12 Grade Book PDF

Introduction to Calculus
By Ahmed Badawy
Calculus Introduction
‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬
Ahmed Badawy
9th September 2013
Preface Ahmed Badawy i

Preface
This book was published in 2013 (Jeddah) to present an approach in calculus

for high school students, to help them appreciate the various concepts of calculus
including such topics as limits, continuity and differentiability.
It is my hope that this introduction would emphasize a better understanding

of the subject in a much smoother and simpler way for every learner.
Chapter 4 of the book, presents an approach to integration, and is taken from

The university of Sydney, prepared by Mary Barnes © 1999
The author
Ahmed Badawy
Preface Ahmed Badawy ii

Contents
Chapter 1 Limits Page

Limits of Real Functions 1
Limits of Functions at Infinity 23
Limits of Trigonometric Functions 32
Chapter 2 Derivatives Page

Variation 41
Derivatives of Real Functions 47
Derivatives of Composite Functions 55
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions 61
Chapter 3 Piece-wise Functions Page

Left & Right Limits 68
Continuity of a Function 73
Differentiability 83
Implicit Function 91
Chapter 4 Integration Page

Part 1: Anti derivatives 1
Part 2: Definite Integral 1
Preface Ahmed Badawy iii

Calculus Limits of Real Fn
Basic Definition and Symbols
Infinity & negative Infinity "  " & "   "
Are symbols and not real no.s, if a  R , then
1.  a =  ,  a =  
2.  a =  ,   a =  
3.   a =   ,    a = 
a a
4. =0 , , a  0 Is undefined (meaningless)
 0
Unspecified quantities
0 
, ,  , 0
0 
Limit of a function at a point
Limit
When x tends to a
Limx a
f ( x)
Theorem
IF f is a polynomial function, then Lim f ( x) = f (a)

xa
Result
IF f (x) = C, where C is constant, then Lim f ( x) = Lim C =C

xa x a
Chapter 1 Ahmed Badawy 1

Theorem
1. Lim [ f ( x)  g ( x)]  Lim

x a x a
f ( x)  Lim g ( x)
x a
2. Lim [c  f ( x)]  cLim

x a x a
f ( x)
3. Lim [ f ( x)  g ( x)]  Lim

x a x a
f ( x)  Lim g ( x)
x a
f ( x) Lim f ( x)
4. Lim  x a
, where Lim g ( x)  0
x a g ( x) Lim
x a
g ( x) x a
Ex…1:
x 1
Find the value of Lim
x0 x 1
Solution
x 1 0 1 1
Lim = =  1
x0 x 1 0 1 1
Ex…2:
x2 1
x2 x 1
Solution
x 2  1 22  1 4 1 3
Lim = = = 3
x2 x  1 2 1 2 1 1
Ex…3:
Find the value of Lim x 2  5x  1
x1
Solution
Lim x 2  5x  1 = 12 – 5(1) – 1 = 1 – 5 – 1 = – 5
x1

Remember very well
I) Factorization
1. Common factor
x2 – x = x ( x – 1 ) x3 + 2x2 – 3 x = x ( x2 + 2x – 3 ) 5 x2 + 10x = 5 x ( x + 2 )
2. Difference of two squares x2 – y2 = (x – y)(x + y)
x2 – 144 = (x –12)(x +12) 169x2 – 4 = (13x – 2)(13x + 2) x2 – 9 = (x – 3)(x + 3)
49x2 – 16 = (7x – 4)(7x + 4) 81x2 – 64= (9x – 8)(9x + 8) 25x2 – 36 = (5x – 6)(5x + 6)
3. Sum & Difference of two cubes x3  y3 = ( x  y)( x2  x y + y2 )
27x3 – 8 = (3x – 2)(9x2 +6x + 4) 216x3 – 125 = (6x – 5)(36x2 +30x + 25)
1000x3 + 343= (10x + 7)(100x2 –21x + 49) 64x3 + 125 = (4x + 5)(16x2 – 20x + 25)
4. Trinomial factorize
x2 – a x + b = ( x – L) ( x – m) x2 – 7x + 12 = ( x – 4) ( x – 3)
x2 + a x + b = ( x + L) ( x + m) x2 + 9x + 20 = ( x + 4) ( x + 5)
x2 + a x – b = ( x + L) ( x – m), L > m x2 + x – 30 = ( x + 6) ( x – 5)
x2 – a x – b = ( x – L) ( x + m), L > m x2 – 4x – 12 = ( x – 6) ( x + 2)
x2  2 x y + y2 = ( x  y)2 , Perfect square x2 – 10x + 25 = ( x – 5)2
5. Grouping
a) x3 + 2x2 – 9 x – 18 b) x3 – 3 x2 – x + 3
= (x3 + 2x2) – (9 x + 18) = (x3 – 3 x2) – ( x – 3 )
= x2 (x + 2) – 9 (x + 2) = x2 (x – 3) – (x – 3)
= (x + 2) (x2 – 9) = (x – 3) (x2 – 1)
= (x + 2) (x – 3) (x + 3) = (x – 3) (x + 1) (x – 1)

Ex…4:
x2 1
x1 x  1
Solution
x 2  1 12  1 0
Lim =  unspecified quantity
x1 x  1 11 0
x2 1 ( x  1)( x  1)
Lim
x1 x  1
= Lim
x 1 x 1
= Lim x  1 = 1 + 1 = 2
x 1
Ex…5:
x 4  16
x 2 x2
Solution
x 4  16 2 4  16 0
x 2 x2 22 0
x 4  16 ( x 2  4)( x 2  4) ( x  2)( x  2)( x 2  4)

Lim = Lim = Lim
x 2 x2 x 2 x2 x 2 x2
= Lim( x  2)( x
2
 4) = (2 + 2) (22 + 4) = 4  8 = 32
x 2
Ex…6:
x2  4
x2 x  2
Solution
x2  4 (2) 2  4 0
x2 x  2 22 0
x2  4 ( x  2)( x  2)
Lim = Lim = Lim( x  2) = – 2 – 2 = – 4
x2 x  2 x 2 x2 x 2

Ex…7:
2x2
Find Lim
x 0 x  2
Solution
2x2 2(0) 2 0
Lim =  =0
x 0 x  2 02 2
Ex…8:
x 2 1
Find Lim 2
x1 x  x  2
Solution
x 2 1 (1) 2  1 0
Lim 2 =  unspecified quantity
x1 x  x  2  1  (1)  2 0
2
x 2 1 ( x  1)( x  1) ( x  1) (1  1) 2 2
Lim 2 = Lim = Lim = = =
x1 x  x  2 x 1 ( x  1)( x  2) x 1 ( x  2) (1  2) 3 3
Ex…9:
x 3  27
Find Lim 2
x3 x  7 x  12
Solution
x 3  27 (3) 3  27 0
Lim 2 =  unspecified quantity
x3 x  7 x  12
 3  7(3)  12 0
2
x 3  27 ( x  3)( x 2  3x  9) ( x 2  3x  9)
Lim 2 Lim
= x3 Lim
= x3
x3 x  7 x  12 ( x  3)( x  4) ( x  4)
(3) 2  3(3)  9 999

= = = 27
3 4 1

Ex…10:
x
Find Lim
x0 ( x  2) 2  4
Solution
x 0 0
x0 ( x  2)  4 0  2  4 0
2 2
x x x
Lim = Lim = Lim
x0 ( x  2)  4
2
x 0 ( x  2  2)( x  2  2) x 0 ( x )( x  4)
1 1
= =
04 4
Another solution
x x x x
Lim = Lim = Lim 2 = Lim
x0 ( x  2)  4
2
x 0 x  4 x  4  4
2 x 0 x  4 x x 0 x ( x  4)
1 1
= =
04 4
Ex…11:
9x2  4
Find Lim
x   23 3 x  2
Solution
2
2
4
9x  4
2 9  4 9  4
=  
Lim2 3 9 0
x   3 3x  2
  unspecified quantity
2 2 0
3   2 3 2
 3  3
9x2  4 (3x  2)(3x  2)

Lim2 = Lim2 = xLim 3x  2
x   3 3x  2 x  3 3x  2   23

2
= 3 2 =–2–2=–4
3
Ex…12:
x 3  5x 2  4 x  6
Find Lim
x3 x2  9
Solution
x 3  5 x 2  4 x  6  33  5(3) 2  4(3)  6 27  5  9  4  3  6

Lim = =
x3 x2  9  32  9 99
 27  45  12  6 0
=  Unspecified quantity
99 0
Using the long division by (x + 3) to factorize
x 3  5x 2  4 x  6 x 2  2x  2
Lim x  3 x 3  5x 2  4 x  6
x3 x2  9
x 3  3x 2
( x  3)( x 2  2 x  2) 2x 2  4x  6
= Lim
x 3 ( x  3)( x  3) 2x 2  6x
( x 2  2 x  2)  2x  6
= Lim
x 3 ( x  3)  2x  6
0 0
(3) 2  2(3)  2 962 1 1
= = = =
33 33 6 6
Ex…13:
x4  x
Find Lim
x1 x  1
Solution
x4  x x( x 3  1) x( x  1)( x 2  x  1)
Lim = Lim = Lim
x1 x  1 x1 x 1 x1 x 1
Lim x( x 2  x  1) = (1)((1) 2  (1)  1) = – 3

x1

Ex…14:
x
Find lim
x0 1  1  x
Solution
x x 1 1 x x(1  1  x )
lim lim  lim
x0 1  1  x = x0 1  1  x 1 1 x
= x0
1  (1  x)
x(1  1  x ) x(1  1  x )
= lim lim
= x0 = lim  (1  1  x )
x0 11 x x x0
= lim 1  1  x = 1  1  0 = – 2
x0
Ex…15:
1 x  1 x
Find lim
x0 2x
Solution
1 x  1 x 1 x  1 x 1 x  1 x
lim lim
= x0 
x0 2x 2x 1 x  1 x
(1  x)  (1  x) 1 x 1 x
= lim = lim
x0 2 x( 1  x  1  x ) x0 2 x( 1  x  1  x )
2x 1
= lim = lim
x0 2 x( 1  x  1  x ) x0 1  x  1  x
1 1 1
= = =
1 0  1 0 11 2

Ex…16:
2x  1  3
Find lim
x 4 x  12  4
Solution
2x  1  3 2x  1  3 2x  1  3 x  12  4
lim = lim  
x 4 x  12  4 x4 x  12  4 2x  1  3 x  12  4
2x  1  9 x  12  4 2x  8 x  12  4
= lim  = lim 
x 4 x  12  16 2 x  1  3 x 4 x  4 2x  1  3
2( x  4) x  12  4 4  12  4
= lim  = 2 
x 4 x4 2x  1  3 2(4)  1  3
16  4 44 8 8
= 2 = 2 = 2 =
9 3 33 6 3
Ex…17:
 1 8 
Find Lim  2 
x4 x  4 x  16 

Solution
 1 8   1 8 
Lim  2  = Lim   
x4 x  4 x  16  x 4 x  4  
  ( x 4)( x 4) 
 ( x  4)  8  x  48 x4
= Lim   = Lim Lim
x 4 
=
 ( x  4)( x  4)  x4 ( x  4)( x  4) x4 ( x  4)( x  4)
1 1 1
= Lim = =
x 4 x4 44 8

Ex…18:
x3  2x  3
Find Lim 4
x1 x  x 3  x  1
Solution
Dividing by the zero factor (x – 1)
x2  x  3 x3  1
x 1 x3  2x  3 x 1 x4  x3  x 1
x3  x2 x4  x3
 x 2  2x  3 x 1
 x2  x x 1
3x  3
0 0
3x  3
0 0
x3  2x  3 x 2  x  3 (1) 2  1  3 5
Lim 4 = Lim = =
x1 x  x 3  x  1 x1 x3  1 (1) 3  1 2
Theorem: Corollary:
xn  an x n  a n n n m
lim  n a n 1 lim  a
x a x  a x a x m  a m m
Remember that
= n =  
n 1 1
x
x  x
1 1 1
n 3 4
x =x n
for example x =x 3 x =x 4
m 2 3
n m 3 2 3
x = x n
for example x =x 3 x =x 2

Ex…19:
x 4  16
Find lim
x 2 x  2
Solution
x 4  16 x 4  24
lim
x 2 x  2
= lim
x 2 x  2
= 4 (2)4 – 1 = 4 (2)3 = 4  8 = 32
There is another solution by factorizing the numerator twice
Ex…20:
x3  1
Find Lim
x1 x  1
Solution
x3  1 x 3  (1)3
Lim
x1 x  1
= Lim
x1 x  ( 1)
= 3 (–1)3 – 1 = 3 (– 1)2 = 3
There is another solution by factorizing the numerator
Ex…21:
x7  1
Lim 5
x1 x  1
Find
Solution
x7  1 x 7  (1)7
Lim 5 = Lim
7 7 7
x1 x  1 x1 x 5  ( 1) 5 = (–1)7 – 5 = (– 1)2 =
5 5 5
Ex…22:
x 5  32
Find Lim 2
x 2 x  4
Solution
x 5  32 x 5  (2) 5 5 5 5
Lim 2
x 2 x  4
= Lim
x2 x 2  ( 2) 2
= (–2)5 – 2 = (– 2)3 =  8 = 20
2 2 2

Ex…23:
81x 4  1
Find Lim
x3 x3
Solution
1 1
4 81( x 4  ) x 4 
81x  1 81 3 4
Lim = Lim = 81  Lim
x3 x3 x3 x3 x3 x3
x 4  34
= 81 Lim
81  (4) 4
= 81  (4)(3) 41 = =
x3 x3 3 5
3
Ex…24:
(1  h) 7  1
Lim
Find h2 (1  h) 5  1
Solution
 h  2 (1  h) 7  1 (1  h)7  1
1  h  1  2 , Lim Lim
h2 (1  h) 5  1 = 1 h1 (1  h) 5  1
1  h  1
(1  h) 7  (1) 7
= 1Lim
7 7 7
h1 (1  h) 5  ( 1) 5 = (–1)7 – 5 = (– 1)2 =
5 5 5
Ex…25:
( x  2) 4  16
Find Lim
x0 x
Solution
( x  2) 4  16 ( x  2) 4  24
Lim
x0
= xLim
 22 ( x  2)  2 = 4 (2)
4–1
=
x
= 4 (2) 3 = 4  8 = 32

Ex…26:
x 4  25
Find lim
x 5 x 2  5
Solution
4
x  25
4
x4  5
= xlim
lim 4
2 = ( 5 ) 4 – 2 = 2  5 = 10
x 5 x2  5  5 2
x  5 2
Ex…27:
x 7  x 5  160
lim
Find x2 x2
Solution
x 7  x 5  160 x 7  x 5  128  32
lim = lim =
x2 x2 x2 x2
( x 7  128)  ( x5  32) ( x 7  128) ( x5  32)

= lim = lim 
x2 x2 x2 x2 x2
x 7  27 x 5  25
= lim  lim 7  2 6  5  2 4 = 7  64  5  16 = 528
x2 x  2 x2 x  2 =
Ex…28:
7
x 1
lim 5
Find x1
x 1
Solution
x  1 lim x  1
7 7 1
1 1
lim 5 1 7  17
 5
x  1 = x1 x 5  1 = =
5
x1 1 7
5

Ex…29:
3
x6 2
lim
Find x2
x2
Solution
1 1
x6 2
3 3
x6 2 ( x  6)  8 3 3
lim lim lim
x2 x  2 = x626 ( x  6)  6  2 = x68 ( x  6)  8
1 2
1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 8 = 8 =
3
= = =
3  4 12
2
3 3
38 3 3  3 82
Ex…30:
x2 2
lim
Find x2
x2
Solution
1 1
x2 2 x2 2 ( x  2)  4 2 2
lim lim lim
x2 x2 = x222
( x  2)  2  2 = x24 ( x  2)  4
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
 = 4 =
2 2
= 4 = =
2 2 2 4 2 2 4

Another solution
x2 2 x2 2 x2 2
lim lim 
x2 x2 = x2
x2 x2 2
x24 x2
lim
= x2 lim
( x  2)( x  2  2) = x2 ( x  2)( x  2  2)
1 1 1
=
22 2 = 42 = 4

Calculus Limits of real Fn
Exercise 1
Evaluate the following limits (Group A)
x2 1
1. Lim [ 3]
x2 x  1
2. Lim x 2  5x  1 [-5]
x1
2x
3. Lim [ 0]
x0 x 2  x  1
x 2  5x  6
4. Lim 7
x6 2 x  12  2 
x 3  27
5. Lim [27]
x3 x3
x2  x  6
6. Lim 2 5
x2 x  2 x 2
 
x2  2x  1
7. Lim
x 1
[ 0]
x1
x 2  3x
8. Lim   3
x0 2x  2 
 
x2  4x  5
9. Lim
x2  1
[ 3]
x1
x 2  3x
10. Lim [-3]
x3 x  3
x3  1
11. Lim
x1 x  1
[ 3]
x2  2x  8
12. Lim 3
x4 x 2  16 4
 
x 4  3x  4
13. Lim 2  7
x1 x  4 x  3  2 
 
( x  3) 2  1
14. Lim 2  2
x2 2 x  3 x  2  5 
 
x 2  8 x  15
15. Lim 2   1
x3 x  4 x  21 5
 

x2  4x  5
16. Lim 2 1 
x1 x  3 x  2 3
 
x3  x  1
17. Lim 7
x2 x2 4
 
x 2  24
18. Lim 1
x5 x  11 4
 
1
x2 
Lim x2
19. x 1 1 [ 2]
x
x
x2  4
20. Lim
x 2 x  2
[ undefined ]
Evaluate the following limits (Group B)
2x
Lim
21. x0 1 x  1 x [ 2]
x2  x 1 1
Lim   1
22. x1 x3  1 2
 
3x  2  x
Lim 1
23. x1 x2 1 2
 
x2 1 1
24. Lim [ 0]
x0 3x
4 x  4 x
25. Lim 1 
x0 3x 6
 
x 9 3
Lim 1
26. x0 x2  2x 12 
 

Evaluate the following limits (Group C)
x 4  625
27. Lim 2 [ 50]
x 5 x  25
x2  9
28. Lim
x3 x  3
[ 6]
x 3
Lim 3
29. x3 x  24  3 [ 27]
3
x6 2
Lim 1
x2
30. x2 12 
 
x 8  16
31. Lim   16 2 
x  2 x 5  4 2  
 5 
x 3  27
32. Lim [27]
x3 x3
x7  x5
33. Lim 9 1
x1 x  x 5 2
 
x5 1
34. Lim [ 5]
x 1 x  1
3
x7 2
35. Lim 1
x1 x 1 12 
 
x 3  27
36. Lim 2 9
x3 x  9 2
 
x3 2
37. Lim 1
x1 x 1 4
 
81x 4  1
38. Lim 2
1 9x  1 [ 2]
x
3
x 5  25 5
39. Lim   25 5 
x  5 x2  5 
 2 

x 6  27
40. Lim 4 9
x 3 x  9 2
 

Evaluate the following limits (Group D)
2x2  x  3
41. Lim 5
x1 x2  1 2
 
x 7  128
42. Lim [ 224]
x 2 2 x  4
x4 2
Lim 1 
x2  2x
43. x0 8 
 
x 3
44. Lim 1 
x9 x9 6
 
x 3  3x 2  5 x  10
45. Lim 19 
x 2 x2  x  2 3
 
1 4
x  128
Lim 2
46.  128
x 4 x4
x 2  x  12
47. Lim 7
x3 x2  9 6
 
x 7  243x 2
48. Lim 4  45
x3 x  27 x
( x  3) 2  1
49. Lim 2  2
x 2 2 x  3 x  2  5 
 
1
x 5 
50. Lim 32  20 
x 2 1 7
x 7
  
128

x3 2
51. Lim 1
x1 x 1 4
 
32 x 7  x 2
Lim 5
52.
x
1 8x 4  x 6
 
2
x 4  3x  4
53. Lim 2  7
x1 x  4 x  3  2 
 
x 3  27
54. Lim 2 9
x3 x  9 2
 
(2 x  1) 2  1
55. Lim  4
x0 5x  5 
 
(3  h) 4  81
56. Lim  18
h0 6h
x7 3
57. Lim 1 
x 2 x2 6
 
x2  1
58. Lim 2
x1 x  1
3x 3  5 x 2  3x  2
59. Lim 13 
x 2 3x 2  5 x  2 7
 
x 5  32
60. Lim  80
x 2 x2
x2  2x  3
61. Lim 2
x1 x2  1
x 4  16
62. Lim  32 
x 2 x2

x 2  8 x  15
63. Lim -2 
x3 x 3
x  64
3
64. Lim  48 
x 4 x4
x 2  7 x  12
65. Lim 1 
x 4 x4
x 7  128
66. Lim  224
x 2 2 x  4
x2  x  6
67. Lim 5 
x 2 x2
3x 5  729
68. Lim  1215 
x3 x3
x2  9
69. Lim 6 
x3 x  3
x5  1
70. Lim 2  5
x1 x  1  2 
 
x 2  25
71. Lim  10 
x5 x5
( x  1) 2  1
72. Lim 2
x0 x2  x
(2 x  1) 2  1
73. Lim -4 
x1 x 1
2 x  128
6
74. Lim 2  96 
x 2 x 4

x7  1
75. Lim 4  7
x1 x  1  4 
 
( x  2) 2  4
76. Lim 4
x0 x2  x
x5
77. Lim 4
x5 x 1  2
32 x 5  1
Lim 3 5
78. 1 8 x  1 3
x  
2
x2  2x  3
79. Lim 2
x1 x2  1
x 7  128
80. Lim 5  28 
x2 x  32 5
 
Evaluate the following limits (Group E)
3x 2  5 x  2
81. Lim 0 
x 2 x 1
2 x  5x  3
2
82. Lim 2   1
x1 x x2 3
 
x6  x3  2
83. Lim [9]
x1 x 1
x3  x 2  4x  6
84. Lim 17 
x3 x2  9 6
 
x5
85. Lim (2004) [4]
x5 x 1  2
( x  2) 2  4
86. Lim (2003) [4]
x0 x2  x

x 6  27
87. Lim  54 3
x  3 x  3
x10  1024
88. Lim 2 [ 5120 ]
x 2 x  3 x  2
x10  x
89. Lim 7   3
x1 x  x  2 
 
128 x 7  2178
90. Lim [ 189 ]
2 x3 8 x 3  27
x 3 x 2
91. Lim 5
x1 x 1 6
 
x 3 x  128
92. Lim [ 112 ]
x 4 x4
1 ( x 5  32) 3
93. Lim 4 
x2 x  16 ( x  2) 2
[ 16000 ]
3
x 1  2
94. Lim 1
x7 x7 12 
 
 x 2  2x  3 x3  1 
95. Lim  5    17 
x1
 x 1 x  1  5 
 
3
2x  3  1
96. Lim 5 10 
x 2 3x  5  1 9
 
Evaluate the following limits (Group F)
( x  1)(3 x  1)
97. Lim 1 
x1 ( x  1) 2 6
 
2  x 1
5
98. Lim 1 
x1 1 x 5
 
(1  x) 3  (1  x) 3
99. Lim 3
x0 (1  x) 2  (1  x) 2 2
 
4  x 2  x  16
100. Lim 1
x1 x3  1  24 
 

Calculus Limit of Fn at 
Limit of Fn at infinity
To understand Lim f (x) when x   , you had to
3x  2
Study this example: f (x) = , x  1
x 1
Lim f (x) as x   =
3x  2
Lim =3
x  x 1
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 …………. 
Y 2 2.5 2.6 2.75 2.8 2.83 2.85 2.87 2.88 2.9 …………..3
Remember that
0 
, ,  , 0 Are unspecified quantities
0 
Theorem
1
Lim =0
x  x
Result
If a  R, n  R  , then
a 5
Lim =0 example Lim =0
x  xn x  x3

Ex…1:
Find the value of
2x3  9x  1
a) Lim
x  3x 3  1
3x 2  9
b) Lim 4
x 2 x  3
4x2  1
c) Lim
x 2 x  1
Solution
Dividing the numerator and denominator by the greatest power of x in the denominator
2x3  9x  1   x3 
a) Lim  3 
x  3x 3  1 x 
9 1 9 1
2  3 2 
= Lim x 2
x
=   = 200 = 2
x 
3 3
1
3
1 30 3
x 
3x 2  9   x4 
b) Lim 4  
x 2 x  3
x
4

3x 2 9 3 9
 4  4
4 2
00 0
= Lim x x
= Lim x x
= = =0
x  2 x 4
1 x 
2 4
1 2  0 2
 4
x4 x x
4x2  1 x
c) Lim  
x 2 x  1
x
4x 2 1 1
 4x 
x x x 4()  0 
= Lim = Lim = = =
x  2 x

1 x  
2
1 2  0 2
x x x

Ex…2:
Find the value of
2 x 3  3x 2  5 x  3
a) Lim
x 4 x 3  3x  8
3x  5
b) Lim
x
4x2  1
5x  2
c) Lim
x
9x2  7
Solution
2 x 3  3x 2  5 x  3   x3 
a) Lim  
3 
x 4 x 3  3x  8   x 
3 5 3
2  2  3
x x x 2000 2 1
= Lim = = =
x  3 8
4 2  3 400 4 2
x x
3x  5  x 
b) Lim  
x
4x  1
2  
 x 
2
5
3
x 30 3
= Lim = =
x  1 40 2
4 2
x
5x  2  x 
c) Lim  
x
9x  7
2  
 x 
2
2
5
x 50 5
= Lim = =
x  7 90 3
9 2
x

Ex…3:
Find the value of
(3x  1) 2  2 x 2
a) Lim
x
9x 4  x3  2x 2  7
6
64 x 4  5 x 2  8
b) Lim
x 3
8 x 2  3x  1
2 x(4 x 2  1)  x 2  1
3
c) Lim
x 3x  2
Solution
(3x  1) 2  2 x 2 9x2  6x  1  2x2

a) Lim = Lim
x
9x  x  2x  7
4 3 2 x
9x 4  x3  2x 2  7
11x 2  6 x  1   x2 
= Lim  
x
9x 4  x3  2x 2  7  
 x 
4
6 1
 2 11 
x x 11  0  0 11
= Lim = =
x  1 2 7 9000 3
9  2  4
x x x
5 8
6
64 x 4  5 x 2  8 6 64   4
  6 x4  x 2
x 2
b) Lim   = Lim = =1
x 3
8 x 2  3x  1   3 x2 
 
x 
3
3 1
8  2
2
x x
2 x(4 x 2  1)  x 2  1
3 3
8x3  2 x  x 2  1   3 x3  x2 
c) Lim = Lim  
x 3x  2 x 3x  2 
  x 

3
8x3  2 x x2  1 2 1
 3 8  1 
Lim
3
x3 x2 Lim x2 x2
= x 2 = x 2
3 3
x x
3
8  0  1 0 2 1 3
= = = =1
30 3 3

Ex…4:
Find the value of
a) Lim 4 x 2  x  2 x
x
b) Lim 9 x 2  2 x  3x
x
c) Lim x2  x  x
x
Solution
Conjugate
4x 2  x  2x
4x2  x  4x2
a) Lim 4 x  x  2 x
2
 = Lim
x
4x  x  2x
2 x
4x2  x  2x
x 1
Lim  x  Lim 1 1
=  = x 1 = =
x
4x2  x  2x   40 2
 x
2
 4 2 4
x
9 x  2 x  3x
9x2  2x  9x2
Lim 9 x  2 x  3x 
2 2
b) = Lim
x
9 x  2 x  3x
2 x
9 x 2  2 x  3x
 2x 2
Lim  x  Lim 2 2 1
=   = x = = =
x
9 x 2  2 x  3x   2 90 3
 x  9 3 6 3
2
x2  x  x
x2  x  x2
c) Lim x x x
2
= Lim
x
x xx
2 x
x2  x  x
x 1 1
Lim  x  Lim 1
=   = x 1 = =
x
x2  x  x 
 x
2 
 1 1 1 0 1 2
x

Exercise 2
4x2  1
1. Lim
2x  1
[ 1]
x
3x 2  (2 x  3) 2
2. Lim 7
x
4 x 4  3x 2  8  2 
3x 3  9 x 2  5
3. Lim   3
x 2 x  3 x 2  4 x 3  4 
 
(3x  4)(2 x  3)
4. Lim 3
x (2 x  1)(2 x  5) 2
 
9x2  3
5. Lim 1
x 6x  5 2
 
16 x 2  x  5
6. Lim [-2]
x 5  2x
27 x 3  9 x  1
3
7. Lim 3
x  4x  1 4
 
2x  7
8. Lim [ 2]
x 
x2  8
x7
9. Lim 1
x
4x2  7 2
 
3
8x 2  1
10. Lim [ 2]
x 6
x4  3
8x3  5x 2  1
11. Lim 2 2 
x 6
x 6  3x 3  7
5
32 x 5  1
12. Lim [ 2]
x 7
x7  3
2  7 x
Lim
x 1  4  x
13. [ 2]
x 3 x  x
14. Lim 4   1
x x  25 x  5 x 5
 

x x  x2 1  x
15. Lim ( Evaluation Guide) [ 1]
x 1 3 x  x
16. Lim 2 x 2  x  1  2 x 2  x  3 ( Evaluation Guide)  1 

x  2
 
17. Lim x  4  x  4 [ 0]
x
18. Lim x  1  x [ 0]
x
19. Lim x 2  4  x 2  4 x [ 2]
x
20. Lim 9 x 2  4  9 x 2  4 x 2

x 3
 
21. Lim x  x 2  2 x [ 1]
x
22. Lim x 2  5x  1  x 5

x 2
 
23. Lim x 2  2 x  x  1 [ 2]
x
 4 
24.
Lim x  1  1
x [ 2]
 x 
1 1
25. Lim 1 
x x2 x [ 0]
x 1  x 1
26. Lim 2
x 4x  3  4x  3 3
 
x 1  x 1
27. Lim  2
x 4x  1  4x  1
28. Lim x 2  x  1  x 2  x  1 [ 1]
x
x3  x3
29. Lim 9
x 9x  4  9x  4 4
 

3x 3  5 x 2  1
30. Lim 3
x 4x3  7 4
 
8x3  5x  x
3
Lim 1
3x  2
31. x
5x  1
32. Lim 5
x 
4x  3
2 2
 
33. Lim x 2  1  x 0

x
2 x 2  3x x
34. Lim 2
x 
x4  x2 1
 x 1 1

35. Lim  3 x  2
 x 1
x

2
36. Lim x 2  2  x 2  x   1
x 2
 
37. Lim x 2  2  x [ 0]
x
5x3  x 2  1
38. Lim [ 5]
x x3  x
x3
39. Lim 3 [ 1]
x  x  8

x3  7x  3
40. Lim 4 [ 0]
x x  2 x 2  5
4x5  1
41. Lim 5 [ 4]
x x  x 4  2
2 x 2  5x  3
42. Lim 2
x 3x 2  10 x  8 3
 
2x 4  3
43. Lim 5 [ 0]
x  3 x  2
7x2  x  5
44. Lim 0 
x  x3  x 2 1
8x 3  x  1
3
45. Lim 1 
x  2x 1
2x 2  3
46. Lim 2
x 5x 2  4 x  1 5
 
2 x 5  3x  2
47. Lim 
x 3x 4  5 x  1
5x 3  9
48. Lim 0 
x  x4  3
2 x 4  5x 2  6
49. Lim 4 2
x 3 x  4 x 3  7 3
 

Calculus Limit of trig Fn
Limits of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
Sin x
Lim 1 Where x is measured in radians
x0 x
Results
Tan x x x
Lim 1 Lim 1 Lim 1
x0 x x0 Sin x x0 Tan x
Tan ax a Sin ax a Sin x

Lim  Lim  Lim 1
x0 bx b x0 bx b x0 Tan x
Sin ax a bx b bx
Lim  Lim  Lim 1
x0 Tan bx b x0 Sin ax a x0 Tan ax
Lim Sin x  0 Lim Cos x  1 Lim Tan x  0

x0 x0 x0
Sin x
The following table represents the function f(x) =
x
Sin x 0.841 0.783 0.717 0.644 0.564 0.479 0.389 0.295 0.1986 0.0998 ……..0
x 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 ……..0
Sinx
0.841 0.87 0.896 0.92 0.94 0.958 0.972 0.983 0.993 0.998 ……..1
x
Sin x
You can discover that the value of Approaches to "1" as x approaches to "0"
x
The following Graph represents the function

Sin x
f(x) =
x
Where x is measured in radians
On the horizontal axis (x – axis)
You can discover that the curve of

Sin x
The function f(x) = cuts the
x
Y – axis at "1"

Ex…1:
Find the value of
Sin3x Sinx Sin 2 3x

a) Lim d) Lim g) Lim
x0 x x0 Sin 2 x x0 4x2
2x Sin 2 x
b) Lim
x0
e) Lim
x 0
Sin5 x x
Tan4 x Sin 2 x 2
c) Lim f) Lim
x0 Sin 2 x x0 4x2
Solution
Sin3x
a) Lim =3
x0 x
2x 2
b) Lim =
x0 Sin5 x 5
Tan4 x 4
c) Lim = =2
x0 Sin 2 x 2
Sinx 
d) Lim
x0
=
Sin 2 x 2
Sin 2 x Sin x
e) Lim = Lim  Sinx = 1 0 = 0
x 0 x x0 x
Sin 2 x 2 Sin 2 x 2 2 1
f) Lim = Lim = 
x0 4x2 x 2 0 4x2 4 2
2
Sin 2 3x  Sin 3x 
 
2
Lim 3 9
Lim
g) x0 2 = x0   =  
4x  2 x  2 4

Ex…2:
Find the value of
Sin 2 5 x 3Sin 2 y  4Tan5 y

a) Lim c) Lim
x0 3x 2 x0 2Sin3 y  5Tan4 y
Sin 2 3x 2h
b) Lim d) Lim
x0 xTanx x0 3Sin 2h  2Tan5h
Solution
2
Sin 2 5 x 1  Sin 5 x 
a) Lim 2 = Lim   = 1  52 = 25
x0 3
x0 3x  x  3 3
2
2  Sin 3 x 
Sin 3x Lim  
x 2 0 
Sin 2 3x  x2 Lim x
2
 x  32
b) Lim = x0 xTanx = Tanx = =9
x0 xTanx  x2 1
Lim
x2 x 0 x
Sin 2 y Tan5 y
3 4
3Sin 2 y  4Tan5 y y Lim
y y
c) Lim = x0 Sin3 y Tan4 y =
x0 2Sin3 y  5Tan4 y y 2 5
y y
3 2  4  5 6  20  12
= = = =1
23  5 4 6  20  12
2h
2h h h 2
d) Lim = Lim = =
x0 3Sin 2h  2Tan5h h x 0
3
Sin 2 h
2
Tan5h 3  2  2  5
h h
2 2 1
= = =
6  10 4 2

Ex…3:
Find the value of
Sin x
a) Lim c) Lim x( Sin x 3
 Tan 2x )
x  0 x   x 
Cot x x 2  Tan 2 5 x
b) Lim d) Lim 2
x
 Cos x x0 3 x  2 Sin 2 1 x
2 2
Solution
Sin x Sin (  x)  Sin ( x   )

a) Lim = Lim = Lim =–1
x  0 x   x  0 x  x  0 x 
Cos x
Cot x 1 1 1
b) Lim = Lim Sin x = Lim =  = =1
 Cos x   Sin x
x x Cos x x Sin 1
2 2 2
2
c) Lim x( Sin x 3
 Tan 2x )  x  
1 1 1
 0
x  x  x
Sin 3x  Tan 2x Sin 3x Tan 2x

= 1
Lim 1
Lim
= x 
 Lim =3+2=5
0
1 x  1
x x x
x
x 2 Tan 2 5 x

x 2  Tan 2 5 x  x2 Lim 2 x 2
x2
Lim 2
d) x0 3 x  2 Sin 2 1 x
 x2
= x0 3 x Sin 2 12 x =
2 2
x2 x2
2
 Tan 5 x 
1   
  2
 x 
1 5  24  24  48
Lim 2
= x0
 Sin 12 x 
2 =
1 = 3 1 = 5 = 5
3  2  3  2 
 x  2 2 2

Exercise 3
Sin5 x
1. Lim [ 5]
x →0 x
Co3 x
2. Lim 1 
x→0 3 3
 
2x
3. Lim 1 
x→0 Sin 6 x 3
 
Tan 4 x
4. Lim 4
x→0 Sin5 x 5
 
Tan7 x
5. Lim [ 21]
x→0 x
Sin
3
4 Sin 2 x
6. Lim 4
x→0 7x2 7
 
Sin 2 3 x
7. Lim 3
x→0 6x2 2
 
Sin8 x 2
8. Lim [ 2]
x→0 4x2
Sinπx
9. Lim π 
x→0 Sin 4 x 4
 
x
Sin
Lim 3 1 
10.
x →0 2x 6
 
Tan3 x 2
11. Lim 3
x→0 5x 2 5
 
π −x
12. Lim [ 1]
x→π Sinx
Sin 2 3 x 2
13. Lim 3
x→0 6x4 2
 
Sin x Cos x
14. Lim [ 1]
x →0 x

3x 2
15. Lim 3
x→0 2 Sin 2 x 2
 
Sin y + Tan y
16. Lim [2]
x →0 Sin y
Sin 2 y + Tan 4 y
17. Lim [ 1]
x →0 6y
Sin3 x + 3 x Cos x
18. Lim [ 6]
x →0 x
Tan 2 x + 2 xCos x
19. Lim 4
x →0 Sin3 x 3
 
Tan3 x + Sin 2 x − xCos x

20. Lim [ 4]
x→0 x
21. Lim x 2 sin x42 [ 4]
x→∞
3Tan 2 2 y − 2 Sin3 y 2
22. Lim 1
x→0 4 Sin 2 y + 5Tan 4 y 2 4
 
Sin 3 x + x 2Tanx
23. Lim 2
x→0 xSin 2 3 x 9
 
x
Sin 2
Lim 2 1 
24.
x→0 xTan 2 x 8 
 
Sinx
25. Lim [− 1]
x→π x − π
xTanx
26. Lim 2 1
x→0 x + Sin 2 3 x 10 
 
xSinx
27. Lim 2 1
x→0 3 x + Tan 2 x 2
 
28. Lim x( Sin 2x + Tan 4x ) [ 6]

x →∞
x 2 − Tan 2 3 x
29. Lim 2  − 16 
x →0 2 x − 2 Sin 2 1 x  3 
2  
x 2 − Tan 2 2 x
30. Lim 2 5
x →0 2 x − 2 Sin 2 3 x 11
 

1 − Cos 2 x
31. Lim (Hint: Cos 2x = 1 – 2 Sin2 x) [ 2]
x →0 x2
1 − Cos x
32. Lim (Hint: Cos x = 1 – 2 Sin2 ½ x) 1
x →0 xSin x  
2
Cos x
Lim π
33. π π Hint: Cos x = Sin ( 2 − x ) [ -1]
2 x−
x→
2
Tanπx
34. Lim [−π ]
x→1 1 − x
Cos x
Lim 1
x→ π − 2 x
35. π 2
2  
1 − Cos 2 3 x
36. Lim 9
x →0 4x2 4
 
1 − Cos 2 x
37. Lim 1
x→0 1 − Cos 4 x 4
 
Cot x
Lim
38. π π [ 1]
x→
2 −x
2
1 − Cos x + Sin x
39. Lim
x→0 1 − Cos x − Sin x
[ -1]
1 − Cos 6 x
40. Lim 9
x→0 1 − Cos 4 x 4
 

Tan 2 2 x
41. Lim [ 4]
x→0 x2
3 x − Tan5 x
42. Lim  − 1
x→0 2 x + 3Sin 4 x 7 
 
43. Lim x(Cot 2 x − Co sec 2 x) [0]

x →0
3 x − 2Tan3 x
44. Lim  − 3
x →0 3 x + 2 Sin5 x  13 
 
Sin 3 2 x
45. Lim
x →0 xTan 2 2 x
[2]
Sin 2 2 x
46. Lim 4
x →0 Tan 2 3 x 9 
 
Sin 2 3 x
47. Lim 9 
x →0 xTan5 x 5
 
Cos 2 x
48. Lim
x→
π Cos x − Sin x [ 2]
4
Sin 2 x
49. Lim [ 2]
x →0 x

Tan 2 x
50. Lim 2
x →0 3x 3
 
Tan5 x
51. Lim 5
x →0 3x 3
 
Sin3h
52. Lim 3
x →0 Tan7 h 7
 
Tan 4 x
53. Lim 4
x →0 Sin3 x 3
 
2 x + Tan3 x
54. Lim 5
x →0 3 x + Sin x 4
 
2 x + Tan 2 x
55. Lim 4
x →0 Sin3 x 3
 
Tan 2 x + 2 x Cos x
56. Lim 4
x →0 Sin 3 x 3
 
3 x − 4Tan x
57. Lim  -1 
x →0 Sin5 x  5 
 
Sin 2 x + 4 x
58. Lim [ 6]
x →0 2 x − Tan x
Sinx
Lim [ −1 ]
( x −π )→0 x − π
59.
x + Tan 5 x
60. Lim [ 6]
x →0 3 x − Sin 2 x

Calculus Variation
Variation
Average rate of change
& Rate of change
Variation: V ( f ) = f (x + h ) – f (x)
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
Average Rate of change: A (h) =
h
Rate of change: Lim A( h) = Lim f ( x  h)  f ( x)

h 0 h0 h
Ex…1:
Let f (x) = x2 – 1, find the average rate of change in x when x = 2,
Then calculate A (0.2)
Solution
f ( x  h)  f ( x ) f (2  h)  f (2) (2  h) 2  1  (( 2) 2  1)
A (h) = = =
h h h
(4  4h  h )  1  (( 4)  1) 4  4h  h  1  (3) 4h  h 2 h( 4  h)
2 2
= = = = =4+h
h h h h
A (0.2) = 4 + (0.2) = 4.2
Ex…2: "June 2000"

Find the function of average rate of change of the function f (x) = x2 + x,
Then calculate the rate of change for this function at x = 2
Solution
f ( x  h)  f ( x) [( x  h) 2  ( x  h)]  [ x 2  x]
A (h) = = =
h h
[ x 2  2 xh  h 2  x  h]  [ x 2  x] 2 xh  h 2  h h(2 x  h  1)
= = = =2x+h+1
h h h
Rate of change = Lim A( h) = Lim 2x + h + 1 = 2 x + 1
h 0 h0
Rate of change at x = 2 = 2 (2) + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5
41
Chapter 2 Ahmed Badawy
Calculus Variation
1
Ex…3: Let y = f (x) = , x  2 , find
x2
i. The average rate of change of y when x changes from x to x + h and then find this
Average when x = 3 and h = 1.
ii. The rate of change of y when x = x1 and then find this rate when x1 = 7
Solution
1 1 x  2  ( x  h  2) x2 xh2
[ ][ ]
f ( x  h)  f ( x ) ( x  h  2)( x  2) ( x  h  2)( x  2)
A (h) = = xh2 x2 = =
h h h h
h
( x  h  2)( x  2) 1
= =
h ( x  h  2)( x  2)
1 1 1
A (1) x = 3 = = =
(3  1  2)(3  2) ( 2)(1) 2
Lim A( h) = Lim 1 1 1
Rate of change = = =
h 0 h0 ( x  h  2)( x  2) ( x  2)( x  2) ( x  2) 2
1 1 1
Rate of change at x = 7 = = =
(7  2) 2
(5) 2 25
Ex…4:
The Size of population f of a kind of fish at a time t (in days) is given by the relation
f (t) = 100 (t + 3)2. Find the average rate of change of f for three days from the second day
Solution
Three days from the second day, t = 1, h = 3
f (t  h)  f (t ) 100(1  3  3) 2  100(1  3) 2 100(7) 2  100(4) 2

A (h) = = = =
h 3 3
4900  1600 3300

=  = 1100
3 3
42
Calculus Variation
Ex…5: A metal lamina in the shape of square. Its surface area increases regularly, by heat,
Such that its shape doesn't change, find:
i. The average rate of change in its surface area, when the length of its side changes from
10 to 10.2 cm
ii. The rate of change in its surface area , when its side length is equal to 20 cm
Solution
Surface area of a metal lamina in the shape of square = x 2
Side changes from 10 to 10.2 cm x =10 , h = 10.2 – 10 = 0.2 cm
f ( x  h )  f ( x ) ( x  h) 2  ( x ) 2 x 2  2 xh  h 2  x 2 2 xh  h 2
A (h) = = = =
h h h h
h(2 x  h)
= = 2x + h
h
A x = 10 (0.2) = 2(10) + 0.2 = 20 + 0.2 = 20.2
Rate of change = Lim A( h) = Lim 2x + h = 2x

h 0 h0
Rate of change at x = 2 0 = 2 (20) = 40
Exercise 4
On variation
Section 1
1) Find the variation function in each of the following
a) y = 2 x2 + 3x – 5 , at x = 2 and h = 0.2 (6)
x2  4
b) f (x) = , at x = 1 and h = ½ (½)
x2
2) If f (x) = x2 – 3 x, find the variation function V at x = 1, then find V (0.1), V (-0.5)

(V (h) = h2-h, -0.09, 0.75)
3
3) Find the function of average rate of change for f (x) = , then calculate
x2
The average rate of change as x changes from 3 to 3.1 (-30/11)
4) Find the average rate of change of the function f (x) = x  8 , at x = 1 ( 1 /6 )
43
Calculus Variation
5) A cube expands regularly such that it preserves its shape. Find the average rate of
Change in its total faces area as its edge length changes from 10 cm to 10.1 cm
Then calculate the rate of change of the volume of the cube when its edge length
Is 5 cm (120.6, 75)
6) A circular disc expands regularly such that it preserves its shape. Find the average
Rate of change in its area with respect to its radius when its radius is 14 cm (   22 )
7
(88)
Section 2
1. If y = 2 x + 3, find the variation function V (h), then find V (0.2) (0.4)
2. If f (x) = x2+ 5 x – 2 ,find the variation function V (h) at x = –1 ,then
Evaluate V (0.5) ( 7 /4 )
3. Find the average rate of change of the function y = x3 – 4 , when x changes
From 2 to 2.1, Then calculate the rate of change for this function at x = 2 (12.61, 12)
1
4. Find the average rate of change of the function f (x) =  x , when x changes
x
From x to x + h, Then calculate the rate of change for this function at x = 2 (-1.25)
5. Find the average rate of change of the function f(x) = x  3 when x changes from x1 to
x1 + h and hence find:
10
(a) The average rate when x changes from 6 to 6.61 ( )
61
(b) The rate of change of the function when x = 22. (0.1)
6. If f(x) = a x2 + b x + 4, find at x = 3, the variation function V(h). Find the values of a and
1 3
b where f(3) = 4 and V   = 1 ( 1, -3 )
2 4
7. A stone fell in a still water and a circular wave is formed. If the radius of the circle
Increases regularly, evaluate the average rate of change of the area of the wave
When the radius changes from 2 cm to 2.1 cm and also the rate of change of the
Area of the wave at radius = 3 cm (4.1  , 6  )
44
Calculus Variation
8. A rectangular metal lamina increases regularly, by heat, if the length of the

Lamina is twice its breadth, find
i. The average rate of change in its surface area, when its breadth
Changes from 2 to 2.4 cm (8.8)
ii. The rate of change in its surface area, when its breadth is 20 cm. (80)
7. Let f (x) = a x2 + b x + 3. Find the variation Function V (h) when x changes from
2 to (2 + h). If f (2) = 3 and V (½) =1 1 4 . Find a, b
(V (h) = 4ah + ah2 + bh, a = 1, b = - 2)
Section 3
3
1. Find the function of the average rate of change of function f(x) = x hence deduce
1
The rate of change of this function at x = 8. [ ]
12
2. Find the average rate of change of the function f(x) = x2 + 1 as x changes from 2 to 2.2.
] 4.2 [
1
3. Find the average rate of change of function f where f(x) = , then deduce
x5
The rate of change of this function at x = 1 ]-5[
4. Find the function of the average rate of change for the function f where f(x) = x2 + 2.
Then calculate the average rate of change as x changes from 3 to 3.1 ]6.1[
5. Find the function of the average rate of change for the function f where f(x) = x2 + 2, then
Calculate the rate of change for this function at x = 2. [5[
6. Find the function of the average rate of change for the function f where f(x) = x ,
1
Then calculate the rate of change of this function at x = 4. [ ]
4
45
Calculus Variation
46
Calculus Variation
7. Find the function of the average rate of change for the function f where f(x) = x2 – 3x
And then calculate the rate of change for this function at x = 3. ]3[
1
8. Find the function of the average rate of change for the function f where f(x) =
x
1
Then calculate the rate of change of this function at x = 3 ]– [
3
9. Find the function of the average rate of change for the function f where f(x) = x2 + 2x
At x = 2, and then calculate the average rate of this function as x changes from 2 to 2.1
1 1
10. If f(x) = x2 – 3x, find the variation function V (h) at x =1 and then find V   [ [
2 4
11. If f(x) = x2 – x, find the function of the average rate of change for the function f where
x increases by 0.2. [2x – 0.8[
12. If f(x) = 4 x2 + 50, find the function of the average rate of change for the function f,
Then find the rate of change of this function at x = 3.
[24]
13. If f(x) = x2 + a x – 3, find the variation function for the function f at x = 2.

1 19 3
If V ( ) = , Find the value of a. [ ]
2 4 5
47
Calculus Derivatives of Real Fn
Rules of Derivatives
The first derivative of a real function
dy
, y` or f `(x)
dy
= Lim f ( x + h) − f ( x)
dx dx h →0 h
Rules of derivatives
1. If f(x) = a , where a is constant, then f `(x) = zero
2. If f(x) = x n, then f `(x) = n x n–1
dy
3. If y = x , then =1
dx
dy
4. If y = a x n , then = a n x n–1
dx
5.
dy
( f1 ± f 2 ± f 3 ± ...... ± f n ( x) ) = ( f `1 ± f `2 ± f `3 ±...... ± f `n )( x)
dx
Find the first derivative of each of the following functions
3 4
1) a. y = x3 – 7x2 – b. y = 2 x5 + 3 x3 – 4 x + 6 c. y = x x
2 3
Solution:
dy
a. = 3x2 – 14x
dx
dy
b. = 10 x4 + 9 x2 – 4
dx
3 1
4 4 1 4 3 dy 4 3 −1
c. y = x x = x( x 2 ) = x 2 , = × x 2 = 2x 2 = 2 x
3 3 3 dx 3 2
1 1
2) a. f(x) = x b. g(x) = c. y = x+
x x
Solution:
1
a. f(x) = x 2
−1
1 2 1 1
f``(x) = x = 1
=
2 2
2 x
2x

b. g (x) = x −1
−1
g` (x) = (−1) x −2 =
x2
1 1 −1
1 1
c. y = x+ = x2 + 1
= x2 + x 2
x 2
x
−1 −1 −3
− 1 2 −1 1 2 1 2
1
dy 1 −1 1 1
= x 2
+ x = x − x = − 3
dx 2 2 2 2 2 x 2x 2
The Geometrical meaning of the first derivative
 dy 
1. The slope of the tangent of a the function y = f (x) at (x1, f (x1)) =   = Tan θ
 dx 
2. The slope (m) of a St – line // x – axis is “0” m=0
3. The slope (m) of a St – line a x + b y + c = 0 is m = − a

b
4. The slope (m) of a St – line y = m x + c is m
5. If L1 and L2 are two St – lines, and L1 // L2 , then m1 = m2
6. The equation of a St – line passing through (x1, y1) and having slope m
Is y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
1) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = x 2 – x 3 at the point (1, 0)
dy  dy 
Solution: = 2 x – 3 x2,   = 2 (1) – 3 (1) 2 = 2 – 3 = – 1
dx  dx  (1,0)
y − 0 = (−1)( x − 1) y = −x + 1
2) Find the point on the curve y = x 2 + 3 x + 2 at which the tangent makes an angle
135o with the positive direction of x – axis.
dy
Solution: =2x+3 x=–2
dx
dy
at.... = Tan135 y=x2+3x+2
dx
2x+3=–1 y = (– 2)2 + 3 (– 2) + 2
2x=–1–3 y=4–6+2=0
2x=–4 The point is (– 2, 0)

2
3) Find the slope of tangent to the curve y = x – at x = 1
x
dy  dy 
Solution: y = x – 2 x -1 = 1 + 2 x -2,   = 1 + 2 (1) - 2 = 1 + 2 = 3
dx  dx  x = 1
4) Find the point on the curve y = x 3 – 3 x 2 – 9 x + 6 at which the slope of tangent

equals zero
dy
Solution: = 3 x2 – 6 x – 9 y = 3 3 – 3 (3) 2 – 9 (3) + 6
dx
dy
at... =0 or y = (– 1) 3 – 3 (– 1) 2 – 9 (– 1) + 6
dx
3 x2 – 6 x – 9 = 0 y = 27 – 27 – 27 + 6
(x2 – 2 x – 3) = 0 or y = – 1 – 3 + 9 +6
(x – 3) (x + 1) = 0 y = – 21 or y = 11
x=3 or x = – 1 The points are (3, – 21) and (– 1, 11)
5) If the tangent to the curve y = a x 3 + b x + 3 at the pt. (– 1 , 4 ) makes an angle of

π
measure with the positive direction of x – axis. Find the values of a, b.
4
dy
Solution: =3ax2+b Adding equ. I & II
dx
 dy 
  = Tan 45 3a+b=1
 dx  x = −1
–a–b=1
 dy 
  =1 2a =2
 dx  x = −1
a=1
3 a (– 1) 2 + b = 1 Substitution in equ. II
3a+b=1 I –1–b=1
The point (– 1, 4) satisfies the curve –b=1+1
4 = a (– 1) 3 + b (– 1) + 3 –b=2
4=–a–b+3 b=–2
4–3=–a–b Then
–a–b=1  II a=1 & b=–2

6) Find the point on the curve y = x 3 – 9 x 2 + 24 x + 1 at which the tangent is parallel

to the x – axis.
dy
Solution: = 3 x2 y = 4 3 – 9 (4) 2 + 24 (4) + 1
dx
dy
at... =0 or y = 2 3 – 9 (2) 2 + 24 (2) + 1
dx
3 x2 – 18 x + 24 = 0 y = 64 – 144 + 96 + 1
3 (x2 – 6 x + 8) = 0 or y = 8 – 36 + 48 +1
(x – 4) (x – 2) = 0 y = 17 or y = 21
x=4 or x = 2 The points are (4, 17) and (2, 21)
Exercise 5
On Rules of Derivatives
3 dy 6
1) y = 2 x 2 + 1 – [ = 4 x+ 3 ]
x2 dx x
1 dy 1
2) f(x) = x + [ =1– 2 ]
x dx x
dy
3) y = 2 x + 1 [ = 2]
dx
dy 1
4) g(n) = 3 3 n − n 2 [ = 2 − 2n ]
dx n 3
dy 3
5) y = 2 x 3 − 44 x 7 + 8 [ = 3 x − 7x 4 ]
dx
x 3 dy 1 3
6) f(x) = − [ = + ]
2 x dx 2 x 2
7) y =
1
3 x 3 − 12 x 2 + x [
dy
=x
2
− x +1]
dx
19 dy
8) y = x + x 14 – x 9 [ = 19x18+14 x13– 9x8]
dx
1 1
9) y = 2 x + 33 x [
dy
= + ]
dx x 3 x2

5 −2 1 −5
5 dy 5
10) 4 x − 3 x
4 3
+ + 7 [ = 5x 4 + 2 x 3 − 2 ]
x dx x
dy 2
11) 2 x x + 4 x − 1 [ =3 x+ ]
dx x
dy
12) Let y = a x3 + b x2. if = 8 , at x = 1 ,and the average rate of change of y as x
dx
Changes from (– 1) to (2) equals 7. Find the values of the constants a and b
[a = 2, b = 1]
13) Find the point on the curve y = 3 x 3 – 6 x 2 + 3 x – 2 at which the tangent

1 − 14
Parallel to the x – axis. [( , ), (1,−2) ]
3 9
14) If the tangent to the curve y = b x3 – x + 3 at x = –1 is perpendicular to the ST – line

−1
y= x + 1 , Find the value of b. (2)
5
15) Find the point on the curve y = x 2 – 4 x + 3 at which the tangent

Parallel to the x – axis (2, -1)
16) Find the point on the curve y = x3 – 3 x + 5 at which the tangent

Parallel to the ST – Line 3 x + y – 5 = 0 (0, 5)
17) Show that the tangent to the curve y = x2 – 3 x + 1 at (1, -1) makes an angle
3π
Measure with the positive direction of x – axis
4
18) Find the point on the curve y = x 3 – 3 x 2 + 2 at which the tangent to this curve is
Parallel to the x – axis. [(2,-2), (0, 2)]
19) If y = x 3 – 3 x 2 + 8 x – 11 , Find the slope of the tangent at the pt. (1 , – 5) [5]
20) If y = x 2 + 4 , Find the slope of the tangent at the pt. ( 1 , 5 ) [2]
2 1
21) If y = x+ , Find the slope of the tangent at the pt. ( 4 , 3 ) [ ]
x 8

The Derivative of the product of two functions:
dy
If y = U.V (x) , then = U`. V (x) + V`. U (x)
dx
dy
If y = U.V.Z (x) , then = U.Z .V `(x) + V.Z.U ` (x) + V.U.Z ` (x)
dx
1) a. y = (x – 3) (x + 3) b. y = (2 x – 3) (4 x2 + 6 x + 9)
Solution:
dy
a. = (1) (x + 3) + (1) (x – 3) = x – 3 + x + 3 = 2 x
dx
dy
b. = (2) (4 x2 + 6 x + 9) + (8 x + 6) (2 x – 3) =
dx
= 8 x2 + 12 x + 18 +16 x2 – 24 x + 12 x – 18 = 24 x2
2) a. y = (1 + 2 x ) (2 x – 3 ) b. y = x (x + 1) (x 2 – 1)
Solution:
1 1
a. y = (1 + 2 x 2 ) (2 x 2 – 3)
1 1 −1 1
dy 1 1
= (2 × x 2 ) (2 x 2 – 3) + (2 × x 2 ) (1 + 2 x 2 )
dx 2 2
−1 1 −1 1
2 2 2 2
= ( x ) (2 x – 3) + ( x ) (1 + 2 x )
−1 1 1 −1 1
2 2 2 2 2
2
= ( x ) (2 x – 3 +1 + 2 x ) = ( x ) (4 x – 2) = 4 –
x
dy
b. = (2 x) x (x + 1) + (1) x (x 2 – 1) + (1) (x + 1) (x 2 – 1)
dx
= 2 x2 (x + 1) + x (x 2 – 1) + (x + 1) (x 2 – 1)
= 2 x3 + 2 x2 + x 3 – x + x3 – x + x 2 – 1 = 4 x3 + 3 x2 – 2 x – 1

The derivative of the quotient of two functions:
U ( x) d U  U `V − V `U
If y = , V ≠ 0, then   =
V ( x) dx  V  V2
2 2x + 3 3x + 2
1) a. y = b. y = c. y =
2x + 1 x −1 2x − 1
Solution:
dy (0)(2 x + 1) − 2(2) −4
a. = =
dx (2 x + 1)2 (2 x + 1)2
b.
dy
=
(2)(x − 1) − (1)(2 x + 3) = (2 x − 2) − (2 x + 3) = − 5
dx (x − 1)2 (x − 1)2 (x − 1)2
dy (3)(2 x − 1) − (2)(3 x + 2 ) (6 x − 3) − (6 x + 4) −7
c. = = =
dx (2 x − 1) 2
(2 x − 1) 2
(2 x − 1)2
1− x
2) y =
x + x +1
2
Solution:
dy
=
(−1)( x 2 + x + 1) − (2 x + 1)(1 − x)
=
(− x 2
) (
− x − 1 − 2x + 1 − 2x 2 − x )
dx x2 + x +1 ( 2
) (x 2
+ x +1 )
2
− x 2 − x − 1 − x − 1 + 2x 2 x 2 − 2x − 2
= =
(x 2
+ x +1) 2
(x 2
+ x +1 ) 2
x +1
3) a. y = at x = 3
( x + 2)( x − 1)
Solution:
x +1 dy (1)( x 2 + x − 2) − (2 x + 1)( x + 1)
a. y = , =
x2 + x − 2 dx x2 + x − 2
2
( )
( x 2 + x − 2) − (2 x 2 + x + 2 x + 1) x 2 + x − 2 − 2 x 2 − 3x − 1 − x 2 − 2x − 3
= = =
(x 2
+ x−2 )2
(x 2
+ x−2 ) 2
(x 2
+ x−2 )
2
 dy  − (3) 2 − 2(3) − 3 − 9 − 6 − 3 − 18
  = = = = – 0.18
 dx  x =3 (
(3) + 3 − 2
2 2
)
(9 + 3 − 2)2 100

Exercise 6
On The derivative of the Product & Quotient
Of two functions
dy
1) y = ( 3 x 2 – 1 ) ( 3 x 2 + 1 ) [ = 36x3]
dx
dy
2) y = ( 2 x 2 + 3 x + 1 ) ( x 2 – 2 x + 3 ) [ =8x3– 3x2 + 2x + 7]
dx
dy
3) y = x ( x 2 + 4 ) ( x 2 – 4 ) [ = 5x4 – 16]
dx
dy
4) y = (x 2 + 2 x + 1) (x 2 – 4 x + 4) [ =2(2x3–3x2–3x + 2)]
dx
 x n +1  n + 1 n+1
( xLogn )
dy
5) y =  [ = x Logn]
 n + 1 dx n +1
1 1 dy 4
6) y = ( 1 + 2 ) ( 1 – 2 ) [ = ]
x x dx x 5
dy
7) y = x ( x + 1 ) ( x + 2 ) ( x + 3 ) [ =2(2x 3 + 9x2 + 11x + 3)]
dx
dy
8) y = ( a x 2 – 4 ) ( a x 4 – 3 ) [ =2ax (3ax 4 – 8x 2 – 3)]
dx
2x − 5 dy 7
9) y = [ = ]
3x − 4 dx (3 x − 4) 2
x−2 dy 3
10) y = [ = ]
2x − 1 dx (2 x − 1) 2
x2 +1 dy − 4x
11) y = [ = 2 ]
x2 − 2 dx ( x − 1) 2
x2 − 3 dy 2x
12) y = [ = 2 ]
4 − x2 dx ( x − 4) 2
x +1 dy −1
13) y = 2 [ = ]
x + 2x + 1 dx ( x + 1) 2
x −1 dy 1
14) y = at x = 4 [ = ]
x +1 dx 18
x −1
2
dy
15) y = at x = -1 [ = – 2]
x+2 dx
x−3  7 
16) Find the first derivative of the function y =  2 
2x + 1  (2 x + 1) 
dy x −1  5 
17) Find where y =  2 
dx 2x + 3  (2 x + 3) 

Calculus Derivatives of Composite Fn
Derivatives of Composite functions

(Chain Rule)
dy dy dz
Theorem: If y = f (z) & z = g (x) then, = .
dx dz dx
dy
Corollary: If y = [f (x)] n , then = n [f (x)] n - 1 f `(x)
dx
dy
Find for each of the following at the given pts.:
dx
1. If y = z 7 , z = x 3 + 2 x 2 – 4 , at x = 1
Solution:
dy dy dz
= . = 7 z 6 (3 x2 + 4 x) = 7 (x 3 + 2 x 2 – 4) 6 (3 x2 + 4 x)
dx dz dx
 dy  3 2 6 2 6
  x = 1 = 7 ((1) + 2 (1) – 4) (3 (1) + 4 (1)) = 7 (1 + 2 – 4) (3 + 4) =
 dx 
= 7 (-1)6 (7) = 49 (1) = 49
z
2. If y = , z = x 2 + 2 , at x = 2
z 1
Solution:
dy dy dz (1)( z  1)  (1)( z ) z 1 z 2x 2x

= . = (2 x) = (2 x) = = 2
dx dz dx ( z  1) 2
( z  1) 2
( z  1) 2
( x  3) 2
 dy  2(2) 4 4 4
 x=2 = 2 = = 2 =
 dx  (2  3) 2
(4  3) 2
7 49
3. If y = z 2 – 2 z5 , z = x – x , at x = 4
Solution:
dy dy dz 1 1
= . = (2 z – 10 z4) (1 – ½ x 2 ) = (2 x – 2 x – 10 (x – x )4)(1 – )
dx dz dx 2 x
 dy  1
  x = 4 = (2 (4) – 2 4 – 10 (4 – 4 ) )(1 –
4
))
 dx  2 4
= (8 – 4 – 10 (4 – 2)4) (1 – 1 ) = (4 – 160) (1 – 1 ) = (–156) ( 3 ) = – 117
4 4 4

dy
4. If y = 3 x 2  4 x  6 , Find at x = 3
dx
Solution:
2
dy
= 1 ( x  4 x  6) 3 (2 x  4)
2
dx 3
2 2
 dy  1 1 10
  x = 3 = 13 (3  4(3)  6) 3 (2(3)  4) = 13 (27) 3 (10) =  (10) =
2
 dx  3 9 27
dy dz
5. If y = z 2 + z , z = 2 x 2 , Prove that – = 16 x 3
dx dx
Solution:
y = (2 x 2)2 + (2 x 2) = 4 x 4 + 2 x 2
dy dz
= 16 x 3 + 4 x =4x
dx dx
dy dz
– = 16 x 3 + 4 x – 4 x =16 x 3
dx dx
1 dy
6. If y = z 5 + z , z = x + , Find at x = – 1
x dx
Solution:
1 1
y = (x + ) 5 + x +
x x
dy 1 1 1
= 5(x + ) 4 (1 – 2 ) + 1 – 2
dx x x x
 dy  1 1 1
  x = -1 = 5((– 1) + ) 4 (1 – )+1– =0
 dx  (1) 2
(1) 2
(1) 2
dy
7. If y = (z – 1)5, z = x 2 + 3. Find
dx
Solution:
y = (x 2 + 3 – 1)5 = (x 2 + 2)5
dy
= 5(x2 + 2) 4 (2 x) = 10 x (x2 + 2) 4
dx
dy
8. If y = ( z  1) 3 , z = x 4 + 7 , Find at x = 1
dx
Solution:
3
y = ( x 4  7  1) 3 = ( x 4  8) 2
dy 1 1
= 3 ( x 4  8) 2 (4 x3) = 6 x3 ( x 4  8) 2
dx 2
 dy  1
  x = 1 = 6 (1) (1  8) 2 = 6 ( 9 ) = 6 (3) = 18
3 4
 dx 

Exercise 7
On Derivatives of Composite functions
dy
1. If y = z 3 , z = x 2  2 , Find at x = 4 (12 14 )
dx
dy
2. If y = z 2 – 2 z 5 , z = x – x , Find at x = 4 (-117)
dx
x 1 dy   x5 
3. If y = , Find  
3 
( x  3)  ( x  3) 
2
dx
2
 3x 2  1   80 
4. If y =  2  , Find f `(x) at x = 1  
 x 2   27 
1 2 dz
5. If z = y  y  2 , y = x2 + x + 1 , Find at x = -1 (0)
2 dx
dy x 1  5 
6. Find where y =  
2 
dx 2x  3  (2 x  3) 
dy
7. If y = z 3 + z , z = x 2 – x , Find at x = 2 (39)
dx
dy 1
8. If y 3 = 2 x 3 – 5 x + 4 , Find at x = 1  
dx  3
dy
9. If y = t2 (t + 1)3. Prove that = t ( t + 1)2 (5t + 2)
dt
dy  4
10. If y = 3
z , z = x2 + 6x, find when x = 3 .  
dx 9
dy  3
11. y = t3 + 5, x = t2 – 3, find at t = 1.  
dx  2
12. Find the first derivative for y = x (3x + 1)2. (27 x2+12x+1)

(2 x  1) 4 dy –
13. If y = , Prove that = (2x – 1)3 (6x + 17) (3x + 1) 4
(3x  1) 3
dx
dy  2x  1 
14. If y3 = x2 + x + 1, Find .  
dx  33 ( x 2  x  1)2 
 
 x 1
2
15. If y =   find the slope of tangent at the point (3, 4) on this curve. (-2)
 x 1
dy dx
16. If y = x 2 – 5 x + 4 , x = z 3 – 1 , Prove that +7 –6z5= 0
dz dz
dy
17. If y = ( 1 + x )4 ( 1 – x )4, Find at x = 2 (432)
dx
dy
18. If y = z 2 + z + 1, z = x 3 – 2 , Find (6x 5 – 9 x2)
dx
 2(2 x  1) 
19. Find the first derivative of the function y = 3
( x 2  x  1) 2  
 3 2 
 3 x  x 1 
x3  7 
20. Find the first derivative of the function y =  
7 
2x  1  (2 x  1) 
 x  3
2
21. If y =   find the slope of tangent at the point (–2, 1) on this curve. (4)
 x 1 
22. If y = x  1 find the point on this curve at which the slope of tangent equals 1/4.
(3,2)
dy
23. If y = ( x 2  4 x  7) 3 , Find at x = 1 (-6)
dx
1
4
dy 25(2)
24. If y = 2x 3
(3x  5) , Find
2 4
at x = 1 ( )
dx 2
x 1 dy 1
25. If y = z2 ,z= , Find at x = 3 ( )
x 1 dx 8
dy
26. If y = ( 2 x + 1 )3 ( 3 – 2 x )4, Find at x = 1 (-162)
dx
dy 5
27. If y = x x 2  3 , Find at x = 1 ( )
dx 2

2z x2 dy 18
28. If y = ,z= , x  1, Prove that 
z 3 x 1 dx (5  2 x) 2
4 dy  64 
29. If y = , Find  
9 
(2 x  3) 8 dx  (2 x  3) 
3 dy
30. If y = (4  2 ) 5 , Find at x = 1 (30)
x dx
dy  x 
31. If y = 4  x 2 , Find  
 
dx  4 x 
2
dy
32. If y = x 3 ( 2 – 3 x )4 , Find [3x2 (3x – 2)3 (7x – 2)]
dx
dy
33. If y = ( 2 x 2 + 3 ) ( 1 – 3 x )3 , Find [– (3x – 1)2 (30x2 – 4x + 27)]
dx
dy
34. If y = ( 2 x – 1 )4 ( x + 1 )5 , Find [3(x+1)4 (2x –1)3 (6x+1)]
dx
1 x   10(1  x) 4 
5
dy
35. If y =   x  1 , Find  6 

1 x  dx  (1  x) 
dy
36. If y 2 = ( x 2 + 16 )3 , Find at x = 2 (12 5 )
dx
dy
37. If y 3 = ( x 3 + 9 )4 , Find at x = –1 (8)
dx
dy  3
38. If y 2 = x 2 + 3 x + 1 , Find at x = 0  
dx  2
dy
39. If y 3 = ( x 2 – 4 x + 3 )2 , Find at x = –1 (-2)
dx
Advanced examples on the Chain rule & Composite Function
dy x
1. If y = f (x) , y2 – x2 = 9 , prove that 
dx y
dy
2. If x  y  1 , y = f (x) , prove that x y 0
dx
dy 2
3. If x  y  2 , y = f (x) , prove that  1
dx x
dy n
4. If y m = ( 1 + x )n , y = f (x) , prove that (1  x)  y
dx m

dy y 2  1
2 n
5. If x = ( y – 1 ) , prove that 
dx 2nxy
dy 2
6. If ( y + 1 )3 = ( x – 2 )2 , prove that  y 1
dx 3
dy
7. If y = x2 + 1 , z = x 2  1 prove that  2z
dz
1 dy  | x | ( x  2)
8. If y = V , V = 1 + z + z2 , z = Prove that 
x dx 2 x 3 x 2  x  1
x y dy y
9. If   a 2 where a is constant , 
y x dx x
3x 2  2 x dy 45
10. If y = ,z= find at x = 1 ( )
x x2 dz 4
dy
11. If x = 2 z  3 , y = 2 z 2 – 1 , Find at x = 1
dx
dy
12. IF x2 ( y2 + 1 ) = 5 , prove that x 3 y  5  0
dz
dy y 2  1
13. If x = ( y2 – 1 )6 , prove that 
dx 12 xy
dy
14. If y3 = x y + 6 , Find at x = 1
dx
2t  3 t 1 dt dy
15. If x = ,y= , where t  1
. Find Each of & when t = 1,
2t  1 2t  1 2
dx dt
dy  3
Then prove that 
dx 4
16. Find the angle which the tangent to the curve y = x2 | x – 2 | makes with the positive
Direction of the x – axis at x = 1 (1)
17. Prove that the tangent to the curve 3 x2 – x2y + 2 y2 = 18 at (1 , 3) parallel to x – axis
x2 dy 3
18. If y = z ,z= , Find when x = 3 ( )
x 1 dx 16
z3 x 1 dy
19. If y = ,z= , Find when x = 4 (1)
z 1 x3 dx

x2  2 dy 8nxy
20. If y = 2 , Prove that = 4
x 2 dx x  4

Calculus Derivatives of Trig Fn
Derivatives of Trigonometric functions
dy
If y = Sin x then = Cos x
dx
dy
If y = Cos x then = – Sin x
dx
dy
If y = Tan x then = Sec2 x
dx
Important Results
dy
If y = Sin ax then = Cos ax (a)
dx
dy
If y = Cos ax then = – Sin ax (a)
dx
dy
If y = Tan ax then = Sec2 ax (a)
dx
dy
Find for each of the following at the given points:
dx
dy
1. If y = x Sin x , find at x = 0
dx
Solution:
dy
= Sin x + x Cos x
dx
 dy 
  x = 0 = Sin 0 + 0 Cos 0 = 0 + 0 = 0
 dx 
1 dy
2. If y = , Prove that = – Cot x Cosec x
Sinx dx
Solution:
dy  Cosx  Cosx 1
= 2
=  =  CotxCosec x
dx Sin x Sinx Sinx
x
3. Find the first derivative of the function y = 4x Cos
2
Solution:
dy x x 1 x x
= 4 Cos + 4 x (– Sin ) ( ) = 4 Cos – 2 x Sin
dx 2 2 2 2 2

1 dy
4. If y = Sin x –Sin3 x , Prove that = Cos3 x
3 dx
Solution:
dy 1
= Cos x – (3) (Sin2 x) (Cos x) = Cos x (1 – Sin2 x) = Cos x (Cos x) = Cos 2 x
dx 3
5. Find the first derivative of the function y = Sin x Cos x

Solution:
dy
= Cos x Cos x + (– Sin x) Sin x = Cos2 x – Sin2 x = Cos 2 x
dx
dy 
6. If y = Tan x , Find
at x =
dx 4
Solution:
dy
= Sec2 x
 dy  
 x=

= Sec2 =  2 = 2
2
dx  dx  4 4
dy
7. If y = x Sin x – Cos x , Find
dx
Solution:
dy
= Sin x + x Cos x – (–Sin x) = Sin x + x Cos x+ Sin x = 2 Sin x + x Cos x
dx
dy
8. Find if y = Cos2 x – Sin2 x
dx
Solution:
dy
= 2 Cos x (– Sin x) – 2 Sin x (Cos x) = – 2 Sin x Cos x – 2 Sin x Cos x
dx
= – 4 Sin x Cos x = – 2 (2 Sin x Cos x) = – 2 Sin 2 x
Another solution y = Cos2 x – Sin2 x = Cos 2 x
dy
= – Sin 2x (2) = – 2 Sin 2 x
dx

dy
9. Find if y = (Sin x – Cos x) 2
dx
Solution:
dy
= 2 (Sin x – Cos x) (Cos x + Sin x) = 2 (Sin2 x – Cos2 x) =
dx
= – 2 (Cos2 x – Sin2 x) = – 2 Cos 2x
Another solution
y = (Sin x – Cos x) 2 = Cos2 x + Sin2 x – 2 Sin x Cos x
= 1 – 2 Sin x Cos x = 1 – Sin 2x
dy
= – Cos 2x (2) = – 2 Cos 2 x
dx
dy 2
10. Find if y = Sin
dx x
Solution:
dy 2 2 2 2
= Cos ( 2 ) = 2 Cos
dx x x x x
dy
11. Find if y = Sin x
dx
Solution:
dy 1 1
= Cos x ( )= Cos x
dx 2 x 2 x
dy 
12. If y = 1  Cosx Find at x =
dx 2
Solution:
dy 1 1 Sinx
= (1+ Cos x) 2 (Sin x) =
dx 2 2 1  Cosx
 dy   Sin90 1 1
  x = = =
 dx  2 2 1  Cos90 2 1  0 2

Exercise 8
On Derivatives of Trigonometric functions
dy 
1. If y = x Sin x, Find at x = (1)
dx 2
dy
2. If y = x2+ Cos 3 x, Find (2x – 3 Sin 3x)
dx
dy   2
3. If y = x2 Cos x + 3, Find at x = ( )
dx 2 4

( Cos( x   ) )
dy
4. If y = Sin (x+ ), Find
4 dx 4
dy
5. If y = x 3 Sin x, Find ( 3 x2 Sin x+ x 3 Cos x)
dx
dy 
6. If y = Sin 2x, Find at x = (1)
dx 6
dy
7. If y = x Cos 3 x, Find (Cos 3 x – 3x Sin3x)
dx
 dy
8. If y = Sin (2 x+ ), Find at x =  (1)
3 dx
dy 1
9. If y = x Sin x+ x ,Find (Sin x+ x Cos + )
dx 2 x
dy
10. If y = Sin 2x Cos x ,Find at x =  (-2)
dx
dy
11. If y = 2 x Sin x Cos x, Prove that = Sin 2x + 2x Cos 2x
dx
Sinx dy 1
12. If y = , Find at x =  ( )
x dx 
dy 
13. If y = Sin x Cos x, Find at x = (-1)
dx 2
dy
14. If y = x Sin 2x, Find (Sin 2x+ 2x Cos 2x)
dx

General Exercise
On Derivatives of Real functions
dy
1) If y = Tan (3x – 5), Find (3 Sec2 (3x – 5))
dx
Sinx dy 1
2) If y = , Prove that =
Sinx  Cosx dx 1  Sin2 x
dy 
3) If y = 1  Cos2 x , Find when x = (-1)
dx 4
4x  3
4) Find the equation of tangent to the curve y = at the point (0, 3) (y = 4x + 3)
x2 1
16
5) Find the equation of tangent to the curve y = at x = 3 (x+ y = 7)
x 1
6) Prove that the tangent to the curve y = 3 x2 – 5 x at (1, -2) makes an angle of measure

with the positive direction of x – axis, then find the equation of tangent
4
(x – y = 3)
7) Find the measure of the angle which the tangent to the given curve at the given
Points, makes with positive direction of the x – axis
1
a) y = at (-1, -1) [135°]
x
b) y = x3 – x2 – 4 at (1, - 4) [45°]
c) y = x3 – 3 x + 5 at (1, 3) [0°]
d) y = x3 – 4 x + 2 at (-1, 5) [135°]
dy
8) If y = z2 + z , z =2x + 1 , Find (8x + 6)
dx
z dy 2x
9) If y = , z = x2 + 2 , Find ( )
z 1 dx ( x  3) 2
2
z2 dy 1
10) If y = , z = 2 x  1 , Find ( )
1 z 2
dx 2( x  1) 2
2
dy 4x
11) If y = z 3 , z = x2 + 1 , Find ( )
dx 33 x 2  1

12) Find the slope of tangent to the following curves at the given points
a) y = x3 + x2 – 3 at (0, -3) [0]
5
b) y = 3
x2  x  2 at (2, 2) [ ]
12
1
c) y = x2 – at (-1, 0) [-4]
x2
Sinx 
d) y = at x = [2 3]
1  Sinx 6

e) y = 2Cos3x  4Sin2x at x = [-4]
3
f) y = Sin2xCosx at x =  [-2]
13) Find the measure of the angle which the tangent to the given curve at the given
Points, makes with positive direction of the x – axis
a) y = (x3 + x2 +1) (x2 – x – 1) at (0, -1) [135°]
2x  1
b) y = at (½ , - 4) [45°]
2x  1
x 1
c) y = at (1, 0) [135°]
x2
d) y = 2 x  1 at (1, 1) [45°]

e) y + Sin2 x = 0 at x = [45°]
3

f) y + Sin2 x + Cos 3x = 0 at ( , 0) [135°]
2
14) Find the measure of the positive angle which the tangent to the curve
2x  1
y= makes with positive direction of the x – axis at the Point (1, -1)
x2
(108° 26`)
y= 2 x 2  1 makes with positive direction of the x – axis at the Point (2, 3)
(53° 8`)

x2
16) Find the points on the curve y = at which the tangent to the curve is
x 1
Parallel to the St – line y = x + 4 [(0, 2), (2, 0)]
x2  x 1 3
17) Find the slope of tangent to the curve y = at x = 1 ( )
x 1 4
1 x
y= makes with positive direction of the x – axis at the Point (-1, 0)
1 x
(26° 34`)
x 3
19) Find the slope of tangent to the curve y = at x = 2 ( )
x 1
2
25
x2  3
y= 2 at (1,-1) makes with positive direction of the x – axis (135°)
x 5
 9
21) Find the slope of tangent to the curve y = 4 Cos x at x = ( )
6 2
1
22) Find the slope of tangent to the curve y3 = x2 + 2 x + 5 at (1, 2) ( )
3
1  2x
23) Find the points on the curve y = at which the tangent is parallel to the
x2
ST – Line y = 3 x + 5 [(1, 1), (3, -5)]

24) Show that the tangent to the curve y = 2 Sin2 x at x = makes an angle of measure
6

With the positive direction of x – axis
3
25) Show that the tangent to the curve y = x x  1 at the origin point makes an angle

Of measure with the positive direction of x – axis
4

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Introduction to Calculus

‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

9th September 2013

Preface Ahmed Badawy i

This book was published in 2013 (Jeddah) to present an approach in calculus

It is my hope that this introduction would emphasize a better understanding

Chapter 4 of the book, presents an approach to integration, and is taken from

Preface Ahmed Badawy ii

Chapter 1 Limits Page

Limits of Functions at Infinity 23

Limits of Trigonometric Functions 32

Chapter 2 Derivatives Page

Derivatives of Real Functions 47

Derivatives of Composite Functions 55

Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions 61

Chapter 3 Piece-wise Functions Page

Chapter 4 Integration Page

Part 2: Definite Integral 1

Preface Ahmed Badawy iii

Basic Definition and Symbols

Infinity & negative Infinity "  " & "   "

Are symbols and not real no.s, if a  R , then

Limit of a function at a point

IF f is a polynomial function, then Lim f ( x) = f (a)

IF f (x) = C, where C is constant, then Lim f ( x) = Lim C =C

Chapter 1 Ahmed Badawy 1

1. Lim [ f ( x)  g ( x)]  Lim

2. Lim [c  f ( x)]  cLim

3. Lim [ f ( x)  g ( x)]  Lim

Chapter 1 Ahmed Badawy 2

Remember very well

2. Difference of two squares x2 – y2 = (x – y)(x + y)

x2 – 144 = (x –12)(x +12) 169x2 – 4 = (13x – 2)(13x + 2) x2 – 9 = (x – 3)(x + 3)

3. Sum & Difference of two cubes x3  y3 = ( x  y)( x2  x y + y2 )

x2  2 x y + y2 = ( x  y)2 , Perfect square x2 – 10x + 25 = ( x – 5)2

= (x3 + 2x2) – (9 x + 18) = (x3 – 3 x2) – ( x – 3 )

Chapter 1 Ahmed Badawy 3

x 4  16 ( x 2  4)( x 2  4) ( x  2)( x  2)( x 2  4)

Chapter 1 Ahmed Badawy 4

(3) 2  3(3)  9 999

Chapter 1 Ahmed Badawy 5

9x2  4 (3x  2)(3x  2)

Chapter 1 Ahmed Badawy 6

x 3  5 x 2  4 x  6  33  5(3) 2  4(3)  6 27  5  9  4  3  6

Using the long division by (x + 3) to factorize

Lim x( x 2  x  1) = (1)((1) 2  (1)  1) = – 3

Chapter 1 Ahmed Badawy 7

Chapter 1 Ahmed Badawy 8

Chapter 1 Ahmed Badawy 9

Dividing by the zero factor (x – 1)

Chapter 1 Ahmed Badawy 10

There is another solution by factorizing the numerator twice

There is another solution by factorizing the numerator

Chapter 1 Ahmed Badawy 11

Chapter 1 Ahmed Badawy 12

( x 7  128)  ( x5  32) ( x 7  128) ( x5  32)

Chapter 1 Ahmed Badawy 13

Chapter 1 Ahmed Badawy 14

Chapter 1 Ahmed Badawy 15

Chapter 1 Ahmed Badawy 16

Evaluate the following limits (Group B)

Chapter 1 Ahmed Badawy 17

Evaluate the following limits (Group C)