úIh ks¾foaYh

1
 1.0 úIh ks¾foaYh

ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo

ixLHdj

ksmqK;dj - 1 1.1 • j¾.uQ,h • mq¾K j¾.hla fkdjk ixLHdjl 04

tÈfkod Ôú;fha wjYH;d úúO l%u weiqfrka • ikaksl¾IKh ^m<uq j¾.uQ,h oYu ixLHdjla jk nj
idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd ixLHdj, j¾.uQ,h ikaksl¾IKh muKs& y÷kd .kshs'
;d;aúl ixLHd l=,lh ;=< fidhhss' • fnoSfï l%uh ^idOdrK • wkqhd; mq¾K j¾. ixLHd folla
.Ks; l¾u yiqrejhs' w;r msysá ixLHdjl j¾.uQ,h
l%uh&
i|yd o< w.hla fidhhs'
• mq¾K j¾.hla fkdjk ixLHdjl
j¾.uQ,h m<uq ikaksl¾IKhg
fidhhs'
• mq¾K j¾. ixLHdjl j¾.uQ,h
idOdrK l%ufhka fidhhs'
• mq¾K j¾.hla fkdjk ixLHdjl
j¾.uQ,h oYuia:dk follg
idOdrK l%ufhka fidhhs'
• oYu ixLHdjl j¾.uQ,h
oYuia:dk follg idOdrK
l%ufhka fidhhs'

2
 ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj

ksmqK;dj - 2 2.1 • iudka;r fYa%Î • wkqhd; mo folla w;r wka;rh 03

ksh;hla jk ixLHd wkql%uhla
ixLHdj, úúO iïnkaO;d iudka;r fY%aÎ y÷kd • ye¢kaùu
iudka;r fY%aÎhla f,i y÷kd
úu¾Ykh lrñka bÈß .ksñka ta wdYs%; .eg¨ • n jk moh .kshs'
wjYH;d i|yd ;SrK .kshs' úi|hs'
• iudka;r fY%aÎ wdYs%; mdßNdIsl
mo y÷kd .kshs'
• iudka;r fY%aÎhl n jk moh
i|yd Tn = a + (n − 1)d iQ;%h
f.dvk.hs'
• Tn = a + (n − 1)d iQ;%h Ndú;fhka
iudka;r fYa%Îhl n jk moh
fidhhs'
• iudka;r fY%aÎhl n jk moh
(Tn ) § we;s úg n ys w.h iQ;%
Ndú;fhka fidhhs'
• Tn = a + (n − 1)d iQ;%h Ndú;fhka
.eg¨ úi|hs'

2.2 • uq,a mo nj, ftlHh • iudka;r fY%aÎhl uq,a mo n ys 04

iudka;r fY%aÎj, úúO ftlHh i|yd
n
yeisÍï rgd úu¾Ykh Sn = {2a + (n − 1)d } iq;%h iy
lrhs' 2

3
 ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj
n
Sn = {a + l} iQ;%h f.dvk.hs'
2
• iQ;% Ndú; lrñka iudka;r
fY%aÎhl uq,a mo n ys ftlHh
fidhhs'
• iudka;r fY%aÎhl ftlHh § we;s
úg iQ;% Ndú;fhka fYa%Îfha mo
.Kk fidhhs'
• iu.dó iólrK úi£ï o we;=<;a
iudka;r fY%aÎ wdYs%; .eg¨ úi|hs'

ksmqK;dj - 3 3'1 • Nd. wdYs%; .eg¨ úi£u • tÈfkod Ôú;fha Nd. Ndú; jk 04
wjia:d ú.%y lrhs'
tÈfkod Ôú;fha wjYH;d Nd. iïnkaO .eg¨
myiqfjka bgq lr .ekSu úi|hs' • BODMAS kS;sh o we;=<;aj" Nd.
i|yd tall yd tall fldgia weiqßka tÈfkod Ôú;hg iïnkaO
;=< .Ks; l¾u yiqrejhs' .eg¨ úi|hs'

ksmqK;dj - 4 4'1 • m%;sf,dauiudkqmd; • rdYs folla w;r iïnkaOh ú.%y 05

ye¢kaùu lrñka m%;sf,dau iudkqmd; y\qkd
tÈfkod Ôú;fha lghq;= wkqmd; weiqfrka rdYs
.kshs'
myiqfjka bgq lr .ekSu w;r we;s iïnkaO;d • m%;sf,dau iudkqmd; wdYs%;
i|yd wkqmd; fhdod .kshs' úuihs' .eg¨ • m%;sf,dau iudkqmd; ms<sn| oekqu
• jev yd ld,h Ndú;fhka jev yd ld,h wdYs%;
.eg¨ úi|hs'
• x yd y m%;sf,dau f,i
iudkqmd; rdYs folla jk úg
4
 ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj
• m%;sf,dau iudkqmd; ùÔh 1
wdldrfhka oelaùu rdYs fol w;r iudkqmd;h x ∝
y
1 f,i olajk nj y÷kd .kshs'
•x∝ → xy = k ;
y • k ksh;hla jk úg xy = k f,i
k ksh;hls' fhdod .ksñka m%;sf,dau
iudkqmd; wdYs%; .eg¨ úi|hs'
• xy = k Ndú;fhka
.eg¨ úi£u

ksmqK;dj - 5 5.1 • nÿ j¾. ^;Sre nÿ" wdodhï • jßmkï nÿ, ;Sre nÿ, wdodhï nÿ yd 04
kq;k f,dalfha id¾:l f,i m%;sY; weiqrska nÿ wdYs%; nÿ" jßmkï nÿ yd tl;= tl;= l< w.h u; noao hk nÿ
l< w.h u; noao^VAT&& j¾. y÷kd .kshs'
.kqfokq lsÍu i|yd m%;sY; .eg¨ úi|hs'
fhdod .kshs' • ye¢kaùu • nÿ f,i whlr.kakd uqo,a rfÜ
ixj¾Okhg fhdod .kakd wdldr
• jdßl y÷kd .kshs'
• jßmkï nÿ wdYs%; .Kkh lsÍïj,
fhfohs'
• ;Sre nÿ wdYs%; .Kkh lsÍïj,
fhfohs'
• wdodhï nÿ wdYs%; .Kkh lsÍïj,
fhfohs'
• tl;= l< w.h u; nÿ wdYs%;
.Kkh lsÍïj, fhfohs'
• nÿ wdYs%; .eg¨ úi|hs'

5
 ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj

5.2 • iq`M fmd,ssh • uq,a uqo,;a ld,h;a fmd,S 03

fmd,sh .Kkh lrñka • fmd,S wkqmd;slh wkqmd;slh;a ie,ls,a,g .ksñka
.Kkh lrk fmd,ssh, iq¿ fmd,ssh
;SrK .kshs' • jd¾Isl$udisl f,i y÷kd .kshs'
• fmd,sh .Kkh • hï uqo,la i|yd tlu fmd,S
wkqmd;slh hgf;a iudk ld,
mrdihka ;=< § ,efnk fmd,sh
iudk nj y÷kd .kshs'
• uqo,la i|yd § we;s ld,hg yd
fmd,S wkqmd;slhg wkqj fmd,sh
.Kkh lrhs'
• wjYH f;dr;=re § we;s úg fmd,ssh
fyda fmd,SS wkqmd;slh fyda ld,h
fyda uqo, fyda fiùfï
.eg¨ úi|hs'
• tÈfkod Ôú;fhaa § fmd,sh ms<sn|
ie,ls,su;a fjñka jvd M,odhs
.kqfokq ms<sn| ;SrK .kshs'
ksmqK;djh - 6 6'1 • o¾Yl yd ,>q.Kl w;r • ixLHdjla o¾Yl wdldrfhka oS 02
iïnkaOh we;s úg tu ixLHdfõ ,>q.Klh,
tÈfkod Ôú;fha .eg¨ • o¾Yl yd
mdoh weiqfrka úia;r lrhs'
myiqfjka úi|d .ekSu i|yd ,>q.Kl w;r • ,>q.Kl ⇌ n,
,>q.Kl yd .Kl Ndú; iïnkaOh ú.%y lrhs' mßj¾;kh • o¾Yl wdldrfha m%ldYkhla
lrhs' ,>q.Kl wdldrhg fyda ,>q.Kl
wdldrfha m%ldYkhla o¾Yl

6
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj
wdldrhg fyda mßj¾;kh lrhs'

6.2 • ,>q.Kl kS;s • .=K lsÍu yd fn§ug wod< 03

.=K lsÍu yd fn§u • .=K lsrSu ,>q.Kl kS;s y÷kd .kshs'
i|yd ,>q.Kl kS;s • fnoSu • ,>q.Kl kS;s Ndú;fhka
Ndú; lrhs' ,>q.Kl we;=<;a m%ldYk iq`M
lrhs'

6'3 • ,>q .Kl j.= Ndú;h • ,>q.Kl j.= Ndú;fhka 1g jeä 04

,>q .Kl j.= • 1g jeä ixLHdj, ixLHdj, ,>q.Kl fidhhs'
Ndú;fhka ixLHd ,>q.Kl • ,>q.Kl j.= Ndú;fhka 1g jeä
we;=<;a m%ldYk • 1g jeä ixLHd we;=<;a ixLHd .=K lrhs¦ fnohs'
iq`M lrhs' m%ldYk • ,>q.Kl j.= Ndú;fhka 1g jeä
• .=K lsÍu ixLHd, .=K lsÍï iy fn§ï
we;=<;a m%ldYk iq`M lrhs'
• fnoSu

6.4 • úoHd;aul .Kl h;=re • + , - , × , ÷ yd = h;=re y÷kd 01

.Ks; .eg¨ úi§u i|yd Ndú;h .kshs'
úoHd;aul .Klh Ndú; • + , - , × , ÷ yd = • +, -, × yd ÷ we;=<;a
lrhs' h;=re ixLHduh m%ldYkhl w.h
úoHd;aul .Klh Ndú;fhka
• ( yd ) h;=re
,nd .kshs'
• oYu iys; m%ldYk
• ( yd ) h;=re y÷kd .kshs'

7
 ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj
iq`M lsÍu • wod< wjia:d i|yd jryka h;=re
Ndú; lrñka ixLHduh m%ldYk
iq¿ lrhs'
• oYu iys; m%ldYk úoHd;aul
.Klh Ndú;fhka iq`M lrhs'
• ,>q.Kl j.+ Ndú;fhka ixLHd
.=K lsÍfuka yd fn§fuka
,efnk ms<s;=rej, ksrjoH;dj
.Klh u.ska ;yjqre lrhs'
ksmqK;dj - 7 7. 1 • mßñ;sh • flakaøsl LKavfha fldaKh θ iy 04
ffoksl lghq;= M,odhs f,i flakaøsl LKav iys; ;, • flakaøsl LKav yd wrh r úg pdm È. ioyd
bgq lr .ekSu i|yd mßñ;sh rEmj, mßñ;sh fiùu θ
× 2π r iïnkaOh f.dvk.hs'
fiùfï úúO l%u úu¾Ykh i|yd È. wdYs%; ñkqï
• • flakaøsl LKav we;=<;a 360
lrhs' úia;SrKh lrhs' ixhqla; ;,rEm
• flakaøsl LKavj, mßñ;sh .Kkh
lrhs'
• flakaøsl LKav we;=<;a ixhqla;
;,rEmj, mßñ;sh wdYs%; .eg¨
úi|hs'

ksmqK;dj - 8 8.1 • j¾.M,h • flakaøsl LKavfha fldaKh θ yd 04

j¾.M,h ms<sn| j úu¾Ykh flakaøsl LKav iys; wrh r úg flakaøsl LKavfha
• flakaøsl LKav
lrñka iSñ; bvlv m%Yia; ;,rEmj, j¾.M,h θ
j¾.M,h(A) ioyd A= π r2
uÜgñka m%fhdackhg .kshs' wdYs%; .eg¨ úi|hs'
• flakaøsl LKav 360
we;=<;a ixhqla; iQ;%h f.dvk.hs'
;,rEm

8
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj
θ
• A= π r2 iQ;%h Ndú;fhka
360
flakaøsl LKavhl j¾.M,h
fidhhs'
• flakaøsl LKavhl ñkqï ùÔh
moj,ska § we;s úg j¾.M,h i|yd
ùÔh m%ldYkhla f.dvk.hs'
• flakaøsl LKav we;=<;a ixhqla;
;, rEmj, j¾.M,h wdYs%; .eg¨
úi|hs'

8.2 • mDIaG j¾.M,h • wrh r yd Wi h jQ ixjD; Rcq 02

is,skavrj, mDIaG jD;a; is,skavrhl mDIaG
• is,skavrh
j¾.M,h ms<sn| j j¾.M,h (A) i|yd
2
úu¾Ykh lrhs' A = 2π r + 2π rh iQ;%h
f.dvk.hs'
• A = 2π r 2 + 2π rh iq;%h
Ndú;fhka Rcq jD;a;
is,skavrhl mDIaG j¾.M,h
.Kkh lrhs'
• Rcq jD;a; is,skavrhl mDIaG
j¾.M,h wdYs%; .eg¨ úi|hs'

9
 ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj

8.3 • mDIaG j¾.M,h • ;s%fldaKdldr yria lvla iys; 03

ms%iauj, mDIaG j¾.M,h Rcq ms%iauhl uqyqK;aj, yev
• ;s%fldaKdldr yrialvla
ms<sn| j úu¾Ykh lrhs' y÷kd .kshs'
iys; iDcq ms%iauh
• ;s%fldaKdldr yrialvla iys;
Rcq ms%iauhl mDIaG j¾.M,h
.Kkh lrhs'
• ;s%fldaKdldr yrialvla iys;
Rcq ms%iauhl mDIaG j¾.M,h
wdYs%; .eg¨ úi|hs'
• wrh r yd Wi h jQ Rcq jD;a;
ksmqK;dj - 10 10.1 • is,skavrh 02
is,skavrhl mßudj(V) i|yd
mßudj ms<sn| j úpdrYS,sj is,skavrj, mßudj • mßudj i|yd iQ;%h 2
V = π r h iQ;%h f.dvk.hs'
lghq;= lrñka wjldYfha ms<sn| j úuis,su;a fjhs' 2
• iQ;%h Ndú;h • V = π r h iQ;%h Ndú;fhka Rcq
Wmßu M,odhs;dj ,nd .kshs'
jD;a; is,skavrhl mßudj fidhhs'
• is,skavrhl mßudj wdYs%; .eg¨
úi|hs'
10.2 • ;s%fldaKdldr yrialvla • yrialv j¾.M,h A yd Wi$os. h jQ 02
iys; Rcq m%siauh ;s%fldaKdldr yrialvla iys; Rcq
ms%iauj, mßudj ms<sn|
ms%iauhl mßudj(V) i|yd iQ;%h
j úuis,su;a fjhs' • mßudj i|yd iQ;%h V = Ah f.dv k.hs'
• iQ;%h Ndú;h
• yrialv ;s%fldaKhla jq Rcq ms%iauhl
mßudj .Kkh lrhs'

10
 ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj
• ;s%fldaKdldr yrialvla iys; Rcq
ms%iauhl mßudj wdYs%; .eg¨ úi|hs'

ksmqK;dj - 12 12.1 • ÿr yd ld,h • ld,h wkqnoaOfhka ÿr 05

fjkia ùfï YSS>%;dj fõ.h f,i
jev f,dalfha wjYH;d imqrd ffoksl lghq;= • ÿr-ld, m%ia;drhl
y÷kd .kshs'
.ekSu i|yd ld,h ld¾hlaIu lr .ekSu ksrEmKh ^taldldr
l<ukdlrKh lr .kshs' i|yd ld,h fõ.h we;s wjia:d& • ÿr, ld,h yd fõ.h w;r
l,ukdlrKh lrhss' • m%ia;drfhys
iïnkaOh ,shhs'

ÿr • ÿr yd ld,h we;=<;a f;dr;=re

wkql%uKh = = fõ.h m%ia;drhl ksrEmKh lrhs'
ld,h
• ÿr-ld, m%ia;drhl wkql%uKh
h
• mßudj yd ld,h ^k,
u.ska fõ.h ,efnk nj y÷kd
;=<ska øj .,d hk wjia:d
.kshs'
we;=<;a j&
• ÿr, ld,h yd fõ.h iïnkaO .eg¨
úi|hs'
• mßudj yd ld,h iïnkaO .eg¨
úi|hs' ^k, ;=<ska øj .,d hk
wjia:d o we;=<;a j&
• fõ.h yd iS>%;dj fhdod .ksñka
ffoksl lghq;= ld¾hlaIu lr
.kshs'

11
 ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj

ksmqK;dj - 13 13.1 • isria ;,fha mßudK • wjfrdayK fldaKh y÷kd .kshs' 05

úúO l%u úê .fõIKh mßirfha úúO msysàï rEm weoSu • wdrdayK fldaKh y÷kd .kshs'
lrñka m%dfhda.sl wjia:d mßudK rEm weiqßka • wjfrdayK fldaKh yd
• wjfrdayK fldaKh yd wdfrdayK
i|yd mßudK rEm Ndú; úu¾Ykh lrhs' wdfrdayK fldaKh fldaKh weiqßka jia;=jl msysàu
lrhs' weiqßka jia;=jl msysàu úia;r lrhs'
• msysàu weiqßka mßudK
• isria ;,fha ñkqï we;=<;a
rEm we§u f;dr;=re ksrEmKh i|yd mßudK
• mßudK rEm weiqßka rEm w¢hs'
msysàu úia;r lsÍu • mßudK rEm weiqßka mßirfha
• isria oaúudk mßudK rEm msysàu úia;r lrhs'
we§u
• isria ;,fha mßudK rEm wdYs%;
.eg¨ úi|hs'

ksmqK;dj- 14 14.1 • oaúmo m%ldYk m%idrKh • (ax + by )(cx + dy ) wdldrfhA oaúmo 04

úúO l%u úê l%udkl+, j oaúmo
.fõIKh lrñka ùÔh j¾.dhkh lrhs'
m%ldYk iq¿ lrhs'
m%ldYkhla • (ax + by )(cx + dy ) wdldr
m%ldYk folla .=Klr iq`M lr
olAjhs'
h; a , b, c , d ∈ ℚ
2
• oaúmo m%ldYk foll .=Ks;h
• (ax + by ) m%idrKh; iup;=ri%$ RcqfldaKdi%j,
a, b ∈ ℤ j¾.M, weiqßka ;yjqre lrhs'
• oaúmo m%ldYk foll .=Ks;h
2
weiqßka (ax + by ) m%idrKh lrhs'

• (a + b) 2 ys m%idrKfha mo w;r

12
 ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj
iïnkaOh weiqßka
2
(ax + by ) m%idrKh lrhs'
• oaaúmo m%ldYk foll .=Ks;h yd
j¾.dhs;h" ixLHd wdfoaYh u.ska
i;Hdmkh lrhs'
ksmqK;dj - 15
15.1 • idOl fiùu • ùÔh m%ldYk we;=<;a j¾. foll 04
úúO l%u úê l%udkql+, j ;s%mo j¾.c m%ldYk • j¾. foll wka;rh
wka;rfhA idOl fidhhs'
.fõIKh lrñka ùÔh
m%ldYkj, idOl fjka lrhs'
idOlj,g fjka lrhs' 2 • ax 2 + bx + c wdldrfha m%ldYkj,
• ax + bx + c wdldrh
idOl fidhhs'
a ≠ o, b 2 − 4ac mQ¾K
• úúO l%u Wmfhda.s lr .ksñka
j¾.hla jk
ax 2 + bx + c wdldrfha m%ldYkhl
idOlj, ksrjoH;dj ;yjqre
lrhs'
ksmqK;dj - 16 16.1 • ùÔh m%ldYkj, l=vdu • ùÔh m%ldYk lsysmhlskA fnÈh yels 04
fmdÿ .=Kdldrh ^m%ldY l=vd u ùÔh m%ldYkh tu ùÔh
tÈfkod Ôú;fha yuqjk ùÔh m%ldYk lsysmhl
;=klg fkdjeä úp,H m%ldYkj, l=vdu fmdÿ .=Kdldrh
.eg¨ úi|d .ekSu i|yd ùÔh l=vdu fmdÿ .=Kdldrh
follg yd o¾Ylh nj y÷kd .kshs'
Nd. iq¿ lsÍfï l%uúê fidhhs'
follg fkdjeä&
.fõIKh lrhs' • fokq ,nk ùÔh mo lsysmhl
l=vdu fmdÿ .=Kdldrh fidhhs'
• ùÔh m%ldYk lsysmhl l=vd u fmdÿ
.=Kdldrh idOl weiqßka fidhhs'

13
 ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj
• ùÔh m%ldYk lsysmhl l=vd u fmdÿ
.=Kdldrh ;¾ldkql=,j ;SrKh
lrhs'

16.2 • ùÔh Nd. ^yrh iudk • ùÔh Nd. tl;= lsÍfï § fyda wvq 04
wdl,kh yd jHdl,kh fkdjQ& lsÍfï § ;=,H Nd.j, wjYH;djh
hgf;a ùÔh Nd. f.kyer olajhs'
• tl;= lsÍu
yiqrejhs' • yrh iudk fkdjQ ùÔh Nd. tl;=
• wvq lsÍu
lr iq`M lrhs'
• yrh iudk fkdjQ ùÔh Nd. wvq
lr iq`M lrhs'
• yrh iudk fkdjQ ùÔh Nd. iq¿
lrhs'

ksmqK;dj - 17 17.1 • ùÔh Nd. iys; talc • ùÔh Nd. iys; ir, iólrK 03
tÈfkod Ôú;fha wjYH;d .eg¨ úi£u i|yd talc iólrK úi£fï § ùÔh Nd. iq¿ lsÍfï
idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd iólrK fhdod .kshs' • úi£u
l%ufõo fhdod.; yels nj y÷kd
iólrK úi£fï l%u úê .kshs'
• f.dvke.Su
yiqrjhs' • ùÔh Nd. iys; ir, iólrK
úi|hs'
• fok ,o .eg¨jl o;a; w;r we;s
iïnkaOh ùðh Nd. wvx.= ir,
iólrKhla u.ska m%ldY lr
úi|hs'

14
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj

17.2 • iu.dó iólrK • tlsfklg fjkia jQ ix.=Kl 03

.eg¨ úi£u i|yd ^úp,H folla iy mq¾K iys; iu.dó iólrK úi|hs'
iu.dó iólrK fhdod ixLHd;aul ix.=Kl • fok ,o f;dr;=re w;r
.kshs' iys; ix.=Kl iudk iïnkaOh iu.dó iólrK
fkdjQ& hq.,hlska m%ldY lr úi|hs'
• úi£u • iu.dó iólrKj, úi÷u" wod<
• f.dvke.Su
iólrKj,g wdfoaYfhka tu
úi÷u i;H nj fya;= iys; j
i;Hdmkh lrhs'
• iu.dó iólrK Ndú;fhka
.eg¨ úi|hs'

17.3 • j¾.c iólrK úi£u • j¾.c iólrKhg wod< j¾.c 02

.eg¨ úi£u i|yd j¾.c m%ldYkh idOlj,g fjka lrhs'
• idOl Ndú;fhka
iólrK fhdod .kshs' • m%ldYk foll .=Ks;h Y=kHh
ùug" wju jYfhka tla
m%ldYkhla fyda Y=kHh úh hq;=
nj y÷kd .kshs'
• idOl Ndú;fhka j¾.c iólrK
úi|hs'
• j¾.c iólrK wdYs%; .eg¨
úi|hs'

15
 ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj

ksmqK;dj - 18 18.1 • wiudk;d úi£u iy • ax + b < c ; ax + b > c ; 06

Ôjk .eg¨ wdYs%; úúO rdYs rdYs folla w;r úi÷ï ixLHd f¾Ldjl ax + b ≤ c, ax + b ≥ c
w;r jq iïnkaO;d wiudk;d we;=<;a ksrEmKh
wiudk;dj, ksÅ,uh úiÿï
úYaf,aIKh lrhs' ffoksl .eg¨ úi|hs' ≥ l= ,lh ,s h d ola jhs '
• ax + b < c wdldrh
(a ≠ o; a, b, c ∈ ℤ) • ax + b < c , ax + b > c,
ax + b ≤ c, ax + b ≥ c,
• ksÅ,uh úi÷ï
wiudk;dj, úiÿï m%dka;r" ixLHd
• úi÷ï m%dka;r f¾Ldjla u; ksrEmKh lrhs'
• wiudk;d LKavdxl • x < a, x > a, x ≤ a, x ≥ a,
;,h u; ksrEmKh wdldrfha wiudk;d LKavdxl;,h
≥ u; ksrEmKh lrhs'
• x < a wdldrh • > b, y < b, y ≥ b, y ≤ b
y
wdldrfha wiudk;d LKavdxl;,h
y ≥b
• < wdldrh u; ksrEmKh lrhs'

≥ • y > x, y < x, y ≥ x, y ≤ x
• x < y wdldrh wdldrfha wiudk;d LKavdxl;,h
u; ksrEmKh lrhs'
• tÈfkod Ôú;fha Ndú; wjia:djka
bÈßm;a lsÍug wiudk;d fhdod .;
yels nj y÷kd .kshs'
• tÈfkod Ôú;fha .eg¨ úi£u i|yd
wiudk;d fhdod .kshs'

16
 ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj

ksmqK;dj- 19 19.1 • iQ;% • j¾.dhs; yd j¾.uQ, we;=<;a 03

tÈfkod Ôú;fha yuqjk .eg¨ úi£u i|yd iQ;% • Wla;h udre lsÍu
iQ;%hl kï lrk ,o mohla Wla;
.eg¨ úi|d .ekSu i|yd iq;% fhdod .; yels l%u úê ^j¾.dhs; yd j¾.uQ, lrhs'
fhdod.; yels l%u úê úu¾Ykh lrhs' we;=<;a & • j¾.dhs; yd j¾.uQ, we;=<;a
.fõIKh lrhss' • wdfoaYh
iQ;%hl" § we;s w.hhka wdfoaY
lrñka kï lrk ,o mohl w.h
fidhhs'
• .eg¨ úi£u i|yd iQ;% fhdod .kshs'
ksmqK;dj - 20 20.1 • y = mx + c wdldrfha ir, • y = mx + c wdldrfha ir, f¾Ldjla 02
úúO l%u úê .fõIKh úp,H folla w;r jq f¾Ldjl wkql%uKh u; msysá ,laIH foll LKavdxl §
lrñka úp,H folla w;r talc iïnkaO;djhl .Kkh lsÍu ^LKavdxl we;s úg tys wkql%uKh .Kkh
mj;sk wfkHdakH iïnkaO;d iajNdjh ksYaph lrhs' weiqßka& lrhs'
myiqfjka ikaksfõokh lrhs' • y = mx + c wdldrfha ir, f¾Ldjl
m%ia;drh § we;s úg tys wkql%uKh
.Kkh lrhs'
• ir, f¾Ldjl wkql%uKh weiqßka
úp,H fol w;r iïnkaO;dj
fidhhs'
2 2 2 2
20.2 • y = ax yd y = ax + b • y = ax , y = ax + b wdldrfha 04
wdldrfha j¾.c Ys%; Ys%;hl x ys w.h lssysmhla ÿka
úp,H folla w;r jq
^ a, b ∈ ℚ yd a ≠ 0 ) úg Bg wkqrem y ys w.hhka
wfkHdakH j¾.c
iïnkaO;d rEmsl j ú.%y .Kkh lrhs'
• m%ia;dr we£u
lrhs'

17
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj

• Wmßu$wju w.h • fok ,o jiula i|yd

2 2
• yereï ,laIHfha ^j¾;k y = ax , y = ax + b wdldrfha
,laIHfha& LKavdxl Ys%;j, m%ia;dr w¢hs'
2 2
• iuñ;s wlaIfha • y = ax , y = ax + b wdldrfha
iólrKh Ys%;hl m%ia;drh weiqfrka Ys%;fha
,
• Ys%;fha yeisÍu
Wmßu $wju w.h m%ia;drfha
,
iuñ;s wlaIfha iólrKh yereï
,laIHfha ^j¾;k ,laIHfha&
LKavdxl fidhhs'
2 2
• y = ax , y = ax + b wdldrfha
Ys%;hl m%ia;drh weiqfrka Ys%;fha
fok ,o w.h m%dka;rhlg wod< x
ys w.h m%dka;rh fidhhs'
2 2
• y = ax , y = ax + b wdldrfha
Ys%;hl m%ia;drh weiqfrka y=0
iólrKfha uQ, fidhhs'
2 2
• y = ax , y = ax + b wdldrfha
Ys%;hl m%ia;drh weiqfrka tjeks
fjk;a j¾.c Ys%; ks¾Kh lrhs'

18
 ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj
2 2 2 2
20.3 • y = ax iy y = ax + b • y = ax , y = ax + b wdldrfha Ys%; 03
j¾.c Ys%;hl ,laIK" wdldrfha j¾.c Ys%;j, ksÍlaIKfhka Wmßu $wju
,
Ys%;h ksÍlaIKfhka ,laIK ^ a, b ∈ ℚ yd w.h yereï ,la I Hfha ^j¾;k
,
ú.%y lrhs' a ≠ 0) ,laIHfha& LKavdxl iuñ;s
wlaIfha iólrKh ks¾Kh lsÍu
^m%ia;dr we£fuka f;drj& i|yd tu Ys%; yd Ys%;j, m%ia;dr
• Wmßu $ wju w.h w;r wka;¾ iïnkaO;d fidhhs'
2 2
• yereï ,laIHfha ^j¾;k • y = ax , y = ax + b wdldrfha Ys%;
,laIHfha& LKavdxl ksÍlaIKfhka Wmßu $wju
,
w.h yereï ,laIHfha
• iuñ;s wlaIfha ,
LKavdxl iuñ;s wlaIfha
iólrKh
iólrKh ks¾Kh lrhs'
ksmqK;dj - 23 23.1 • —;s%fldaKhl wNHka;r • —;s%fldaKhl wNHka;r fldaK 02
0
tÈfkod Ôú;fha lghq;=j, oS ;s%fldaKhl wNHka;r fldaK ;=fkys ftlHh ;=fkys ftlHh 180 fõ˜ hk
0
wjYH ks.ukj,g t<öu fldaK ;=fkys tl;=j 180 la fõ˜ hk m%fïhh m%fïhh Ndú;fhka .Kkh
i|yd ir, f¾Çh ;,rEm úêu;a f,i fidhd idOkh yd ta wdYs%; .eg¨ lsÍïj, fhfohs'
wdYs%; cHdñ;sl ixl,am fhdod n,hs' • —;s%fldaKhl wNHka;r fldaK
.kshs' ;=fkys ftlHh 180
0
fõ˜ hk
m%fïhh Ndú;fhka wkqfïhhka
idOkh lrhs'
• —;s%fldaKhl wNHka;r fldaK
0
;=fkys ftlHh 180 fõ˜ hk
m%fïhh úêu;aj idOkh lrhs'

19
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj

23.2 • —;s%fldaKhl mdohla Èla • —;s%fldaKhl mdohla Èla 03

;s%fldaKhl mdohla Èla lsÍfuka iEfok ndysr
lsÍfuka iEfok ndysr fldaKh tys wNHka;r
fldaKh iy wNHka;r iïuqL fldaK foflys
iïuqL fldaK w;r ftlHhg iudk fõ˜ hk
iïnkaO;d úuihs' m%fïhh idOkh yd ta
wdYs%; .eg¨
lsÍfuka iEfok ndysr fldaKh
tys wNHka;r iïuqL fldaK
foflys ftlHhg iudk fõ˜ hk
m%fïhh Ndú;fhka .Kkh
lsÍïj, fhfohs'
• —;s%fldaKhl mdohla Èla
lsÍfuka iEfok ndysr fldaKh
tys wNHka;r iïuqL fldaK
foflys ftlHhg iudk fõ˜ hk
m%fïhh Ndú;fhka wkqfïhhka
idOkh lrhs'
• —;s%fldaKhl mdohla Èla
lsÍfuka iEfok ndysr fldaKh
tys wNHka;r iïuqL fldaK
foflys ftlHhg iudk fõ˜ hk
m%fïhh úêu;a j idOkh lrhs'

23.3 • wx.iduHh • tlsfklg iumd; jk ;,rEm 05

;%sfldaK folla wx.iu folla wx.iu rEm f,i y÷kd
• ;%sfldaK folla wx.iu
ùu i|yd wjYH;d .kshs'
ùfï wjia:d
úuihs' • wx.iu ;,rEmj, ,laIK y÷kd
• md'flda'md' .kshs'

20
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj
• flda' flda' md' • ;s%sfldaK folla wx.iu ùu i|yd
wksjd¾h yd m%udKj;a wjYH;d
• md'md'md'
we;=<;a wjia:d f,i md.flda.md,
• l¾K' md flda'flda'md', md'md'md' iy l¾K' md
hk wjia:d y÷kd .kshs'
• ;s%fldaK wx.iduHh Ndú; lrñka
wkqfïhhka idOkh lrhs'

23.4 • iuoaúmdo ;s%fldaK 03

iuoaúmdo ;s%fldaKj, • —;s%fldaKhl mdo folla • —;s%fldaKhl mdo folla iudk
mdo iy fldaK w;r iudk fõ kï tu fõ kï tu mdoj,g iïuqL fldaK
iïnkaO;d úêu;a f,i mdoj, iïuqL fldaK o o iudk fõ˜ hk m%%fïhh y÷kd
idOkh lrhs' iudk fõ˜ hk m%fïhh .kshs'
Ndú;h yd idOkh • —;s%fldaKhl mdo folla iudk
fõ kï tu mdoj,g iïuqL fldaK
o iudk fõ˜ hk m%%fïhh
i;Hdmkh lrhs'
• —;s%fldaKhl mdo folla iudk
fõ kï tu mdoj,g iïuqL fldaK
o iudk fõ˜ hk m%%fïhh
Ndú;fhka .Kkh lsÍïj,
fhfohss'

21
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj

• —;s%fldaKhl mdo folla iudk

fõ kï tu mdoj,g iïuqL fldaK
o iudk fõ˜ hk m%%fïhh
Ndú;fhka wkqfïhhka idOkh
lrhs'
• —;s%fldaKhl mdo folla iudk
fõ kï tu mdoj,g iïuqL fldaK
o iudk fõ˜ hk m%%fïhh úêu;aj
idOkh lrhs'

23.5 • —;s%fldaKhl mdo folla iudkfõ

• —;s%fldaKhl mdo folla 02
kï tu mdoj,g iïuqL fldaK o
iuoaúmdo ;s%fldaKj, iudkfõ kï tu mdoj,g
iudk fõ˜ hk m%fïhfha úf,dauh
mdo iy fldaK w;r iïuqL fldaK o iudk
Ndú;fhka .Kkh lsÍïj, fhfohs'
iïnkaO;d oelafjk fõ˜ hk m%fïhfha
m%fïhfha úf,dauh Ndú; úf,dauh Ndú;h ^idOkh • —;s%fldaKhl mdo folla iudkfõ
lrhs' wfmalaId fkdflf¾'& kï tu mdoj,g iïuqL fldaK o
iudk fõ˜ hk m%fïhfha úf,dauh
Ndú;fhka wkqfïhhka idOkh
lrhs'
23.6 • .=K • —iudka;rdi%hl iïuqL mdo iudk 04
fõ; iïuqL fldaK iudkfõ; tla
iudka;rdi%j, mdo w;r •—iudka;rdi%hl iïuqL
iïnkaO;d, fldaK w;r tla úl¾Kh u.ska iudka;rdi%fha
mdo iudk fõ; iïuqL
iïnkaO;d úêu;a f,i j¾.M,h iuÉfþokh lrhs˜ hk
fldaK iudk fõ; tla
m%fïhh y÷kd .kshs'
tla úl¾Kh u.ska

22
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj
idOkh lrhs' iudka;rdi%fha j¾.M,h • —iudka;rdi%hl iïuqL mdo iudk
iuÉfþokh lrhs˜ hk fõ; iïuqL fldaK iudkfõ; tla
m%fïhh Ndú;h yd tla úl¾Kh u.ska iudka;rdi%fha
idOkh j¾.M,h iuÉfþokh lrhs˜ hk
m%fïhh úúO l%u u.ska
i;Hdmkh lrhs'
• —iudka;rdi%hl iïuqL mdo iudk
fõ; iïuqL fldaK iudkfõ; tla
tla úl¾Kh u.ska iudka;rdi%fha
j¾.M,h iuÉfþokh lrhs˜ hk
m%fïhh Ndú;fhka ir, .Kkh
lsÍïj, fhfohs'
• —iudka;rdi%hl iïuqL mdo iudk
fõ; iïuqL fldaK iudkfõ; tla
tla úl¾Kh u.ska iudka;rdi%fha
j¾.M,h iuÉfþokh lrhs˜ hk
m%fïhh Ndú;fhka wkqfïhhka
idOkh lrhs'
• —iudka;rdi%hl iïuqL mdo iudk
fõ; iïuqL fldaK iudkfõ; tla
tla úl¾Kh u.ska iudka;rdi%fha
j¾.M,h iuÉfþokh lrhs˜ hk
m%fïhh úêu;aj idOkh lrhs'

23
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj

23.7 • —iudka;rdi%hlúl¾K • —iudka;rdi%hl úl¾K tlsfkl 03

tlsfkl iuÉfþokh fõ˜ iuÉfþokh fõ˜ hk m%fïhh
iudka;rdi%hl úl¾K
hk m%fïhh Ndú;h y÷kd .kshs'
w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj
y÷kdf.k Ndú; lrhs' ^idOkh wfmalaId • —iudka;rdi%hl úl¾K tlsfkl
fkdflf¾'& iuÉfþokh fõ˜ hk m%fïhh
i;Hdmkh lrhs'
• —iudka;rdi%hl úl¾K tlsfkl
iuÉfþokh fõ˜ hk m%fïhh
Ndú;fhka wkqfïhhka idOkh
lrhs'

23.8 • wjYH;d
mdoj, iïnkaO;d wkqj • —p;=ri%hl iïuqL mdo • —p;=ri%hl iïuqL mdo iudk kï 03
p;=ri%hla" iudk kï tu p;=ri%h tu p;=ri%h iudka;rdi%hla fõ˜
iudka;rdi%hla ùfï iudka;rdi%hla fõ˜ hk hk m%fïhh y÷kd .kshs'
wjYH;d y÷kdf.k m%fïhh Ndú;h • —p;=ri%hl iïuqL mdo iudk kï
Ndú; lrhs' ^idOkh wfmalaId tu p;=ri%h iudka;rdi%hla fõ˜
fkdflf¾'& hk m%fïhh i;Hdmkh lrhs'
• —p;=ri%hl iïuqL mdo iudk kï
tu p;=ri%h iudka;rdi%hla fõ˜
hk m%fïhh Ndú;fhka wkqfïhhka
idOkh lrhs'

24
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj

23.9 • —p;=ri%hl iïuqL fldaK • —p;=ri%hl iïuqL fldaK iudk kï 03

fldaKj, iïnkaO;d iudk kï tu p;=ri%h tu p;=ri%h iudka;rdi%hla fõ˜
wkqj p;=ri%hla" iudka;rdi%hla fõ˜ hk hk m%fïhh y\qkd .kshs'
iudka;rdi%hla ùfï m% f ïhh Ndú;h ^idOkh • —p;=ri%hl iïuqL fldaK iudk kï
wjYH;d y÷kdf.k wfmalaId fkdflf¾'& tu p;=ri%h iudka;rdi%hla fõ˜
Ndú; lrhs' hk m%fïhh i;Hdmkh lrhs'
• —p;=ri%hl iïuqL fldaK iudk
kï tu p;=ri%h iudka;rdi%hla
fõ˜ hk m%fïhh Ndú;fhka
wkqfïhhka idOkh lrhs'
23.10 • —p;=ri%hl úl¾K • —p;=ri%hl úl¾K tlsfkl 03
tlsfkl iuÉfþokh fõ iuÉfþokh fõ kï tu p;=ri%h
p;=ri%hl we;s õfYaI
,laIK wkqj th kï tu p;=ri%h iudka;rdi%hla fõ˜ hk m%fïhh
iudka;rdi%hla nj iudka;rdi%hla fõ˜ hk y÷kd .kshs'
y÷kdf.k Ndú; lrhs' m%fïhh Ndú;h ^idOkh • —p;=ri%hl úl¾K tlsfkl
wfmalaId fkdflf¾'& iuÉfþokh fõ kï tu p;=ri%h
• —p;=ri%hl iïuqL mdo iudka;rdi%hla fõ˜ hk m%fïhh
hq.,la iudk yd iudka;r i;Hdmkh lrhs'
fõ kï tu p;=ri%h • —p;=ri%hl úl¾K tlsfkl
iudka;rdi%hla fõ˜ hk iuÉfþokh fõ kï tu p;=ri%h
m%fïhh Ndú;h ^idOkh iudka;rdi%hla fõ˜ hk m%fïhh
wfmalaId fkdflf¾'& Ndú;fhka wkqfïhhka idOkh
lrhs'

25
 ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj
• —p;=ri%hl iïuqL mdo hq.,la
iudk yd iudka;r fõ kï tu
p;=ri%h iudka;rdi%hla fõ˜ hk
m%fïhh y÷kd .kshs'
• —p;=ri%hl iïuqL mdo hq.,la
iudk yd iudka;r fõ kï tu
p;=ri%h iudka;rdi%hla fõ˜ hk
m%fïhh Ndú;fhka wkqfïhhka
idOkh lrhs'
24 24.1 • cHdh • —jD;a;hl cHdhl uOH ,laIHh 03
jD;a; wdY%s; cHdñ;sl ixl,am jD;a;hl cHdh yd flakaøhg hd lrk f¾Ldj cHdhg
• —jD;a;hl cHdhl uOH
mokï lr .ksñka flakaøh w;r ,ïn fõ˜ hk m%fïhh y÷kd .kshs'
,laIHh flakaøhg hd
ks.ukj,g t<öSu i|yd iïnkaO;djg wod< lrk f¾Ldj cHdhg • —jD;a;hl cHdhl uOH ,laIHh
;¾ldkql+, Ñka;kh m%fïhh y÷kdf.k ,ïn fõ˜ hk m%fïhh flakaøhg hd lrk f¾Ldj cHdhg
fufyhjhs' Ndú; lrhs' Ndú;h yd idOkh ,ïn fõ˜ hk m%fïhh i;Hdmkh
lrhs'
• —jD;a;hl cHdhl uOH ,laIHh
flakaøhg hd lrk f¾Ldj cHdhg
,ïn fõ˜ hk m%fïhh Ndú;fhka
.Kkh lsÍïj, fhfohs'
• —jD;a;hl cHdhl uOH ,laIHh
flakaøhg hd lrk f¾Ldj cHdhg
,ïn fõ˜ hk m%fïhh Ndú;fhka
wkqfïhhka idOkh lrhs'

26
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj
• —jD;a;hl cHdhl uOH ,laIHh
flakaøhg hd lrk f¾Ldj cHdhg
,ïn fõ˜ hk m%fïhh úêu;a j
idOkh lrhs'

24.2 • —jD;a;hl flakaøfha isg • —jD;a;hl flakaøfha isg cHdhlg 03

jD;a;hl cHdh yd cHdhlg w|sk ,o w|sk ,o ,ïnfhka tu cHdh
flakaøh w;r ,ïnfhka tu cHdh iuÉfÊokh fõ˜ hk m%fïhh
iïnkaO;djg wod< iuÉfÊokh fõ˜ hk y÷kd .kshs'
m%fïhfha úf,dauh Ndú; m%fïhh Ndú;h ^idOkh
• —jD;a;hl flakaøfha isg cHdhlg
lrhs' wfmalaId fkdflf¾&
w|sk ,o ,ïnfhka tu cHdh
iuÉfÊokh fõ˜ hk m%fïhh
i;Hdmkh lrhs'
• —jD;a;hl flakaøfha isg cHdhlg
w|sk ,o ,ïnfhka tu cHdh
iuÉfÊokh fõ˜ hk m%fïhh
Ndú;fhka .Kkh lsÍïj, fhfohs'
• —jD;a;hl flakaøfha isg cHdhlg
w|sk ,o ,ïnfhka tu cHdh
iuÉfÊokh fõ˜ hk m%fïhh
Ndú;fhka wkqfïhhka idOkh
lrhs'

27
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj

24.3 • fldaK • —jD;a; pdmhlska flakaøh u; 04

wdmd;kh lrk fldaKh" tu pdmh
jD;a;hl" jD;a; •—jD;a; pdmhlska
u.ska jD;a;fha b;sß fldgi u;
pdmhlska wka;¾.; flakaøh u; wdmd;kh
wdmd;kh lrk fldaKh fuka
fldaK w;r iïnkaO;d lrk fldaKh" tu
fo.=Khla fõ˜ hk m%fïhh y÷kd
úêu;a f,i idOkh lr pdmh u.ska jD;a;fha
.kshs'
Ndú; lrhs' b;sß fldgi u;
wdmd;kh lrk fldaKh • —jD;a; pdmhlska flakaøh u;
fuka fo.=Khla fõ˜ wdmd;kh lrk fldaKh" tu pdmh
hk m%fïhh Ndú;h yd u.ska jD;a;fha b;sß fldgi u;
idOkh wdmd;kh lrk fldaKh fuka
fo.=Khla fõ˜ hk m%fïhh
i;Hdmkh lrhs'
• —jD;a; pdmhlska flakaøh u;
wdmd;kh lrk fldaKh" tu pdmh
u.ska jD;a;fha b;sß fldgi u;
wdmd;kh lrk fldaKh fuka
fo.=Khla fõ˜ hk m%fïhh
Ndú;fhka .Kkh lsÍïj, fhfohs'

28
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj
• —jD;a; pdmhlska flakaøh u;
wdmd;kh lrk fldaKh" tu pdmh
u.ska jD;a;fha b;sß fldgi u;
wdmd;kh lrk fldaKh fuka
fo.=Khla fõ˜ hk m%fïhh
Ndú;fhka wkqfïhhka idOkh
lrhs'
• —jD;a; pdmhlska flakaøh u;
wdmd;kh lrk fldaKh" tu pdmh
u.ska jD;a;fha b;sß fldgi u;
wdmd;kh lrk fldaKh fuka
fo.=Khla fõ˜ hk m%fïhh úêu;a
j idOkh lrhs'
24.4 • —jD;a;hl tlu LKavfha • —jD;a;hl tlu LKavfha fldaK 02
jD;a;hl wka;¾.; fldaK iudk fõ˜ hk iudk fõ˜ hk m%fïhh y÷kd
fldaK w;r we;s m%fïhh Ndú;h ^idOkh .kshs'
iïnkaO;d weiqfrka wfmalaId fkdflf¾'& • —jD;a;hl tlu LKavfha fldaK
iudk fõ˜ hk m%fïhh i;Hdmkh
.eg¨ úi|hs'
lrhs'
• —jD;a;hl tlu LKavfha fldaK
iudk fõ˜ hk m%fïhh Ndú;fhka
.Kkh lsrSïj, fhfohs'
• —jD;a;hl tlu LKavfha fldaK
iudk fõ˜ hk m%fïhh Ndú;fhka

29
 ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj
• —w¾O jD;a;hl msysá wkqfïhhka idOkh lrhs'
fldaKh RcqfldaKhla • —w¾O jD;a;hl msysá fldaKh
fõ˜ hk m%fïhh Ndú;h iDcqfldaKhla fõ˜ hk m%fïhh
^idOkh wfmalaId y÷kd .kshs'
fkdflf¾'&
• —w¾O jD;a;hl msysá fldaKh
iDcqfldaKhla fõ˜ hk m%fïhh
i;Hdmkh lrhs'
• —w¾O jD;a;hl msysá fldaKh
iDcqfldaKhla fõ˜ hk m%fïhh
Ndú;fhka .Kkh lsrSïj, fhfohs'
• —w¾O jD;a;hl msysá fldaKh
iDcqfldaKhla fõ˜ hk m%fïhh
Ndú;fhka wkqfïhhka idOkh
lrhs'

ksmqK;dj 27 27.1 • ir, odrh yd ljlgqj • wp, ,laIHhlg ksh; ÿßka 04

cHdñ;sl kshuhka wkqj wjg msysàu ks¾Kh lsÍu Ndú;fhka p,kh jk ,laIHhl m:h úúO
l%u Ndú;fhka wdo¾Ykh lrhs'
mßirfha msysàïj, i|yd uq,sl m: ms<sn| • uq,sl m: y;r
iajNdjhka úYaf,aIKh lrhs' oekqu Ndú; lrhs' ks¾udKh • wp, ,laIHhlg ksh; ÿßka
p,kh jk ,laIHhl m:h ljlgqj
yd ir, odrh Ndú;fhka ks¾udKh
lrhs'

30
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj

• wp, ,laIH follg iuÿßka

p,kh jk ,laIHhl m:h úúO
l%u Ndú;fhka wdo¾Ykh lrhs'
• wp, ,laIH follg iuÿßka
p,kh jk ,laIHl m:h ljlgqj
yd ir, odrh Ndú;fhka ks¾udKh
lrhs'
• ir, f¾Ldjlg ksh; ÿßka p,kh
jk ,laIHhl m:h úúO l%u
Ndú;fhka wdo¾Ykh lrhs'
• ir, f¾Ldjlg ksh; ÿßka p,kh
jk ,laIHhl m:h ljlgqj yd
ir, odrh Ndú;fhka ks¾udKh
lrhs'
• fþokh jk ir, f¾Ld follg iu
ÿßka p,kh jk ,laIHhl m:h
úúO l%u Ndú;fhka wdo¾Ykh
lrhs'
• fþokh jk ir, f¾Ld follg
iu ÿßka p,kh jk ,laIHhl
m:h ljlgqj yd ir, odrh
Ndú;fhka ks¾udKh lrhs'

31
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj
• uq,sl m: ms<sn| oekqqu fhdod
.ksñka úúO cHdñ;sl msysgqï ,nd
.kshs'

27.2 • ;s%fldaK ks¾udKh • ir, odrh yd ljlgqj Ndú;fhka 03

fok ,o o;a; weiqfrka mdo ;=fkys È. § we;s úg tu
• mdo ;=fkys È. ÿka úg
;s%fldaK ks¾udKh lrhs' ;s%fldaKh ks¾udKh lrhs'
• mdo foll È. yd
wka;¾.; fldaKfha • ir, odrh yd ljlgqj Ndú;fhka
w.h ÿka úg mdo foll È. yd wka;¾.;
fldaKfha w.h § we;s úg tu
• fldaK foll w.h yd ;s%fldaKh ks¾udKh lrhs'
mdohl È. ÿka úg
• ir, odrh yd ljlgqj Ndú;fhka
fldaK foll w.h yd mdohl È.
§ we;s úg tu ;s%fldaKh
ks¾udKh lrhs'
• ;s%fldaK ks¾udKh lsÍu
Ndú;fhka úúO ;, rEm
f.dvk.hs'

27.3 • noaO mdo hq.,hl È. yd tajdhska 03

iudka;r f¾Ld wdYs%; • iudka;r f¾Ld wdYs%; wka;¾.; fldaKfha w.h § we;s
fldaK w;r we;s p;=ri% ks¾udKh úg iudka;rdi%h ks¾udKh lrhs'
iïnkaO;d Ndú; lrñka • iudka;r mdo hq.,hla w;r ,ïn
iudka;r f¾Ld we;=<;a Wi yd noaO mdo hq.,hl È. §
ir, f¾Çh ;,rEm we;s úg iudka;rdi%h ks¾udKh

32
 ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj
ks¾udKh lrhs' lrhs'
• ñkqï § we;s ;%mSishula ks¾udKh
lrhs'
• § we;s ñkqï iys; ;,rEm
ks¾udKh lsÍfuka tys wfkl=;a
ñkqï ,nd .kshs'
kssmqK;dj - 28 28.1 5
• o;a; j¾. • ika;;sl o;a; iy úúla; o;a;
ffoksl lghq;= myiq lr o;a; myiqfjka y÷kd .kshs'
.ekSu i|yd o;a; ksrEmKh ikaksfõokh lr .ekSu • ika;;sl
lsÍfï úúO l%u úu¾Ykh i|yd ixLHd; j.= • fok ,o o;a;hla ika;;sl o
• úúla; úúla; o hk njg fya;= olajhs'
lrhs' úia;SrKh lrhs'
• iuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;sh • ixLHd; jHdma;shl uOH w.h
• uOH w.h y÷kd .kshs'
• ixLHd; jHdma;shl uOH w.h
fidhhs'
28.2 01
• o;a; ksrEmKh • fok ,o o;a; iuqyhla jg
ikaikaokh myiq jk • jg m%ia;dr m%ia;drhlska ksrEmKh lrhs'
fia o;a; m%ia;dßlj • f;dr;=re ld¾hlaIu j yd M,odhs
ksrEmKh lr .eg¨ j ikaksfõokh i|yd jg m%ia;dr
úi|hs' fhdod .kshs'
• jg m%ia;dr wdYs%; .eg¨ úi|hs'

33
 ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj
ksmqK;dj- 29 29.1 07
• o;a; w¾:l:kh • fok ,o iuQys; o;a;j, uOHkHh"
ffoksl lghq;= myiq lr o;a; w¾:l:kh i|yd uOH w.h weiqfrka .Kkh lrhs'
.ekSu i|yd o;a; úúO l%u ksrEmH w.h fhdod • iuQys; ixLHd;
u.ska úYaaf,aIKh lrñka .kshs' jHdma;shl uOHkHh • fok ,o iuQys; o;a;j, uOHkHh"
mqfrdal:kh lrhs' Wml,ams; uOHkHh weiqfrka
• uOH w.h Ndú;fhka .Kkh lrhs'
• Wml,ams; uOHkHh • fok ,o iuQys; o;a;j, uOHkHh
weiqfrka fiùu i|yd jvd;a myiq l%uh
y÷kd .kshs'
• o;a; w¾:l:kh i|yd flakaøsl
m%jK;d ñkqï w;=ßka uOHkHh
.Kkh lsÍfï jdis$wjdis m%ldY
lrhs'
• ffoksl wjYH;d m%udKd;aulj
ksudkh lr .ekSu i|yd uOHkHh
iïnkaO lr.; yels nj y÷kd
.kshs'
• ffoksl wjYH;d i|yd uOHkH
Ndú;fhka mqfrdal:k isÿlrhs'

ksmqK;dj - 30 30.1 • l=,l wxlkh • l=,l wxlk l%u y÷kd .kshs' 03

,
tÈfkod Ôù;fha lghq;= .eg¨ úi£u myiq lr • úiaa;r lsÍula f,i • l=,lhla" úia;r lsÍula f,i
,
myiqlr .ekSu i|yd l=,l .ekSu i|yd l=,l wxlk wjhjj, tl;=jla f,i fjka
• wjhjj, tl;=jla f,i
wdYs%; uq,O¾u yiqrejhs' l%u Ndú; lrhs' rEmhla weiqßka yd l=,l ckk
• fjka rEmhla weiqßka iajrEmfhka ,shd olajhs'
• l=,l ckk iajrEmfhka

34
 ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj
• l=,l wxlk l%u Ndú;fhka .eg¨
úi|hs'

30.2 • l=,l wdYs%; .eg¨ úi£u • A yd B mßñ; l=,l folla úg 05

^l=,l folla i|yd& n(A) , n(B) , n(A ∩ B) weiqßka
l=,l Ndú;fhka .eg¨ • fjka rEm igyka weiqfrka
úi|hs' n(A ∪ B) m%ldY lrhs'
mrsñ; l=,l folla i|yd
iQ;%h Ndú;h • mßñ; l=,l folla fjka rEm
igyklska ksrEmKh lrhs'
n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) − n(A∩B)
• fok ,o l=,l l¾uj,g wod< j
fjka rEmhl m%foaY ,l=kq lrhs'
• l=,l l¾uj,g wod< f;dr;=re
,
we;=<;a fjka rEmhl m%foaY
jpkfhka úia;r lrhs'
• fjka rEm igyk weiqrska l=,l
folla wdYs%; .eg¨ úi|hs'
• mßñ; l=,l folla wdYs%; .eg¨
n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) − n(A∩B) iQ;%h
Ndú;fhka úi|hs'

ksmqK;dj - 31 31.1 • isoaê • ir, isoaê yd ixhqla; isoaê fjka 03

wkd.; isÿùï mqfrdal:kh isoaêj, wfkHdakH • ir,
fldg y÷kd .kshs'
lsÍu i|yd isÿùul úh in|;d ú.%y lrhs' • A hkq S ksheÈ wjldYfhys isoaêhla
• ixhqla;
yelshdj úYaf,aIKh lrhs' jk úg A isÿùfï iïNdú;dj
• wkqmQrl n(A)
P(A) = nj m%ldY lrhs'
• wfkHdakH jYfhka n(S)

35
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj
nysIaldr fkdjk • wkqmQrl isoaê y÷kd .kshs'
P(A ∪ B) = P(A)+ P(B) - P(A ∩ B) • ixhqla; isoaêhl iïNdú;dj m%ldY
iQ;%h Ndú;h lrhs'
• wfkHdkH jYfhka • A isoaêfha wkqmQrl isoaêh A / úg
nysIaldr P(A / )=1-P(A) nj m%ldY lrhs'
P(A∪B) = P(A)+ P(B) iQ;%h
• wfkHkH jYfhka nysIaldr isoaê
Ndú;h
ksoiqka weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• wfkHdakH jYfhka nysIaldr
fkdjk isoaê" ksoiqka weiqfrka
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• wfkHdakH jYfhka nysIaldr
fkdjk isoaê we;=<;a ixhqla;
isoaêhl iïNdú;dj
P(A ∪ B) = P(A)+ P(B) - P(A ∩ B) iQ;%h
Ndú;fhka fidhhs'

• wfkHdakH jYfhka nysIaldr isoaê

we;=<;a ixhqla; isoaêhl
iïNdú;dj P (A∪B) = P (A)+ P (B) iq;%h
Ndú;fhka fidhhs'

36
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfÊo
ixLHdj

31.2 • iiïNdù mÍlaIKhl • iajdh;a; isoaê i|yd kso¾Yk 05

ixfhdað; isoaêhl isÿùï ^iajdh;a; isoaê we;=<;a& imhhs'
rEmslj ksrEmKh lrhs' ksheÈ wjldYh • iajdh;a; isoaê i|yd
P(A∩B) = P(A)× P(B) fhdod .ksñka
• fldgq oe,l ksrEmKh
.eg¨ úi|hs'
• rela igyklska
ksrEmKh • iiïNdù mÍlaIKhl ksheÈ
wjldYh fldgq oe,l ksrEmKh
• fldgq oe, fyda rela lrhs'
igyk fyda weiqßka
^wjia:d 2 lg • wjia:d follska hq;a ls%hdj,shl
fkdjeä& iajdh;a; isoaê ish¨ iu fia NjH isÿùï rela
we;=<;a .eg¨ úi£u igykl ksrEmKh lrhs'
• iïNdú;dj wdYs%; .eg¨ úi£fï §
jvd;a fhda.H ksremKh fldgq
oe,la o rela igykla o hkak
fya;= iys; j meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• fldgq oe, yd rela igyk weiqßka
.eg¨ úi|hs'
190
tl;=j

37