Internationalism b.

Natural - landforms & bodies of water

Work together 2. Liquidity - ease of movement
Superior 3. Flows - “movement”, immigration, information
All nations
Globalization Theory
Globalization - increasing the interconnection of the world Homogeneity Theory - something is the same throughout ;
● Spreading oneness.
● Influence
● World’s Economy Heterogeneity - Culture, race, class ; quality of cultural
● Culture diversity
● Population
● Trading Perspectives of Globalization
● Information 1. Differentialism - Information ; cultural difference as
immutable and accept differences in localization,
Characteristics language & religion ; involves barriers that prevent
- Expansion of business flows that serve to make cultures more alike ; culture
- Culture diversity tend to remain stubbornly different from one another
Impact 2. Hybridization - mixing of cultures ; integration of
- Decreases cost of manufacturing (businesses offer global & local leading to unique combinations
low prices) ; WHY = it helps people to develop and
already-developed countries to live better on less Appadurai’s “SCAPES”
money ● Ethnoscapes - flow of people across boundaries
- Access to variety of goods ● Technoscape - global flows of technology
● Ideoscapes - global flow of ideas
Types: political, economic, cultural ● Financescapes - flow of money across political
borders
Philippines POV ● Mediascapes - flow of media across border
● Globalization has been effective
● Lots of technological and global advances Epochs of Globalization
● More labor and companies ● Globalization of Religion 4th-7th
● European Conquest 15th
Advantages: ● Intra-European waves 18th-19th
● High education ● European Imperialism 19th
● PH highest per capita incomes ● WWII
● Exporter of agricultural goods (rice, corn, kamote) ● Post Cold War

Globalization Silk Road

- correlation between countries Galleon Trade
- Interconnectedness
- influence Global Demography in PH
64% - 15 yrs. Old and 64 yrs. old
Maximizing digital 30% - 0 to 14 yrs. old
Modernization 2020 census - 109,025,343
Labor migration
Education Pros - growing population
Business opportunity 1. Work force
Transportation 2. consumers/taxpayers
3. Diversity
Metaphors of Globalization 4. Low mortality rate
1. Solidity - barriers 5. Large community
a. Man-made barriers - Great Wall of China,
Berlin Wall Cons - growing population
 1. Scarcity
2. Pollution
3. Competition
4. Traffic
Reproductive health
https://www.scribd.com/presentation/444202567/
Attributes-of-Todays-Global-System-Copy#
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/university-of-
science-and-technology-of-southern-philippines/the-
contemporary-world/discussion-4-global-interstate-sytem/
46901752
The Attributes of Today’s Global System
1. countries or states are independent and govern
themselves;
2. these countries interact with each other through
diplomacy; peaceful means
3. international organizations facilitate these
interactions (i. UN); and
4. international organizations also take on lives of their
own
Nation-state – relatively modern phenomenon in human
history whereby it is composed of two on-interchangeable
terms: nation and state.
a. Nation, according to Benedict Anderson, is an
“imagined community” and does not go beyond a
given “official boundary”.It is inherently limited and
sovereign. It has boundaries, meaning not anyone
can be a Filipino.
- This refers to a large group of people who share
common characteristics such as language,traditions
and ethnicity.
b. State, in layman’s terms, refers to a country and its
government.- a community of persons more or less
occupying a definite territory completely free of
external control and possessing an organized
government to which the great body of inhabitants
render habitual obedience.
* nation can exist w/o the state
* state can't exist w/o the nation
G8 / G7 - France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Japan,
the United States and Canada.
globalism vs internationalism with examples
united nations ; branches
Internationalism – when different nations decide to
cooperate with one another in political, economic and
cultural aspects for the promotion of the common good. ;
interaction, greater unity to defense, ideas to technology
Globalism – an ideology based on the belief that people,
goods and information ought to be able to cross national
borders unfettered. Economic aspects ; exchange of goods
and services
Powers of International Organizations:
Classification of international organizations -
IOs are powerful because, like all bureaucracies, they make
rules, and, in so doing, they create social knowledge. IOs
deploy this knowledge in ways that define shared
international tasks, create new categories of actors, form
new interests for actors, and transfer new models of political
organization around the world.
Refugees
Fix meanings
Diffuse Norms - experts
Challenges of the United Nations
● International Peacekeeping
● Protecting Human Rights
● International Disputes
● Removing Poverty
● Eradicating anti social elements in different parts of
the world
Doctrines of International Law
● Doctrine of incorporation
● Doctrine of Transformation
Sources of International Law:
● International Customs - practiced by two or more
country/state
● Treaties and International Agreements - What are
the steps of making a treaty? – idswater.com (ids-
water.com)
- Bind the countries, agreements must be
kept (not absolute),
- 1959 mutual defense (end of WWII),
- things standing thus (communicated)
● International Organizations
State
 - State, in layman’s terms, refers to a country and its
government.- a community of persons more or less
occupying a definite territory completely free of
external control and possessing an organized
government to which the great body of inhabitants
render habitual obedience.
- A state is a form of political and social organization,
formed by different institutions of government
through which it exercises its power or sovereignty.
The State is distributed over a specific, delimited
territory and is made up of a specific population (its
citizens).
- the four elements of the State: population, territory,
government, sovereignty.
Elements of State
- The population, sometimes called the “people”, is
the group of people who live in a given place..
Populations are part of States, they configure them.
Without population, the state could not exist.
- The “ideal”, at least according to the
philosopher Aristotle, is that a population
has a number of inhabitants neither too low
nor too high; its reason is that without a
minimum of people the State cannot supply
itself, and if they are excessive, it cannot be
governed.
- When a person visits another State and
stays in it for “X” period of time, this person
is called an “alien”; likewise, when a person
migrates from one State to another, the host
country calls him or her an immigrant (and
his or her country of origin an emigrant).
These two groups of people (foreigners and
immigrants) can become citizens of the
State where they live, fulfilling a series of
requirements (which are often complex).
- The second of the elements of the State is the
territory, which consists of the physical space where
the state develops. That is, it is a space on earth (not
air or sea), physical, existing and real. However,
although it is a land area, the territory also includes
the different “bodies” found in the water (e.g. rivers,
seas…), airspace and coastal areas, if any.
- These elements of the State can be of
different sizes (large, small, medium…).
Thus, for example, Russia has a very large
territory, as does China, the United States,
etc. In contrast, other countries or states
such as Vatican City, Monaco or San Marino,
have small territories.
- On the other hand, the territory of a State
plays a key role in the politics and economy
of a country, since the different resources
available to a State will depend on it (e.g. oil,
building zones, green zones, etc.). We are
talking about the most “material” part of a
territory and its exploitation.
- we find the government, which consists in the
political organization of a State, and in the entity that
allows the political decisions of the State to be
taken.. This is the pillar of it, of its highest authority.
In this way, the government allows the will of a state
to be expressed, that is, what the citizens want. The
government also directs and controls a number of
institutions (which exercise state power).
- What elements make up government?
Basically different institutions from different
fields (politics, health, families, education,
protection…). On the other hand, the State
exercises its power from different organs of
government; specifically, we are talking
about three types of power: the judicial, the
legislative and the executive. But what does
each of them consist of?
- The judiciary has the power to punish
persons who break the law. The legislative
power has the mission of formulating laws
that incuntrate the citizens of the State.
Finally, the executive reinforces the law and
has the function of enforcing it within the
territory. These three powers, if they
function correctly, allow coexistence to be
possible in the society of the State, and for
it, moreover, to be peaceful.
- Another element of the State is sovereignty, that is,
the supreme power, the power of the State.. That
power is supreme implies that there are no powers
above it. In other words, sovereignty is the ultimate
authority of the State at the political level. It
represents a kind of consensus on who decides and
on which territory, another element of the State.
- This type of power that corresponds to
sovereignty “allows” the State to govern and
decide within its territory. In addition, it has
the function of ensuring that laws are
complied with in this area. But sovereignty is
not simply the power of the State, but in
reality, it is the power of the people, of the
citizens, who delegate their power to
politicians (it is as if they lent it to them,
through their votes in elections).
 - In other words, citizens choose who they
want to be represented in politics (this
refers to presidents, ministers, deputies,
etc.).
Creation of State
- Creation of states The process of creating new
states is a mixture of fact and law, involving the
establishment of particular factual conditions and
compliance with relevant rules. The accepted criteria
of statehood were laid down in the Montevideo
Convention (1933), which provided that a state must
possess a permanent population, a defined territory,
a government, and the capacity to conduct
international relations.
The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines | Official
Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
Rights of State
What makes a state?
State and its elements (slideshare.net)
Some territories were required to hold a plebiscite to make
sure that residents wanted statehood.
plebiscite - the direct vote of all the members of an
electorate on an important public question such as a change
in the constitution.
None of these conditions are required by law. They are all up
to the whim of the Congress.
Congress votes
Once the territory meets the requirements of Congress,
Congress votes. A simple majority in the House and the
Senate is all that is required to make a new state.
a prospective state must meet four criteria. It must have a
territory, with a permanent population, subject to the control
of a government, and the capacity to conduct international
relations (sovereignty).
Once this takes place, the territory becomes a State, and has
all the rights, responsibilities, and powers of a State.
Article 1 of the Convention provides that the state as a
person of international law should possess the following
four qualifications: (a) a permanent population; (b) a defined
territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter relations
with the other states.
between the five main forms of power, or government,
utilized in past and present societies: monarchy, democracy,
oligarchy, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism.
THE STATE AND IT IS ELEMENT •
3. INTRODUCTION The modern term “state” is derived from
the word “status”. It was Niccolo Machiavelli ( 1469 – 1527)
who first used the term “state” in his writings.
The state is the most universal and most powerful of all
social institutions. The state is a natural institution.
The state is the highest form of human association. It is
necessary because it comes into existence out of the basic
needs of life
. State is a people organized for law within a definite
territory.”
State is a community of people live in a definite form of
territory free of external control and possessing an
organized government to which people show habitual
agreement.
7. THE ELEMENTS OF STATE From the above definitions, it
is clear that the following are the elements of the state :-
Sovereignty : The fourth essential element of the state is
sovereignty. The word ”sovereignty” means supreme and
final legal authority above and beyond which no legal power
exists Sovereignty has two aspects : 1) Internal sovereignty
2) External sovereignty Internal sovereignty means that the
State is supreme over all its citizens, and associations.
External sovereignty means that the state is independent
and free from foreign or outside control.
nationality - citizenship ; political independence ; social fact
of attachment (culture) ; foundlings, found at churches
(child) - natural born
east timor
creation of a state:
- discovery
- prescription
- cession
- accretion - geological process ; man made or natural
- conquest - pananakop

Physical bases of the State 1. Population 2. Territory

Political bases of the State 1. Government 2. Sovereignty

Population It is the people who make the state. Population is

essential for the state. were of the view that the population
should neither be too big nor too small. the number should
be neither too large nor too small. It should be large enough
to be self sufficing and small enough to be well governed.

Territory
There can be no state without a fixed territory. People need
territory to live and organize themselves socially and
politically. It may be remembered that the territory of the
state includes land, water and air – space. The modern
states differ in their sizes. Territory is necessary for
citizenship. As in the case of population, no definite size with
regard to extent of area of the state can be fixed. There are
small and big states.

Government :
Government is the third element of the state. There can be
no state without government. Government is the working
agency of the state. It is the political organization of the
state. Prof. Appadorai defined government as the agency
through which the force of the State is formulated,
expressed and realized. in order to make and enforce laws
the state must have highest authority. This is called the
Government.

Attributes of Today’s Global System
1. There countries or states are independent and
govern themselves;
2. These countries interact with each other through
diplomacy; peaceful means
3. There are international organizations that facilitate
these interactions (i. UN); and
4. International organizations also take on lives of
their own
Nation
- according to Benedict Anderson, is an “imagined
community”
- It is limited because it does not go beyond a given
“official boundary”.
- Its rights and responsibilities are mainly the privilege
and concern of the citizens of that nation
State
- It exercises authority over a specific population,
called citizens
- It governs a specific territory
- It has a structure of government that crafts various
rules that people follow
- It has sovereignty over its territory
* nation can exist w/o the state
* state can't exist w/o the nation
Interstate System
- Origin of sovereignty TREATY OF WESTPHALIA.
- Agreements signed end the THIRTY YEARS’ WAR
- Napoleon Bonaparte principles LIBERTY, EQUALITY
AND FRATERNITY
- It is a system of unequally powerful and competing
states in which no single state is capable of
imposing control on all others.
- These states are in interaction with one another in a
set of shifting alliances and wars and changes in
relative power of states upsets any temporary set of
alliances leading to a restructuring of the balance of
power.
Internationalism
- It is a system of heightened interaction between
various sovereign states, particularly the desire for
greater cooperation and unity among states and
people. It also emphasizes diversity and celebrates
multiculturalism.
Globalism
- It is an ideology based on the belief that flow of
people, goods and information should flow freely
across national borders. It focuses more on the
economic aspects of the exchanges among
countries and society.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION (IO)
- An international organization (intergovernmental
organization) is an organization established by a
treaty or other instrument governed by international
law and possessing its own international legal
personality, such as the United Nations, the World
Health Organization and NATO.
POWERS OF AN IO
1. Power of Classification. Because IOs can invent and apply
categories, they create powerful global standards. For
example, it is the UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) that defines what a refugee is
2. Power to fix meanings. This is a broader function related
to the first. Various terms like “security” or “development”
need to be well-defined. For example, the UN has started to
define security as not just safety from military violence but
also safety from environmental harm
3. Power to diffuse norms. Norms are accepted codes of
conduct that may not be strict law, but nevertheless produce
regularity in behavior. For example, World Bank economists
are regarded as experts in development and thus carry some
form of authority
UNITED NATIONS
The name "United Nations", coined by US President Franklin
D. Roosevelt was first used in the Declaration by the United
Nations of 1 January 1942, during the Second World War,
when representatives of 26 nations pledged their
Governments to continue fighting together against the Axis
Powers. Founded on October 24, 1945
5 BRANCHES OF UN
1. UN General Assembly – it is the main decision-making
and representative assembly and is responsible for
upholding the principles of the UN through its policies and
recommendations. It is composed of all the member states
and headed by a president.
2. UN Security Council – can authorize the deployment of
UN member states’ militaries, can mandate a ceasefire
during conflicts and can impose penalties to member
states. It is composed of 5 permanent members (China,
France, Russia, United Kingdom & United States) & 10
rotating members
3. International Court of Justice – can settle, according to
international law, legal disputes between states and give
opinions, mostly advisory, on legal questions brought to it
by UN organs and agencies. It is composed of 15 judges
who are elected for a 9-year term
4. Economic and Social Council – assists the UN General
Assembly in promoting economic and social development
as well as cooperation of member states (54 members; 3-
year term)
5. Secretariat – headed by the Secretary General, provides
studies, information and other dates when needed by other
UN branches for their meetings
CHALLENGES OF THE UN
- Limits placed upon its various organs and programs
by the need to respect state sovereignty. The UN is
not a world government, and it functions primarily
because of voluntary cooperation from states. If
states refuse to cooperate, the influence of the UN
can be severely circumscribed
- Issues related to security
INTERNATIONAL LAW
- International Law – refer to laws that regulate
relations of states and international persons
- National Law – laws that regulate individuals
among themselves or within the state
- Treaty – an international agreement conducted
between states, in written form and governed by
international law
2 DOCTRINES OF ADOPTING INTERNATIONAL LAW
1. Doctrine of Incorporation – it is mainly based under
Section 2 Article II of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
which states that “the Philippines adopts the generally
accepted principles of International Law as part of the law
of the land.”
2. Doctrine of Transformation – requires the enactment by
the legislative body of such international law principles as
are sought to be part of municipal law (Coquia & Defensor-
Santiago, 2005). This doctrine must be related to the power
of the President to enter into treaties wherein rule and
principles embodied in said treaties would be transformed
into Philippine law and would become valid and effective
upon concurrence of 2/3 of all the members of the Senate
SAMPLE TREATIES
- Mutual Defense Treaty with USA, signed on August
30, 1959
- Visiting Forces Agreement with USA, signed on
February 10, 1998
- RP-US Extradition Treaty with USA, signed on
November 13, 1995
INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMS
Also known as customary law, consists of rules of law
derived from the consistent conduct of states, acting out of
the belief that the law required them to act that way.
2 elements of international customs
• State practice – there must be substantial uniformity of
practice by a number of states
• Opinion of law or necessity – the belief that the given
practice is rendered obligatory by the existence of a rule
requiring it
KINDS OF INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMS
• Regional custom – is a practice among states within a
particular area of the world which can be sufficiently well
established and accepted as law that is binding among the
states of that region
• Special custom – is a long-continued practice between
two states, accepted them as regulating their relations that
form the basis of mutual rights and obligations
STEPS IN TREATY MAKING
• Negotiation - may be undertaken directly by the head of
state but he now usually assigns this task to his authorized
representatives.
• Signing of the Treaty by the Representatives - negotiators
finally decide on the terms of the treaty ; means of
authenticating the instrument and for the purpose of
symbolizing the good faith of the parties; but, significantly, it
does not indicate the final consent of the state in cases
where ratification of the treaty is required. The document is
ordinarily signed in accordance with the alternat, that is,
each of the several negotiators is allowed to sign first on the
copy which he will bring home to his own state.
• Exchange of ratification instruments - signifies the
effectivity of the treaty unless a different date has been
agreed upon by the parties. Where ratification is dispensed
with and no effectivity clause is embodied in the treaty, the
instrument is deemed effective upon its signature.
• Ratification of the treaty by the constitutional organs of
the respective states - the formal act by which a state
confirms and accepts the provisions of a treaty concluded
by its representatives.
• Registration with and publication by the Secretariat of the
United Nations
BASIC PRINCIPLES CONCERNING TREATIES
1. Pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt – A treaty binds the
parties and only the parties
2. Pacta sunt servanda – agreements must be kept
3. Rebuc sic stantibus – things standing thus
STATES, NATIONALITY & STATELESSNESS
Nationality – a legal bond having as its basis a social fact of
attachment, a genuine connection of existence, interests
and sentiments, together with the existence of reciprocal
rights and duties
States – are entities which have rights and responsibilities
under international law and which have the capacity to
maintain their rights by bringing international claims
ELEMENTS OF A STATE
• Permanent population
• Defined territory
• Government
• Capacity to enter into relations with other states
States are created through the following:
• Discovery & Occupation – occurs when a territory
belonging to any state is placed under the sovereignty of the
claiming state
• Prescription – this is when a territory is acquired through
continuous and uninterrupted possession over a long period
of time
• Cession – involves the peaceful transfer of territory from
one sovereign to another
• Accretion – it is the increase in the land area of a state,
either through natural means or artificially through human
labor
• Conquest – it is the act of defeating an opponent and
occupying all or parts of the territory
STATE RECOGNITION - It is an act by which a state
acknowledges the existence of another state, government
or belligerent community and indicates its willingness to
deal with the entity as such under the rules of international
law.
LANDMARK DOCTRINES STATE RECOGNITION
1. Wilson/Tobar Doctrine – this doctrine precludes the
recognition of governments established by
revolution, civil war, coup d'etat, or other form of
internal violence until freely elected representatives
of the people have organized constitutional
government.
2. Betancourt Doctrine – this doctrine pertains to
denial diplomatic recognition to any regime, right or
left, which came to power by military force
3. Lauterpacht Doctrine – it precludes the recognition
of an entity which is not legally state as it
constitutes an abuse of the power of recognition
4. Stimson Doctrine – precludes the recognition of any
government established as a result of external
aggression
RIGHTS OF STATES
1. Right to Independence
2. Right to Equality
3. Right to Existence and Self-Defense
4. Right to Territorial Integrity and Jurisdiction
5. Right to Legation
NATIONALITY - it is a legal bond having as its basis a social
fact of attachment, a genuine connection of existence,
interests, and sentiments together with the existence of
reciprocal rights and duties
STATELESSNESS - pertains to the status of having to
nationality as a consequence of being born without a
nationality or as a result of deprivation or loss of nationality.
REFUGEE - Is a person who, owing to a well-founded fear of
being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality,
membership of a particular social group or political opinion,
is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or,
owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the
protection of that country.
Principle of Non-refoulement - It is a principle wherein in
addition to not returning the refugee to his/her own state,
he/she must not be sent to a third state if his/her life or
freedom would there be threatened on account of his/her
race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social
group or social opinion.
 Contemporary Challenges to Regionalism
RIGHTS OF REFUGEES ● Resurgence of militant nationalism and populism
● Non-discrimination ● Continuing financial crisis
● Wage-earning employment ● Differing visions of what regionalism should be for
● Free access to courts
● Duty of non-refoulement of states
● Self-employment
● Housing
● Freedom of religion

COUNTRIES, REGIONS, GLOBALIZATION

Regions – are a group of countries located in the same

geographically specified area

Regionalization – refers to the regional concentration of

economic flows

Regionalism – is a political process characterized by

economic policy cooperation and coordination among
countries

Countries respond economically and politically to

globalization in various ways. China, for example, offers its
cheap and huge workforce to attract foreign businesses.
Singapore and Switzerland compensate for their lack of
resources by turning themselves into financial and banking
hubs.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

- It is a regional association for military defense
- formed during the Cold War when several Western
European countries plus the United States agreed to
protect Europe against the threat of Soviet Union

The Soviet Union responded by creating its regional alliance,

the Warsaw Pact. However, it imploded in December 1991
while NATO remains in place State Recognition
Doctrines:
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Wilson/Tobar Doctrine
- Established in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Betancourt
Arabia and Venezuela to regulate the production Lanterpacht
and sale of oil. Stimson

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Right to Independence

- Created by the presidents of Egypt, Ghana, India,
Indonesia and Yugoslavia in 1961
- Its main aim is to pursue world peace, international
cooperation, human rights, national sovereignty,
racial and national equality, non-intervention,
peaceful conflict resolution.
Right to Equality
Right to Existence & Self-defense
Right to Territorial and Jurisdiction (Sovereignty)
Right to Legation
Statelessness - no nationality
Principle of non-refoulement
Rights of Refugees The creation of transnational economic spaces
creating a de facto region that does not need a formal
Regionalization vs Regionalism regional organization to flourish

Regionalization is the process of dividing the world into can be viewed as a result of the independent decision-
distinct regions with shared characteristics. making of the economic actors.

Regionalism is the creation of smaller regions with more

autonomy than would be possible at a larger scale.

Regionalism - different use their own languages ; using a

common language. Different nations have the autonomy to
choose whichever languages best suit the people and
culture of the region

Regionalization - distinct differences that cause the

formation of linguistic regions. The separate regions are
formed by whether or not they share a common language.

Regionalism refers to three distinct elements:

a) movements demanding territorial autonomy within unitary
states;
b) the organization of the central state on a regional basis
for the delivery of its policies including regional development
policies;
c) political decentralization and regional autonomy. The first
may be seen as ‘bottom-up’ regionalism, the second as ‘top-
down regionalism and the third as a response to the first.

Top down governmental projects

Proceeds through intergovernmental negotiation and
dialogue

Creation of formal agreements creating de jure regions

The conscious, deliberate and purposive attempts made by

national states to create formal mechanisms for dealing
with common transnational issues

describes the activities of the organizations to establish the

legal & non-legal framework which influences the operation
and the decision-making of each economic actors within the
relevant regional area

Regionalization
Actual processes of real integration which tie people or
economies together irrespective of national political
boundaries
Could be based on societal integration, but most often
discussed in terms of economic integration, led by
investment and trade relationships
Sustainable Development - progress ; plan
5 pillars:
● people,
● planet,
● prosperity (summit, pag-unlad),
● peace,
● partnership

Principles of United Kingdom

● Living within environmental limits
● Ensuring strong, healthy and just in society
● Achieving a sustainable economy
● Promoting Good Governance
● Using sound science responsibly

● Integration of environmental consideration in

decision-making
● Proper pricing of natural resources - war,
● Property Rights Reform
● Establishment of an Integrated Protected Areas
System
● Rehabilitation of Degraded Ecosystem
● Strengthening of Residuals Management in Industry
(Pollution Control)
● Integration of Population Concerns and Social
Welfare in Developing Planning
● Inducing Growth in the Rural Areas
● Promotion of Environmental Education
● Strengthening of Citizens’ Participation and
Constituency Building

MDG
● Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
● Achieve Universal Primary Education
● Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
● Reduce Child Mortality
● Improve Maternal Health
● Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases
● Ensure Environmental Sustainability
● Global Partnership for Development