3

Bab
Jawapan
Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Konsep Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma
Bab Membran Plasma 3.2 Concept of Movement of Substances Across a Plasma Membrane

3 Movement of Substances Across the Plasma

Membrane 1. Bahan yang dapat merentasi membran plasma
Substances that are able to move across a plasma membrane
(a) kecil / Small
Struktur Membran Plasma
3.1 Structure of Plasma Membrane (b) Tidak berkutub / Non-polar
(c) Tidak bercas / Non-charged
Keperluan Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma
The Necessity of Movement of Substances Across a Plasma Membrane (i) Bahan larut lipid / Lipid soluble substances
(a) Asid lemak / Fatty acids
(a) air / Water
(b) Gliserol / Glycerol
(b) Rembesan / Secretion
(c) Sebatian steroid / Steroid compounds
(c) Respirasi / Respiration
(d) Vitamin larut lemak (A, D, E, K)
(d) Nutrisi / Nutrition
Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
(e) Ion / ions
(f) Perkumuhan / Excretion (ii) Molekul kecil tidak bercas / Uncharged small molecules
(a) Karbon dioksida / Carbon dioxide
Komponen Membran Plasma Berdasarkan Model Mozek Bendalir (b) Oksigen / Oxygen
The Components of a Plasma Membrane Based on the Fluid Mosaic Model (c) Molekul air / Water molecules
1. mozek bendalir / fluid mosaic 2. Bahan yang tidak dapat merentasi membran plasma
fosfolipid, protein / phospholipids, proteins Substances that are unable to move across a plasma membrane
(a) bendalir / fluid (a) besar / large
(a) fosfolipid; bebas / phospholipid; freely (b) Berkutub / Polar
(b) mozek / mosaic (c) Ion / ions
(b) protein; fosfolipid; mozek / protein; phospholipid; mosaic
(iii) Molekul besar / Large molecules
2. (a) Asid amino / Amino acids
(b) Glukosa / Glucose
Glikoprotein
Glikolipid
Glycoprotein (iv) Ion bercas / Charged ions
Glycolipid
(a) Na+
Kolesterol
Dwilapisan (b) K+
Cholesterol
fosfolipid (c) Ca2+
Phospholipid
bilayer (v) Resapan / Diffusion
Protein pembawa Protein liang
(vi) Osmosis / Osmosis
Carrier protein Pore protein
(vii) berbantu / Facilitated
3. (a) (i) oligosakarida / oligosaccharides (viii) aktif / Active
(ii) pengecaman / recognition
(b) (i) • fosfolipid; dwilapisan / phospholipid, bilayer Eksperimen 3.1
• larut-lipid / lipid-soluble
Pemerhatian / Observation:
• larut-air / water-soluble
• bendalir / fluidity Warna Warna
(c) liang; kecil, berkutub / channels; small, polar Kandungan awal akhir Ujian Benedict
(d) khusus, bentuk / shape, specific Contents Initial Final Benedict’s test
colour colour
(e) fleksibel / flexibility
Dalam bikar Positif – mendakan
Sifat Ketelapan Membran Plasma (larutan iodin) Kuning Kuning merah bata terbentuk
Permeability of a Plasma Membrane In the beaker Yellow Yellow Positive – a brick red
(iodine solution) precipitate is formed
1. telap memilih
selectively permeable Dalam tiub visking
(ampaian kanji dan Positif – mendakan
2. membenarkan Tiada
larutan glukosa) Biru tua merah bata terbentuk
allows warna Dark blue
In Visking tubing Positive – a brick red
3. lapisan fosfolipid, protein colourless
(starch suspension precipitate is formed
phospholipid layer, protein and glucose solution)

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   Biologi  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan

Perbincangan / Discussion: Perbezaan / Differences:

1. Molekul glukosa lebih kecil daripada molekul kanji. (a) menuruni / down
Glucose molecules are smaller than starch molecules. (b) melawan / against
2. Molekul kanji adalah terlalu besar untuk meresap keluar melalui (c) liang, pembawa / pore, carrier
tiub Visking. (d) pembawa / carrier
The starch molecules are too large to diffuse through the Visking
(e) kedua-dua / bidirectional
tubing.
(f) satu / one
3. Molekul iodin lebih kecil daripada molekul kanji. Molekul iodin
boleh meresap ke dalam tiub Visking. Larutan dalam tiub (g) keseimbangan / equilibrium
Visking bertukar warna menjadi biru tua. Molekul kanji tidak (h) keseimbangan; pengumpulan; penyingkiran
dapat meresap keluar melalui tiub Visking. Warna larutan dalam equilibrium; accumulation; removal
bikar kekal kuning. (i) tenaga; ATP / energy; ATP
Iodine molecules are smaller than starch molecules. The iodine molecules (j) tenaga; ATP / energy; ATP
can diffuse into the Visking tubing. As a result, the solution in the Visking
(k) Tidak; perencat / Not; inhibitors
tubing turns dark blue. The starch molecules cannot diffuse out through
the Visking tubing. As the result, the colour of the solution in the beaker (l) perencat / inhibitors
remains yellow. (m) Tidak / Not
(n) Oksigen / Oxygen
Eksperimen 3.2

Pemerhatian / Observation: Pergerakan bahan merentasi membran plasma dalam

3.3 organisma hidup
Bertambah / Increases Movement of substances across a plasma membrane in living organisms
Perbincangan / Discussion: 1. (a) (i) Karbon dioksida; darah; alveolus
1. Air meresap masuk dari bikar masuk ke dalam tiub Visking Carbon dioxide, blood, alveolus
secara osmosis. (ii) Oksigen; alveolus; darah / Oxygen, alveolus, blood
Water molecules diffuse from the beaker into the Visking tubing by (b) (i) sukrosa; sel rakan; aktif; floem
osmosis. actively; companion cells; phloem
2. Saiz molekul air adalah lebih kecil daripada liang tiub visking. 2. (a) air / water
The water molecules are smaller than the pores of the visking tubing. (i) air; hasil turasan; darah; tubul; osmosis
3. Aras air di dalam tiub kapilari menurun. Tiub visking menjadi water; filtrate; blood; tubules; osmosis
lembut di akhir eksperimen. Molekul air meresap keluar daripada (b) glukosa / glucose
tiub visking dan molekul sukrosa tidak memasuki tiub visking. (i) glukosa; hasil turasan; darah; tubul berlingkar proksimal
The level of water in the capillary tube decrease. The visking tubing glucose; filtrate; blood; proximal convoluted tubule; active
becomes soft at the end of the experiment. Water molecules diffuse out 3. (a) fruktosa / fructose
of the visking tubing and no sucrose molecules move into the visking (i) Fruktosa; berbantu
tubing. Fructose; facilated
(b) Glukosa; asid amino; aktif
Contoh Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma
glucose; amino acids; active
Examples of Movement of Substances Across a Plasma Membrane
4. (a) air / water
1. Pengangkutan pasif / Passive transport: (i) air; tanah; rambut akar; osmosis / water; soil; root hair
• menuruni; tinggi; rendah / down; higher; lower (b) (i) aktif; air; tanah; rambut akar / actively; soil; root hair
• tidak / does not
Larutan Hipotonik, Isotonik, Hipertonik
2. Pengangkutan aktif / Active transport: Hypotonic, Isotonic, Hypertonic solutions
• menentang; rendah; tinggi
Larutan / Solution
against; lower; higher
(a) Larutan hipotonik / Hypotonic solution
• memerlukan
requires rendah / lower
(a) Resapan ringkas: tinggi; rendah; menuruni (b) Larutan isotonik / Isotonic solution
Simple diffusion: high; low; down sama / same
(b) Osmosis: air; tinggi (c) Larutan hipertonik / Hypertonic solution
Osmosis: water; high tinggi / higher
(c) Pengangkutan aktif: melawan; tenaga Osmosis pada sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan
Active transport: against; energy Osmosis in animal and plant cells
(d) Resapan berbantu: tinggi; rendah; liang; pembawa (a) keupayaan / potential
Facilitated diffusion: high; low; pore; carrier (b) sama / equal
(c) keupayaan / potential
Perbandingan antara Pengangkutan Pasif dengan Pengangkutan Aktif
Comparison between Passive Transport and Active Transport (d) mengembang; meletus; hemolisis; lisis
expands; burst; haemolysis; lysis
Persamaan / Similarities: (e) normal; saiz / normal; size
1. hidup / living (f) mengecut; krenasi / shrinks; crenation
2. nutrien, oksigen, air, kumuh / nutrients, oxygen, water, waste (g) mengembang; membesar; ditolak; dinding sel
swells; expands; pushes; cell wall

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 Biologi  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan 

(h) segah / turgor C: Keras / Firm

(i) flasid; bentuk; saiz / flaccid; shape; size
(j) mengecut; menjauhi / shrinks, pulls away
(k) plasmolisis / plasmolysed
(l) segah, deplasmolisis / turgid, deplasmolysis
Eksperimen 3.3
1. Sel haiwan / Animal cells
Pemerhatian / Observation
B: Larutan hipotonik / Hypotonic solution
C: Larutan isotonik / Isotonic solution
D: Larutan hipertonik / Hypertonic solution
Perbincangan / Discussion
1. Air suling: Hipotonik / Distilled water: Hypotonic
Larutan NaCl 0.15 M: Isotonik / 0.15 M NaCl solution: Isotonic
Larutan NaCl 0.50 M: Hipertonik / 0.50 M NaCl solution: Hypertonic
2. (a) Hemolisis berlaku / Haemolysis occurs
Air meresap masuk ke dalam sel darah merah secara
osmosis. Sel mengembang dan meletus.
Water diffuses into the cells by osmosis. The cells swell and
burst.
(b) Krenasi berlaku / Crenation occurs
Air meresap keluar daripada sel darah merah secara
osmosis. Sel mengecut dan mengecil.
Water diffuses out from the cells by osmosis. The cells shrink
and crenate.
2. Sel tumbuhan / Plant cells
Pemerhatian / Observation
A: Larutan hipotonik / Hypotonic solution
B: Larutan isotonik / Isotonic solution
C: Larutan hipertonik / Hypertonic solution
Perbincangan / Discussion
1. Jenis larutan / Types of solution
Air suling: Hipotonik / Distilled water: Hypotonic
Larutan NaCl 0.5 M: Isotonik / 0.5 M NaCl solution: Isotonic
Larutan NaCl 1.0 M: Hipertonik / 1.0 M NaCl solution: Hypertonic
2. (a) Kesegahah berlaku / Turgidity occurs
Air meresap masuk secara osmosis ke dalam sel
tumbuhan. Vakuol mengembang dan sel menjadi
segah.
Water diffuses into the cells by osmosis. The vacuoles
swell and the cells become turgid
(b) Sel tumbuhan menjadi flasid. / Plant cells become flaccid.
Peresapan air masuk dan keluar sel secara osmosis
adalah sama.
Diffusion of water into and out of the cells by osmosis is
equal
(c) Plasmolisis berlaku / Plasmolysis occurs
Air meresap keluar daripada sel tumbuhan
secara osmosis. Vakuol mengecil dan sitoplasma
D: Keras / Firm
E: Keras / Firm
F: Lembut / Soft
G: Lembut / Soft
Perbincangan / Discussion:
1. Kepekatan di mana persilangan graf pada paksi X.
The concentration where the curve crosses the X-axis.
2. Berdasarkan graf murid / Depends on student’s graph
3. Apabila perubahan purata jisim jalur kentang adalah sifar,
tidak ada pergerakan bersih air masuk dan keluar dari sel-sel
kentang. Kepekatan larutan adalah isotonik kepada sap sel
kentang.
When the average change in mass of the potato strips is zero, there is no
net movement of water in and out of the potato cells. The concentration
of the solution is isotonic to the plant cell sap.
4. Jisim meningkat, tekstur menjadi lebih keras (sel segah) / Jisim
mengurang, tekstur menjadi lembut (sel flasid).
Increase in weight, the texture becomes harder (turgid) / decrease in
weight, the texture becomes softer (flaccid).
Pergerakan bahan merentasi membran plasma dalam
kehidupan harian
3.4 Movement of Substances Across a Plasma Membrane and Its Application
in Daily Life
Fenomena kelayuan tumbuhan / The phenomenon of plant wilting:
1. (a) baja; air tanah; hipertonik / fertilisers; soil solution; hypertonic
(b) meresap; osmosis / diffuses; osmosis
(c) plasmolisis / plasmolysed
(d) layu / wilts
Contoh Aplikasi Konsep Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran
Plasma dalam Kehidupan Harian
Examples of the Application of the Concept of Movement of Substances
Across a Plasma Membrane in Daily Life
1. isotonik; air; elektrolit; tenaga; perpeluhan
Isotonic; water; electrolytes; energy; sweating
2. saline; air; garam
saline; water; salt
3. penghidratan; air; elektrolit
rehydration; water; electrolytes
4. liposom / liposome
(a) ubatan / drugs
(b) aktif; kulit / active; skin
Proses Osmosis Berbalik dalam Penulenan Air
Reverse Osmosis in Water Purification
(a) tawar; penyahgaraman / fresh; desalination
(b) tekanan; osmosis / pressure; osmotic
(c) telap memilih; menyingkir / selectively permeable; remove
(d) air / water

mengecut.
Water diffuses out from the cell by osmosis. The vacuole
Praktis SPM 3
shrink and the cytoplasm constrict.
Soalan Objektif
Eksperimen 3.4 1. B 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. A
Permerhatian / Observation
Bahagian A
Tekstur dan rupa / Texture and appearance:
1. (a) X: Kolesterol / Cholesterol
A: Keras / Firm
B: Keras / Firm Y: Protein pembawa / Carrier protein

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   Biologi  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan
(b) A: Hidrofilik / Hydrophilic
B: Hidrofobik / Hydrophobic
(c) • Vitamin K adalah kecil dan larut lemak
Vitamin K is small and lipid soluble
• Meresap melalui dwilapisan fosfolipid secara resapan
ringkas
Diffuse across the phospholipid bilayers through simple
diffusion
• Dari kawasan berkepekatan tinggi ke kawasan
berkepekatan rendah
From the area of high concentration to the area of lower
concentration
(d) • Merkuri merencat respirasi sel
Mercury inhibits cellular respiration
• Tiada tenaga / ATP dijana oleh mitokondrion
No energy / ATP is generated by mitochondrion
• Protein pembawa tidak berubah bentuk
Carrier protein does not change its shape
• Pengangkutan aktif tidak berlaku
Active transport does not occur
Bahagian B
2. (a) • Membran plasma terdiri daripada dua lapisan lipid.
Setiap molekul lipid terdiri daripada bahagian ekor
dan kepala.
Plasma membrane consists of two lipid layers. Each lipid
molecule consists of the tail and head parts.
• Molekul protein tersebar di seluruh dwilapisan
fosfolipid.
The protein molecules are distributed throughout the
phospholipid bilayer.
• Terdapat dua jenis molekul protein, iaitu protein
pembawa dan protein liang.
There are two types of protein molecules, that are, carrier
protein and pore protein.
(b) • Lapisan lipid dalam membran plasma terdiri daripada
dua bahagian, iaitu bahagian kepala polar dan
bahagian ekor bukan polar.
The lipid layer in the plasma membrane consists of two parts,
that is, the polar head part and the non-polar tail part.
• Bahagian kepala polar pada lapisan lipid menarik air
dan bahagian ekor bukan polar pada lapisan lipid
menentang air.
The polar head part in the lipid layer attracts water and the
non-polar tail part in the lipid layer repels water.
• Molekul polar seperti air boleh merentas membran
plasma pada lapisan lipid secara osmosis.
The polar molecules such as water can cross the plasma
membrane in the lipid layer by osmosis.
• Molekul kecil yang neutral seperti oksigen dan karbon
dioksida merentas lapisan lipid secara resapan ringkas.
Small molecules that are neutral such as oxygen and carbon
dioxide move across the lipid layer by simple diffusion.
• Molekul kecil yang larut dalam lemak juga melalui
lapisan lipid pada membran plasma.
Small molecules that are lipid-soluble also move across the
lipid layer in the plasma membrane.
• Molekul yang besar seperti sukrosa, protein tidak
boleh merentas membran plasma.
The big molecules such as sucrose, protein cannot move
across the plasma membrane.
• Molekul kecil yang bercas dan molekul yang besar
sedikit tidak boleh melalui lapisan lipid.
The small charged molecules and molecules that are slightly
big cannot move across the lipid layer.
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• Bahan-bahan ini diangkut melalui membran plasma
dengan bantuan molekul protein secara resapan
berbantu.
These substances are carried through the plasma membrane
with the aid of protein molecules by facilitated diffusion.
• Molekul kecil bercas seperti ion bergerak merentas
mernbran plasma melalui protein liang.
Small charged molecules such as ions move across the
plasma membrane through the pore protein.
• Molekul seperti asid amino dan glukosa bergerak
merentas membran plasma dengan bantuan protein
pembawa.
The molecules such as amino acid and glucose move across
the plasma membrane with the aid of carrier proteins.
(c) (i) • Dalam alveolus, kepekatan oksigen lebih tinggi
daripada kepekatan oksigen dalam kapilari
darah.
In the alveolus, the oxygen concentration is higher than
the oxygen concentration in the blood capillary.
• Oksigen meresap keluar daripada alveolus ke
dalam kapilari darah.
Oxygen diffuses out of the alveolus into the blood
capillary.
• lalu bergabung dengan hemoglobin membentuk
oksihemoglobin untuk mengangkut oksigen ke
sel badan.
then combines with the haemoglobin forming the
oxyhaemoglobin to transport the oxygen to the body
cells.
• Dalam kapilari darah, kepekatan karbon dioksida
lebih tinggi daripada kepekatannya dalam
alveolus.
In the blood capillary, the concentration of carbon
dioxide is higher than its concentration in the alveolus.
• Karbon dioksida meresap ke dalam alveolus
Carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolus
• lalu disingkirkan keluar semasa hembusan nafas
then is eliminated during exhalation
(ii) • Makanan tercerna dalam vilus ialah seperti
glukosa, asid amino, asid lemak dan gliserol.
The digested food in the villus are glucose, amino acid,
fatty acid and glycerol.
• Dalam ileum, kepekatan makanan tercerna
seperti glukosa dan asid amino lebih tinggi
berbanding dengan kapilari darah pada vilus.
In the ileum, the concentration of digested food such as
glucose and amino acid is higher compared to the blood
capillary in the villus.
• Glukosa dan asid amino meresap masuk ke
dalam vilus dengan bantuan protein pembawa
secara resapan berbantu.
Glucose and amino acid diffuse into the villus with the
aid of carrier proteins by facilitated diffusion.
• Asid lemak dan gliserol daripada pencernaan
lemak dalam ileum mempunyai kepekatan yang
lebih tinggi daripada kepekatannya dalam vilus.
Fatty acid and glycerol from the digestion of lipid in the
ileum has a higher concentration than its concentration
in the villus.
• Asid lemak dan gliserol meresap ke dalam vilus
melalui lapisan lipid pada membran vilus secara
resapan ringkas.
Fatty acid and glycerol diffuse into the villus through the
lipid layer in the villus membrane by simple diffusion.
J10

Bahagian C
3. (a) • Jika tekanan osmosis darah lebih rendah daripada
normal, air meresap ke dalam sel darah merah
secara osmosis.
If the blood osmotic pressure is lower than normal, water
diffuses into the red blood cell by osmosis.
• Membran plasma sel darah merah adalah nipis dan
tidak dapat menahan tekanan osmosis yang tinggi.
The plasma membrane of red blood cell is thin, it is unable to
withstand the high osmotic pressure.
• Sel darah merah mengembang dan akhirnya pecah.
The red blood cells expand and finally burst
• Hemolisis berlaku.
Haemolysis occurs.
(b) • Rambut akar dikelilingi oleh zarah-zarah tanah.
The root hairs are surrounded by soil particles.
• Zarah-zarah tanah biasanya dilitupi oleh suatu lapisan
nipis air.
Soil particles are usually covered by a thin film of water.
• Sap sel di dalam sel rambut akar mengandungi gula,
asid amino dan mineral.
The cell sap in the root hair cells contains sugar, amino acids
and minerals.
• Sap sel adalah lebih pekat (hipertonik) daripada
larutan tanah yang cair di sekeliling.
The cell sap is more concentrated (hypertonic) than the
surrounding dilute soil solution.
• Air daripada larutan tanah meresap ke dalam sel-sel
akar melalui osmosis.
Water from the soil solution diffuses into the root cells by
osmosis.
• Kemasukan air ke dalam sel akar melarutkan sap
selnya.
The entry of water into the root cell dilutes its cell sap.
• Sap sel di sel korteks bersebelahan menjadi lebih
pekat.
The cell sap of the adjacent cortex cell is now more
concentrated.
• Maka, molekul-molekul air meresap ke dalam sel-sel
akar bersebelahan.
Thus, water molecules diffuse into the adjacent root cells.
• Proses ini berterusan dan air diangkut daripada satu
sel akar kepada yang lain secara osmosis.
The process continues and water is transported from one root
cell to another by osmosis.
J11
Biologi  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan 
(c) • Ikan direndam dalam larutan garam. Larutan garam
tersebut hipertonik terhadap sel badan ikan.
The fish is covered by salt solution. The salt solution is
hypertonic to the body cells of the fish.
• Air meresap keluar dari sel badan ikan secara
osmosis.
The water diffuses out of the body cells of the fish by
osmosis.
• Ikan tersebut mengalami dehidrasi.
The fish undergoes dehydration.
• Ini menghalang pertumbuhan mikroorganisma.
This prevents the growth of microorganisms.
• Mikroorganisma juga kehilangan air dan mengalami
dehidrasi.
The microorganisms also lose water and undergoes
dehydration.
• Oleh yang demikian, penguraian ikan dapat dicegah.
Hence, the decomposition of the fish can be prevented.
• Ikan menjadi tahan lebih lama.
The fish lasts longer.
• Sayur tersebut direndam di dalam cuka yang
mempunyai pH rendah.
The vegetable is immersed in vinegar that has low pH.
• Cuka meresap masuk ke dalam tisu-tisu sayur.
The vinegar enters into the vegetable tissues.
• Sel menjadi berasid.
The cells become acidic.
• pH rendah menghalang pertumbuhan mikroorganisma.
Low pH prevents the growth of microorganisms.
• Ini mencegah penguraian sayur.
This prevents decomposition of the vegetable.
Jawapan Praktis Ekstra SPM 3
1. C 6. A
2. C 7. D
3. C 8. C
4. A 9. A
5. A 10. A
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