ENGINEERING MECHANICS UGBA 1023

Year 2 Semester 1 Bsc (Hons) EV

RIGID BODIES MECHANICS

Requirement for statically determinancy

FRAME STRUCTURE

SUMMARY
Mostly

see one-piece of structural element 3 equations and 3 unknowns to qualify as STATICALLY DETERMINATE STRUCTURE Exception: internal hinge construction

DETERMINATE STRUCTURE
For

any given loading, it is a straightforward matter to solve for the unknown reactions using the available equations of equilibrium

r = 6n : 3 dimension beam structure

x y z

F = 0:F = 0:F = 0 M = 0:M = 0:M = 0

x y z

r = 3n : 2 dimension beam structure

F = 0:F M = 0:
x x

=0

STRUCTURES WITH INTERNAL HINGES

EXCEPTION: TURN INDETERMINATE STRUCTURE TO DETERMINATE STRUCTURE

STRUCTURES WITH INTERNAL HINGES

hinges are devices that transmit shear and axial force, but not bending moments. (2 components of forces) In the structural models, generally draw them as simple pinned devices,
Internal

INTERNAL HINGE
structure shown has four unknown reactions (H, R1, R2, and R3) and three equations of equilibrium possible to solve for all of the reactions and internal forces in the structure using only three equations of equilibrium.
The

r = 3n
FBD r = 6 : No of unknown forces n = 2 : No of bar

INTERNAL HINGE
off the portion of structure to the right of the hinge as a free body. Given that moment is zero at the hinge, we have a free body that has three unknown forces. These can be solved using the three available equations of equilibrium. Transfer forces H1 and V (now known) to the free body to the left of the hinge. This free body now has three unknown forces, which can likewise be calculated using the three equations of equilibrium.
Break

INTERNAL HINGE
Once

these reactions have been calculated, then cutting the beam anywhere along its length yields three unknown forces N, V, and M, which can be calculated using the three equations of equilibrium. The structure is therefore statically determinate, Calculate all of the external and internal forces using the available equations of equilibrium alone.

INTERNAL HINGE
Simple

structures, i.e., those for which a cut produces three unknown forces, are statically determinate if and only if: 1. The number of unknown reactions minus the number forces released at internal hinges is equal to the number of equations of equilibrium 2. An unknown force applied at any location and in any direction creates nonzero reactions

(1) DETERMINANCY (2) STABILITY

IMPORTANCE OF STABILITY
Stability

is of primary importance to structural designers. Unstable structures are prone to catastrophic collapse, often without regard to the strength of structural members They can undergo large deformations under the action of extremely small loads. Designers must learn how to (1) identify instabilities and (2) eliminate them from the structures they design.

IMPORTANCE OF STABILITY
structures cannot be analyzed. If proceed to calculate the response of an unstable structure to load, will eventually discover that the problem is mathematically unsolvable, but often only after investing considerable time and effort in the analysis.
Unstable

STABILITY AND DETERMINACY OF THE STRUCTURE

EXAMPLE

STABILITY CONCEPTS
are unstable when they can undergo large deformations with the slightest application of load. The methods of structural analysis/statics cannot be applied to unstable structures. Intuitively, an unstable structure is the one that will undergo large deformations under the slightest load, without the creation of restraining forces. Simple example on beam
Structures

A simple beam supported at both ends by rollers, neither of which can resist horizontal force. A slightest external force F, applied horizontally, will be sufficient to induce large horizontal displacements, since the rollers are assumed to be frictionless. This structure is therefore unstable.

undergo large deformations under the slightest load IN THIS CASE TRANSLATION

GENERAL STATEMENT
Structures

for which the number of unknown reactions is less than the number of available equations of equilibrium are unstable Structures which cannot create nonzero reactions for all locations and directions of a given load are unstable

EXAMPLES

NONCONCURRENT AND NONPARALLEL

STABLE BUT INDETERMINATE to 2nd degree 2 unknowns more than the equation r = 8: n = 2 r = 3n:

UNSTABLE AS 3 REACTIONS ARE CONCURRENT AT B

FBD

NO RESTRAINT AT HORIZONTAL AXIS

IMPORTANCE OF STABILITY

IMPORTANCE OF STABILITY
Generally

useful and practical to visualize how the structure will deflect under all possible directions and points of application of load (not just the loads that have been given). To evaluate the degree of statical indeterminacy, it can be helpful to release restraints in the structure by adding internal hinges or by releasing restraint at supports, working progressively towards a known statically determinate arrangement. The number of released restraints is the degree of indeterminacy. Free in choice of which restraints to release

IMPORTANCE OF STABILITY
In

some statically indeterminate systems, however, it is possible to create an unstable structure by releasing fewer restraints than the degree of statically indeterminacy plus one. This can happen, for example, in structures where there is only one reaction providing restraint in a given direction and several reactions providing restraint in the other two.

IMPORTANCE OF STABILITY
For

example, consider the two-span continuous beam The degree of indeterminacy of the structure is one. Expect that by removing two restraints, will make the structure unstable. This would be the case, for example, if R2 and R3 were removed. By removing the restraint in the xdirection H, however, the structure becomes unstable by removing only one restraint

REMOVED THEN UNSTABLE

REMOVED: THEN UNSTABLE

IMPORTANCE OF STABILITY
If

wish to determine the degree of indeterminacy of a given structure by progressively removing restraints, therefore, must never completely remove restraint in one of the three possible force directions (Fx, Fy, or M) when there are still several independent restraints in the other two directions Sometimes encounter indeterminate structures for which reactions and sectional forces can be solved using equilibrium conditions alone, for a specific subset of load arrangements. It is clear that the load P must travel from one end of the member to the other, creating only axial force in the member, and an equal and opposite reaction at the left end of the beam.

ARE THEY STATICALLY DETERMINATE?

ARE THEY STATICALLY DETERMINATE?

TRUSS STRUCTURE
Different criteria/formula for determinancy

CRITERIA FOR DETERMINACY FOR TRUSS

b + r = 2 j : 2 Dimension b + r = 3 j : 3 Dimension b = number of member r = number of reaction (momnet and reaction) j = number of joint

SUMMARY
STATICS THEORY

STATICS THEORY
Building

structure requirement: SAFETY, STRENGTH, SERVICEABILITY Structural design: Newtons second law
Equilibrium:

rotational Loading type, free body diagram, joint types Determinate and indeterminate structure

(a) translational (2)

ACTION
Loads Stresses moments

Analyses are carried out to determine the forces/moments/stresses Design is carried out to determine the size and chosen type of material, with appropriate SF

REACTION
NEWTONS LAW LAW OF ELASTICITY

Sizes Type of materials Safety factor

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