Reduction of Severe Erosion in The Basic Oxygen Furnace Vessel at Tata Steel, India

AISTech 2019 — Proceedings of the Iron & Steel Technology Conference
6–9 May 2019, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA

DOI 10.1000.377.105
Reduction of Severe Erosion in the Basic Oxygen Furnace Vessel at Tata Steel, India
Mrityunjay Kumar Singh1, Ashutosh Kumar1, Rohit Agarwal1, Biswajit Ghosh1, Debashis Das1, Dirk van der Plas2, Hans
Pronk2, Sudhansu Pathak1
1
Tata Steel Limited,
Bistupur, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India, 831001
Phone:+ 91 7763807306
Email: mrityunjay.singh@tatasteel.com
2
Tata Steel Limited
Postbus 10.000, 1970 CA Ijmuiden, Netherlands
Keywords: Steelmaking, BOF, CFD, Supersonic lance, splashing, erosion
INTRODUCTION
In recent past, one of the BOF vessel of LD1 (vessel#2) has been reported to have severe erosion (see picture of the scan
image of the vessel as shown in Figure 1) during a campaign. An abnormal wear of bricks was found in bath pool region as
well as above bath volume. It was observed that in certain regions, erosion was alarming and bricks were completely eroded
as seen in Figure 1. This problem of premature failure of the vessel has led painstaking investigation of the cause behind this.
Numerous factors such as wear pattern, brick quality, slag splashing practice, hood pressure, exhaust gas CO during blow,
bath height, Argon and Nitrogen purging etc were analysed to get deep insight into the cause.
Figure 1: Evolution of vessel profile during a campaign: blue line shows the profile of bricks after a fixed life of operation.
Few key observations about the issue are outlined as follows:
• The previous campaign with vessel#2 was reported to be the best life with more than 6000 heats.
• No change in the brick quality from previous campaign to the severe erosion campaign was found.
• No abnormal change in the hot metal composition [P, S, Ti, Mn, Si etc] was reported.
• No abnormal mechanical failure in BOF area was registered.
© 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology. 1009

The process data was analysed for the campaigns where severe erosion, highest life ever, and bottom build up was reported.
Figure 2 below shows the box plot for slag chemistry: Fe, MgO and MnO content of slag, for all the threes campaigns. It has
been reported that higher slag Fe in a campaign leads to erosion however comparing the best-ever with respect to severe
erosion do not show a significant difference. A similar insignificant difference can be observed for MgO and MnO. Overall,
it can be stated that no major difference in slag chemistry can be observed during the three campaigns, so this analysis is
unable to pave any concrete clue regarding the abnormality. A further investigation for lance height pattern was evaluated to
get some direction.
Figure 2: Slag chemical analyses data for three campaigns: build up and top cone erosion, severe erosion, and best-ever
campaign. Left: slag Fe, middle: Slag MgO, right: Slag MnO.
The two operating vessels of the LD#1 (vessel#1 and #2) rely on scan images to set the lance height (HLance) during
operation. This is because both vessels have not been equipped with sub-lance system. In general, the frequency of scan is
after every 600 heats of operation. A typical lance profile and off-gas [CO2 and CO] for a heat is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Lance profile and off-gas generation [CO and CO2] during processing a heat.
During processing (blowing) of a heat, a stable lance height (HLance) is maintained for most of the time. This HLance plays a
crucial role to dictate the flow regime and final Carbon (C) and Phosphorus (P) content of the liquid Steel. As campaign
proceeds, the vessel inner shape changes as shown in Figure 1 due to erosion and build-up. In principle, every heat can have
different bath height (HBath) due to erosion of bricks and build-up (solidified liquid metal) and hence requires height of lance
(HLance) to be maintained accordingly. The operator’s decision plays a crucial role in setting the lance height based on input
for bath height in level 2 system of HMI. There can be three situations first, the set lance height is greater than the ideal lance
height, second, the set lance height is less than the ideal lance height, and the third, the set lance height matches exactly with
ideal lance height. The above situations can be visualized as shown in Figure 4. The left picture shows a trend chart for bath
height set by operator and bath height based on scan images for a full campaign (in the range of 6000 heats). As evident, this
campaign in initial stages (<3000 heats) was executed where lance was closer to bath height, to say harder blow regime
(marked with green arrow). However, around 3500-4500 heats, the campaign was executed in a mode where lance was
farther to bath height, to say softer blow regime (marked with blue arrow).
1010 © 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology.

Figure 4: Lance height profile maintenance strategy: actual set bath height by operator vs bath height obtained from scan
images (left), visualization of softer and harder blow based on operator set bath height.
It is interesting to compare the bath height pattern for best-ever campaign with respect to severe erosion campaign as shown
in Figure 5. A strikingly different pattern can be observed. The severe erosion campaign seems to have operated mostly in
softer blow while highest life ever campaign has mostly followed the harder blow pattern. The pertinent question arises
whether these patterns are responsible for the best and worst scenario regarding health of the vessel.
Figure 5: Bath height actual vs bath height from scan, (a) Severe erosion campaign, (b) best-ever (highest life) campaign.
To unravel the above mystery, a detailed CFD analysis is performed for the BOF vessel regarding flow pattern and its impact
on health of the vessel.
CFD MODELING STRATEGY

To model the interaction of supersonic lance flow with slag phase, liquid metal, volume of fluid (VOF) multiphase model
was considered1-2. Non-isothermal conditions were assumed and no chemical reactions are modelled. The modelling strategy
as mentioned in literatures1-2 have been followed in this study.

Figure 6: Geometry of vessel and lance design.
Figure 6 shows a general schematic of the BOF vessel and the 6-hole lance. The BOF vessel of LD1 has following
geometrical and operational features: 8 un-equiangular tuyere (purging openings at bottom from which Argon gas is
injected), Bottom diameter (Dbot)=4700 mm, Top diameter (Dtop)=5600 mm, Diameter of tyueres (Dtye)=2475 mm, PCR
(pitch to circle ratio)= Dtye/ Dbot =0.526, Inlet flow rate/tuyere: 1 N m3/minute = 1000LPM (litres per minute), Bath metal
content=160 Ton. Some important aspects of BOF process are outlined as follows:
• Argon/Nitrogen blowing at bottom provides motion to the bath, basically Argon/Nitrogen acts as stirrer to the liquid
metal.
• As argon reaches the free surface (near slag phase), it disseminates into the atmosphere
• Oxygen is added via top oxygen lance with a very high speed. The oxygen jet pushes away the slag, creating a slag
free area with direct contact between the liquid steel and the oxygen flow.
Supersonic jet modelling

It was reported that to model supersonic jets, a very fine mesh, very small-time steps and a complex turbulence model is
necessary1-2. Important is the impact on the steel bath, resulting in a cavity, stirring of the melt and droplet generation at the
gas-steel interface3-4. To save computer time, only one third (domain covering two-hole lance) of complete converter is
modelled, separated by two symmetry planes. Gas enters the domain at the inlet. It flows through the lance nozzle to the
steel and slag interface. The domain is bounded by the converter wall. Finally, the gas leaves at the outlet. At the inlet, the
gas flow is imposed (divided by six) at a specified temperature. A flow rate of 4500 Nm3/hr per nozzle is typical oxygen flow
rate is maintained. The composition of the gas at the inlet is pure oxygen.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

As stated in the Introduction section that the lance closer to bath height (hard blow regime) and far away (softer flow regime)
had provided key indications regarding the severe erosion issue. To understand the impact of lance height with respect to bath
level, two lance heights LH (HLance)=1.8 and 2.1 m are studied to get characteristics of fluid flow, cavity formation and
overlap of bottom plume eye with the O2 lance cavity. A typical supersonic lance flow profile is as shown in Figure 7. As
typical of supersonic lance, Mach number greater than 2 and the velocity in the range of 500 m/s is obtained near exit of the
lance outlet.

Figure 7: Supersonic lance characteristics: velocity contour plot, O2 velocity and Mach number plot along an axial line.
To visualize the cavity shape created by the lance, iso-surface of slag phase = 0.5 is plotted as shown in Figure 8 (left). This
computation can be used to calculate the cavity radius (Figure 8, right). It is evident that cavity (slag-free area) span per
nozzle is in the range of 0.5 m.
Figure 8: Cavity shape formation by the supersonic lance.
Why erosion above bath level

To find the impact of lance height on cavity formation and slag splashing, the slag phase distribution and gas phase velocity
vectors for LH (HLance)=1.8 and 2.1 m are compared as shown in Figure 9. As evident from both the plots that LH= 2.1 m
provides significantly different flow pattern as compared to LH= 1.8 m. Comparing with cavity modes as mentioned by
Molly3, the LH= 2.1 m creates splashing mode of cavity while LH= 1.8 m creates penetrating mode of cavity.

Figure 9: Impact of lance height on mode of cavity.
To further gain deeper understanding, the gas flow streamlines are plotted for three consecutive time intervals to find chain of
happenings as shown in Figure 10. Looking at evolution of gas phase streamlines, it is very clear that LH=1.8 m imparts
penetrating mode of cavity while LH=2.1 m imparts splashing mode of cavity. This splashing mode (LH=2.1 m) is creating
direct impingement of slag, gas and liquid metal to the vessel wall. This direct impingement to the wall area matches quite
well with the severe erosion area from the scan image as shown in right of the figure 10.
Overall, it can be stated that the softer blow in the case of LH=2.1 m is leading to splashing mode which is responsible for the
sever erosion in the vessel. Higher bath height input by operator creates the flow in splashing mode (say softer blow regime).
It seems that the splashing mode is imparting a sand blasting type of phenomenon near the wall of vessel which is leading to
the severe erosion in the vessel walls above the bath level.
Figure 10: Streamline patterns of O2 phase at three consecutive time intervals for two lance heights, LH=1.8 and 2.1 m.
Why erosion below bath level

As mentioned by Loumala et al5-6, bottom blowing and its interaction with top cavity have a strong influence on splashing
and spitting behavior, bath homogenization and bath oscillation. The bigger the degree of overlap, the more unstable is
oscillation and splashing of the bath. To understand this, plume eye was calculated based on the following formula7:

1 0.5 (1)
 ρSteel  Φ Gas 3  H Bath 2 4
1 1
s 3
1  0.0189  H Bath 
A Eye  9.59  10 2
    2
5 
ρ ρ  DBath 3  HSlag 2
1
m12  Steel Slag 

The plume eye was projected on top surface with respect to lance cavity for both the Lance heights =1.8, 2.1 m as shown in
Figure 11. As evident, lance cavity and plume eye almost touches each other in the case of LH=2.1 m. This type of situation
brings lot of instability and leads to dynamic plume as mentioned in literatures4-6.
Figure 11: Interaction of lance cavity with plume eye created by botton tyures (TBM), red circles: bottom plume eye, gray
empty space with red dots: cavity formed by lance.
The vicinity of plume eye to lance cavity in the case of LH=2.1 m brings instability in the plume and may lead to preferential
pushing of plume towards the vessel wall. This may lead to removal of weaker flows near the walls responsible for build-up.
Unstable plume leading to removal of weaker flows is key for faster mixing, however this will lead to faster erosion of the
vessel in the bottom part. This phenomenon can be depicted as shown in Figure 12. As stated earlier, the very dynamic plume
is required for vigorous mixing helping in improvement of dephosphorization and decarburization, however this can be
detrimental for health of the vessel. The bricks will erode faster in the bath area due to this vigorous churning of metal bath.
For LD#1 vessel #2, this vigorous churning was obvious from this analysis and had led for the bottom erosion.
Figure 12: Impact of lance height on stability of plume created from bottom tuyeres (TBM).

CONCLUSIONS
The interaction of lance flow with plume eye, metal bath, slag plays a crucial role in dictating the life of a BOF vessel. Lance
height with respect to bath height plays a vital role whether the cavity will form in splashing, dimpling or penetrating mode.
In addition, vicinity of top cavity with respect to bottom plume eye brings instability/dynamicity in the bottom plume.
Splashing mode in conjunction with dynamic/unstable plume are two major factors for the severe erosion. The main
important conclusions are outlined as follow:
• Operator set height for bath level is very crucial for health of a BOF vessel.
• Higher set bath height leads the flow in splashing mode. This mode leads to severe erosion in the vessel walls above
the bath level.
• Higher set bath height leads to overlapping of TBM with lance cavity. This overlapping plume eye and top cavity
creates a dynamic flow in the liquid pool. This leads to removal of build-up and faster erosion in the bottom of the
vessel.
• For better control of bath height, frequency of scan must be increased to 100 to adjust the bath height parameter
accordingly.
REFERENCES
1. Q. Li, M. Li, S. B. Kuang and Z. Zou, “ Computational study on the behaviours of supersonic jets and their
impingement onto molten liquid free surface in BOF steelmaking”, Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2014, Vol.53:3,
pp.340-351
2. M. Li, Q. Li, S. Kuang and Z. Zou, “ Computational Investigation of the Splashing Phenomenon Induced by the
Impingement of Multiple Supersonic Jets onto a Molten Slag−Metal Bath”, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2016, 55, 3630−3640
3. N. A. Molloy, "Impinging Jet Flow in a Two-Phase System: The Basic Flow Pattern," Journal of Iron and Steel
Institute, Vol.216, 1970, pp.943-950.
4. S. Sabah and G. Brooks, “Splashing in Oxygen Steelmaking”, ISIJ International, Vol. 54 (2014), No. 4, pp. 836–844
5. M. J. Luomala, T.M. J. Fabritius, E.O. Virtanen, T.P. Siivola and J. J. Harkki , “Splashing and Spitting Behavior in the
Combined Blown Steelmaking Converter”, ISIJ, Vol.42, 2002
6. M. J. Luomala, T.M. J. Fabritius, and J. J. Harkki, “The Effect of Bottom Nozzle Configuration on the Bath Behaviour
in the BOF”, ISIJ International, Vol. 44 (2004), No. 5, pp. 809–816
7. D. Mazumdar and J. W. Evans, “Modelling of steelmaking processes, Chapter 8: Mathematical modelling IV:
Macroscopic modelling of ladle metallurgy steelmaking”, CRC Press, 2010 USA

AUTHOR INDEX
AISTech® 2019
A Barbosa, Ronaldo ............................................... 1979

Abbel, Gert ........................................................ 2137 Barreto-Pohlen, Josef ......................................... 2791
Abdulsalam, Mohammad ........................ 2155, 2667 Bartholdt, C. ...................................................... 2373
Abel, Markus ....................................................... 797 Bartlett, Laura .................................................... 1029
Abraham, Sunday .................................... 1183, 2187 Bastos, Felipe ..................................................... 2001
Abreu, Cesar ...................................................... 2685 Basu, Pradyot ..................................................... 2775
Abreu Fraga, Rafael ........................................... 2333 Bauman, Jeff ...................................................... 1829
Accurso, John .................................................... 2791 Bavestrelli, Giovanni ......................................... 2593
Adjogble, Franck ................................................. 815 Baynes, Jocelyn ..................................................... 23
Agarwal, Rohit .................................................. 1009 Bellai, Deni ........................................................ 1745
Aguirre Ortiz, Francisco Raul ................. 1133, 2401 Benhui, Shi ........................................................ 1383
Ai, Lei .................................................................. 931 Bentsman, Joseph .............................................. 2075
Ai, Yu .................................................................... 97 Bernhard, Christian ............................................ 1441
Aimin, Guo ........................................................ 2013 Bertolissio, Arrigo ............................................... 145
Akishika, Issui ..................................................... 213 Bertoni, Nicola ................................................... 1303
Aksyushin, Maxim .............................................. 601 Beskow, Kristina ................................................. 485
Albanese, Ralph ................................... 299, 321, 519 Bettinger, Dieter .................................................. 577
Al-Dojayli, Maher ....................................... 299, 465 Beyens, Dries ....................................................... 891
Alessandrini, Andrea ......................................... 1849 Bharati, Sanghamitra ......................................... 2835
Almeida, Paulo .................................................... 451 Bhattacharya, Saptarshi ......................................... 83
Almqvist, Jonna ................................................... 531 Bhattacharyya, Anrin ........................................... 263
Alshawarghi, Hamzah ....................................... 1053 Bilgen, Christian ................................................ 1389
Alter, Michael ...................................................... 507 Binroth, Christian .............................................. 1745
Amano, Shota ...................................................... 987 Biswas, Siddhartha ............................................ 2093
Ambra, Antonio ................................................. 1953 Blanpain, Bart .................................................... 2101
Anand, Rajesh ..................................................... 311 Blazek, Kenneth ................................................. 1417
Andersson, Daniel ............................................. 2559 Block, Michelle ..................................................... 33
Andersson, Joakim Z. .......................................... 775 Blomqvist, Fredrik ............................................. 2559
Andrade, Marcelo ........................................ 163, 547 Bobek, James ....................................................... 329
Aníbal Morales Pereira, Julio ............................ 1197 Bobig, Paolo ...................................................... 1395
Ansió, Carlos ....................................................... 735 Bodley, Michael ........................................... 299, 519
Ansoldi, Marco .................................................... 745 Bodnar, Rick ............................................ 1183, 2187
Anthony, Mark ............................................ 321, 329 Bojikian Matsubara, Daniel ..................... 1873, 2333
Antunes Paiva, Inês Isabel ................................... 407 Bolcato, Giovanni ................................................ 123
Arafin, M. .......................................................... 1907 Boldrin, N. ......................................................... 1411
Araújo Silva, José Geraldo de ........................... 2769 Bolen, Janice ........................................................ 353
Araújo, Lucas Teixeira ...................................... 2769 Bolognini, Giammario ........................................... 75
Aspetsberger, Roman ........................................ 2531 Boman, Fredrik .................................................... 797
Assis, Paulo Santos ...................................... 399, 943 Borah, Sampurna ......................................... 719, 727
Bordignon, Michele ........................................... 2805
Bose, Souptik ......................................................... 83
B Bösenhofer, Markus ................................... 407, 2641
Babusiak, Ken ................................................... 1503 Bosserman, Tim ................................................... 835
Bacchetti, Lorenzo ................................... 2895, 2899 Böttner, Detlef ................................................... 1693
Baczynsky, Joseph ............................................. 2061 Bowman, Ian ...................................................... 1661
Bader, Anthony ................................................. 1699 Braam, Malte ....................................................... 347
Baltuch, Edmund G. .............................................. 67 Bragin, S. ........................................................... 1587
Baltuch, Siegmar U. .............................................. 67 Braz Trindade, Vicente ...................................... 2393
Banerjee, Amit ................................................... 1275 Breuer, Michael ................................................. 1599
Barati, Mansoor ................................................. 2281 Brooks, Geoffrey ............................. 687, 1123, 2461
Barbosa, Leticia ................................................. 1979 Brown, Gary ............................................ 1183, 2187

Brugger, Christian ............................................. 2521 Conville, Matthew ............................................. 2491
Brühl, Fritz ........................................................ 1809 Copetti, Giuliano ................................................. 473
Brunner, Joseph ................................................... 329 Costa, Giovanna Lorena Carneiro ..................... 2025
Burgel, G. .......................................................... 2373 Costa, Joaquim ................................................... 1979
Burns, Edward ..................................................... 473 Cotchen, J. Kevin ................................................. 649
Busolini, Loris ......................................... 1401, 2509 Cotton, Charles .................................................. 2619
Busser, John ................................................. 299, 519 Coura Giacomin, Rafael .................................... 2259
Cowden, Sean .................................................... 1067
C Cox, Jeffrey ....................................................... 2629
Calderón-Hurtado, Fabian ................................. 1141 Cramer, Ulrich ................................................... 1563
Cameron, Ian ....................... 275, 299, 353, 465, 519 Cudicio, Marco Peter ........................................... 155
Campagnolo, Luca ............................................... 123 Cullen, Daniel .................................................... 1661
Campbell, Michael .............................................. 823 Cunha Alves, Pedro ........................................... 1197
Campos, Alex ...................................................... 399 Cunha Aranda, Vinicius ..................................... 1291
Cândido, Gabriel .................................................. 451 Cuypers, Jan ......................................................... 891
Caplick, Christopher ............................................ 547
Cargill, Jeremy .................................................... 823 D
Carvalho, Daniel Augusto Godinho de ................ 897 Dai, Hong ........................................................... 2421
913, 979 Dai, Jianhua ......................................................... 611
Castro, Herbert .................................................... 897 D’Alessio, John ................................................... 383
Casuccio, Gary .................................................. 2155 Das, Achintya ...................................................... 701
Cerilli, Erminio .................................................. 2365 Das, Arijit .......................................................... 1479
Cestari, Luca ...................................................... 2573 Das, Debashis .................................................... 1009
Chaika, O. ............................................................ 479 Das, Lipsa .......................................................... 2219
Chakraborty, Soumava ...................................... 1029 Das, Satyajit ......................................................... 965
Chalavadi, Ganesh ............................................... 701 De, Amar ........................................................... 2093
Challapalli, Sri ......................................... 2509, 2573 De Luca, Andrea ................................................ 1935
Chan, Allen ........................................................ 1053 De Moor, Emmanuel ......................................... 1819
Chatterjee, Saikat ..... 55, 83, 1211, 1479, 2161, 2207 Degel, Rolf ......................................................... 2455
Chattopadhyay, Kinnor ..................... 55, 1141, 1211, DeMark, Donna ................................................. 1699
1331, 1455, 1467, 2207 Demuner, Leonardo Martins ...................... 897, 1291
Chattopadhyay, Partha ................................. 719, 727 Deng, Zhenqiang ............................................... 2311
Chaudhary, Puneet ....................................... 719, 727 Deo, Brahma ........................................ 719, 727, 859
Chedal-Anglay, Bruno ....................................... 1971 Desai, Navin ........................................................ 881
Chen, Wei .......................................................... 1345 Dias, Francislaynne Lages ....................... 2319, 2393
Chen, Xiangyang ............................................... 1615 Diaz, Jose Ignacio .............................................. 1971
Chen, Yongfeng ................................................. 2327 Dohi, Yusuke ....................................................... 213
Chen, Yuchao ...................................................... 789 Doizaki, Tetsuji ................................................. 1579
Chen, Yuxin ....................................................... 2101 Dolzan, Simone ................................................. 1829
Chen, Zhelin ...................................................... 2075 Donadon, Andrea ............................................... 2805
Cheng, Arthur ...................................................... 275 Donskoi, Eugene .................................................. 237
Chevrier, Vincent ................................................ 617 Dorstewitz, Frank .............................................. 2729
Chiu, Wen-Kuei ................................................. 2907 Drennan, William .............................................. 2075
Cho, Sang-Hyun ................................................ 2365 Dubois, Michel ........................................ 1791, 1801
Cho, Seong-Mook .................................... 1317, 2219 Dunbar, Malcom .................................................... 15
Chomyn, Kyle ............................................. 299, 465 Dunn, Michelle .................................................. 1123
Choubey, Krishna Murari .................................. 1275 Dunnett, K. ........................................................ 1907
Clesen, Romain ................................................... 329 Durocher, David ................................................ 2543
Codarin, Morris ................................................. 2805 Dyar, Cody ......................................................... 1699
Codutti, Andrea ................................................. 2805
Collins, L. .......................................................... 1907
Connolly, Brendan ............................................. 1067

E Gao, Zhengkai ..................................................... 611
Eichert, Thomas ................................................. 1061 Garcia Reis, Emanuelle ..................................... 2333
Eisenkoeck, Peter .............................................. 2373 Garcia-Hernández, Saul ..................................... 1141
Ekman, Tomas ................................................... 2559 Garg, Ashish ...................................................... 2775
Engdahl, Jonas ................................................... 2559 Garibaldi, Marco .................................................... 75
England, Alex ............................................ 835, 1249 Gaspera, Antonio Della ....................................... 155
Entwistle, Jason ........................................... 299, 321 Gautreau, Thierry ............................................... 1401
Gawron, Ryan ...................................................... 329
Gepitulan, Gary ................................................. 1579
F Ghobara, Yasser ........................................... 299, 519
Fabina, Larry ..................................................... 2629 Ghorbani, Hamid ................................................. 465
Fan, Jianglin ...................................................... 2629 Ghorui, Prabhat Kumar ........................................ 495
Fan, Xinku ......................................................... 2603 Ghose, Partha S. ................................................. 2703
Faria, Ricardo .................................................... 1873 Ghosh, Biswajit ................................................. 1009
Feilmayr, Christoph ................................... 407, 2641 Ghosh, PK ............................................................ 781
Feldhaus, Stephan .............................................. 1281 Gileva, Larisa Yu. ................................................ 417
Ferguson, Scott .................................................... 797 Gillgrass, Steven .......................................... 935, 951
Fernandez, Juan Ramon ....................................... 757 Gilmore, Jim ...................................................... 1265
Ferreira, Amarildo ............................................. 2025 Giroux, Louis ............... 137, 183, 199, 255, 427, 435
Ferreira, Helder .................................................. 1979 Giso, Nicolo ....................................................... 2593
Ferreira, Julio Cesar ........................................... 2685 Gleason, James .................................................. 1451
Field, Daniel ...................................................... 2271 Goli-Oglu, Eugene ............................................. 2343
Filatov, Sergei ..................................................... 417 Gomes, Christiano ............................................... 451
Filzwieser, Andreas ........................................... 2455 Gonçalves, Hugo ............................................... 2685
Fisher, Timothy ................................................... 129 Gonçalves, Marcílio ............................................. 451
Folco, Luca .......................................................... 473 Gong, Jian .......................................................... 1735
Fontana, Andrea ................................................ 2461 Gönülalan, Erdi .................................................. 1987
Foppe, Thomas .................................................. 2893 González, Marco ................................................ 1723
Fornasier, Marcellino ........................................ 1411 Goodman, Neil ..................................................... 593
Forrer, Manuel ................................................... 2859 Goodwin, Frank ................................................. 1781
Franks, Tony ...................................................... 1183 Gordon, Yakov .................... 311, 417, 443, 479, 507
Fredrick, Jeremiah ............................................... 835 Gorni, Antonio ................................................... 1873
Fredriksson, Ulf ................................................... 263 Gouveia, Antônio Maria Claret de ..................... 2769
Freitas Paixão, Vinicius ..................................... 2025 Grasselli, Andrea ................................................. 775
Frenzel, Jens ...................................................... 2659 Green, Edward ..................................................... 669
Frey, Larry ......................................................... 2761 Gregord, John .................................................... 1281
Fries, Uwe de ....................................................... 965 Greguoldo, Jacopo ............................................... 145
Fritschek, Harald ................................................. 577 Greisen, Zibrandt ............................................... 2343
Fuchshuber, Daniel ............................................ 2521 Grillo, Felipe ...................................................... 2119
Fujimoto, Hidekazu ............................................. 213 Grimm, Georg .................................................... 1081
Fukada, Kiyoshi ........................................... 213, 537 Grindey, John G. .......................................... 299, 519
Furtado, Henrique Silva ........... 869, 943, 2111, 2119 Grosseiber, S. ..................................................... 1537
Gruess, Ansgar ................................................... 1553
G Gu, Leigang ............................................. 1629, 2289
Gabrielsson, Bjorn ............................................. 1067 Guerrini, Edoardo ................................................ 805
Gadzala, Anthony ................................................ 329 Guiling, Yang .................................................... 1525
Gajic, Drazen ....................................................... 225 Gül, Hamdi ........................................................ 1987
Gambarine Soares, Silas ...................................... 869 Günbay, Serdar .................................................. 1987
Gandin, Franco .................................................. 1091 Gündüz, Oğuz .................................................... 1987
Gantner, Andreas ............................................... 1081 Guo, Muxing ...................................................... 2101
Gao, Nan ............................................................ 2155 Gusek, Christopher ............................................ 2659
Gao, Tai ............................................................... 611

H Huang, Frank ....................................................... 547
Haberkorn, Miles ............................................... 1183 Huang, Xianai .............................. 137, 255, 427, 435
Hackl, Gernot .................................................... 2851 Huddleston, Logan ............................................. 1029
Hackl, M. ........................................................... 1587 Hughes, David ..................................................... 365
Haghdoost, Amy ................................................ 2069 Hull, Weldon ....................................................... 823
Hagihara, Yoshiyuki .......................................... 1309 Hurley, Timothy ................................................ 2797
Halko, Jason ........................................................ 183 Husakovic, Adnan ............................................. 2743
Hällström, Mats ................................................. 1509 Hussey, Matthew ............................................... 2543
Han, Byeong-ha ................................................. 1257
Hanel, Martina ................................................... 2455 I
Hansen, Fabrice ................................................... 567 Ibarra, Ivonne ..................................................... 2709
Hansson, Carolyn M. ............................................... 1 Ichikawa, Kazuhira .............................................. 537
Harasek, Michael ....................................... 407, 2641 Iida, Atsuhisa ..................................................... 2825
Hartl, Franz ........................................................ 2743 Iida, Masakazu ................................................... 2843
Hartmann, Helmuth ........................................... 2609 Ilgar, Ersan ......................................................... 2069
Harvey, Andrew ................................................ 1907 Ilie, Sergiu ......................................................... 1441
Harvey, Richard ................................................... 359 Ilinca, Florin ...................................................... 1781
Haschke, Arno ................................................... 2751 Imanari, Hiroyuki .................................... 1579, 2447
Hashimoto, Eiji .................................................. 1579 Inoue, Hisashi .................................................... 2769
Hauzenberger, Franz .................................. 407, 2641 Ishii, Jun ............................................................... 537
He, Chunlai .......................................................... 931 Ito, Kiyoharu ........................................................ 881
He, Longze ........................................................ 1545 Ivlev, Sergey ........................................................ 601
He, Yang ............................................................ 2311 Iwamoto, Yukimasa ........................................... 1265
He, Yining ......................................................... 1607 Iwata, Koji ......................................................... 2427
Hemrick, James ................................................. 2819 Iwatani, Jo .......................................................... 1545
Hennessy, Denis ................................................ 2093 Izumskiy, Nikolai ................................................ 479
Henstock, Mitchell .............................................. 311
Hermann, Eduard ............................................... 1517 J
Hernández Duarte, Eduardo .............................. 1291 Jaiswal, Arvind Kumar ........................................ 495
Hernandez Paredes, Pablo Enoc .............. 1133, 2401 Janse van Vuuren, Rudi ..................................... 2461
Hertrich Giraldo, Ashton ..................................... 679 Jansto, Steven .................................................... 2353
Hinton, John ............................................ 1907, 1917 Jarvikivi, Mikko ................................................. 2255
Hirosawa, Toshiyuki ............................................ 537 Jennings, Bob ..................................................... 1503
Hittalamani, Basavarajappa K ........................... 2835 Ji, Fuzhong ......................................................... 2137
Hlade, Toby ....................................................... 2797 Jia, Hongsheng ..................................................... 931
Hodnik, Peter ..................................................... 1401 Jiao, Yuekan ........................................................ 225
Hoffmann, Mathias .............................................. 173 Jianchun, Cao ..................................................... 2013
Hoffmeyer, Kevin .............................................. 2697 Johnson, Kurt ..................................................... 2629
Hofmann, Axel .................................................... 965 Jolivet, Ryan ...................................................... 1765
Holm, Elizabeth ................................................. 2155 Jones, Jeremy A.T. .............................................. 627
Holmes, Daniel .................................................... 767 Jordan, Christian ........................................ 407, 2641
Holzhauer, Thomas ............................................ 1563 Joshi, Harsh ....................................................... 2835
Horgan, Alan ..................................................... 2697 Jungbauer, Andi ................................................. 1537
Horisawa, Teruo ................................................ 1841 Junior Correa, Willian ....................................... 1291
Horwood, Robert ......................................... 339, 359
Hosokawa, Kohei .............................................. 1175
Hsueh, J. ............................................................ 1959 K
Hu, Changzong .................................................. 1571 Kabosch, Dino ................................................... 1281
Hu, Deshun .......................................................... 611 Kacar, Yilmaz ............................................ 661, 1225
Hu, Ke ............................................................... 1753 Kadam, Rohini ................................................... 1123
Hu, Kun ............................................................. 2437 Kakihara, Masayoshi ......................................... 2825
Hu, Zhichun ....................................................... 2421 Kalugin, Marina ................................................... 601

Kanaya, Takafumi ............................................. 1841 L
Kaneko, Shohei ................................................. 2825 L, Mallikarjun ...................................................... 311
Kang, Myeong-Hun ........................................... 2147 Lachmund, Helmut .............................................. 849
Kang, Youn-Bae ................................................ 2147 Laimer, Brigitte ................................................. 2675
Kashihara, Yusuke ............................................... 537 Lammer, Gregor ...................................... 1081, 2859
Katayama, Daisuke ............................................ 1265 Lan, Peng ................................................. 1363, 2195
Katsumura, Tatsuro ........................................... 2035 Lanari, Andrea ..................................................... 145
Kaza, Marutiram .......................................... 495, 997 Lanzenberger, Ronald ........................................ 2859
Kazmaier, Darren ................................................ 353 Lanzendorfer, Thomas ....................................... 2497
Kelly, Michael ................................................... 2041 LaRoy, Bob .......................................................... 835
Kempken, Jens ................................................... 2609 Lavric, T. ........................................................... 2373
Kern, Wolfgang ................................................... 173 Lazo, Rafael ....................................................... 2411
Khalili, Hamoun ................................................ 2069 Leber, Martin ....................................................... 767
Khullar, Akshay ................................................. 2085 Lebid, V. .............................................................. 479
Kierkegaard, Pär ................................................ 1509 Lee, Du ................................................................ 299
Kikkawa, Tanehiro ............................................ 1641 Lee, J. ................................................................. 1907
Kikuchi, Naoki .................................................... 987 Lee, Joo-Hyeok .................................................. 2147
Kilato, Joachim .................................................. 1917 Lehman, Anders F. .............................................. 775
Kilpatrick, William ............................................ 2491 Lei, Ting ................................................................ 97
Kim, Geonu ......................................................... 661 Leist, Joe .............................................................. 109
Kim, Sung-Kwang ............................................. 2147 Leitner, Reinhold ..................................... 2521, 2531
Klaas, Mitchell .................................................... 383 Lencina, Rodrigo ............................................... 2101
Klipa, Nicholas .................................................. 1281 Lengauer, T. ....................................................... 1537
Knigge, Mathias ...................................... 1389, 1395 Lesne, T. ............................................................ 2373
Knights, Mike .................................................... 1395 Leung, Jackie ........................................... 1455, 1467
Kober, David ..................................................... 2585 Li, Bin ................................................................ 1629
Koblenzer, Harald .............................................. 1091 Li, Delin ............................................................... 137
Kohler, Gordon .................................................. 1849 Li, Donghui .............................. 43, 1455, 1331, 1467
Konar, Bikram ......................... 55, 1211, 1331, 1455 Li, Jingshe .......................................................... 2327
König, Bernhard ................................................ 2641 Li, Shaoxiang ........................................... 1363, 2195
Kopin, F. ............................................................ 2373 Li, Weifu ............................................................ 1345
Kortzak, Katharina .............................................. 849 Li, Yan-jiang ........................................................ 269
Kotzian, Daniel .................................................. 1553 Liang, Mingyi .................................................... 2219
Krassnig, Hans-Jörg .......................................... 2455 Liang, Wang ........................................................ 269
Krimpelstätter, Konrad ...................................... 1587 Liang, Xun-guo .................................................. 2289
Kronberger, Thomas ............................................ 577 Liddell, Duke ..................................................... 1829
Krüger, Matthias ................................................ 1683 Lima, Ernani ...................................................... 1979
Krupp, Ulrich ..................................................... 2393 Limmer, Krista ................................................... 2271
Kubbe, Andreas ................................................. 2729 Lin, Wei ............................................................. 2843
Kučera, Lubor ...................................................... 601 Linazasoro, Jon .................................................. 2791
Kuehas, Thomas ................................................ 2531 Linden, Wolfgang ...................................... 347, 2653
Kumar, Ashutosh ..................................... 1009, 1275 Lino, Roney ....................................................... 1979
Kumar, Avinash ................................................. 2085 Linzer, B. ........................................................... 1537
Kumar, D Satish .................................................. 997 Littig Berger, Anna Paula .................................... 869
Kumar, Satendra .................................................. 495 Liu, Chang ......................................................... 1113
Kumar, Sunil ............................................... 311, 859 Liu, Chengsong .................................................. 2131
Kuntz, Charles ................................................... 2761 Liu, Huasong ..................................................... 1363
Kuran, Orhan ....................................................... 745 Liu, Hui .............................................................. 2603
Kurz, Matthias ......................................... 1491, 2659 Liu, Jianhua ....................................................... 2311
Kuuskman, Kate ................................................ 2365 Liu, Rui .............................................................. 1425
Liu, Xianjun ....................................................... 1629
Liu, Xiliang .......................................................... 611

Liu, Zhanwen ......................................................... 97 Matsunaga, Takayuki ......................................... 2843
Löhe, Klaus ....................................................... 1491 Mattern, Tim ...................................................... 2791
Lopez, Beatriz .................................................... 2001 Matveienko, G. .................................................... 479
Lopez, Borja ...................................................... 2061 Mawer, Robert ............................................. 339, 359
Lopez, Esteban .................................................. 2709 Maxfield, Myrissa .............................................. 2187
Lora, Nathan ...................................................... 1899 May, Kasey ........................................................ 2491
Lourenço, Fábio Luiz ........................................ 1291 Mayrhofer, Anna ............................................... 2743
Lowry, Michael ................................................. 1425 McClanahan, Rex ................................................ 823
Lu, Zijun ............................................................ 2447 McCosby, Matthew ........................................... 1765
Lubinski, Steve .................................................. 1067 McCoy, Michael .................................................. 299
Lucas Fuentes, José Ignacio .............................. 1971 McLain, Jeffery ................................................. 1661
Luccini, Marco .................................................. 2593 McLean, Alexander ................................. 2281, 2311
Lukesch, Gernot ................................................ 2851 Medeiros Santos, Vanessa Rodrigues de ............. 913
Luo, Baolong ......................................................... 43 Meder, Kerstin ..................................................... 923
Luo, Lei ................................................................. 43 Meier, Marcel .................................................... 1281
Luo, Ming .......................................................... 2195 Meisch, Claude .................................................... 567
Luo, Yan ............................................................ 1233 Memoli, Francesco .............................................. 775
Luo, Youxin ........................................................... 33 Mengel, Christian .............................................. 1563
Lv, Baodong ........................................................ 611 Meurer, Daniel ................................................... 2851
Michelon, Giovanni ........................................... 1281
M Midha, Rishi ........................................................ 299
Ma, Alvin ........................................................... 2207 Miele, Marco ..................................................... 2659
Ma, Haibo .......................................................... 1425 Milligan, Elyce .................................................. 1607
Ma, Naiyang ........................................................ 163 Miskiw, Joseph .................................................. 2365
Ma, Tom .............................................................. 823 Mittal, Raghav ......................................... 2161, 2207
Ma, Xiaoping ..................................................... 2365 Mondal, Shubhajit ....................................... 719, 727
Maccagni, Massimo ............................................. 805 Monteiro, Mário ................................................... 451
Maccani, Gianluca ............................................. 1287 Morales, Jesus .................................................... 1723
Machado, Daniel .................................................. 451 Morales, Rodolfo ..................................... 1141, 1417
Machado, Marcelo Lucas Pereira ...................... 2383 Moreira Galinari, Clenice .................................. 1373
Maenhoudt, Mireille ............................................ 891 Moreland, John ...................................................... 33
Magalhães Mourão, Gabriel Marques ................. 943 Morgan, Randi ..................................................... 109
Mahashabde, Vinay ........................................... 2085 Morsut, Luigi ..................................................... 1411
Maia, Breno ................................................. 913, 979 Moser, Herbert ................................................... 1401
Maierhofer, Andreas ................................ 1553, 2751 Mukherjee, Amarnath ........................................ 1275
Maiolo, Joe ........................................................ 2629 Mukherjee, Atanu .............................. 83, 1479, 2161
Maity, Arunava ...................................... 55, 83, 1211 Murzin, Yury ....................................................... 601
Maity, Subhajit .................................................. 2085 Musso, Claudio .................................................... 451
Malakar, Parimal ......................................... 719, 727 Mutsam, Nikolaus .............................................. 1081
Malfliet, Annelies .............................................. 2101 Myasoedov, Sergei .............................................. 417
Malovini Loiola, Bruna Helena ........................... 943
Manning, Christopher .......................................... 617 N
Marincic, Ivan ................................................... 1765 N, Ragunath ........................................................... 55
Marsh, Jon ........................................................... 329 Nafade, Nikhil ................................................... 2411
Martin, Keith ....................................................... 329 Nagarajan, Tamil Selvan ..................................... 757
Martinez, Aracely .............................................. 2709 Naka, Yusuke ..................................................... 1841
Martinis, Alessandro ............................................ 679 Nakayama, Toru ................................................ 1753
Martins, AP ....................................................... 2119 Nawafune, Masashi ............................................. 881
Marukawa, Hidekazu ......................................... 1841 Neuer, Jochen ...................................................... 815
Mascarenhas Fernandes, Lúcio ......................... 1291 Ng, Ka Wing ................................ 137, 255, 427, 435
Masini, Riccardo ................................................ 1959 Nicholson, Wesley ............................................. 1183
Matsui, Takashi ................................................... 213 Nielsen, Jonathan ................................................. 805

Nielson, Samuel ................................................... 383 Paulon, Gabriele ................................................ 1401
Nieves, Leonardo ............................................... 1723 Pauluzzi, Dario .................................................... 679
Nightingale, Robert ............................................. 507 Pavlov, Alekander ............................................... 443
Nii, Toshihiro .................................................... 1735 Pearcey, Owen ................................................... 1765
Nikitenko, Eugene ............................................. 1595 Pearson, Dave ...................................................... 225
Nimbalkar, Anil ................................................. 1849 Pearson, Richard .................................................. 225
Nispel, Michael .................................................... 849 Peixoto, Johne Jesus Mol ................................... 1373
Niu, Huaiping .................................................... 1571 Pellecchia, Daniel .............................................. 2497
Noldin, José ......................................................... 849 Pellegrini, Giacomo ........................................... 2573
Nouchi, Taihei ..................................................... 537 Peng, Kaiyu ....................................................... 1113
Peng, Kang-Yung .............................................. 2299
O Peng, Yan ........................................................... 1383
Oberaigner, Wolfgang ....................................... 2531 Pennerstorfer, Paul ............................................. 2521
Ohkawa, Yukio .................................................. 2843 Pereda, Beatriz ................................................... 2001
Okada, Masanori ................................................ 1265 Peretic, Michael ............................. 1563, 1599, 1683
Okelo, Roman .................................................... 2721 Pernkopf, Franz ................................................. 1081
Okosun, Tyamo ................................................... 383 Perottet, Cédric .................................................. 2479
Okumura, Ei ...................................................... 2427 Pethke, Jürgen ...................................................... 263
Olia, Hamed ....................................................... 2219 Petrasch, Niklas ................................................. 1491
Oliveira, Heitor Cristo Clem de ....... 869, 2111, 2119 Petty, Randy ............................................. 1183, 2187
Oliveira, José Roberto de ................ 869, 2111, 2119 Peyha, Mario ...................................................... 1441
Oliveira, Vinicius Sinhorely .............................. 1291 Phát, Nguyen Thanh .......................................... 1849
Oliveira Daumas, Gustavo de ............................ 2769 Piazza, Manuele ................................................... 745
Oliveira Pezzin, Rodrigo de ................................ 869 Picciolo, Federico ................................................ 805
O’Malley, Ronald .............................................. 1029 Pigani, Alessandro ............................................. 1395
Ometto, Marco ......................................... 2509, 2573 Pinney, Michael ................................................. 2473
Onorin, Oleg ........................................................ 443 Pischak, John ..................................................... 1249
Osaka, Yuka ...................................................... 2447 Pistorius, P. Chris ........ 661, 1155, 1165, 1225, 1607
Osborne, David .................................................... 359 Pittner, John ....................................................... 1669
Ota, Hiroki ......................................................... 2035 Plessinger, Ryan ................................................ 1819
Ota, Ryutaro ...................................................... 1651 Pole, Mark ......................................................... 1699
Ottosson, Patrik ................................................. 2559 Poliakov, Andrei .................................................. 237
Ouyang, Biao ....................................................... 289 Polinov, Andrey ................................................... 443
Özyiğit, D. ......................................................... 1987 Polo, Andrea ............................................ 2509, 2573
Pothal, Gyanranjan ...................................... 719, 727
Potter, Michael ................................................... 2155
P Pownceby, Mark .................................................. 687
Page, Garrett .......................................................... 33 Preall, Tyler ......................................................... 935
Palfreman, Matthew .......................................... 1943 Premanand, Krishnan ................................. 347, 2653
Pandey, Shwetank ................................................ 997 Preuler, Lukas .................................................... 1441
Papinutto, Michele ............................................. 1411 Price, John ........................................................... 183
Paraiwa, Fungai ................................................... 951 Prokofyev, Boris .................................................. 601
Park, HeeKyoung (Jackie) ................................... 225 Pronk, Hans ....................................................... 1009
Parker, David ..................................................... 1861 Ptaszyk, Klaus ..................................................... 815
Parodi, Giorgio G. ................................................. 75 Pueschel, Louis Brian ........................................ 2497
Parreiras Tavares, Roberto .................................. 979 Pula, Ravi ............................................................. 519
Pasek, Jennifer ................................................... 2697 Purohit, Suneeti ................................................... 687
Patel, Jitendrakumar .......................................... 2365
Pathak, Sudhansu ............................................... 1009
Pathania, Ravinder ............................................. 2085 Q
Patil, Prakash ..................................................... 2835 Qi, Jiang ............................................................. 1383
Patrizio, Damiano ................................................ 745 Qi, Mingming .................................................... 2603
Qing, Jingjing .................................................... 1041

Qiu, Shengtao .................................................... 2281 Sambandam, Manjini ........................................... 495
Sammon, William ................................................ 163
R Sanchez, Bruno .................................................. 2791
Rahman, Mohammad M. ................................... 2245 Sandri, Matteo ................................................... 2573
Ramstorfer, Franz .............................................. 1291 Sanford, Christopher .......................................... 1281
Rantitsch, Gerd .................................................... 263 Santos, Dagoberto Brandão ............................... 2319
Rao, Srinivas ....................................................... 311 Santos, Juliana Gomes dos ................................ 2383
Ratz, Alexander ................................................. 1081 Santos Junior, Paulo Luiz .................................. 1373
Ravagnan, Giorgio ............................................... 123 Saparrat, Marcelo ............................................... 2709
Ravenscroft, Christopher ..................................... 669 Sarkar, Abhijit ..................................................... 881
Rebellato, Marcelo ........................ 1873, 2001, 2013 Sarkar, Sudipto .................................................. 2085
Reindl, Thomas ................................................. 2675 Sasse, Caesar ..................................................... 1809
Reis Lima, Willian dos ........................................ 913 Sato, Shingo ......................................................... 987
Reljic, Alexander ............................................... 1517 Schaaf, Preston .................................................. 2187
Ren, Ying ........................................................... 1233 Schaler, Martin .................................................... 577
Resende, Alexandre Dolabella .......................... 2851 Schaming, Bob ................................................... 1899
Reuter, Yves ........................................................ 567 Schaumann, Odette ............................................ 2609
Rhamdhani, Akbar ............................................... 687 Schenk, Johannes ......................................... 263, 979
Ribeiro, Mariana A. ............................................. 979 Schlobohm, John ............................................... 2763
Richard, Sebastian ............................................. 1683 Schlüter, Jochen ....................................... 1061, 2729
Richharia, Bipin ................................................... 757 Schmitz, Alexander ............................................. 567
Rieger, Johannes .................................................. 407 Schrenk, Todd ...................................................... 299
Roach, Jeff ......................................................... 1699 Schulze Schencking, Dirk .................................. 1893
Roberts, Mark .................................................... 1765 Schuppert, Felix ................................................. 2653
Robinson, Ian ..................................................... 1917 Schuster, Ingo .................................................... 1615
Rocha, Vinicius Cardoso da .............................. 1197 Schweighofer, D. ............................................... 2373
Rodríguez-Ibabe, Jose M. ........................ 2001, 2013 Scipolo, Vittorio ................................................ 2593
Rogers, Brian ....................................................... 299 Seaman, John ..................................................... 1861
Rohlfs, Henrique ................................................ 2685 Seemon, Anil ....................................................... 757
Rohrhofer, Andreas ................................... 923, 2743 Seetharaman, Sridhar ......................................... 1819
Romano, Enrico ................................................. 1829 Seilinger, A. ....................................................... 1587
Rose, Jordan ...................................................... 2255 Sengupta, Joydeep ............................................. 1455
Rosenbalm, David S. ............................................. 33 Senguttuvan, Anand ............................. 55, 701, 2161
Ruan, Xiaoming ................................................. 2219 Seshadri, Varadarajan ........................................ 1373
Rudge, D. ............................................................. 353 Setoguchi, Akito ................................................ 1101
Runde, Wilfried ................................................... 815 Shelton, Timothy ............................................... 2761
Russell, Bradford ............................................... 2721 Shen, William .................................................... 1943
Ryan, Barry ......................................................... 183 Shikhmetoff, Paul ................................................ 767
Rydarowski, Steven ............................................. 109 Shimoda, Naoki ................................................. 1525
Shimoyama, Izumi ............................................... 213
Shin, Min-chul ................................................... 1257
S Shinohara, Shutaro ............................................. 2447
Sabino Mota, Moacir Andretti ............................. 943 Shivaram, Pavan ................................................ 2851
Saccamozzone, Thomas .......................... 2877, 2887 Shore, S.M. ........................................................ 1959
Sadri, Afshin ................................................ 311, 375 Shukla, Ajay Kumar ............................................ 997
Sağlam, Ahmet .................................................. 1987 Shuli, Jozi .......................................................... 1935
Sah, Rameshwar .................................................. 495 Sieghart, Jörn ..................................................... 1693
Sahoo, Kanan Kumar ........................................... 859 Silaen, Armin ................................... 789, 1425, 2629
Sahoo, Susil Kumar ..................................... 719, 727 Silva, Aline Lima da ............................................ 913
Saito, Takeshi .................................................... 1309 Silva, Ana Paula ................................................ 2025
Sakalli, Erhan .................................................... 1987 Silva, Carlos Antônio da ............................ 943, 1373
Salgado, Raissa S. ................................................ 979 Silva, Carlos Noberto Paula da .......................... 2333

Silva, Cecília Laia da ........................................... 943 T
Silva, Douglas Figueiredo ................................. 2393 Takahashi, Yukio ................................................. 987
Silva, Itavahn Alves da .............................. 943, 1373 Takeuchi, Naoya ................................................ 1411
Silva, Ivan .......................................................... 2393 Tang, Dai ................................................. 1155, 1165
Silveira, Debora C.O. .......................................... 979 Tang, Guangwu ................................................... 789
Silveira, José Herbert Dolabela da .......... 1873, 2333 Tang, Haiyan ........................................... 1363, 2195
Simaan, Marwan A. ........................................... 1669 Tang, Yong ........................................................ 2851
Simoes, Jean-Paul ................................................ 567 Teegavarapu, Sudhakar ...................................... 1943
Singh, L.R. ........................................................... 311 Tellatin, Aldo ..................................................... 1935
Singh, Mrityunjay Kumar .................................. 1009 Teng, Lidong ....................................................... 775
Singh, Ranjay .................................................... 2085 Teworte, Rainer ................................................. 1061
Singh, Ranjeet ..................................................... 701 Tham, J. ............................................................. 1765
Sinha, Navneet ................................................... 1275 Thazhath Johnce, Swathish ........................ 923, 2743
Sly, David .......................................................... 1123 Thekale, Alexander ............................................ 2659
Smeulders, J.B.A.F. ........................................... 1709 Thomas, Brian ..................... 1317, 2075, 2175, 2219
Smith, Andrew ................................................... 2137 Thomasberger, Jörg ........................................... 2653
Sohn, Il .................................................................. 49 Thurston, Alex ................................................... 2691
Sollander, Hans ................................................. 1509 Tian, Kelly ......................................................... 2629
Soltys, Cameron .................................................. 465 Tian, Xiaogang .................................................. 1571
Solver, Christophe ............................................... 567 Tie, Zhangpeng .................................................. 1363
Somasundaram, John Caleb ............................... 2093 Tiekink, Wouter ................................................. 2137
Sonntag, Achim ................................................. 2551 Titov, Vladimir .................................................... 417
Souza Santos, Inamara Amanda .......................... 913 Tiussi, Gianni ..................................................... 2805
Spies, Wolfgang ............................ 1615, 1693, 2609 Tjaden, Stefan ...................................................... 407
Spirin, Nikolai ..................................................... 443 Todoschuk, Ted ................................... 199, 427, 435
Sprague, Tim ..................................................... 1183 Toepfer, Tristan ................................................. 1389
Sprock, August .................................................. 1599 Tomino, Takayoshi ............................................ 1753
Srishilan, C. ......................................................... 997 Tomiya, Hisashi ................................................. 2825
Stadlmayr, Richard ........................ 2531, 2675, 2751 Tonnicchi, Andrea ............................................. 2805
Stalheim, Douglas .................................... 1881, 2233 Tortorici, Pete .................................................... 1661
Stanford, Jacob .................................................. 2461 Toth, Kyle .............................................................. 33
Steranka, Steve ...................................................... 23 Touzo, Bruno ..................................................... 2101
Stohl, Klaus ....................................................... 2751 Towsey, Paul ....................................................... 299
Štokelj, Tina ........................................................ 473 Tran, Tu ............................................................. 2137
Storti, Ângelo ...................................................... 451 Tripathy, Jagnyaseni .......................................... 1699
Street, Stuart ................................................ 275, 383 Tsuzuki, Teppei ................................................. 1641
Strelbisky, Michael .............................................. 951 Turner, Paul ......................................................... 835
Stumper, Jean-Francois ....................................... 321 Tyler, James ......................................................... 951
Subbotin, Anton ................................................... 601
Suchanek, Peter ................................................... 951
Sugihara, Satohiko ............................................. 1175 U
Sugiyama, Koki ................................................. 2427 Uematsu, Hiroyuki ............................................. 1651
Sukhram, Mitren .................................. 299, 465, 519
Sumi, Hiroyuki .................................................... 213 V
Sumida, Keita .................................................... 1101 Valdes, Sofía ...................................................... 1723
Sun, Xiao-dong .................................................... 587 van der Plas, Dirk .............................................. 1009
Sun, Xiaohui ...................................................... 1233 Vanderzee, Robert ............................................. 1861
Suresh, Shainu ................................................... 2085 Vanover, Kyle ...................................................... 789
Sutherland, Luke .................................................. 365 Verdier, Steve .................................................... 2137
Suzuki, Atsushi .................................................. 1525 Vergauwens, Marc ............................................... 891
Suzuki, Yoshikazu ............................................. 1841 Verma, Chandra Shekhar ............................. 501, 713
Vesterberg, Per .................................................... 485

Viana Bielefeldt, Wagner .................................. 1197 Williams, K. ....................................................... 2373
Viana Jr., Marcos Antonio ................................... 897 Wilson, Logan ..................................................... 797
Viana Jr., Romeu ............................................... 1873 Winkler, Waltraud ............................................. 1081
Vickress, Dustin .................................................. 353 Wolf, Christian .................................................. 2869
Vidonis, Marco .................................................. 1091 Wollhofen, Richard ............................................. 577
Vieira, Estefano ................................................. 2119 Woods, Wesley .................................................. 1183
Vieira, Ludimila ................................................ 2111 Worl, Bethany .................................................... 2629
Viertauer, Andreas ............................................. 1081 Wowk, Michael ................................................. 2245
Vilela, Antônio Cezar Faria ............................... 1197 Wu, Jingxin ........................................................ 1571
Villagrossi, Enrico ............................................. 2573 Wu, Jinqiang ...................................................... 2327
Vinícius da Cruz, Lucas ...................................... 943
Vining, Keith ....................................................... 237 X
Vishwanath, Suryanarayan ................................ 2835 Xia, Qiang-qiang ............................................... 2289
Voglmayr, Bernhard ................................ 2531, 2751 Xiang, Li ............................................................ 2281
Vogt, Martin ...................................................... 2659 Xiao, Xuewen ...................................................... 289
Voss, Zane ........................................................... 649 Xie, Erhu ............................................................ 1629
Vyshinskya, O. .................................................... 479 Xie, Hao ............................................................... 587
Xiong, Wen ........................................................ 1525
W Xu, Mingzhi ....................................................... 1041
Walchuk, Brent .................................................... 835
Walker, Steve .................................................... 1249 Y
Walpole, Charles ................................................. 547 Yamamoto, Tetsuya ............................................. 213
Wan, Jie ............................................................. 1041 Yamamoto, Yasuyuki ........................................ 1309
Wang, Chuan ....................................................... 531 Yamauchi, Takashi ............................................ 1175
Wang, Gang ......................................................... 587 Yang, Daniel ...................................................... 2365
Wang, Guangwei ................................. 269, 531, 611 Yang, Hongliang ................................................ 1067
Wang, Jingsong ........................................... 587, 931 Yang, Shufeng ................................................... 2327
Wang, Kaidi ......................................................... 531 Yang, Tianjun ...................................................... 611
Wang, Peng ......................................................... 269 Yang, XingLiang ............................................... 1753
Wang, Pu ................................................. 1363, 2195 Yang, Yindong ......................................... 2281, 2311
Wang, Weijian ................................................... 1233 Yao, Liqin .......................................................... 1735
Wang, Yeke ............................................. 1629, 2289 Yasunari, Shinichi ............................................. 1753
Wang, Yong ......................................................... 931 Ye, Maolin ......................................................... 2327
Wang, Yu ............................................................. 789 Ye, Mingcheng .................................................. 1753
Wang, Yufeng ......................................... 1183, 2187 Yindong, Yang ................................................... 1383
Wang, Zhanjun ...................................................... 49 Ying, Winnie ............................................... 311, 375
Wappel, David ................................................... 2859 Yong, Haiquan ....................................................... 43
Ware, N. .............................................................. 687 Yongqing, Zhang ............................................... 2013
Wartha, Eva-Maria ............................................ 2641 Yoshioka, Hiroki ............................................... 2825
Watson, Keith .................................................... 1809 Yoshitsune, Masato ........................................... 1101
Webler, Bryan ............................... 1225, 1607, 2131 Yoshizawa, Kenji ............................................... 1101
2155, 2259, 2667 Young, Kevin ..................................................... 1765
Weghofer, Felix ................................................. 1745 Yu, Donglong ...................................................... 561
Wei, Zheng ........................................................ 1383 Yu, Hai ............................................................... 1571
Weinzierl, Klaus ................................................ 1517 Yu, Kintak Raymond ......................................... 1781
Weiqiang, Zhang ............................................... 2013 Yu, Xiaojun ....................................................... 1629
Weiß, Christian .................................................. 1441 Yue, Hongliang ...................................................... 97
Wenning, Nathan ............................................... 1829
Westin, Gunnar .................................................... 531
Weyer, Stephan .................................................... 567 Z
Wiegmann, Volker ............................................ 1061 Zaiganov, Sergei .................................................. 417
Wiener, Jakob ...................................................... 263 Zamolo, Mauro ........................................ 1925, 1931

Zanni, Gianmaria ................................................. 123
Zappulla, Matthew ............................................. 2175
Zeirzer, Christian ................................................. 923
Zelle, Jason ........................................................ 1943
Zhang, Bo .......................................................... 2101
Zhang, Fan ........................................................... 611
Zhang, Guifang .................................................. 1383
Zhang, Hongyu .................................................... 611
Zhang, Ji ............................................................ 1233
Zhang, Jianliang .......................................... 269, 531
Zhang, Jiaquan ......................................... 1363, 2195
Zhang, Lifeng ................................ 1113, 1233, 1345
Zhang, Nan .......................................................... 531
Zhang, Pei ............................................................ 931
Zhang, Peng ....................................................... 2365
Zhang, Qun .......................................................... 183
Zhang, Xueliang ................................................ 2327
Zhang, Yewen ................................................... 2421
Zhang, Zhonghua ............................................... 2195
Zhao, Liang ......................................................... 931
Zhao, Pei ............................................................ 2281
Zhao, Yanyu ...................................................... 1113
Zhong, Ming ...................................................... 1607
Zhong, Xingli ...................................................... 931
Zhou, Chenn ...................... 33, 383, 789, 1425, 2629
Zhu, Guoming ................................................... 2175
Zou, Zhongping ................................................... 289

Reduction of Severe Erosion in The Basic Oxygen Furnace Vessel at Tata Steel, India

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Reduction of Severe Erosion in The Basic Oxygen Furnace Vessel at Tata Steel, India

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AISTech 2019 — Proceedings of the Iron & Steel Technology Conference

6–9 May 2019, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA

Keywords: Steelmaking, BOF, CFD, Supersonic lance, splashing, erosion

© 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology. 1009

1010 © 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology.

CFD MODELING STRATEGY

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Supersonic jet modelling

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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Figure 8: Cavity shape formation by the supersonic lance.

Why erosion above bath level

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Why erosion below bath level

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m12  Steel Slag 

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1016 © 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology.

A Barbosa, Ronaldo ............................................... 1979

© 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology. 1017

1018 © 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology.

© 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology. 1019

1020 © 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology.

© 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology. 1021

1022 © 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology.

© 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology. 1023

1024 © 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology.

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© 2019 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology. 1027

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