RESEARCH PAPER
Research
 an art of scientific investigation
 a careful and detailed study of a specific problem,
concern, or issue using the scientific method
 systematic effort to gain new knowledge
 ORGANIZED-there is a structure or method in going about
doing research
It is a planned procedure, not a spontaneous one. It is
focused and limited to specific scope
 SYSTEMATIC- there is a definite procedure and steps
which will follow, done in order to get the most accurate
results
 FINDING RESULTS- is the end of all research.
 QUESTIONS- are central to research .
Research Paper- a piece of academic writing that provides
analysis, interpretation and argument based on in-depth
dependent research.
Abstract- A short summary of your completed research
Intended to describe your work without going into detail
Should be self-contained and concise, explaining your work
as briefly and clearly as possible.
It establishes the scope, context and significance of the
research being conducted by:
INTRODUCTION
NEXT PART AFTER THE TITLE AND ABSTRACT
 Summarizing current understanding and background
information about the topic
 Stating the purpose of the work in the form of the research
problem supported by a hypothesis or a set of questions
 Explaining briefly the methodological approach used to
examine the research problem
Highlighting the potential outcomes your study can reveal
 Outlining the remaining structure and organization of the
paper.
LITERATURE REVIEW/REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Provides an overview of sources you have explored including
books, scholarly articles ,and any other source relevant to a
particular issue, area of research, or theory to demonstrate to
your readers, how your research fits within a longer field of
study.
RRL
 Provides an overview of current knowledge allowing you to
identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing
research.
 It does not just summarize sources, it analyzes, synthesizes,
evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge
on the subject.
HYPOTHESIS
 a statement of expectation or prediction that will be tested
by research
 commonly known as the researchers' intellectual guess or
wild guess about the possible result of the study.
Sample hypothesis
 Quality of sleep affects academic performance
 "Students who experience test anxiety before an English
exam will get lower scores than students who do not
experience test anxiety."
METHODOLOGY
The systematic method to resolve a research problem through
data gathering using various techniques, providing and
interpretation of data gathered, and drawing conclusion
about the research data.
AIM- TO ENSURE VALID AND RELIABLE RESULTS THAT
ADDRESS THE RESEARCH AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
It is where the researcher will decide:
 What data to collect (and what data to ignore)
 Who collect it from (sampling design)
 How to collect this (data collection methods)
 How to analyze it (data analysis methods)
POPULATION
The entire group that you want to draw conclusions about
 It does not always refer to people
 It can mean a group containing elements of anything you
want to study, such as objects, events, organizations,
countries, organisms, etc.
Sample
 A smaller part or subgroup of a population
The specific group within a population that you will collect
data from
 The group of individuals who will participate in your study.
 They are the ones who will answer surveys or interviews
REASONS FOR SAMPLING
 NECESSITY- It is simply not possible to study the whole
population due to its size and inaccessibility
 COST OF EFFECTIVENESS- there are fewer participants,
laboratory equipment and researcher costs involved
 PRACTICALITY- it is easier and more efficient to collect
data from a sample
 MANAGEABILITY-Storing and running statistical analysis
on smaller data sets is easier and reliable
VARIABLE- any factor, trait, or condition that can be
manipulated, controlled for, or measured in an
experiment
2 common types;
INDEPENDENT-the variable in an experiment that is changed
and manipulated
assumed to have a direct effect on the independent variable
DEPENDENT-The variable that responds to the changes
The variable being tested and measured
Dependent on the independent variable
 INDEPENDENT VS. DEPENDENT VARIABLES
Example:
Quality of sleep affects academic performance
independent variable dependent variable

The effect of studying on a test score

independent variable dependent variable

Identify the IV and DV in the following

1. Physical activity and weight loss
2. Positive feedback and self-confidence
3. Headache and aspirin
4. Blood Pressure and salt intake

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
Any tools that you may use to collect or obtain data, and
analyze data that is relevant to the subject of your research

Can be:
 Questionnaires
 Checklist
Interviews
Simple test
Surveys

WHAT MAKES A GOOD RESEARCH INSTRUMENT?

1. Is one that has been validated and has proven reliability. It
should be one that can collect data in a way that is
appropriate to the research question being asked.
2. Must be able to assist in answering the research aims,
objectives and research questions as well as prove or
disprove the hypothesis of the study
3. It should not have any bias in the way that data is correct
and it should be clear as to how the research instrument
should be used appropriately.

QUESTIONNAIRE
 The main instrument for collecting data in survey research
 Basically is a set of standardized questions. Often called
items.

PARTS OF A RESEARCH PAPER

 CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
 CHAPTER 3 METHOD AND PROCEDURES
 CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
OF DATA
 CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS

CHAPTER 1
-INTRODUCTION
-BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
-STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM4
-SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
-THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
-ASSUMPTIONS AND HYPOTHESIS
-SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
-DEFINITION OF TERMS