝑵𝒒𝒒 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝑵𝑵𝜸𝜸
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = 1.3(15.75)(35) + 18.11(22) + 0.4(1.2)(10.91)(19)
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 1214.51 (C) Ultimate bearing capacity, GWT @ 0.5m above ftg.
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌; 𝒒𝒒𝒂𝒂 = = = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 3
𝒒𝒒 = 𝜸𝜸�𝑫𝑫𝒇𝒇 − 𝑫𝑫� + 𝜸𝜸′ 𝑫𝑫 ∶ 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵. 𝟏𝟏
𝑷𝑷𝒂𝒂 𝑷𝑷𝒂𝒂 1846 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
𝒒𝒒𝒂𝒂 = ; 405 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = → 𝑷𝑷𝒂𝒂 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝛄𝛄 = 𝛄𝛄′ ; 𝛄𝛄 = (9.81) − 9.81 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝟑𝟑
𝑨𝑨 1.2 × 1.2 1000 𝐦𝐦
(D) Ultimate bearing capacity, GWT @ bottom ftg. 1846
q= (9.81)(1.0 − 0.5) + 9.467(0.5) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
1000
q =𝛄𝛄𝑫𝑫𝒇𝒇
1846 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
q= (9.81)(1.0) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟑
1000 𝐦𝐦 𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = 1.3(15.75)(35) + 13.788(22) + 0.4(1.2)(9.467)(19)
𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤 𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

𝛄𝛄 = 𝛄𝛄′ ; 𝛄𝛄 = 1965(9.81) − 9810 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝐦𝐦𝟑𝟑
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = 1.3(15.75)(35) + 18.11(22) + 0.4(1.2)(9.468)(19)
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

Example 2:
A square footing has a dimension of 1.0m. The bottom of the footing is located at 2.50 m below the
ground surface. The angle of friction of the soil foundation is 30o. The unit weight and the saturated unit
weight of of the soil is 18.10 kN/m3 and 19.30 kN/m3, respectively, with a cohesion of 15.70 kN/m3. Assume
a factor of safety 3.0. (a) Compute the value of the bearing capacity factor 𝑁𝑁𝑞𝑞 . (b) Compute the net
allowable load that the footing could carry if the GWT is located 0.20 m below the foundation of the
footing. (c) Compute the net allowable load that the footing could carry if the GWT is located 1.20 m
below the ground surface.
• Given: (C) Net Allowable Load; GWT @ 1.2m depth
 B = 1.0m  γ = 18.10mkN3
 𝑫𝑫𝒇𝒇 = 2.5m  γsat = 19.30mkN3 Case No.1: D=1.20m
 ∅ = 30 °
 C = 15.70mkN3
𝒒𝒒 = 𝜸𝜸�𝑫𝑫𝒇𝒇 − 𝑫𝑫� + 𝜸𝜸′ 𝑫𝑫 = 18.10(2.5 − 1.2) + (19.3 − 9.81)(1.2)
• Solution: 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
(A) Bearing Capacity Factor (Nq) 𝒒𝒒 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
𝐦𝐦𝟐𝟐
∅ 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
𝑵𝑵𝒒𝒒 = 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝟐𝟐 �𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 + � 𝒆𝒆𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅∅ 𝛄𝛄 = 19.3 − 9.81 → 𝛄𝛄 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝟑𝟑
30 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋30 °
𝑵𝑵𝒒𝒒 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡2 �45 + � 𝑒𝑒 → 𝑵𝑵𝒒𝒒 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝑵𝑵𝒄𝒄 + 𝒒𝒒𝑵𝑵𝒒𝒒 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝑵𝑵𝜸𝜸
2
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = 1.3(15.7)(30.14) + 34.918(18.4) + 0.4(1)(9.49)(15.668)
(B) Net Allowable Load; GWT @ 0.2m depth
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
b = 0.2m; 𝑫𝑫𝒇𝒇 = 2.5m; B = 1.0m
1430.62 − 18.10(2.5)
𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤 𝒒𝒒𝒂𝒂(𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏) = → 𝒒𝒒𝒂𝒂(𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏) = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
q =𝛄𝛄𝑫𝑫𝒇𝒇 ; q= 18.10(2.5) = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 3
𝐦𝐦𝟐𝟐
𝑷𝑷𝒂𝒂(𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏) = 461.71 × (1.0)2
1
D<B ∴ 𝛄𝛄 = [18.1(0.2) + 9.49(1 − 0.2)]
1 𝑷𝑷𝒂𝒂(𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏) = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
𝛄𝛄 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑
𝐦𝐦
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = 1.3(15.7)(30.14) + 45.25(18.4) + 0.4(1)(11.21)(15.668)
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
1518.01 − 18.10(2.5)
𝒒𝒒𝒂𝒂(𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏) = → 𝒒𝒒𝒂𝒂(𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏) = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
3
𝑷𝑷𝒂𝒂(𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏) = 490.92 × (1.0)2
𝑷𝑷𝒂𝒂(𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏) = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

Example 3:
A continuous footing is to be constructed in a uniform deposit of stiff clay and must support a wall of a
tilt-up structure. If the wall has a super imposed load of 142 kN/m, and a self-load of 10 kN/m of wall
length. The footing will be founded at a depth of 1.20 m on a medium dense sand with an undrained
shear strength of 146 kPa, a dry unit weight of 13.86 kN/m3, a void ratio of 0.89, and a moisture content
of 14%. (a) If the groundwater table elevation is below the footing, calculate the ultimate bearing capacity
of the soil. (b) Determine the allowable bearing capacity if the factor of safety against bearing capacity
failure is 3.00. (c) Determine the width of the wall footing.
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Module 5 – Design of Isolated Footings
Foundation is a part of an engineered system that transmits to, and into, the underlying soil or rock the
loads supported by the foundation and its self-weight. It may carry only machinery, support industrial
equipment (pipes, tower, tanks), act as sign bases, and the like. It is noted as the most important part of the
engineering system.
Foundation Engineer
• Given that person who by reason of training and experience is sufficiently versed in scientific principles and
engineering judgment to design a foundation.
• Necessary scientific principles are acquired through formal education courses in geotechnical (soil
mechanics, geology, foundation engineering) and structural (analysis, design in reinforced concrete and
steel, etc.) engineering and continued self-study via short courses, professional conferences, journal
reading, and the like
• The foundation engineer and geotechnical consultant must work closely together, or at least have frequent
conferences as the design progresses.
Superstructure and Substructure
Superstructure - Commonly used to describe the engineered part of the system bringing load to the
foundation. Part of the structure from ground surface up to the peak.
Substructure – part of the structure from ground surface down to the lowest point of the foundation.

Classification of Foundations
Shallow/Spread Foundations
Shallow foundations are those that transmit the structural loads to the near-surface soil or rock. There are
two types: spread footings and mats. Spread footings are by far the most common type of foundation.
The vast majority of one- and two-storey buildings use them, and if the ground conditions are good even
much larger structures can be supported on spread footings. Mats are commonly used on moderate-
sized structures.
• Isolated footing - supports a single column load. May be classified as square, rectangular, rectangular
circular or any regular shaped polygon.
• Combined footing and strap footing - supports two to four columns in one row. Combined footing may be
classified as rectangular and trapezoidal.
• Mat footing - a special footing used to support several randomly spaced columns or to support several
rows of parallel columns and may underlie a portion of or the entire building. Bases are foundations
supporting machinery and other equipment.
• Wall footing - supports a concrete or masonry (load or non-load bearing) wall.
Deep Foundation
Deep foundation is required to carry loads from a structure through weak compressible soils or fills on
to stronger and less compressible soils or rocks at depth, or for functional reasons. Deep foundations
are founded too deeply below the finished ground surface for their base bearing capacity to be affected
by surface conditions, this is usually at depths >3 m below finished ground level.
• If structural loads are too large or if the soil conditions are too poor, spread footings become unacceptably
large so the need to construct a mat foundation is a must
• Essentially one large spread footing that encompasses the entire structure.
• A mat distributes the weight of the structure across a larger area, thus reducing induced stresses in the
underlying soils.
• Mats also have the advantage of structural continuity and thus reduce the potential for differential
settlements.
What do you need to consider in choosing a footing type?

• The bearing capacity of the underlying soil.
• The magnitude of the column loads.
• The position of the water table.
• The depth of foundations of adjacent buildings.


Spread Footing
• A footing carrying a single column.

• Its function is to “spread” the column load laterally to the soil so that the stress intensity is
reduced to a value that the soil can safely carry sometimes called ‘single or isolated footings’.
• Wall footings are also types of spread footings, however, wall footing widths are controlled by
factors other than the allowable soil pressure since wall loads including wall weight are usually
rather low.
• May be called two-way or one-way depending on whether the steel used for bending runs both
ways or in one direction.
• May be stepped or sloped footings.
NSCP 2010 STANDARD IN DESIGNING A FOOTING
Section 407.8: Concrete Protection for Reinforcement

Section 409.3: Required Strength
Section 409.4.2: Strength-Reduction Factor
Section 415.3: Loads and Reaction Section 415.8: Minimum Footing Depth
Section 415.4: Footings Supporting Circular or Regular Polygon-Shaped Columns or Pedestals

Section 415.5: Moment in Footings
Shear Design of Footing
411.2.1 Except for members designed in accordance with Section 423 (Strut-and-Tie Models), design of cross
sections subject to shear shall be based in
𝑽𝑽𝒖𝒖 = ∅𝑽𝑽𝒏𝒏
Where Vu is the factored shear force considered and Vn is nominal shear strength computed by:
𝑽𝑽𝒏𝒏 = 𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄 + 𝑽𝑽𝒔𝒔
Where 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 is nominal shear strength provided by concrete in accordance with Section 411.3 or Section 411.4,
and 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 is nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement in accordance with Section 411.5.6 (𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 for
footings is usually equal to zero since they do not usually require stirrups).
One-Way shear (Beam Shear) and Two-Way Shear (Punching Shear)
DETERMINING ONE-WAY SHEAR (BEAM SHEAR)

411.2.3.1 For nonprestressed members, sections located less than a distance d from face of support shall be
permitted to be designed for the same shear 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 computed at a distance d.
411.3.1.1 For members subject to shear and flexure only: The maximum permissible value of the concrete shear
stress due to one-way shear can be computed as;
𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏�𝒇𝒇′𝒄𝒄 𝒃𝒃𝒘𝒘 𝒅𝒅
408.7.1 states that for
sand-lightweight concrete, λ=0.85;
for all-lightweight concrete, λ=0.75;
for normal-weight concrete, λ=1.00.
DETERMINING TWO-WAY SHEAR PUNCHING SHEAR
411.12.1.2 For two-way action where each of the critical sections to be investigated shall be located so that its
perimeter, 𝑏𝑏𝑂𝑂 , is a minimum, but need not approach closer than d/2 to:
411.12.2.1, 411.12.2.2, or 411.12.3.1. For members subject to shear and flexure only: The maximum permissible
value of the concrete shear stress due to two-way shear can be computed as;
1 2
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = �1 + � 𝜆𝜆�𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑
6 𝛽𝛽
where β is the ratio of long side to short side of the column, concentrated load, or reaction area
1 𝛼𝛼𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = � + 2� 𝜆𝜆�𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑
12 𝑏𝑏𝑜𝑜
where αs is 40 for interior columns, 30 for edge columns, and 20 for corner columns
1
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 𝜆𝜆�𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑
3
this is the default and frequently used formula used for two-way shear

Design of flexural reinforcements
𝝆𝝆𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚
𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 = 𝝓𝝓𝝓𝝓𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 𝒃𝒃𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐 �𝟏𝟏 − �
𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝒇𝒇′𝒄𝒄
410.6.1 Minimum Steel Percentage ratio
�𝒇𝒇′𝒄𝒄 𝟏𝟏.𝟒𝟒
𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 =
𝟒𝟒𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚
*choose lower value
410.4.3 Maximum Steel Percentage ratio
𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝒇𝒇′𝒄𝒄 𝜷𝜷𝟏𝟏
𝝆𝝆𝒃𝒃 = � �
𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 + 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚
𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝝆𝝆𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
407.13 Temperature and Shrinking Reinforcements (for WALL FOOTING)

Area of shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall provide at least the following ratios of reinforcement area to
gross concrete area, but not less than 0.0014:
a.) When Grade 275 or 530 deformed bars are used..................0.0020
b.) When Grade 415 deformed bars or welded wire
fabric (smooth or deformed) are used………………………………...0.0018
c.) When reinforcement with fy = 415 MPa measured
at a yield strain of 0.35% is used………………..........…………………0.0018(45/𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓)
Bearing Strength of Column

All forces acting at the base of a column must be transferred into the footing. Compressive forces may be
transferred directly by bearing, while uplift or tensile forces must be transferred by developed reinforcing
such as dowels and mechanical connectors.
𝜙𝜙𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 = 𝜙𝜙0.85𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝐴𝐴1
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝐴𝐴2
𝜙𝜙𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 = 𝜙𝜙0.85𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝐴𝐴1 �
𝐴𝐴1 A1= gross area of the column
A2= projected bearing area of the footing that
𝐴𝐴2 will resist the axial load
� ≤ 2.0
𝐴𝐴1

FLOW IN DESIGNING AN ISOLATED COLUMN FOOTING

Example 1: Wall Footing
Design a reinforced concrete wall footing to support a 300 mm wide reinforced concrete wall with a dead
load 300 kN/m and a live load 200 kN/m. The bottom of the footing is 1.0 m below the final grade, the
soil weight is 16 kN/m3, the concrete weight is 24kN/m3, the allowable soil pressure qa is 190 kPa, fy is
grade 60, f’c=28 MPa. Assume 450 mm deep footing for computation of footing weight.
• Given:
 DL = 300 kN⁄m  𝒒𝒒𝒂𝒂 = 190 kPa
 LL = 200 �m kN  𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 = G60; 414 MPa
kN
 γsoil = 16 �m3  𝒇𝒇′𝒄𝒄 = 28 MPa
kN  tftg = 450mm = 0.45m
 γconc = 24 �m3
 db = 16mm
• Solution:
1) Effective Bearing Capacity (qe)
𝒒𝒒𝒆𝒆 = 𝒒𝒒𝒂𝒂 − 𝜸𝜸𝒔𝒔 𝑫𝑫𝒇𝒇 − 𝜸𝜸𝒄𝒄 𝒕𝒕𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 = 190 − 16(1 − 0.45) − 24(0.45)
𝒒𝒒𝒆𝒆 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
2) Required Area and Base of the ftg

𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏
𝒒𝒒𝒆𝒆 = ; 𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏 = 𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫 + 𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳, 1 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑨𝑨𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 0.3m
kN kN 5) Flexural Moment (Mu)
𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏 = 300 (1.0𝑚𝑚) + 200 (1.0𝑚𝑚) → 𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 = 500 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
m m 𝑾𝑾𝒖𝒖 𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐 3 − 0.30
500 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 = ; 𝑳𝑳 = = 1.35𝑚𝑚 L
170.04 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = → 𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 2.9343m2 𝟐𝟐 2
𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑾𝑾𝒖𝒖 = 𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 × 𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼 𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾 3m
𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑩𝑩 = → 𝑩𝑩 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 (𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏) 𝑾𝑾𝒖𝒖 = 266.6667 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 (1𝑚𝑚) = 266.6667 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚
1 𝑚𝑚
𝑩𝑩 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
(266.6667)(1.35)2
𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 = → 𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 =206.55 kN-m
3) Ultimate Bearing Pressure (qu) 2
𝑷𝑷𝒖𝒖 6) Actual Steel Ratio (ρactual)
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = ; 𝑷𝑷𝒖𝒖 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝑨𝑨𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇(𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑) 𝝆𝝆𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚
𝑷𝑷𝒖𝒖 = 300(1.2) + (200)(1.6) → 𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 = 680 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 = 𝝓𝝓𝝓𝝓𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 𝒃𝒃𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐 �𝟏𝟏 − � ; 𝝓𝝓 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝒇𝒇′𝒄𝒄
680 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 206.55(1000)2 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = → 𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
3𝑚𝑚 × 1𝑚𝑚 (𝜌𝜌)(414)
= 0.90(𝜌𝜌)(414)(1000)(367)2 �1 − �
1.7(28)
4) “d” and “tprov”
One-Way Shear: 𝑽𝑽𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 < ∅𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 ; ∅ = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝝆𝝆𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝐵𝐵 𝑊𝑊
𝑽𝑽𝒖𝒖 = 𝑞𝑞𝑢𝑢 (1000𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)(𝑧𝑧) = 𝑞𝑞𝑢𝑢 (1000𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) � − − 𝑑𝑑� 7) Compare ρactual with ρmin
2 2
1 1 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 1.4
∅𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = ∅ � � 𝜆𝜆�𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐(𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏) = 0.75 � � (1)�𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐(𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏) 𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
6 6 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 414
𝑩𝑩 𝑾𝑾 𝟏𝟏
∴ 𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 (𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏) � − − 𝒅𝒅� = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 � � (𝟏𝟏)�𝒇𝒇′ 𝒄𝒄(𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃)
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟔𝟔 �𝒇𝒇′ 𝒄𝒄 √28
226.6667 3000 − 300 0.75 𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
(1000) � − 𝑑𝑑1 � = � � (1)√28(1000)(𝑑𝑑1 ) 𝟒𝟒𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 4(414)
1000 2 6
𝒅𝒅𝟏𝟏 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 < 𝝆𝝆𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
𝒕𝒕𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 = 𝒅𝒅𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 + 𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝒃𝒃 = 344.5541 + 75 + 0.5(16) ∴ 𝝆𝝆 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝒕𝒕𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 = 427.56 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 50𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) → 𝒕𝒕𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝒅𝒅𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝒕𝒕𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 − 𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝒃𝒃 = 450 − 75 − 8

𝒅𝒅𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

8) Number of bars and required spacing

𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔
𝝆𝝆 = ; 𝝆𝝆 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠
0.004275 = → 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 1568.81 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
(1000)(367)
𝝅𝝅
𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 = 𝒏𝒏 � 𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃 𝟐𝟐 � ; 𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
𝟒𝟒
𝜋𝜋
1568.81 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 = 𝑛𝑛 � (16𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)2 � → 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟖𝟖 (𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖)
4
𝒏𝒏 = 𝟖𝟖 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = ; 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟖𝟖, 𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏
1000𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = → 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
8−1
9) Temperature and Shrinking Reinforcements (Wall Footing)

𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒; 𝝆𝝆 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔(𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕) 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡)
𝝆𝝆 = → 0.0018 =
𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 (3000)(450)
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡) = 2430 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝝅𝝅
𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔(𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕) = 𝒏𝒏 � 𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃 𝟐𝟐 � ; 𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔(𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
𝟒𝟒
𝜋𝜋
2430 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 = 𝑛𝑛 � (16𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)2 � → 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖)
4
𝒏𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
16
𝒙𝒙 = 3000𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 2(75) − 2 � � = 2834 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2 CC=75 mm
𝒙𝒙
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = ; 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏, 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏 x
2834 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = → 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
13 − 1 3000 mm

Example 2: Isolated Square Footing
Design a square concrete column footing to support a 300-mm x 300-mm reinforced concrete column
that in turn is supporting a 130-kN dead load and a 200-kN live load. f’c = 28MPa, fy= 414, and qa = 210
kPa. The base of the footing is to be 1.50 m below the final grade. Concrete weight = 24kN/m3 and soil
weight = 16kN/m3. Assume 500mm thick for footing. Also check the bearing strength and the required
development length. The bar diameter of the footing is 16 mm,
• Given:
 DL = 130 kN  𝒒𝒒𝒂𝒂 = 190 kPa  db= 16 mm
 LL = 200kN  𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 = 414 MPa  𝑫𝑫𝒇𝒇 = 1.50 m
 γsoil = 16 kN�m3  𝒇𝒇′𝒄𝒄 = 28 MPa
 γconc = 24 �m3kN  tftg = 500mm = 0.5m
• Solution:
1) Effective Bearing Capacity (qe);
𝒒𝒒𝒆𝒆 = 190 − 16(0.5) − 24(1.5 − 0.5)
𝒒𝒒𝒆𝒆 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏
𝒒𝒒𝒆𝒆 = ; 𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏 = 𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫 + 𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳
𝑨𝑨𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒕𝒕𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 = 𝒅𝒅𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 + 𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 + 𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝒃𝒃
𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏 = 130 + 200 → 𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 = 330 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝒕𝒕𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 = 169.8787 + 75 + 16 + 0.5(16)
330 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝒕𝒕𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 = 268.8784 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢) → 𝒕𝒕𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
182 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = → 𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 1.8132 m2
𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝒅𝒅𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝒕𝒕𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 − 𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 − 𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝒃𝒃 = 300 − 75 − 16 − 8
𝑩𝑩𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = √1.8132 m2 → 𝑩𝑩 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 (𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏) 𝒅𝒅𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝑩𝑩𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎
5) Flexural Moment (Mu) 0.3m
3) Ultimate Bearing Pressure (qu) 𝑾𝑾𝒖𝒖 𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐 1.4 − 0.30
𝑷𝑷𝒖𝒖 𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 = ; 𝑳𝑳 = = 0.55 𝑚𝑚
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = ; 𝑷𝑷𝒖𝒖 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝟐𝟐 2
L
𝑨𝑨𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇(𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑) 𝑾𝑾𝒖𝒖 = 𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 × 𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼 𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾
𝑷𝑷𝒖𝒖 = 130(1.2) + (200)(1.6) → 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = 476 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 1.4m
476 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑾𝑾𝒖𝒖 = 242.8571 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 (1.4𝑚𝑚)
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = → 𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 (0.55)2
1.4𝑚𝑚 × 1.4𝑚𝑚 𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 =242.8571 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 (1.4𝑚𝑚)
2
𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 =51.4250 kN-m
d1 One-Way Shear: 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢1 < ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐1 ; ∅ = 0.75 6) Actual Steel Ratio (ρactual)
𝑩𝑩 − 𝑾𝑾 𝟏𝟏 𝝆𝝆𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 (𝒃𝒃) � − 𝒅𝒅� = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 � � (𝟏𝟏)�𝒇𝒇′ 𝒄𝒄(𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃) 𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 = 𝝓𝝓𝝓𝝓𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 𝒃𝒃𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐 �𝟏𝟏 − � ; 𝝓𝝓 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
𝟐𝟐 𝟔𝟔 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝒇𝒇′𝒄𝒄
242.8571 1400 − 300 0.75
(1400) � − 𝑑𝑑1 � = � � (1)√28(1400)(𝑑𝑑1 ) 51.4250(1000)2 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
1000 2 6 (𝜌𝜌)(414)
𝒅𝒅𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 0.90(𝜌𝜌)(414)(1400)(201)2 �1 − �
1.7(28)
1400 Two-Way Shear: 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢2 < ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐2 ; ∅ = 0.75 𝝆𝝆𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟏
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 (𝑨𝑨𝒐𝒐 − 𝑨𝑨𝒊𝒊 ) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 � � (𝟏𝟏)�𝒇𝒇′ 𝒄𝒄(𝒃𝒃𝒐𝒐 𝒅𝒅)
𝟑𝟑 7) Compare ρactual with ρmin
242.8571 0.75 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 1.4
[14002 − (300 + 𝑑𝑑2 )2 ] = � � (1)√28(4(300 + 𝑑𝑑2 ))(𝑑𝑑2 ) 𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 ✔ choose higher
300+d2 1000 3 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 414
𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎, ✔ to be used as dreq (choose higher)
bo=4(300+d2) �𝒇𝒇′ 𝒄𝒄 √28
𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟒𝟒𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 4(414)
𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 > 𝝆𝝆𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 ∴ 𝝆𝝆 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

8) Number of bars and required spacing 10) Check the bearing strength of the column and footing
𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 for column:
𝝆𝝆 = ; 𝝆𝝆 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 ∅𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏 = ∅𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝒇𝒇′ 𝒄𝒄𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏
0.00338 = → 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 951.30 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
(1400)(201) ∅𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏 = (0.65)(0.85)(28)(3002 )
𝝅𝝅 𝜋𝜋
𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 = 𝒏𝒏 � 𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃 𝟐𝟐 � ; 951.30 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 = 𝑛𝑛 � (16𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)2 �
𝟒𝟒 4 ∅𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 > 𝑷𝑷𝒖𝒖 → 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐!
𝒏𝒏 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 (𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖) → 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟓𝟓 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
16
𝒙𝒙 = 1400𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 2(75) − 2 � � = 1234 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2 for footing:
𝒙𝒙 1234 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = = 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐
𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏 5−1 𝝓𝝓𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏 = 𝝓𝝓𝝓𝝓. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝒇𝒇′𝒄𝒄 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 �
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 308.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚; 𝑆𝑆 < 5𝑡𝑡 < 450 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏
∴ 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 14002 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐
� =� = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 > 𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 → � = 2.0
𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 3002 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏
9) Check the Development Length
𝑳𝑳𝒅𝒅 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 𝝍𝝍𝒕𝒕 𝝍𝝍𝒆𝒆 𝝍𝝍𝒔𝒔
= 𝝓𝝓𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏 = (0.65)(0.85)(28)(3002 )(2.0)
𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃 𝒄𝒄 + 𝒌𝒌𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕
𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏�𝒇𝒇′ 𝒄𝒄 � �
𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃
∅𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 > 𝑷𝑷𝒖𝒖 → 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐!
𝒄𝒄𝟏𝟏 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 75𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
1 1
𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = (308.50)
2 2 Pro𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗 𝒂𝒂 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕
𝒄𝒄 + 𝒌𝒌𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝟓𝟓 − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎∅ 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑶𝑶. 𝑪𝑪 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
≤ 2.50 ; 𝝍𝝍𝒕𝒕 𝝍𝝍𝒆𝒆 ≤ 1.70
𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃
𝝍𝝍𝒔𝒔 = 0.80 − 20𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝝍𝝍𝒔𝒔 = 1.00 − 25𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝝍𝝍𝒕𝒕 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝝍𝝍𝒆𝒆 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝝍𝝍𝒕𝒕 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎, 𝝍𝝍𝒆𝒆 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎; (1.0)(1.0) ≤ 1.70

𝝍𝝍𝒔𝒔 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝒄𝒄𝟏𝟏 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕
1
𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐 = (308.50) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
2
𝒄𝒄 + 𝒌𝒌𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 + 𝟎𝟎
: = 4.69 ≤ 2.50
𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝒄𝒄 + 𝒌𝒌𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕
∴ = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃
𝑳𝑳𝒅𝒅 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 𝝍𝝍𝒕𝒕 𝝍𝝍𝒆𝒆 𝝍𝝍𝒔𝒔 414(1.0)(1.0)(0.80)
= = (16)
𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃 𝒄𝒄 + 𝒌𝒌 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 1.1(1.0)√28(2.50)
𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏�𝒇𝒇′ 𝒄𝒄 � �
𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃
𝐋𝐋𝐝𝐝 = 364.1653 mm
𝑳𝑳𝒅𝒅(𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑) = 550𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 75𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝑳𝑳𝒅𝒅(𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑) > 𝑳𝑳𝒅𝒅(𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎) ∴ 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐!

Example 3: Isolated Rectangular Footing
Design a rectangular concrete column footing to support a 450-mm x 450-mm w/ 8 – 25mmϕ reinforced
concrete column. The width B is restricted at 2.20 m.
Loads: 𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 1,110 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 1,022 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Column Design Criteria: 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ = 35 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 400𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
Footing Design Criteria: 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ = 21 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 400𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝑞𝑞𝑒𝑒 = 240 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
• Solution:
𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏
𝒒𝒒𝒆𝒆 =
𝑨𝑨𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
1100𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 + 1022𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
240 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 =
𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 8.8833 𝑚𝑚2 = 𝐵𝐵 × 𝐿𝐿
𝐵𝐵 = 2.20 𝑚𝑚
𝐿𝐿 = 4.0379 ≈ 4.10 𝑚𝑚 Punching Shear: 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢2 < ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐2 ; ∅ = 0.75
𝟏𝟏
𝑨𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 2.20(4.10) → 𝑨𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 (𝑨𝑨𝒐𝒐 − 𝑨𝑨𝒊𝒊 ) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 � � (𝟏𝟏)�𝒇𝒇′ 𝒄𝒄(𝒃𝒃𝒐𝒐 𝒅𝒅)
𝟑𝟑
2) Ultimate Bearing Pressure (qu) 328.9579
[(4100 × 2200) − (450 + 𝑑𝑑3 )2 ]
𝑷𝑷𝒖𝒖 1000
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = 0.75
𝑨𝑨𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇(𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑) =� � (1)√21(4(450 + 𝑑𝑑3 ))(3)
3
1100(1.2) + (1022)(1.6) 𝒅𝒅𝟑𝟑 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 =
9.02
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 𝒕𝒕𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 = 𝒅𝒅𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 + 𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 + 𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝒃𝒃
𝒕𝒕𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 = 665.7369 + 75 + 25 + 0.5(25)
𝒕𝒕𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 = 778.2369 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢) → 𝒕𝒕𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
450 𝒅𝒅𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝒕𝒕𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 − 𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 − 𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝒃𝒃 = 800 − 75 − 25 − 12.5

450
𝒅𝒅𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑(𝑩𝑩) = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
4100
𝒅𝒅𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝒕𝒕𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 − 𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝒃𝒃 = 800 − 75 − 12.5

𝒅𝒅𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑(𝑳𝑳) = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
2200
ALONG “B”
Beam Shear: 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢1 < ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐1 ; ∅ = 0.75
I. Flexural Moment (Mu)
𝑩𝑩 − 𝑾𝑾 𝟏𝟏
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 (𝒃𝒃) � − 𝒅𝒅� = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 � � (𝟏𝟏)�𝒇𝒇′ 𝒄𝒄(𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃) 𝑾𝑾𝒖𝒖 𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐 𝟔𝟔 𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 =
ALONG “L” 𝟐𝟐
𝑾𝑾𝒖𝒖 = 𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 × 𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼 𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾
328.9579 2200 − 450 0.75
(4100) � − 𝑑𝑑1 � = � � (1)√21(4100)(𝑑𝑑1 )
1000 2 6 𝑾𝑾𝒖𝒖 = 328.9579𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 (2.2𝑚𝑚)
𝒅𝒅𝟏𝟏 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 (1.825)2
ALONG “B” 𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 =328.9579𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 (2.2𝑚𝑚)
2
328.9579 4100 − 450 0.75 𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 =1205.1989 kN-m
(2200) � − 𝑑𝑑2 � = � � (1)√21(2200)(𝑑𝑑2 )
1000 2 6
𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 ✔ to be used as dreq (choose highest)

II. Actual Steel Ratio (ρactual) IV. Number of bars and required spacing
𝝆𝝆𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔
𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 = 𝝓𝝓𝝓𝝓𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 𝒃𝒃𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐 �𝟏𝟏 − � ; 𝝓𝝓 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝝆𝝆 = ; 𝝆𝝆 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝒇𝒇′𝒄𝒄 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
1205.1989𝑥𝑥106 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠
(𝜌𝜌)(400) 0.0035 = → 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 10224.375 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
= 0.90(𝜌𝜌)(400)(2200)(687.50)2 �1 − � (4100)(712.50)
1.7(21)
𝝅𝝅 𝜋𝜋
𝝆𝝆𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 = 𝒏𝒏 � 𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃 𝟐𝟐 � ; 10224.375 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 = 𝑛𝑛 � (25𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)2 �
𝟒𝟒 4
III. Compare ρactual with ρmin 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 (𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖) → 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 1.4
𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 ✔ choose higher
𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 400
• Bandwidth Length
�𝒇𝒇′ 𝒄𝒄 √21
𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑵𝑵𝑩𝑩 𝟐𝟐 2
𝟒𝟒𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 4(400) = → 𝑵𝑵𝑩𝑩 = (21)
𝑵𝑵𝑳𝑳 𝜷𝜷 + 𝟏𝟏 4100
𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 > 𝝆𝝆𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 ∴ 𝝆𝝆 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 +1
2200
𝑵𝑵𝑩𝑩 = 14.667 ≈ 15 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
IV. Number of bars and required spacing
𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔
𝝆𝝆 = ; 𝝆𝝆 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑵𝑵𝑩𝑩 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐∅
𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑵𝑵𝑳𝑳 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐∅
0.0035 = → 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 5293.75 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
(2200)(687.50)
𝝅𝝅 𝜋𝜋
𝟒𝟒 4
𝒏𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 (𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖) → 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
ALONG “L”
I. Flexural Moment (Mu)
𝑾𝑾𝒖𝒖 𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐
𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 =
𝟐𝟐
𝑾𝑾𝒖𝒖 = 𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 × 𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼 𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾
𝑾𝑾𝒖𝒖 = 328.9579𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 (4.1𝑚𝑚)

(0.875)2
𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 =328.9579𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 (4.1𝑚𝑚)
2
𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 =516.3097 kN-m
II. Actual Steel Ratio (ρactual)
𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 = 𝝓𝝓𝝓𝝓𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 𝒃𝒃𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐 �𝟏𝟏 − � ; 𝝓𝝓 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝒇𝒇′𝒄𝒄
516.3097𝑥𝑥106
(𝜌𝜌)(400)
= 0.90(𝜌𝜌)(400)(4100)(712.50)2 �1 − �
1.7(21)
𝝆𝝆𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
III. Compare ρactual with ρmin

𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 1.4
𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 ✔ choose higher
�𝒇𝒇′ 𝒄𝒄 √21
𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟒𝟒𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 4(400)
𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 > 𝝆𝝆𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 ∴ 𝝆𝝆 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

Example 4: Eccentrically Loaded Square Footing
Design a square concrete column footing to support a 450-mm x 450-mm reinforced concrete column.
The center of the column and footing must coincide.
Loads: 𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 300 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 500 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 100 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚, 𝑀𝑀𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 130 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
Footing Design Criteria: 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ = 21 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 400𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝑞𝑞𝑎𝑎 = 180 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘,𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓 = 1.50 𝑚𝑚, 𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠 = 16 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3,𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐 =
24 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3, 𝑑𝑑𝑏𝑏 = 20 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, assume a thickness of the footing of 500 mm.
• Solution:
𝒒𝒒𝒆𝒆 = 180 − 16(1.0) − 24(0.5)
𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏 300𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 + 500𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝒒𝒒𝒆𝒆 = → 152 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 =
𝑨𝑨𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑨𝑨𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
𝐵𝐵𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = √5.26 = 2.2935𝑚𝑚 (𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 100𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

𝑩𝑩𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎
3) Bearing Capacity due to Eccentricity Punching Shear: 𝑽𝑽𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 < ∅𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 ; 𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑴𝑴 100 + 130 Interpolation
𝒆𝒆 = = = 0.2875 383.7429 − 54.8204 𝑞𝑞2 − 54.8204 𝑧𝑧1 = 2.3 − 0.45 − 𝑑𝑑2
𝑷𝑷 300 + 500 = 2
𝑩𝑩𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 2.3 𝑩𝑩𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 2.30 𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧1 = 0.466𝑚𝑚
= = 0.3833 ; 𝒆𝒆 < ∴ Trapezoidal 𝒒𝒒𝟐𝟐 = 121.5345 kPa
𝟔𝟔 6 𝟔𝟔
𝑃𝑃 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑧𝑧1 + 0.45 + 𝑑𝑑2
𝜎𝜎 = ± 383.7429 − 54.8204 𝑞𝑞3 − 54.8204
𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼 = 𝑧𝑧2 = 1.833𝑚𝑚
qmin 2.30 𝑧𝑧2
𝑃𝑃 6𝑒𝑒
𝜎𝜎 = �1 ± � 𝒒𝒒𝟑𝟑 = 317.0288 kPa
𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵
qmax
1
1.2(300) + 1.6(500) 6(0.2875) 𝑽𝑽𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 = � 𝑞𝑞𝑢𝑢 𝐴𝐴 = � (54.8204 + 121.5345)(0.4665)(2.30)�
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = �1 ± � 2
(2.30𝑚𝑚)2 2.30 1
+ � (121.5345 + 317.0288)(1.367)(2.30)(2)�
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖(𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎) = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 2
1
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖(𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎) = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 + � (317.0288 + 383.7429)(0.466)(2.30)�
2
4) “d” and “tprov” 𝑽𝑽𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
Beam Shear: Interpolation 1 0.75

383.7429 − 54.8204 𝑞𝑞1 − 54.8204 ∅𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 0.75 � � (1)�𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐(𝑏𝑏𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑) = � � √21[4(450 + 𝑑𝑑2 )](𝑑𝑑2 )
= 3 3
2.30 1.375 + 𝑑𝑑1 ∅𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
𝒒𝒒𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒅𝒅𝟏𝟏
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢1 < ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐1 ; ∅ = 0.75 𝑽𝑽𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 < ∅𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 ∴ 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶! ⇢ 𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼 𝒅𝒅𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑩𝑩 − 𝑾𝑾 𝟏𝟏
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 (𝒃𝒃) � − 𝒅𝒅� = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 � � (𝟏𝟏)�𝒇𝒇′ 𝒄𝒄(𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃) 𝒕𝒕𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 = 𝒅𝒅𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 + 𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 + 𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝒃𝒃 = 917.03 + 75 + 20 + 0.5(20)
𝟐𝟐 𝟔𝟔
𝒕𝒕𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 = 1022.03 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢) → 𝒕𝒕𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
1 𝑞𝑞𝑢𝑢(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) + 𝑞𝑞1 0.75
� � (2300)(925 − 𝑑𝑑1 = � � √21(2300)(𝑑𝑑1 )
2 2 6 𝒅𝒅𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝒕𝒕𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 − 𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 − 𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝒃𝒃 = 1050 − 75 − 20 − 10
𝒅𝒅𝟏𝟏 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒅𝒅𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

5) Ultimate Flexural Moment 9) Check the Development Length

1
𝒄𝒄𝟏𝟏 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕; 𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐 = (80) = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
2.30 − 0.45 2
𝑳𝑳 = = 0.925 𝒄𝒄 + 𝒌𝒌𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 + 𝟎𝟎
L 2 : = 2.00 ≤ 2.50
𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
Interpolation 𝒄𝒄 + 𝒌𝒌𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕
383.7429 − 54.8204 𝑞𝑞4 − 54.8204 ∴ = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎
= 𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃
L+0.45 2.30 0.925 + 0.45
qmin 𝒒𝒒𝟒𝟒 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 𝑳𝑳𝒅𝒅 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 𝝍𝝍𝒕𝒕 𝝍𝝍𝒆𝒆 𝝍𝝍𝒔𝒔 400(1.0)(1.0)(0.80)
= = (20)
q4 qmax 𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃 ′ 𝒄𝒄 + 𝒌𝒌𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 1.1(1.0)√21(2.0)
𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏�𝒇𝒇 𝒄𝒄 � �
𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃
𝑾𝑾𝒖𝒖 𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐
𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 = + � (𝒒𝒒𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 − 𝒒𝒒𝟒𝟒 )(𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃) � 𝑳𝑳�� 𝐋𝐋𝐝𝐝 = 634.82 mm
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑
(0.925)2
𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 = �328.9579𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 (2.3𝑚𝑚) � 𝑳𝑳𝒅𝒅(𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑) = 925𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 75𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
2
1 2 𝑳𝑳𝒅𝒅(𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑) > 𝑳𝑳𝒅𝒅(𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎) ∴ 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐!
+ � (383.74 − 251.46)(2.30)(0.925) � (0.925)��
2 3
𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 =334.20 kN-m
10) Check the bearing strength of the column and footing
for column:
6) Actual Steel Ratio (ρactual)
∅𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏 = ∅𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝒇𝒇′ 𝒄𝒄𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏
𝝆𝝆𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 ∅𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏 = (0.65)(0.85)(28)(4502 )
𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 = 𝝓𝝓𝝓𝝓𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 𝒃𝒃𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐 �𝟏𝟏 − � ; 𝝓𝝓 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 ∅𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 > 𝑷𝑷𝒖𝒖 → 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐!
𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝒇𝒇′𝒄𝒄
(𝜌𝜌)(400)
334.20(1000)2 = 0.90(𝜌𝜌)(400)(2300)(945)2 �1 − � for footing:
1.7(21)
𝝆𝝆𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐
𝝓𝝓𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏 = 𝝓𝝓𝝓𝝓. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝒇𝒇′𝒄𝒄 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 �
𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏
7) Compare ρactual with ρmin
𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 1.4
𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 ✔ choose higher 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 23002 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐
𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 400 � =� 2
= 5.11 > 2.0 → � = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎
𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 450 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏
�𝒇𝒇′ 𝒄𝒄 √21
𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝝓𝝓𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏 = (0.65)(0.85)(21)(4502 )(2.0)
𝟒𝟒𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 4(400)
∅𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 > 𝑷𝑷𝒖𝒖 → 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐!
9) Number of bars and required spacing

𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔
𝝆𝝆 = ; 𝝆𝝆 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠
0.0035 = → 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 7607.25 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
(2300)(945)
𝝅𝝅 𝜋𝜋
𝟒𝟒 4
𝒏𝒏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 (𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖) → 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
20
𝒙𝒙 = 2300𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 2(75) − 2 � � = 2130 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = =
𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏 25 − 1
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 88.75 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚; 𝑆𝑆 < 5𝑡𝑡 < 450
∴ 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

Example 5: Eccentrically Loaded Square Footing – UNIFORM PRESSURE APPROACH
Design a square concrete column footing to support a 450-mm x 450-mm reinforced concrete column.
The center of the column and footing must coincide.
Footing Design Criteria: 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ = 21 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 400𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝑞𝑞𝑎𝑎 = 180 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘,𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓 = 1.50 𝑚𝑚, 𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠 = 16 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3,𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐 =
24 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3, 𝑑𝑑𝑏𝑏 = 20 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, assume a thickness of the footing of 500 mm.
• Solution:
𝒒𝒒𝒆𝒆 = 180 − 16(1.0) − 24(0.5)

𝒒𝒒𝒆𝒆 = → 152 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 =
𝑨𝑨𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑨𝑨𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 ; 𝐵𝐵𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = √5.26 = 2.2935𝑚𝑚

𝑩𝑩𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎
3) Bearing Capacity due to Eccentricity
𝚺𝚺𝑴𝑴 100 + 130

𝒆𝒆 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 • Flexural Moment (Mu)
𝚺𝚺𝑷𝑷 300 + 500
𝑾𝑾𝒖𝒖 𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐
1.2(300) + 1.6(500) 𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 = ; 𝑳𝑳 = 1.15 + (0.29 − 0.225) = 1.215 𝑚𝑚
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 𝟐𝟐
(2.30𝑚𝑚)2 (1.215)2
𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 =219.28 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 (2.3𝑚𝑚)
4) “d” and “tprov” 2
𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 =372.27 kN-m
One-Way Shear: 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢1 < ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐1 ; ∅ = 0.75
𝟏𝟏 • Actual Steel Ratio (ρactual)
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 (𝒃𝒃)(𝒛𝒛) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 � � (𝟏𝟏)�𝒇𝒇′ 𝒄𝒄(𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃) 𝝆𝝆𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚
𝟔𝟔 𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 = 𝝓𝝓𝝓𝝓𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 𝒃𝒃𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐 �𝟏𝟏 − � ; 𝝓𝝓 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
219.28 0.75 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝒇𝒇′𝒄𝒄
(2300)(1215 − 𝑑𝑑1 ) = � � √21(2300)(𝑑𝑑1 )
1000 6 372.27(1000)2
𝒅𝒅𝟏𝟏 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎, ✔ to be used as dreq (choose higher) (𝜌𝜌)(400)
= 0.90(𝜌𝜌)(400)(2300)(345)2 �1 − �
1.7(21)
Two-Way Shear: 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢2 < ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐2 ; ∅ = 0.75
𝟏𝟏 𝝆𝝆𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 (𝑨𝑨𝒐𝒐 − 𝑨𝑨𝒊𝒊 ) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 � � (𝟏𝟏)�𝒇𝒇′ 𝒄𝒄(𝒃𝒃𝒐𝒐 𝒅𝒅)
𝟑𝟑
219.28 0.75 • Compare ρactual with ρmin
[23002 − (450 + 𝑑𝑑2 )2 ] = � � √21(4(450 + 𝑑𝑑2 ))(𝑑𝑑2 ) 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 1.4
1000 3 𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 400
�𝒇𝒇′ 𝒄𝒄 √21
𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒕𝒕𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 = 𝒅𝒅𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 + 𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 + 𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝒃𝒃 𝟒𝟒𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 4(400)
𝒕𝒕𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 = 336.35 + 75 + 20 + 0.5(20) 𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 < 𝝆𝝆𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 ∴ 𝝆𝝆 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒕𝒕𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 = 440.662 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢) → 𝒕𝒕𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝒅𝒅𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝒕𝒕𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 − 𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 − 𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝒃𝒃 = 450 − 75 − 20 − 10

𝒅𝒅𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

8) Number of bars and required spacing 10) Check the bearing strength of the column and footing
𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 for column:
𝝆𝝆 = ; 𝝆𝝆 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 ∅𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏 = ∅𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝒇𝒇′ 𝒄𝒄𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 ∅𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏 = (0.65)(0.85)(21)(4502 )
0.00395 = → 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 3134.325 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 ∅𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 > 𝑷𝑷𝒖𝒖 → 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐!
(2300)(345)
𝝅𝝅 𝜋𝜋
𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 = 𝒏𝒏 � 𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃 𝟐𝟐 � ; 3134.325 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 = 𝑛𝑛 � (20𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)2 � for footing:
𝟒𝟒 4
𝒏𝒏 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 (𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖) → 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐
𝝓𝝓𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏 = 𝝓𝝓𝝓𝝓. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝒇𝒇′𝒄𝒄 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 �
20 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏
𝒙𝒙 = 2300𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 2(75) − 2 � � = 2130 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2
𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 23002 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐
𝒙𝒙 2130 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � =� = 5.11 > 2.0 → � = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = = 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 4502 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏
𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏 10 − 1
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 236.667 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚; 𝑆𝑆 < 5𝑡𝑡 < 450 𝝓𝝓𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏 = (0.65)(0.85)(21)(4502 )(2.0)
∅𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 > 𝑷𝑷𝒖𝒖 → 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐!
∴ 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
9) Check the Development Length

𝑳𝑳𝒅𝒅 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 𝝍𝝍𝒕𝒕 𝝍𝝍𝒆𝒆 𝝍𝝍𝒔𝒔
=
𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃 𝒄𝒄 + 𝒌𝒌𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕
𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏�𝒇𝒇′ 𝒄𝒄 � �
𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃
𝝍𝝍𝒕𝒕 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎, 𝝍𝝍𝒆𝒆 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎; (1.0)(1.0) ≤ 1.70
𝝍𝝍𝒔𝒔 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝒄𝒄𝟏𝟏 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕
1
𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐 = (230) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
2
𝒄𝒄 + 𝒌𝒌𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 + 𝟎𝟎
: = 4.69 ≤ 2.50
𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝒄𝒄 + 𝒌𝒌𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕
∴ = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃
𝑳𝑳𝒅𝒅 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 𝝍𝝍𝒕𝒕 𝝍𝝍𝒆𝒆 𝝍𝝍𝒔𝒔 400(1.0)(1.0)(0.80)
= = (20)
𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃 𝒄𝒄 + 𝒌𝒌 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 1.1(1.0)√21(2.5)
𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏�𝒇𝒇′ 𝒄𝒄 � �
𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃
𝐋𝐋𝐝𝐝 = 507.8525 mm
𝑳𝑳𝒅𝒅(𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑) = 925𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 75𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝑳𝑳𝒅𝒅(𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑) > 𝑳𝑳𝒅𝒅(𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎) ∴ 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐!

Example 6: Edge Footing – UNIFORM PRESSURE APPROACH
Design the edge footing using uniform pressure approach

Column Design Criteria: 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ = 21 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 400𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 400mm x 400mm
Footing Design Criteria: 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ = 21 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 400𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝑞𝑞𝑒𝑒 = 150 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑑𝑑𝑏𝑏 = 20𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
• Solution:
•
𝑀𝑀 180 + 95
𝑒𝑒 = =
400
𝑃𝑃 300 + 150
𝑒𝑒 = 0.6111𝑚𝑚
400 e L
𝐵𝐵 0.4
= 𝑒𝑒 + = 0.8111 𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝑩𝑩 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔
B
1) Dimensions
𝒒𝒒𝒆𝒆 = → 150 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = Bars along “L”
𝑨𝑨𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝐵𝐵 × 𝐿𝐿
• Flexural Moment (Mu)
300𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 + 150𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 (1.30)2
𝐿𝐿= = 1.8496 𝑚𝑚 𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 =185.7585 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 (1.90𝑚𝑚)
(1.622 𝑚𝑚)(150 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘) 2
𝑳𝑳𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒎𝒎; 𝑩𝑩𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎 𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 =298.2353 kN-m
2) Ultimate Bearing Capacity • Actual Steel Ratio (ρactual)

1.2(300) + 1.6(500) 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝒇𝒇′𝒄𝒄
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 (𝜌𝜌)(400)
(1.70)(1.90) 298.2353 × 106 = 0.90(𝜌𝜌)(400)(1900)(345)2 �1 − �
1.7(21)
𝝆𝝆𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
• Compare ρactual with ρmin
One-Way Shear: 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢1 < ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐1 ; ∅ = 0.75
𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 1.4
for situation ① 𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
185.7585 0.75
(1900)(1300 − 𝑑𝑑1 ) = � � √21(1900)(𝑑𝑑1 )
1000 6 �𝒇𝒇′ 𝒄𝒄 √21
𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒅𝒅𝟏𝟏 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎, ✔ to be used as dreq (choose higher) 𝟒𝟒𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 4(400)
for situation ② 𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 > 𝝆𝝆𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 ∴ 𝝆𝝆 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
185.7585 0.75 • Number of bars and required spacing
(1700)(750 − 𝑑𝑑1 ) = � � √21(1700)(𝑑𝑑1 )
1000 6 𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠
𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝝆𝝆 = ; 0.0035 = → 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 2294.25 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 (1900)(345)
𝝅𝝅 𝜋𝜋
Two-Way Shear: 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢2 < ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐2 ; ∅ = 0.75 𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 = 𝒏𝒏 � 𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃 𝟐𝟐 � ; 2294.25 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 = 𝑛𝑛 � (20𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)2 �
𝟒𝟒 4
185.7585
[(1900)(1700) − (400 + 𝑑𝑑3 )(400 + 0.5𝑑𝑑3 )] 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟑𝟑 (𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖) → 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟖𝟖 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
1000
0.75 20
=� � √21[(400 + 𝑑𝑑3 ) + (800 + 𝑑𝑑3 )](𝑑𝑑3 ) 𝒙𝒙 = 1700𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 2(75) − 2 � � = 1530 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
3 2
𝒅𝒅𝟑𝟑 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏 8−1
𝒕𝒕𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 = 318.3394 + 75 + 20 + 0.5(20)
𝒕𝒕𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 = 423.34 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢) → 𝒕𝒕𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝒅𝒅𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 450 − 75 − 20 − 10 → 𝒅𝒅𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 ∴ 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

Bars along “B”

• Flexural Moment (Mu)
(0.75)2
𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 =185.7585 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 (1.70𝑚𝑚)
2
𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 =88.8158 kN-m
• Actual Steel Ratio (ρactual)

𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝒇𝒇′𝒄𝒄
(𝜌𝜌)(400)
88.8158 × 106 = 0.90(𝜌𝜌)(400)(1700)(345)2 �1 − �
1.7(21)
𝝆𝝆𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
• Compare ρactual with ρmin
𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 1.4
𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
�𝒇𝒇′ 𝒄𝒄 √21
𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟒𝟒𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 4(400)
• Number of bars and required spacing
𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠
𝝆𝝆 = ; 0.0035 = → 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 2052.75 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 (1700)(345)
𝝅𝝅 𝜋𝜋
𝟒𝟒 4
𝒏𝒏 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 (𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖) → 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟕𝟕 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
20
𝒙𝒙 = 1900𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 2(75) − 2 � � = 1730 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2
𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏 7−1
∴ 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
• Bandwidth Length
𝑵𝑵𝑩𝑩 𝟐𝟐 2
= → 𝑵𝑵𝑩𝑩 = (8)
𝑵𝑵𝑳𝑳 𝜷𝜷 + 𝟏𝟏 1900
+1
1700
𝑵𝑵𝑩𝑩 = 7.56 ≈ 8 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝑵𝑵𝑩𝑩 = 𝟖𝟖 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐∅
𝑵𝑵𝑳𝑳 = 𝟖𝟖 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐∅

Example 6: Combined Footing
Design the rectangular combined footing:

Footing Design Criteria: 𝑞𝑞𝑎𝑎 = 240 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ = 20.7 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 419 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓 = 1.80 𝑚𝑚, 𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐 = 24.0 , 𝛾𝛾
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
= 15.70
𝑚𝑚3 𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚3
Assume: 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 = 700 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 𝑑𝑑𝑏𝑏 = 25𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∅
Column1 Design Criteria: 450mm x 450mm Column2 Design Criteria: 500mm x 500mm
Loads: 𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 535 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 446 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 Loads: 𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 892 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 669 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
• Solution:
𝑞𝑞𝑒𝑒 = 240 − 24(0.7) − 16(1.8 − 0.7)
𝒒𝒒𝒆𝒆 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
2) Required Area
𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 (535 + 446) + (892 + 669)
𝑞𝑞𝑒𝑒 = → 205 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 =
𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑨𝑨𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
3) Dimensions
𝑅𝑅 = (535 + 446) + (892 + 669) = 2542 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
2542 (𝑥𝑥) = 981 (0) + 1561(3.6)
𝑥𝑥 = 2.2107 𝑚𝑚
𝐿𝐿 0.45
= 2.2107 + = 4.8714 𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝑳𝑳𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 ; 12.40 𝑚𝑚2 = 𝐿𝐿 × 𝐵𝐵
𝑩𝑩𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔
4) Ultimate Bearing Capacity
𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢1 =1.2(535) + 1.6(446) = 1355.60 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
V3
𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢2 =1.2(892) + 1.6(669) = 2140.80 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑧𝑧 3.6 − 𝑧𝑧
=
1355.60 + 2140.80 V1 𝑉𝑉2 𝑉𝑉3
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 = = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 𝑧𝑧 = 1.6748
(4.90)(2.60) 3.6 − 𝑧𝑧 = 1.9252
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 z
𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢 = 274.4427 (2.60) = 713.55102
𝑚𝑚 3.60-z
V4
V2
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫
𝑉𝑉1 = 713.5510(0.225) = 160.5489 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
M3
𝑉𝑉2 = 160.5489 − 1355.60 = −1195.051 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
M1
𝑉𝑉3 = −1195.051 + 713.551(3.60) = 1373.7326 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑉𝑉4 = 1373.7326 − 2140.80 = −767.0674 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑉𝑉5 = −767.0674 + 713.551(1.075) = 0 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
M4
1
𝑀𝑀1 = (160.5489)(0.225) = 18.0618 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚 M2
2
1
𝑀𝑀2 = 18.0618 − (1195.051)(𝑧𝑧) = −982.6739 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
2
1
𝑀𝑀3 = −982.6739 + (1373.7326)(3.6 − 𝑧𝑧) = 339.6811 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
2
1
𝑀𝑀4 = 339.6811 − (767.0674)(1.075) = −72.6176 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
2

5) “d” and “tprov” For Column 1: Edge Column
Beam Shear: Highest +V Bars along “B”

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢1 1373.7326 𝑥𝑥103 • Bottom Bars (+M)
= 𝝆𝝆𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚
1925.20 − 𝑑𝑑1 − 250 1925.20 𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 = 𝝓𝝓𝝓𝝓𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 𝒃𝒃𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐 �𝟏𝟏 − � ; 𝝓𝝓 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝒇𝒇′𝒄𝒄
𝑽𝑽𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 < ∅𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 ; ∅ = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 (𝜌𝜌)(419)
339.5437 × 106 = 0.90(𝜌𝜌)(419)(2600)(587.50)2 �1 − �
1373.7326 𝑥𝑥103 0.75 1.7(20.7)
(1925.20 − 𝑑𝑑1 − 250) = � � √20.7(2600)(𝑑𝑑1 ) 𝝆𝝆𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
1925.20 6
𝒅𝒅𝟏𝟏 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎, ✔ to be used as dreq (choose higher) 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =

1.4
= 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 ; 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
√20.7
= 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
419 4(419)
Punching Shear: Column 1 (Edge) 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠
274.4427 𝑑𝑑2 𝜌𝜌 = ; 0.00338 = → 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 5160.95 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢2 = 1355.6 − (450 + 𝑑𝑑2 )(450 + ) 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (2600)(587.50)
1000 2
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐2 = �
0.75
� √20.7(450 + 𝑑𝑑2+ + 450 +
𝑑𝑑2 𝑑𝑑
+ 450 + 2)(𝑑𝑑2 ) 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 𝑛𝑛 � 𝑑𝑑𝑏𝑏 2 � ; 5160.95 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 = 𝑛𝑛 � (25𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)2 �
3 2 2 4 4
𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 (𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖) → 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
Punching Shear: Column 2 (Interior)

274.4427 • Top Bars (-M)
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢2 = 2140.80 − (500 + 𝑑𝑑3 )2 𝝆𝝆𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚
1000 𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 = 𝝓𝝓𝝓𝝓𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 𝒃𝒃𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐 �𝟏𝟏 − � ; 𝝓𝝓 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
0.75 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝒇𝒇′𝒄𝒄
∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐2 = � � √20.7(4)(500 + 𝑑𝑑3 ) (𝜌𝜌)(419)
3 982.674 × 106 = 0.90(𝜌𝜌)(419)(2600)(587.50)2 �1 − �
𝒅𝒅𝟑𝟑 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 1.7(20.7)
1.4 √20.7
𝒕𝒕𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 = 545.2681 + 75 + 25 + 0.5(25) 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 ; 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
419 4(419)
𝒕𝒕𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 = 697.7681𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢) → 𝒕𝒕𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝜌 = ; 0.00338 = → 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 5160.95 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (2600)(587.50)
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 𝑛𝑛 � 𝑑𝑑𝑏𝑏 2 � ; 5160.95 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 = 𝑛𝑛 � (25𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)2 �
4 4
𝒏𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 (𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖) → 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
Bars along “L”

274.4427 (0.75625)(1.075)2
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = = 119.9234 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 − 𝑚𝑚
2
(-M): Top Bars 𝝆𝝆𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚
(+M): Bottom Bars 𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 = 𝝓𝝓𝝓𝝓𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 𝒃𝒃𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐 �𝟏𝟏 − � ; 𝝓𝝓 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝒇𝒇′𝒄𝒄
(𝜌𝜌)(419)
119.9234 × 106 = 0.90(𝜌𝜌)(419)(756.25)(612.5)2 �1 − �
1.7(20.7)
𝒅𝒅𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 700 − 75 − 1.5(25)
Along B 𝝆𝝆𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒅𝒅𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 1.4 √20.7
𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 ; 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
419 4(419)
𝒅𝒅𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 700 − 75 − 0.5(25) 𝝆𝝆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 > 𝝆𝝆𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 ∴ 𝝆𝝆 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
Along L
𝒅𝒅𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝜌 = ; 0.00338 = → 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 1565.6266 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (756.25)(612.5)
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
4 4
𝒏𝒏 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 (𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖) → 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟒𝟒 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃

For Column 2: Interior Column
Bars along “B”

1112.5
274.4427 � � (1.05)2
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 1000 = 168.3063 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 − 𝑚𝑚
2
𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝒇𝒇′𝒄𝒄
(𝜌𝜌)(419)
168.3063 × 106 = 0.90(𝜌𝜌)(419)(1112.5)(612.5)2 �1 − �
1.7(20.7)

1.4 √20.7
𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 ; 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
419 4(419)
𝜌𝜌 = ; 0.00338 = → 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 2303.1531 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (1112.5)(612.5)
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
4 4
𝒏𝒏 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 (𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖) → 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟓𝟓 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
Temperature Bars
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶: 𝝆𝝆𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝜌𝜌 = ; 0.0018 = → 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 1226.5313 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (1112.5)(612.5)
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
4 4
𝒏𝒏 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 (𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖) → 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟑𝟑 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃

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Module 1 – Index Properties of Soil

Soil and Volume Relationships

From the given figure we can conclude that;

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu FOUNDATION ENGINEERING Page 1 of 7

𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤 = 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑊𝑊𝑆𝑆 = 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

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𝜸𝜸′ = 𝜸𝜸𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 − 𝜸𝜸𝒘𝒘

𝑾𝑾𝒔𝒔 /𝑽𝑽𝒔𝒔 𝜸𝜸𝒔𝒔

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Total Settlement (𝑆𝑆) can be computed as;

Immediate Elastic Settlement:

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In general, foundations are not perfectly flexible and are

𝑞𝑞 = net applied pressure on the foundation

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For calculation of settlement at the center of the foundation:

For calculation of settlement at the corner of the foundation:

The elastic settlement of a rigid foundation can be estimated as

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NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED, OVERCONSOLIDATED, AND UNDERCONSOLIDATED SOILS

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CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT PREDICTIONS

(a) Normally Consolidated Clay Soil

𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 𝑯𝑯 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 + ∆𝑷𝑷

𝑪𝑪𝒔𝒔 𝑯𝑯 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 + ∆𝑷𝑷

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COMPRESSION INDEX (𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 ) & SWELL INDEX (𝑪𝑪𝒔𝒔 )

Nagaraj and Murty (1985) expressed the compression index as

CALCULATION OF SETTLEMENT UNDER A FOOTING ( 2 – 1 – Approximate Method)

∆𝑷𝑷𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 + 𝟒𝟒∆𝑷𝑷𝒎𝒎𝒊𝒊𝒅𝒅 + ∆𝑷𝑷𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃

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Secondary Consolidation Settlement

𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 = Secondary Settlement

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𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏)

(B) Effective Stress @ mid height of the clay layer

(C) Settlement due to Primary Consolidation

𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

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• Solution: (C) Settlement; Overconsolidated State

Po = 78.726 – 9.81(3+1.05) = 38.9955 kPa

0.40(2100𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 38.9955 + 26.38

𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

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• Solution: 𝑪𝑪𝜶𝜶 = 0.008

𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 𝑯𝑯 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 + ∆𝑷𝑷 𝑪𝑪𝒔𝒔 𝑯𝑯 𝑷𝑷𝒄𝒄

0.30(1830) 81.60 0.05(1830) 72 𝑺𝑺𝒕𝒕 = 𝑺𝑺𝒄𝒄 + 𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔

𝑪𝑪𝜶𝜶 𝑯𝑯 𝑻𝑻𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 + ∆𝑷𝑷

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𝑷𝑷𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 + 𝑷𝑷𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 + 𝑷𝑷𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩

∆𝑷𝑷 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 = 16(5.2) + 18(2.0) + 20(4.0) → 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌