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Mec 2 PDF
Mec 2 PDF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Paulo Piloto
(english version)
05th December 2010
BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFERENCES
• Piloto, P.A.G.; Apontamentos da disciplina de Mecânica aplicada II; Estig; 1995.
• Beer P. Ferdinand, Johnston Jr. Russel; ‘’Mecânica Vectorial para Engenheiros -
Dinâmica”; - 6 edição; McGraw Hill; electronic edition – instructors manual.
2
SYSTEM UNITS
Review 4
MECANISMS – TRAJECTORY
Rigid bodies, assembly together to produce movement.
The velocity v of the particle is equal to the time derivative of the position
coordinate x,
x x dx
v t L / T v limt 0 t L / T dt
Cap.1 6
ACCELERATION
The acceleration a is obtained by differentiating v with respect to t,
v dv dv d 2x
2
a limt 0 t L / T dt a= or a= 2
dt dt
we can also express a as
dv dv dx dv
a dt dx dt v dx
•The velocity v and acceleration a are represented by algebraic numbers which can
be positive or negative. A positive value for v indicates that the particle moves in the
positive direction, and a negative value that it moves in the negative direction.
•A positive value for a, however, may mean that the particle is truly accelerated (i.e.,
moves faster) in the positive direction, or that it is decelerated (i.e., moves more
slowly) in the negative direction. A negative value for a is subject to a similar
interpretation. O P
x
x
- +
Cap.1 7
GRAPHICAL SOLUTION
Sometimes it is convenient to use a graphical solution for problems involving
rectilinear motion of a particle. The graphical solution most commonly involves x -
t, v - t , and a - t curves.
a
At any given time t,
v = slope of x - t curve
t1 t2 t a = slope of v - t curve
v
v2 t2 while over any given time interval t1 to t2,
v1
v2 - v1 = a dt
t1
t1 t2 t v2 - v1 = area under a - t curve
x x2 - x1 = area under v - t curve
x2 t2
x2 - x1 = v dt
x1 t1
t1 t2 t
Cap.1 8
Thematic Exercise 1
Problem: When a point is moving through a straight line, its position is
defined by: x 6t 2 t 3
Calculate the instantaneous velocity and acceleration for all time instants.
dx
v(t ) 12t 3t 2
dt
dv(t )
a (t ) 12 6t
dt
time
v
a
Cap.1 9
KINEMATIC EXERCISE –2 O P
Problem: The position of a particle P when x
moving along a straight line is given by:
x
-
x t 6t 15t 40, ts, xm, t 0
3 2 +
Calculate:
a) The time for the velocity to vanish.
b) The position and the displacement travel by the point to that instant.
c) The acceleration of that point at that instant.
d) The distance travel by the point from the position at the instant
t=4[s] till the instant of t=6[s].
s
v 3t 2 12t 15 m
s
a 6t 12 m 2
a) 3t 2 12t 15 0 t 1 t 5
b) x(t 5) -60(m)
Note: the changes to sign velocity should be cheked during the time interval
x(t 0) 40 (m) x(t 0, t 5) 100 (m)
Cap.1 10
KINEMATIC EXERCISE –2 resolution
O P
x
x
- +
time
position
c) a(t 5) 18 (ms-2 )
Cap.1 11
TYPES OF RECTILINEAR MOTION
uniform rectilinear motion, in which the velocity v of the particle is constant.
x = xo + vt
uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion, in which the acceleration a of the particle
is constant.
v = vo + at
1
x = xo + vot + 2 at2
v2 = vo2 + 2a(x - xo )
Cap.1 12
RELATIVE MOTION
O A B
xA xB/A x
xC
xB xA
When particles A and B move along the same
xB
straight line, the relative motion of B with C
respect to A can be considered. Denoting by
A
xB/A the relative position coordinate of B with B
respect to A , we have
xB = xA + xB/A
Differentiating twice with respect to t, we obtain:
vB = vA + vB/A aB = aA + aB/A
where vB/A and aB/A represent, respectively, the relative velocity and the
relative acceleration of B with respect to A.
Cap.1 13
CURVILINEAR MOTION
y The curvilinear motion of a particle
v involves particle motion along a curved
path. The position P of the particle at a given
time is defined by the position vector r
P joining the origin O of the coordinate system
r with the point P.
Po s
O x
The velocity v of the particle is defined by the relation
dr
v=
dt
The velocity vector is tangent to the path of the particle, and has a magnitude v
equal to the time derivative of the length s of the arc described by the particle:
ds
v=
dt
Cap.1 14
CURVILINEAR MOTION – cont.
y
v
dr
v= ds
dt v=
P dt
r
s
Po
O x
y a Note: In general, the acceleration a of the particle is
not tangent to the path of the particle. It is defined
by the relation
P dv
r a=
s dt
Po
O x
Cap.1 15
GENERAL MOVEMENT DISCRIPTION
y
vy
k i x
z
Cap.1 16
RELATIVE MOTION OF TWO PARTICLES
vB = vA + vB/A
and
aB = aA + aB/A
Cap.1 17
CURVILINEAR COORDINATES
y
C It is sometimes convenient to resolve the
v2 velocity and acceleration of a particle P into
an = e
n components other than the rectangular x, y, and z
components. For a particle P moving along a
dv path confined to a plane, we attach to P the unit
en at = dt et vectors et tangent to the path and en normal to
et the path and directed toward the centre of
P
curvature of the path.
O x
The velocity and acceleration are expressed in terms of tangential and
normal components. The velocity of the particle is v = vet et
ds
The acceleration is determined by time derivative: dv v2 d en
a= e + e
Note: - v is the speed of the particle dt t n
d de d ds
et
dt d ds dt
- is the radius of curvature of its path. 1
- The velocity vector v is directed along the tangent to the path. en v
- The acceleration vector a consists of a component at directed along the tangent to
the path and a component an directed toward the center of curvature of the path.
Cap.1 18
POLAR COORDINATES
When the position of a particle moving in a plane is
defined by its polar coordinates r and , it is
e convenient to use radial and transverse components
er directed, respectively, along the position vector r of
r = r er P the particle and in the direction obtained by rotating r
through 90o counterclockwise.
Unit vectors er and e are attached to P and are
directed in the radial and transverse directions. The
O x velocity and acceleration of the particle in terms of
radial and transverse components is:
r r er
der der d
v r er r
r er r
r er r e
Note: It is important to
dt d dt note that ar is not equal
der de d to the time derivative of
a r er r r e r r e vr, and that a is not
dt dt dt
equal to the time
r er r e r e r er r e
derivative of v.
r r 2 e r 2 r e
r
Cap.1 19
RELATIVE MOTION – Thematic Exercise 2
Y
Problem:
- The rotating 0.9 [m] arm length turns around the
r point O with the constrained known expression:
B 1,5 10 1 t 2
-
The cursor B travels along the arm being its
X movement described by the following expression:
- Calculate : r 0,9 0,12t 2
a) the expressions for the instantaneous position,
O velocity and acceleration of the cursor B.
b) The velocity and accelerations from the cursor B,
after rotating the arm 30º.
Resolution in Cartesian coordinates:
r cos r sin r cos 2r sin r cos rsin
2
r r cos i r sin j v a
r sin r cos r sin 2r cos r 2 sin r cos
Cap.1 20
RELATIVE MOTION – resolution
Resolution in Polar coordinates:
r rer
v rer r e
0.24 t er 0.9 0.12 t 2 0.3 t e
0.24 t er 0.27 t 0.036 t 3 e
a r r 2 er 2r r e
0.24 0.9 0.12 t 0.3 t e 2 0.24 t 0.3 t 0.9 0.12 t 0.3e
2 2
r
v v x2 v y2 a a x2 a y2
Cap.1 21
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW (linear momentum)
Cap.2 22
y ay SOLVING A PROBLEM
P To solve a problem involving the motion of a particle, F = ma
ax should be replaced by equations containing scalar quantities.
az
Cap.2 24
PROBLEM 12.123 (cont.)
2. Kinetics: Draw a free body diagram showing the applied forces and an equivalent
force diagram showing the vector ma or its components.
3. When a problem involves dry
Block A : friction: It is necessary first to
WA= 294.3 N T mA a = 30 a assume a possible motion and
then to check the validity of the
assumption. The friction force on
250 N
= a moving surface is F = k N.
N The friction force on a surface
Fk = k N when motion is impending is F =
s N. Fa = x N max
s
N’ Fa
F’k = k N’
Cap.2
N
25
PROBLEM 12.123 (cont.)
4. Apply Newton’s second law: The relationship between the forces acting on the
particle, its mass and acceleration is given by F = m a . The vectors F and a can
be expressed in terms of either their rectangular components or their tangential and
normal components. Absolute acceleration (measured with respect to a newtonian
frame of reference) should be used.
Block A : F y = 0: N - (294.3) cos 30o=0 N = 254.87 N
then: Fk = k N = 0.10 (254.9) = 25.49 N
Y WA= 294.3 N Fx = ma: 250 + (294.3) sin 30o - 25.49 - T = 30 a
o
T
30 then: 371.66 - T = 30 a (1)
250 N = Y
Block B :
X N X
mA a = 30 a WB= 147.15 N
Fk = k N N
30o T
Fy = 0: N’ - N - (147.15) cos 30o
= 0 : N’ = 382.31 N
F’k = k N’ = 0.10 (382.31) = 38.23 N F = N
then:
Fx = ma: T - Fk - F’k - (147.15) sin 30o = 15 a
k k =
mB a = 15 a
then: T - 137.29 = 15 a (2) N’
Cap.2
F’k = k N’ 26
PROBLEM 12.123 - solution
Solving equations (1) and (2) gives: T = 215 [N] a = 5.21 [m/s2]
Verify assumption of motion.
Check: We should verify that blocks actually move by determining the value of
the force P for which motion is impending. Find P for impending motion. For
impending motion both blocks are in equilibrium: WB= 147.15 N
N
WA= 294.3 N 30o
T T
o
30
Block A: Block B: Fm = s N
P N’
N F’m = s N’
Fm = s N
Solving equations (3)
From Static equilibrium: and (4) gives P = 60.2 N.
Fy = 0: N = 254.87 N Fm = s N = 0.15 (254.87)=38.23 N Since the actual value of
Fy = 0: N’ = 382.31 N F’m = s N’ = 0.15 (382.31)=57.35 N P (250 N) is larger than
Fx = 0: P + (294.3) sin 30o - 38.23 - T = 0 (3) the value for impending
motion (60.2 N), motion
Fx = 0: T - 38.23 - 57.35 - (147.15) sin 30o = 0 (4) takes place as assumed.
Cap.2 27
B PROBLEM 12.127
r = 600 mm A small 200-g collar C can slide on a semicircular rod
which is made to rotate about the vertical AB at the
O C constant rate of 6 [rad/s]. Determine the minimum
200 g
required value of the coefficient of static friction
between the collar and the rod if the collar is not to
A
slide when:
(a) = 90 , (b) = 75 , (c) = 45 .
o o o
N
=
(0.2 kg)(9.81 m/s2)
3. Apply Newton’s second law: The relationship between the forces acting on the
particle, its mass and acceleration is given by F = m a . The vectors F and a
can be expressed in terms of either their rectangular components or their
tangential and normal components. Absolute acceleration (measured with respect
to a Newtonian frame of reference) should be used.
Ft = mat:F - 0.2 (9.81) sin =- 4.32 sin cos F = 0.2 (9.81) sin - 4.32 sin cos
Fn = man: N - 0.2 (9.81) cos = 4.32 sin sin N = 0.2 (9.81) cos + 4.32 sin2
4. Friction law: F = N
Note: For a given , the values of F , N , and can be determined!!!
Cap.2 29
PROBLEM 12.127 (solution)
B
r = 600 mm
O C
man = (0.2) 21.6 sin
200 g F
A
O = 4.32 sin N
N
=
(0.2 kg)(9.81 m/s2)
Solution:
(a) = 90o, F = 1.962 N, N = 4.32 N, = 0.454 (down)
(b) = 75o, F = 0.815 N, N = 4.54 N, = 0.1796 (down)
(c) = 45o, F = -0.773 N, N = 3.55 N, = 0.218 (up)
Cap.2 30
PROBLEM 12.128- Thematic exercise 4
Pin B weighs 4 oz and is free to slide in a
r
D B C horizontal plane along the rotating arm OC and
along the circular slot DE of radius . b = 20 in.
O Neglecting friction and assuming that = 15 rad/s
..
b and = 250 rad/s2 for the position = 20o,
A
determine:
b (a) the radial and transverse components of the
E resultant force exerted on pin B;
(b) the forces P and Q exerted on pin B,
respectively, by rod OC and the wall of slot DE.
1. Kinematics: Examine the velocity and acceleration of the particle.
.
In polar coordinates:
. = 20o
.
v = r er + r e
. .. .. = 15 rad/s
.. .. e
a = (r - r 2 ) er + (r + 2 r ) e = 250 rad/s2
r = 2 b cos 3.13
. [ft]
.
r = - 2 b sin - 17.1 [ft/s] r = r er er
..r = - 2 b sin ..- 2 b cos . 2 = - 989.79 [ft/s2]
Cap.2 31
PROBLEM 12.128 (cont.)
2. Kinetics: Draw a free body diagram showing the applied forces on pin B
and an equivalent force diagram showing the vector ma or its components.
F ma
Fr mar
=
r B r B
O A O A
3. Apply Newton’s second law: The relationship between the forces acting on the
particle, its mass and acceleration is given by F = m a . The vectors F and a can
be expressed in terms of either their rectangular components or their radial and
transverse components. With radial and transverse components:
.. .2 .. . .
Fr = m ar = m ( r - r ) and F = m a = m ( r + 2 r )
Fr=(4/16)/32.2* [- 989.79 - ( 3.13 )(152 )] and F = (4/16)/32.2* [(3.13)(250) + 2 (-17.1)(15)]
Fr = -13.16 [lb] and F = 2.10 [lb]
Cap.2 32
PROBLEM 12.128 (Solution)
(b) The forces exerted on pin B by both bodies are obtained by
vector decomposition
F
Fr Q
=
r B r
B
P
O A O A
Fr = - Q cos F = - Q sin + P
-13.16 = - Q cos 20o 2.10 = - 14.0 sin 20o + P
Q = 14.00 lb 40o P = 6.89 lb 20o
Cap.2 33
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW (angular momentum)
y mv
The angular momentum HO of a particle about
point O is defined as the moment about O of
HO the linear momentum mv of that particle.
P
r
O x HO = r x mv
z
We note that HO is a vector perpendicular to the plane containing r and mv and of
magnitude:
HO = rmv sin
Resolving the vectors r and mv into rectangular components, we express the angular
momentum HO in determinant form as:
i j k
HO = x y z
mvx mvy mvz
Cap.2 34
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW (cont.)
In the case of a particle moving in the xy plane, we have z = vz = 0. The angular
momentum is perpendicular to the xy plane and is completely defined by its magnitude
HO = Hz = m(xvy - yvx)
.
Computing the rate of change HO of the angular momentum HO , and applying
Newton’s second law, we write
H O r mv r mv v mv r ma O O
M
H
which states that : the sum of the moments about O of the forces acting on a
particle is equal to the rate of change of the angular momentum of the particle
about O.
Cap.2 35
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW – special cases
mv
When the only force acting on a particle P is a
force F directed toward or away from a fixed point
O, the particle is said to be moving under a central P
force. Since M
. O = 0 at any given instant, it r mv0
follows that HO = 0 for all values of t, and O 0
r0 P0
HO = constant
We conclude that the angular momentum of a particle moving under a central
force is constant, both in magnitude and direction, and that the particle moves in
a plane perpendicular to HO .
Recalling that HO = rmv sin , for the motion of any particle under a central force,
we have, for points PO and P:
rmv sin = romvo sin o
. .
Using polar coordinates and recalling that v = r and HO = mr , we have
2
.
r2 = h
where h is a constant representing the angular momentum per unit mass Ho/m, of the
particle.
Cap.2 36
PROBLEM
400 mm 12.131 -Thematic Exercise 5
100 mm
A 250-g collar can slide on a horizontal rod
A B which is free to rotate about a vertical shaft.
The collar is initially held at A by a cord
attached to the shaft and compresses a spring
of constant 6 [N/m], which is undeformed
when the collar is located 500 [mm] from the
.
shaft. As the rod rotates at the rate o = 16 [rad/s], the cord is cut and the
collar moves out along the rod. Neglecting friction and the mass of the rod,
determine for the position B of the collar:
(a) The transverse component of the velocity of the collar;
(b) The radial and transverse components of its acceleration;
(c) The acceleration of the collar relative to the rod.
A B
Cap.2 37
PROBLEM 12.131 (solution)
400 mm 1. Kinematics: Examine the velocity
100 mm and acceleration of the particle.
In polar coordinates:
A B
e v re
er .
v
r = r er A r B ar
a
v rer re
2
a r r er r 2r e
Cap.2 38
PROBLEM 12.131 (cont.)
2. Angular momentum of a particle: Determine the particle velocity at B using
conservation of angular momentum. In polar coordinates, the angular momentum
HO of a particle about O is given by:
HO = m r v
The rate of change of the angular momentum is equal to the sum of the moments
about O of the forces acting on the particle. .
MO = HO
If the sum of the moments is zero, the
. angular momentum is conserved and
(v the velocities at A and B are related by:
(v
A B r m ( r v)A = m ( r v)B
Since
v A rA
rA = 0.1 m v B rA
2
v B 0.1
2
(16)
rB 0 .4
Cap.2
rB = 0.4 m v B 0.4[m / s ] 39
PROBLEM 12.131 (cont.)
3. Kinetics: Draw a free body diagram showing the applied forces and an
equivalent force diagram showing the vector ma or its components.
Only radial force F (exerted by the spring)
m a
is applied to the collar.
F m ar For r = 0.4 m:
= F = k x = (6 N/m)(0.5 m - 0.4 m)
F = 0.6 [N]
Fr = mar 0.6 N = (0.25 kg) ar ar = 2.4 m/s2
F = ma 0 = (0.25 kg) a a = 0
Cap.3 41
KINETICS OF PARTICLES: ENERGY AND
MOMENTUM METHODS
When the particle considered is subjected to several forces, the sum of the impulses
of these forces should be used;
Cap.3 44
COEFFICIENT OF RESTITUTION
The constant e is known as the coefficient of restitution; its value lies between 0
and 1 and depends on the material involved. When e = 0, the impact is termed
perfectly plastic; when e = 1 , the impact is termed perfectly elastic.
In the case of oblique central impact, the velocities of the two colliding bodies
before and after impact are resolved into “n” components along the line of impact
and “t” components along the common tangent to the surfaces in contact.
1- In the t direction,
A Before Impact A
After Impact
vA
(v’B)n - (v’A)n = e [(vA)n - (vB)n] vA
Cap.3 45
PROBLEM 13.195 – Thematic Exercise 6
A 25-g steel-jacket bullet is fired horizontally
with a velocity of 600 m/s and ricochets off a
steel plate along the path CD with a velocity
D of 400 m/s. Knowing that the bullet leaves a
10 mm
o 10-mm scratch on the plate and assuming that
20 its average speed is 500 m/s while it is in
A C contact with the plate, determine the
B
magnitude and direction of the average
15o
impulsive force exerted by the bullet on the
plate.
1. Draw a momentum impulse diagram: The diagram shows the particle, its
momentum at t1 and at t2, and the impulses of the forces exerted on the particle
during the time interval t1 to t2.
Cap.3 46
PROBLEM 13.195 – solution 1/2
2. Apply the principle of impulse and momentum: The final momentum mv2 of
the particle is obtained by adding its initial momentum mv1 and the impulse of the
forces F acting on the particle during the time interval considered.
mv1 +F t = mv2
F is sum of the impulsive forces (the forces that are large enough to produce a
definite change in momentum).
Cap.3 48
KINETICS OF PARTICLES
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW - system of particles
Denoting by m the mass of a particle, by F the sum, or resultant, of the forces
acting on the particle, and by a the acceleration of the particle relative to a
newtonian frame of reference, we can write:
fn3
Z
m3
Fi F = ma
ai
mn f3n mi
ri mi – generic mass material point;
m2 ai – generic acceleration material point;
O Y
fij – exerted force by point j into point i;
X
m1 Fi – External forces resultant over point i;
ri – point i vector position.
n
Internal resultant forces exerted over point i is: j 1
fij Admitted: fii=0
n
Newton’s second law: Fi fij mi. ai
j 1
Cap.3 49
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW – system of particles
All forces acting on the particle i:
n Fi
fij mi. ai
Z
Fi ai
j 1 mi
ri
Moments of all forces acting on the particle i:
O
n Y
ri Fi ri fij ri mi.ai X
j 1
Differentiating the last equation, the dynamic moment will be calculated according to:
n
n
n
H CM K CM ri ' S ' mi ai ' S ' ri ' S ' mi vi ' S ' ri ' S ' mi ai ' S '
System S ' i 1 i 1 i 1
Cap.3 52
EQUALTITY OF THE ANGULAR MOMENTUM
ON “MASS CENTER” for different coo. systems
The following demonstration will be used to show that the angular
momentum relative to the centroidal position is equal when calculated
relative to the Newtonian reference or relative to a parallel moving system.
Being ai’ the acceleration on the moving system S’. ai aCM ai '
Cap.3 53
DEMONSTRATION Z’
mivi’ mivi
' '
r1 r3'
H CM H CM
Z X’
r1 C Y’
rCM M
Y
X
ri
Using the concept of relative velocity:
vi vCM vi' n
H 'CM ri 'mvi'
i 1
Calculating the angular momentum in mass centre:
n ' n '
H CM mi ri vCM ri mi vi'
i 1 i 1
Important Note: This property is valid for centroidal coordinate systems, and
in general is not valid for other coordinate systems.
Cap.3 54
SPECIAL CASES
Case 1: Inexistence of external forces:
L0 Derivative of the linear momentum
Ko 0 Derivative of the angular momentum
Cap.3 55
PROBLEM 14.106 - Thematic Exercise 7
30 Mg An 80-Mg railroad
6.5 km/h 20 Mg engine A coasting at
A B 6.5 km/h strikes a 20-Mg
C flatcar C carrying a 30-Mg
load B which can slide along
the floor of the car (k =0.25). Knowing that the flatcar was at rest with its
brakes released and that it automatically coupled with the engine upon impact,
determine the velocity of the car C:
(a) immediately after impact;
(b) after the load has slid to a stop position relative to the car.
Attention!!!
Conservation of linear momentum of a system of particles is used to determine the
final velocity of the system of particles, immediately after coupling and after the
load slides to a stop position.
Cap.3 56
PROBLEM 14.106 (solution)
(a) Velocity immediately after impact
F = kN mB ( vB )O + Ft = mB ( vB )1
N
0 + 0 = mB ( vB )1
( vB )1 = 0
Cap.3 57
PROBLEM 14.106 (solution)
We apply the principle of conservation of linear momentum to the entire system.
mcv1
LO = L1: mA vO = (mA + mC) v1
mA 80
v1 = m + m vO = (6.5 km/h)
A C 80 + 20
v1 = 5.2 km/h
Cap.3 58
PROBLEM 14.106 (solution)
The engine, car, and load have the same velocity v2. Using conservation of linear
momentum for the entire system:
mAv0 mAv2 mB(vB)2
mcv2
LO = L2: mA vO = (mA + mC + mB) v2
mA 80
v2 = v = (6.5 km/h)
mA + mC + mB O 80 + 20 + 30
Cap.3
v2 = 4 km/h 59
WORK AND ENERGY PRINCIPLE
y’ miv’i
The kinetic energy T of a system of particles is
y defined as the sum of the kinetic energies of
r’i all the particles.
G Pi
n
2 i
x’ 1 2
O T= m iv i
x =1
z z’
Using the centroidal reference frame Gx’y’z’ we note that the kinetic energy of
the system can also be obtained by adding the kinetic energy 1 2 mv 2 associated
with the motion of the mass center G and the kinetic energy of the system in its
motion relative to the frame Gx’y’z’ :
n
2 i
1 1 2
T= 2 mv 2 + miv’i
=1
The principle of work and energy can be applied to a system of particles as
well as to individual particles.
T1 U12 T2
Cap.4 60
WORK AND ENERGY PRINCIPLE
T1 U 12 T2
T1 - kinetic energy of the system points (instant 1)
T2 - kinetic energy of the system points (instant 2)
U12 - Work done by external forces and internal forces **, acting on the
particles of the system
However, fij f ji, the work of those internal forces may be different from zero,
if the i and j point displacements are not the same.
If all the forces acting on the particles of the system are conservative, the principle
of conservation of energy can be applied to the system of particles
T1 V1 T2 V2
Cap.4 61
PRINCIPLE OF IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM
FOR A SYSTEM OF PARTICLES
y (mAvA)1 y t2 y
Fdt (mAvA)2 (mBvB)
t1
2
(mBvB)1 (mCvC)2
O x O t2 x O x
(mCvC)1 MOdt
t1
The principle of impulse and momentum for a system of particles can be
expressed graphically as shown above. The momenta of the particles at time t1
and the impulses of the external forces from t1 to t2 form a system of vectors
equipollent to the system of the momenta of the particles at time t2 .
F(N)
(mBvB)1 (mCvC)2
O x O x
(mCvC)1
If no external forces act on the system of particles, the systems of momenta shown
above are equipollent and we expect the conservation of momenta (linear and
angular):
L1 = L2 and (HO)1 = (HO)2
Many problems involving the motion of systems of particles can be solved by
applying simultaneously the principle of impulse and momentum and the principle
of conservation of energy or by expressing that the linear momentum, angular
momentum, and energy of the system are conserved.
Cap.4 63
PRINCIPLE OF IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM
FOR A SYSTEM OF PARTICLES (cont.)
From the dynamic equilibrium equations:
F L M o K o
t2
t2
Fdt L 2 L1 M 0 dt H o2 H o1
t1
t1
Those quantities are the so called: linear impulse and angular impulse!!!
t2
mA M o dt
mB
t2 mA
t1 mB
Fdt
mC
t1
mC
Note: If there are no external forces acting on the system particles, it is expected to
have linear and angular momentum conservation.
Cap.4 64
PROBLEM 14.105 A 30-g bullet is fired with a velocity of 480
m/s into block A, which has a mass of 5 kg.
x The coefficient of kinetic friction between
480 m/s block A and cart BC is 0.5. Knowing that
A the cart has a mass of 4 kg and can roll
freely, determine:
B C (a) The final velocity of the cart and block;
(b) The final position of the block on the
cart.
mO vO = (mO + mA) v’
1
T ’= (mO + mA)(v’)2 = 0.5(5.03)(2.86)2 = 20.61 N-m
2
Cap.4 66
PROBLEM 14.105 - SOLUTION
vf = 1.595 m/s mg
F = mg
x N = mg
3. The work-energy principle is applied to determine how far the block slides.
The final kinetic energy of the system Tf is determined knowing the final velocity
of the system of particles (from step 1). The work is done by the friction force.
x = 0.370 m
Cap.4 67
VARIABLE SYSTEMS (m)vB
F t B
mivi B
mivi
S
S M t S
A A
(m)vA
For variable systems of particles, first consider a steady stream of particles, such as
a stream of water diverted by a fixed vane or the flow of air through a jet engine.
The principle of impulse and momentum is applied to a system S of particles during
a time interval t, including particles which enter the system at A during that time
interval and those (of the same mass m) which leave the system at B. The system
formed by the momentum (m)vA of the particles entering S in the time t and the
impulses of the forces exerted on S during that time is equipollent to the momentum
(m)vB of the particles leaving S in the same time t.
m
t=t t=t+T
VB
L1 Ft L 2 m. VA Ft m. VB
m
F
t
VB V A
In the limit, when t moves toward zero:
Mass flow rate
VB VA
F m of the stream
Cap.4 69
VARIABLE SYSTEMS – non stationary systems
Consider a system of particles gaining mass by continually absorbing particles or
losing mass by continually expelling particles (as in the case of a rocket).
Applying the principle of impulse and momentum to the system during a time
interval t, we take care to include particles gained or lost during the time
interval. The action on a system S of the particles being absorbed by S is
equivalent to a thrust.
v vA
m m F t
S
mv S (m) va
u = vA - v
(m + m)
S
mV mVA Ft ( m m)( V V ) (m + m)(v + v)
dV
F mu
m Note: u=VA-V
Cap.4
dt 70
PROBLEM 14-115 – Thematic exercise 8
...
...
... A railroad car of length L and a mass m0 when
empty is moving freely on a horizontal track
while being loaded with sand from a stationary
chute at a rate dm/dt = q. Knowing that the car
was approaching the chute at a speed v0 ,
determine:
(a) The mass of the car and its load after the car has cleared the chute;
(b) The speed of the car at that time.
To solve problems involving a variable system of particles, the principle of impulse
and momentum is used.
(qt)v1 = 0
m0v0
m0v0 = (m0 + qt) v v=
(m0 + qt)
(qt)v1 = 0
Cap.4 72
(qt)v1 = 0 PROBLEM 14-115 - solving
m0v0 dt dt
dx = m + qt x = m0v0 m0 + qt
0
0
m0v0 t m0v0 m0 + qt
x = q [ln(m0 + qt)] = q ln
0 m0
qx/m0v0
Using the exponential form: m0 + qt = m0 e
where m0 + qt represents the mass at time t and after the car has moved through x.
Cap.4 73
(qt)v1 = 0 PROBLEM 14-115 - solution
qL/m0v0
mf = m0 + qtf = m0 e
(b) making t = tf in the velocity equation we obtain the final velocity:
m0v0 m0 -qL/m0v0
v = m + qt = m v0 = v0 e
0 f f
Cap.4 74
Practical exercise
• Roof mounted turbines (Montana FORTIS model).
– Determine the forces produced by the wind on the top of the main
tower for the wind generator.
– The wind generator main characteristics are:
• Rated Power: 5800 [W];
• Rotor Diameter: 5 [m];
• Swept area: 19,63 [m2];
• Rated wind speed: 17 [m/s]
• Cut wind speed: 2.5 [m/s]
75
Practical exercise
• Define control volume for air (system of particles)
– Apply the principle of impulse and momentum.
VB=17[m/s] VA=0
F m VB VA
– Assume Swept area=19,63 [m2]; X
– Assume volumetric flow rate = 329,12 [m3/s]
Q V A swept
– Assume mass flow rate = 425,5 [kg/s]
m Q air
76
THEMATIC EXERCISE 9 100
m
V
4
m
m V0 M t V
4
Cap.4 77
THEMATIC EXERCISE 9 - resolution
Equating moments about axis of rotations:
t2
M 0 dt H o2 H o1 0 Mt 4 moment of m / 4 v
t1
H 01 Vanish, because r//v
knimematics: The velocity “v” of the water leaving the arm is the resultant of the
velocity “v´” relative to the arm and the velocity “vA” of the nozzle.
O
v v 'v A
v ' 18BA [m / s ]
w
B
vA A v
0 0 150 100Cos (60º )
v A vO w OA 0 0 100Sin(60º )
v 0 w
Y 0
120º
A w100Sin(60º )
v A w150 100Cos (60º )mm / s
O
150 X 0
Cap.4 B 78
THEMATIC EXERCISE 9 - solution
0 0 0 9 0.0866w
m
0 H o2 0
0 O A 4 15.6 0.2w
Mt 0 Mt 4
0
0 0.15 0.1Cos(60º ) 9 0.0866w 0
m
0 0.1Sin(60º ) 4 15.6 0.2w 0
Mt 4 m0.215.6 0.2w 0.08669 0.0866w
0 0
Result:
w 42rad / s 400rpm
Cap.4 79
SAMPLE PROBLEM - 2
B The water coming through two parallel distinct
plates A and B flows continuously with a
A V constant velocity of 30 [m/s]. The flow will be
divided into two horizontal separate zones, due
V to the plane plate. Knowing volumetric flow rate
V
1 2 for each of the resultant fluxes, Q1=100 [l/min]
and Q2=500 [l/min], determine:
C
a) The theta angle;
b) The total force exerted by the flux over the
plane plate.
Conservation of mass : m IN m OUT _1 m OUT _ 2
Impulse and Momentum impulse :
Vm B B
B
+ =
A A
A
Vm1 Vm2
Pt
1 2 1 2
1 2
Cap.4 C 80
SAMPLE PROBLEM – 2 – solution
Principle of impulse and momentum
F L F mOUT vOUT mIN vIN
Note: The force exerted by the stream into the plate is a force of equal amplitude
but from up to down.
Cap.4 81
TEST EXERCISE
375 [mm]
The water coming through a duct is inject
at point A at 25 [m/s], with a volumetric D
flow rate of 1.2 [m3/min]. For the same
output velocity B, determine the resultant VB
75 [mm]
forces exerted by the flux over the
500 [mm]
support. Água =1000 [kg/m3]
60
C
º
Solution: Applying the principle of impulse and
momentum
VA
x x x z y y z
OP y and = y H O y x z z x dm
z M
z z y x x y
Introducing matrix formulation:
y z dm
2 2
xy dm xz dm
M x
M M
HO x 2 z 2 dm yz dm . y
z
M M
2 2
y x dm
M
The part of the kinetic moment relative to the second decomposed movement may
be calculated in the same way, as calculated to the plane rotating movement.
Cap.5 85
INERTIAL MATRICES – rotating referential
Z1
Rotating referential: Transformation matrix Z0
u S1 To 1 . u S 0
u Y0
X1
The transformation matrix will be composed
of the direct cosines from each S0 axis over
S1 system. X0 Y1
Knowing that:
x0 x1 Cos ( X 0, X 1) Cos (Y 0, X 1) Cos ( Z 0, X 1)
Cos ( X 0, Y 1) Cos (Y 0, Y 1) Cos ( Z 0, Y 1)
u S0 y0 and u S 1 y1 T0 1
z z Cos ( X 0, Z1) Cos (Y 0, Z1) Cos ( Z 0, Z1)
0 1
Kinetic moment will be calculated: HO T0 1 .H O
S1 S0
Cap.5 86
INERTIAL MATRIX - change of referential
Angular momentum may be calculated according to:
HO S1 T0 1. HO S 0
T0 1. IO S 0 . S 0
t
T0 1. IO S 0 . T0 1 . S1
Inertial matrix may be calculated in a different coordinate system
Cap.5 87
INERTIAL MATRIX - change of referential
Z1
Z0
Translation referential: Transformation matrix
X1
Y1
X0
Y0
Jacob Steiner (1796-1863)
y CM 2 z CM 2 ... ...
y2 z2 ... ...
S0 S0
Cap.5 88
INERTIA PRINCIPAL DIRECTIONS
In general, in a solid rigid body, the kinetic moment will not have the same
direction as the angular velocity vector. In the coincident cases, the directions
are known as the inertia principal direction. In those cases:
IO .
Gives origin to the following equation system:
IO I1 . 0
Being a homogeneous system, the only way to have solution different from
zero is to establish the condition of determinant equal to zero:
det IO I1 0
Conclusion: A third order polynomial equation will result, being the three
numerical solutions equal to the principal moments of inertia. For each principal
moment we may expect an infinity of principal directions
Cap.5 89
THEMATIC EXERCISE 10 – MASS MATRIX
z’
z
• Calculate the mass matrix (inertial (A)
tensor) of the represented rectangular y’
prism at point (O). x’
• Determine the mass matrix at point (A), c
relative to system S’, by referential (O) y
transformation.
• Determine the inertial principal x b
a
directions and the corresponding
principal moments of inertia, at point
(O). •Exercise data:
•m=12 mass unity [M]
•a=20 length unity [L]
•b=10 length unity [L]
•c=10 length unity [L]
Cap.5 90
THEMATIC EXERCISE -– MASS MATRIX
• Moments of inertia, point (O) system S: dm=dV
z’
dm=adxdz
I xx y z 2 2
dm
I yy x z
2 2
dm z
dz
m m (A)
y 2 z 2 b dy dz
x 2 z 2 a dx dz
y’
V V x’
y 2 b dy dz z 2 b dy dz x 2 a dx dz z 2 a dx dz dx
c
V V V V
c a a c c b b c
(O) y
b y 2 dy dz b z 2 dz dy a x 2 dx dz a z 2 dz dx
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 dz
a c b c
y3
c a
z3 x3
c b
z3 b
b dz b dy a dz a dx x dy
a
0
3 0 0
3 0 0
3 0 0
3 0
c a c b
a3 c3 b3 c3
b dz b dy a dz a dx dm=bdydz
0
3 0
3 0
3 0
3
a3 c3 b3 c3
b c b a a c a b
3 3 3 3
a 2
c
2
b 2
c
2
abc abc
3 3 3 3 •Exercise data:
a c 2 2
b c 2 2
•m=12 mass unity [M]
m m
3 3 3 3 •a=20 length unity [L]
2000 ML2 800 ML2 •b=10 length unity [L]
•c=10 length unity [L]
•m=(abc)
Cap.5 91
THEMATIC EXERCISE – MASS MATRIX
dm=dV
• Moments of inertia, point (O) system S:
z’
z
I zz x 2 y 2 dm (A)
m y’
x y 2 2
c dx dy x’
V
x 2 c dx dy y 2 c dx dy c
V V y
(O)
a b b a
dx
c x 2 dx dy c y 2 dy dx
0 0 0 0
dy
b a x b
x3
a b
y3 a
c dy c dx
0
3 0 0
3 0
b3
a
a3
b
dm = cdxdy
c dy c dx
0
3 0
3
b3 a3
c a c b
3 3
b 2
a
2
abc
3 3
b2 a2
m
3 3
2000 ML2
Cap.5 92
THEMATIC EXERCISE - – MASS MATRIX
• Products of inertia, system S: dm=adxdz
c x
I A S ' TS S ' I A S TS S '
t
(O) y
0.447 0.894 0 2000 600 300 0.447 0.894 0
I A S ' 0.894 0.447 0 600 800 600 0.894 0.447 0 x b
0 0 1 300 600 2000 0 0 1 a
a
arctg 63º ,4
b
Cap.5 95
THEMATIC EXERCISE – MASS MATRIX
• Principal moments of inertia
– Calculated by determinant condition for
indeterminate solutions z
det I O I 1 0
1
1 289 .53
2 2210 .47
2300 .00
Cap.5 3 96
THEMATIC EXERCISE – MASS MATRIX
• Principal directions:
– Calculated with the indeterminate homogeneous system.
I O I1 . 0
2000 i 600 300 wix 0
600
800 i 600 wiy 0
300 600 2000 i wiz 0 PIS (Possible Indeterminate System)
wˆ 0.606
2z
x b
a
• 3rd principal direction: 3
– Specify (wix=1), i=3 and extract two equations from the system bellow
2000 i 600 300 wix 0
600
800 i 600 wiy 0
300 600 2000 i wiz 0
wˆ 3 x 0.7071
wˆ 3 y 0
wˆ 0.7071
3z
Cap.5 98
STUDY CASE
A rotative transfer machine, for shoes industry, with four different working
points will be working with a special mechanism – Malta crossing system. The
rotating table will be submitted to a radial force of 8000 [N] and its own body
load should not pass through 1800 [kg]. The external dimension should not be
grater than 2000[mm]. Its productivity factor should be grater than 13 shoes
per minute.
Cap.5 99
STUDY CASE – solution
System power dimensioning: 1. The required power should be calculated
by the product of the maximum binary
required and the angular velocity.
2. The required maximum binary may be
calculated by the dynamic momentum (
time derivative of the kinetic momentum
or angular momentum).
3. The electric motor power will be
calculated by the product of the motor
out binary and the angular velocity. This
angular velocity is connected to the
productivity solution.
1,415(rad / s)
0
KCM HCM , HCM I 0
Cap.5 100
STUDY CASE – solution
Kinematic analysis: Angular velocity and acceleration
The maximum value of acceleration will
provide the maximum binary. This value
will be expected to =-11.7º, being equal
to 10,786 (rad/s2)
M CM K CM Bmá x Izz
The inertial moment may be calculated by:
Izz M
2
ext
2 int
87,75(kg.m 2 )
8 r2 r2=0,204(m)
Knowing that: F F=4643 (N)
F
K CM M 946,46Nm
3rd Newton’s law:
Bmotor 1579,5 Nm
1579,5 1,415 2235W 3cv
Power Bmotor .
Cap.5 Final step: motor catalogue. 101
KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES
1- Translation
2- Fix point rotation
3- General plane motion
4- Three-dimensional movement around a fix axis
5- General motion
Initial position Final position
1- Translation vA A’ vA A2 vA
A1
vB vB vB
ra rb/a B1
rb B’ B2
Reference position
rA rB/ A rB
Differentiating in relation to time: Final position
Initial position
vA 0 vB vA
A2 vA
A1
Differentiating one more time: B1 vB
vB
A’ vA
B2
aA aB B’ vB
trajectory
Cap.5 102
FIX POINT ROTATION
2- Fix point rotation Y
ds
v X
dt trajectory
Final position vA
A2 A1
Linear velocity results from the external product vA
definition
Initial position
v w r y
rOA
is parallel to the
Angular acceleration w Final position
trajectory
Intial position
r
fixed axis rotation: A2 a A
r
r A1
a w r w (w r ) r
Note: Movement may be effectively discovery by y
aA rOA
one of two possibilities:
1- t
Cap.5
2-
( , )
o
x
103
FIX POINT ROTATION
2- Fix point rotation : Equations
Uniform rotation
0 t
Uniform accelerated rotation
0 t
0 t t 2 / 2
Relative velocity
VB / A wk rB / A
Conclusion:
1- General expression, valid for twopoints belonging
to the same rigid body.
VB V A w AB
2- Angular velocity is independent from the reference point.
Cap.5 104
RIGID BODY – kinematics: position and velocity
z
A In rigid body translation, all points of the body have
’ the same velocity and the same acceleration at any
given instant.
B
P
Considering the rotation of a rigid body about a
r fixed axis, the position of the body is defined by the
O angle that the line BP, drawn from the axis of
rotation to a point P of the body, forms with a fixed
y plane. The magnitude of the velocity of P is:
A
ds . .
v= = r sin where is the time derivative of .
dt
dr
The velocity of P is expressed as v= =xr
. dt
where the vector = k = k
is directed along the fixed axis of rotation and represents the angular velocity
of the body.
Cap.5 105
RIGID BODY – kinematics: acceleration
z .
dr
=xr
A
’ v= = k = k
dt
B Denoting by the time derivative d/dt of the
P
angular velocity, we express the acceleration of P as:
r
O a = x r + x ( x r)
x
A y
differentiating and recalling that k is constant in magnitude and direction, we
find that:
. ..
= k = k = k
The vector represents the angular acceleration of the body and is directed along
the fixed axis of rotation.
Cap.5 106
PLANE ROTATION
y Consider the motion of a representative slab located
v = k x r in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the
body. The angular velocity is perpendicular to the
P slab, so the velocity of point P of the slab is:
O r
v = k x r
x
= k where v is contained in the plane of the slab. The
acceleration of point P can be resolved into
tangential and normal components, respectively
equal to:
y at = k x r
P
at = k x r at = r
O an= -2 r an= -2 r an = r2
= k x
= k
Cap.5 107
ANGULAR VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION
The angular velocity and angular acceleration of the slab can be expressed as
d
dt
d d 2
2
dt dt
or
d
=
d
Two particular cases of rotation are frequently encountered: uniform rotation and
uniformly accelerated rotation. Problems involving either of these motions can be
solved by using equations similar to those for uniform rectilinear motion and
uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion of a particle, where x, v, and a are replaced
by , , and .
Cap.5 108
GENERAL PLANE MOTION
3- General plane motion
vA vA y’
k
vB (fixed)
vA x’
A A A r B /A
vB/A
B B B
Plane motion = Translation with A + Rotation about A
The most general plane motion of a rigid slab can be considered as the sum of a
translation and a rotation. The slab shown can be assumed to translate with point A,
while simultaneously rotating about A. It follows that the velocity of any point B of
the slab can be expressed as:
vB = vA + vB/A
where vA is the velocity of A and vB/A is the relative velocity of B with respect to A.
Cap.5 109
GENERAL PLANE MOTION – velocity
vA vA y’
k
vB (fixed)
vA x’
A A A r B /A
vB/A
B B B
Cap.5 110
INSTANTANEOUS CENTRE OF ROTATION
vB
B
vB
A
vA
Cap.5
vA
111
GENERAL PLANE MOTION - acceleration
aA k
aA k aB/A
aB x’
A A A
B aA (aB/A)n (aB/A)t
B B
Plane motion = Translation with A + Rotation about A
The fact that any plane motion of a rigid slab can be considered the sum of a
translation of the slab with reference to point A and a rotation about A is used to relate
the absolute accelerations of any two points A and B of the slab and the relative
acceleration of B with respect to A.
aB = aA + aB/A
where aB/A consists of a normal component (aB/A )n of magnitude r2 directed toward
A, and a tangential component (aB/A )t of magnitude r perpendicular to the line AB.
Cap.5 112
GENERAL PLANE MOTION – acceleration
aA k
aA k aB/A
aB x’
A A A
B aA (aB/A)n (aB/A)t
B B
Plane motion = Translation with A + Rotation about A
The fundamental equation relating the absolute accelerations of points A and B and
the relative acceleration of B with respect to A can be expressed in the form of a
vector diagram and used to determine the accelerations of given points of various
mechanisms.
(aB/A)n
aB Important note:
aB/A
The instantaneous centre of rotation C cannot be used
(aB/A)t for the determination of accelerations, since point C ,
in general, does not have zero acceleration.
Cap.5 aA 113
THEMATIC EXERCISE 11
The “four body” mechanism represented in the left
figure has three bars, connected by two distinct points
B and C. For the represented specific time, the bar CD
presents an angular acceleration of CD=5 rad/s2 and
angular velocity equal to wCD=2 rad/s, both
C
anticlockwise. Determine the angular velocity and vC
v C v D v C / D v D CD rDC 60º
x
D
0 0 0 . 225 0 .8 0 . 45 cos( 60 ) 0 . 225
m
vC 0 0 0 . 39 0 . 45 m / s r DC 0 . 45 sin( 60 ) 0 . 39
0 2 0
0 0 0
Cap.5 115
THEMATIC EXERCISE (cont.)
0 0 0 . 225 0 0 0 . 225
a C 0 0 0 . 39 0 0 0 . 39
0 5 2 2
0 0
1 . 95 0 . 9 1 . 05
1 . 125 1 . 6 2 . 725 m / s
2
0
0 0
1 . 05 0 0 .6 0 0 0 .6
a B 2 . 725 0 0 0 0 0
0 2 . 083 2 . 083 0
0 BD
1 . 05 0 2 .6 1 . 55
2 . 725 0 .6 * 0 2 . 725 0 . 6 *
2
BD BD m / s
0
0 0 0
Cap.5 116
THEMATIC EXERCISE (cont.)
0 0 0 . 53 0 0 0 . 53
a B 0 0 0 . 53 0 0 0 . 53
0 0 1 . 51 1 . 51 0
AB
0 . 53 * AB 1 . 208 1 . 208 0 . 53 * AB
0 . 53 * AB 1 . 208 1 . 208 0 . 53 * AB m / s
2
0 0 0
The acceleration of point B calculated by this two expression should be equal, then:
1 . 208 0 . 53 * AB 1 . 55 x : 1 . 208 0 . 53 * AB 1 . 55
1 . 208 0 . 53 * AB 2 . 725 0 . 6 * BD y : 1 . 208 0 . 53 * AB 2 . 725 0 . 6 * BD
0 0
AB 5 . 85 rad / s 2 0 0
0 rad / s 2 BC 0 rad / s 2
BD 7 . 69 rad / s 2 AB
5 . 85 7 . 69
7.69rad / s 2 2.085rad / s
B C
5rad / s 2
2
5.85rad / s
2rad / s
y 60º
1.51rad / s
D
45
A
º x
Cap.5 117
VECTOR DIFFERENTIATION REGARDING
A MOVING COORDINATE SYSTEM
•The rate of change of a vector is the same with respect to a fixed frame of
reference and with respect to a frame in translation.
•The rate of change of a vector with respect to a rotating frame of reference is
different.
Y
The rate of change of a general vector
Q with respect a fixed frame OXYZ y
and with respect to a frame Oxyz Q
rotating with an angular velocity is:
A j
. . i x
(Q)OXYZ = (Q)Oxyz + x Q
O X
k
The first part represents the rate of
change of Q with respect to the Z
rotating frame Oxyz and the second z
part, x Q, is induced by the
rotation of the frame Oxyz. ANGULAR VELOCITY OF THE
MOVING REFERENCE SYSTEM.
Cap.5 118
PLANE MOVEMENT (velocity)
Y .
v = (r)
vP’ = x r P/F Oxy Consider the two-dimensional analysis of a
particle P , moving with respect to a frame F
P’ rotating with an angular velocity about a
P fixed axis. The absolute velocity of P can be
y expressed as:
r x
O vP = vP’ + vP/F
X
The same expression for vP is obtained if the frame is in translation rather than
rotation.
Cap.5 119
PLANE MOVEMENT (acceleration)
Y .
v = (r)
P/F Oxy When the frame is in rotation, the expression for
the acceleration of P contains an additional term ac
P’ called the complementary acceleration or Coriolis
P
vP’ = x r acceleration.
y aP = aP’ + aP/F + ac
r x Where: aP = absolute acceleration of particle P
O
X aP’ = acceleration of point P’ of moving frame F
coinciding with P
aP/F = acceleration of P relative to moving frame F
.
ac = 2 x (r)Oxy = 2 x vP/F
= complementary, or Coriolis, acceleration
Since and vP/F are perpendicular to each other in the case of plane motion, the
Coriolis acceleration has a magnitude ac = 2vP/F . Its direction is obtained by rotating
the vector vP/F through 90o in the sense of rotation of the moving frame. The Coriolis
acceleration can be used to analyze the motion of mechanisms which contain parts
sliding on each other.
Cap.5 120
ACCELERATION – general equations
P In three dimensions (3D), the most general displacement
of a rigid body with a fixed point O is equivalent to a
rotation of the body about an axis through O. The angular
r velocity and the instantaneous axis of rotation of the
O body at a given instant can be defined. The velocity of a
point P of the body can be expressed as:
dr
v= = xr
dt
Differentiating this expression, the acceleration is
a = x r + x ( x r)
Since the direction of changes from instant to instant, the angular acceleration
is, in general, not directed along the instantaneous axis of rotation.
Cap.5 121
GENERAL MOTION
Y’ The most general motion of a rigid body in space
is equivalent, at any given instant, to the sum of a
translation and a rotation. Considering two
B particles A and B of the body
Y
A rB/A
vB = vA + vB/A
Z’ X’
where vB/A is the velocity of B relative to a frame
rA AX’Y’Z’ attached to A and of fixed orientation.
O
X Denoting by rB/A the position vector of B relative
Z to A, we write:
vB = vA + x rB/A
where is the angular velocity of the body at the instant considered. The
acceleration of B is, by similar reasoning
Cap.5 122
PROPOSED EXERCISES
EP 15.4 – A small rotating pulley is attached
to a electric motor with nominal speed equal
to 1800 [r.p.m.]. When the electric motor is
turned on, all the assembly will take the
regime speed after 5 [s]. When the motor is
off, the system takes 90 [s] to stop. If a
uniform accelerated motion is considered,
calculate the number of motor revolutions in
both conditions:
a) For normal operations conditions
EP 15.8 - The element rigid body
b) For stoping after turning off.
shown in the left figure is made with a
A
welded axis ABC to the rectangular
plate DEFH. The assembly turns with a
100
F 100 100 E
uniform angular velocity 9 [rad/s]
B
175 around the ABC axis. Knowing that the
D
175 movement is anticlockwise, when
G
looking from “C”, determine the
100 velocity and acceleration of the vertices
C
Cap.5 F. 123
PROPOSED EXERCISES
Y
EP 15.44- The crank AB has a constant
angular velocity of 200 [r.p.m.] in the
D anticlockwise sense. Determine the angular
B
velocity of the bar BD and the speed of the
150
A cursor D, when:
X
a) =0º
b) =90º
c) =180º
Y
EP 15.60 – Knowing that the cursor velocity
A E
is equal to 1.8 [m/s] from bottom to top, 160
determine for the illustrated configuration: B
a) The angular velocity from the element AD 200
30º
b) The velocity of point B D
300 X
c) The velocity of point A
Cap.5 124
D
PROBLEM 15.248 – Thematic exercise 12
4 in.
8 in. Knowing that at the instant shown crank BC has a
B C
constant angular velocity of 45 rpm clockwise,
determine the acceleration :
8 in. (a)Of point A;
A (b)Of point D.
1. Determine velocities in a body rotating about a fixed axis:
In vector form the velocity in the body is given by:
y v=r
v=xr
Where v , , and r are the velocity of the point, the angular
velocity of the body, and the position vector from the axis to r
the point. The magnitude of the velocity is given by:
v=r
x
where v, r, and are the magnitudes of the corresponding
C
vA vA
vB
A A vA A
= + rB/A vB
B B B vB/A B
A
vB = vA + vB/A vB/A = x rB/A vA
vB D
vB Since point A is forced to move in the
BC vertical direction, and the direction of
B the velocity of point B is up, the
B C angular velocity of bar AD is zero (in
vA
that instant): wAD = 0
Cap.5 A 126
PROBLEM 15.248 (solution)
3. Determine accelerations in a body rotating about a fixed axis.
Calculating the acceleration of point B in crank BC. Since the angular velocity of
crank BC is constant, BC = 0 and (aB)t = 0. The normal component of the
acceleration at point B is:
y
BC
(aB)n x
aB aC w CB w w CB
B
C
BC = 0
a B w w CB
0 0 4 0 0
0 0 0 0 4 wBC
w w 0 w 0
BC BC BC
4 w2 BC 88,83
0 0 in / s 2
0 0
Cap.5 127
PROBLEM 15.248 (solution)
4. Determine accelerations in a body under general plane motion:
Notes:
(aD)y - The acceleration aA must be vertical;
- AD is assumed CCW and wAD vanish in that instant.
D (aD)x
1) a A a B w BA w w BA
0 88.83 0 8Cos ( ) 0 0 8Cos ( )
aB
a
Ay 0
0 8 Sin ( ) 0
0 8 Sin ( )
B 0 0 w
z 0 w w
z z 0
aA 0 88.83 8w z Sin( ) 8wz2Cos ( )
AD
a Ay 8w z Cos ( ) 8wz Sin( )
2
A 00
2) v A vB w BA
0 0 0 8Cos ( ) 0 8wSin( )
v Ay 18.85 0 8Sin( ) v Ay 8wCos ( )
0 0 w 0
z 0 0
.
Cap.5
From system 1) wz=-12.82 [rad/s2] and from system 2) aAy=-51.28 [in/s2]
128
PROBLEM 15.248 (solution)
4. Determine accelerations in a body under general plane motion:
aD aB w BD w w BD
aDx 88.83 0 8Cos ( ) 0 0 8Cos ( )
a
Dy 0
0 8 Sin ( ) 0
0 8 Sin ( )
0 0 w
w w
z 0 z z 0
aDx 88.83 8w z Sin( ) 8wz2Cos ( )
a Dy 8w z Cos ( ) 8wz Sin( )
2
00
.
Knowing that wz=-12.82 [rad/s2] and wz=0 [rad/s], we conclude:
(aD)x = 88.82 - ( 8 )(- 12.82 ) sin 60o
(aD)x = 177.7 in/s2
Cap.5 129
PROBLEM EP 15.90
The two cylinders air compressor
presents two 0.203 [m] long arms
BD and BE. Knowing that the
0,2
length of arm AB is equal to 0.0508
03
[m], and that it rotates at a constant
D
E
rate = 1800 [rpm], in the
clockwise sense. Determine the
pistons acceleration when = 0o. B
03
0,2
A
0,0
508
Cap.5 130
PROBLEM EP 15.90 - ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
1. Determine VELOCITY of point B:
0 0.0508 sin( ) 9.576 cos( )
vB v A w1 AB 0 0 0.0508 cos( ) 9.576 sin( )
188.5
0 0
2. Determine VELOCITY of point D and ANGULAR VELOCITY of arm BD:
9.576 cos( )
w2 z
0 9.576 cos( ) 0 0.203 sin( ) 0.203 1 0.252 sin 2 ( )
9.576 cos( )
vD vB w2 BD vDy 9.576 sin( ) 0 0.203 cos( ) vDy 9.576 sin( ) 0.25 sin( )
0 w 1 0.25 2
sin 2
( )
0 2z 0 00
9.576
w2 z 47.17[rad / s]
0º 0.203
vDy 0[m / s ]
3. Determine ACCELERATION of point B
aB a A w 1 AB w1 w1 AB
0 0 0.0508 sin( ) 1805.0 sin( ) 0
aB 0 0 0 0.0508 cos( ) 1805.0 cos( )
0º aB 1805.0[m / s 2 ]
188.5 188.5
0 0 0
a D a B w 2 BD w2 w2 BD
0 1805.0 sin( ) 0 0.203 sin 0 0 0.203 sin a Dy 1805 cos( ) 0.203w 2 sin( ) 0.203w22 cos( )
a Dy 1805.0 cos( ) 0 0.203 cos 0 0 0.203 cos 1805 sin( ) 0.203w22 sin( )
0 w w w w
0.203w22 cos( )
2
0 2 0 2 2 0
Cap.5 131
PROBLEM EP 15.90
NUMERICAL SOLUTION
Cap.5 132
PROBLEM 15-250
y
A disk of 0.15-m radius rotates at a constant rate
A 2 with respect to plate BC, which itself rotates
x
0.15 m at the constant rate 1 about the y axis.
z Knowing that 1 = 2 = 3 rad/s, determine, for
B 1 C
the position shown the velocity and acceleration
(a) of point D, (b) of point F.
D E F
2
0.15 m
Cap.5 134
PROBLEM 15-250 - solution
y
A (b) Point F:
x
0.15 m vF = vC + x CF
z vF = (3 j) x (0.15 i) + (6 j) x (0.15 i)
B 1 C vF = -1.35 k [m/s]
D E
2 F
0.15 m
aF = aC + x EF + x ( x EF)
aF = 1 x (1 x BC) + x ( x EF)
aF = (3 j) x (3 j x 0.15 i) + (6 j) x [(6 j) x (0.15 i)]
aF = -1.35 i - 5.4 i aF = -6.75 i m/s2
Cap.5 135
PROBLEM 15-256
Y
Rod BC of length 24 in. is connected by ball-and-
1 socket joints to a rotating arm AB and to a collar C
B A that slides on the fixed rod DE. Knowing that
length of arm AB is 4 in. and that it rotates at a
4 in constant rate 1 = 10 [rad/s], determine the velocity
of collar C when = 90o.
16 in
E
4 in
X
Z C
D
1. Determine velocities in a body rotating about a fix axis: y v=r
In vector form, the velocity of a point in the body is given by:
v=wxr
Where v , w , and r are the velocity of the point, the angular r
velocity of the body, and the position vector from the axis to the
point. x
Cap.5 136
Y PROBLEM 15-256 - solution
A 1 Determine the velocity of point B when = 90o:
vB = 1 x AB
B vB 1 = 10 k [rad/s]
rB/A = AB = - 4 j [in] vB = 10 k x (- 4 j )
vB = ( 40 in/s) i
Z X
Y
2. Determine velocities in general motion of a rigid body:
vB = vA + x rB/A
A 1
24 in
Where vB is the velocity of point B, vA is the (known) velocity B
of point A, w is the angular velocity of the body with respect to
a fixed frame of reference, and rB/A is the position vector of B E
relative to A.
vB = ( 40 in/s) i
v C = vC k 4 in
= x i + y j + z k 20.4 in X
Z C
Cap.5
rC/B = 4 i - 12 j + 20.4 k D 137
PROBLEM 15-256 - solution
Y’
vC = vB + x rC/B B
i j k
rB/A
vC k = ( 40 in/s) i + y A
x y z
4 -12 20.4 Z’ X’
rA
z x
1 = 5 j rad/s O
2 = d/dt = 3 rad/s, 2 = 3 k rad/s 1
= 1 + 2 = 5 j + 3 k rad/s
Cap.5 139
y
PROBLEM 15-259 - solution
1
1b. Compute the velocity of a point of the body:
The velocity v of point B in the body is given by: v=wxr
where r is the position vector connecting the fixed point O to point B. A
x
The velocity of end B: For = 30 o
and rB/A = 0.125 z
rB/A = 0.125 sin30o i - 0.125 cos30o j = 0.0625 i - 0.1083 j
B
i j k y Y
vB = x rB/A = 0 5 3
0.0625 -0.1083 0
x
vB = 0.325 i + 0.188 j - 0.313 k m/s
Z Oo X
1c. Determine the angular acceleration a of the body: z
.
is the rate of change (w)OXYZ of the vector w w.r.t. a fixed frame of reference
.
OXYZ, (w)oxyz is the rate of change of w w.r.t. a rotating frame of reference oxyz,
is the angular velocity of the rotating frame.
Cap.5
w OXYZ w oxyz w 140
y Y
PROBLEM 15-259 - solution
1
Frame OXYZ is fixed.
2 o A
Frame oxyz is attached to the vertical rod and rotates
with constant angular velocity w1.
Z O .
z x Consequently: w1 = 0 and = w1
X . . .
= = 1 + 2 = 0 + 2
.
B
. .
= ( 2 )OXYZ = ( 2)oxyz + x 2
1d. Compute the acceleration of a point of a
body:
aB = x rB/A + x ( x rB/A) i j k
=0+
Where aB is the acceleration of point B, aA is 0 5 0
the (known) acceleration of point A, and 0 0 3
are the angular acceleration and angular
velocity of the body with respect to a fixed = 15 i rad/s2
frame of reference, and rB/A is the position
vector of B relative to A.
Cap.5 141
PROBLEM 15-259 – solution
1 The acceleration of end B:
Recall: = 5 j + 3 k [rad/s]
A
= 15 i [rad/s2]
z
2 x rB/A = 0.0625 i - 0.1083 j
Cap.5 142
SLIDING BAR EXERCISE
The bar sliding down the wall is represented in the figure, using translation rigid
joints at the extremities. For a given initial data, calculate the velocity and
acceleration of the extreme points.
Cap.5 143
SLIDING BAR EXERCISE - solution
Cap.5 144
SLIDING BAR EXERCISE - solution
Cap.5 145
SLIDING BAR EXERCISE – solution
Cap.5 146
SLIDER CRANK MECHANISM
The slider crank mechanism is represented in the figure, using rotational pin
joints at the left extremities and translation joint in the right point. For a given
initial data, calculate the relative velocity and acceleration of the crank body and
the instantaneous centre of rotation.
Cap.5 147
SLIDER CRANK MECHANISM - solution
Cap.5 148
SLIDER CRANK MECHANISM – solution
Absolute analysis Relative velocity
Cap.5 149
REVISIONS ABOUT ROTATION
Cap.5 150
PLANE MOTION OF RIGID BODIES:
FORCES AND ACCELERATIONS
.
HG The relations existing between the
F1 F4 forces acting on a rigid body, the
ma shape and mass of the body, and the
motion produced are studied as the
kinetics of rigid bodies.
G F3 G In general, our analysis is restricted
to the plane motion of rigid slabs
and rigid bodies symmetrical with
respect to the reference plane.
F2
The two equations for the motion of a system of particles apply to the most general
case of the motion of a rigid body. The first equation defines the motion of the mass
centre G of the body.
F = ma
where m is the mass of the body, and a the acceleration of G. The second is related to
the motion of the body relative to a centroidal frame of reference.
.
MG = HG
Cap.6 151
GENERAL EQUATIONS FOR PLANE MOTION
F = ma
.
MG = HG
.
Where HG is the rate of change of the angular momentum HG of the body about
its mass centre G.
These equations express that the system of the external forces is equipollent to. the
system consisting of the vector ma attached at G and the couple of moment HG.
F maGx A Y
F maG RC RB 71,2 0
X
00 B
M G HG 0 RB
30º
00
C
00 F
0,33R 0,109 35,6 F 0,1905 0 Rc
C
HO O G G P VG Wbody G P dm
M
O G VG W body G P dm G P VG W body G P dm
M M
O G VG M 0 I G Wbody
O G VG M H G
I O W
H G GP VG W GP dm H O H G O G M VG
M
I G W
(1º Koenig theorem)
Cap.6 157
DYNAMIC MOMENTUM
Time differentiating the angular momentum, normally calculated into a non fixed
point, we obtain:
Y’
d
HO OP VP dm
dt M
d OP
P
VP dm OP P dm
Y dV
O OP M
dt M
dt
Z’ X’ VP VO VP dm OP a P dm
rO M M
X VO MVG KO
Z
Being “O” a fixed point KO H O
Being “O” coincident to point “G” KG H G
Dynamic Solution:
F M a G
M G KG H G
Cap.6 160
Solution: Rigid body in translation
C Cinematic solution: Determine the
S=600 [mm]
HG IG W 0
HG 0 0 0
Cap.6 161
Solution: Rigid body in translation
Dynamic Solution system: C
S=600 [mm]
X
RA RB Mg cos M L Y
2
F M a
Mg sin M L
G
B RB O
G G G F M a =45
RA sin RB sin 0
s s
M K H G
2 2 º
RA
]
A [mm
0
g sin 100
L=
L
By direct substitution:
g sin d d g sin d g sin
d sin d
g
L d dt L d L L
By direct integration:
2 g
d L sin d 2 L cos
g
By direct substitution: RA RB
3
Mg cos
2
Cap.6 162
EP 16.163 – DYNAMIC R. – Thematic exercise 13
Cap.6 163
EP 16.163 – DYNAMIC REACTIONS
1. Kinematics: Express the acceleration of the
center of mass of the body, and the angular
acceleration.
2. Kinetics: Draw a free body diagram showing the
applied forces and the inertial components.
B 3. Write three equations of motion: Three
equations of motion can be obtained by
A 30o expressing the x components, y components, and
moments about an arbitrary point.
1. Kinematics:
a B a A w AB w w AB
For this instant, w 0 .
a B sin(30) a A 3 2 0 0.150
a B cos(30) a A 1 2 0 0 y
0 x
0 0
a B sin(30) a A 3 2
G
a B cos(30) a A 1 2 0.150 B
0 0
a B a A 3 30o
aB
a A 0.075 aA A
0
Cap.6 0 164
EP 16.163 – DYNAMIC REACTIONS
1. Kinematics: (cont.) y
aG a A w AG w w AG b a
x
a A cos(30) 0 0.075
G
a A sin(30) 0 0.075
0 B
0
a A 3 2 0.075
30o
a A 1 2 0.075 aB
0 aA A
0.0101
0.0375
0
I zz I xx I yy
1
12
1
12
1
ma 2 mb 2 m a 2 b 2 0.009375 kg.m 2
12
Cap.6 165
MOMENTS OF INERTIA FOR COMMON SOLIDS
AROUND SOME OF THEIR PRINCIPAL AXES
spherical shell
Cap.6 166
EP 16.163 – DYNAMIC REACTIONS
W = 2.5g
G B RB
A 30o
RA
R A 21
RB 3.52
51.2
Cap.6 167
COMPUTATIONAL SOLUTION
Interactive physics: Angular momentum, velocity, acceleration, contact force.
Cap.6 168
PROBLEM 16.153
The axis of a 5-in.-radius disk is fitted into a slot
that forms an angle = 30o with the vertical. The
disk is at rest when it is placed in contact with a
conveyor belt moving at constant speed. Knowing
5 in
that the coefficient of kinetic friction between the
disk and the belt is 0.2 and neglecting bearing
friction, determine the angular acceleration of the
disk while slipping occurs.
1. Kinematics: Express the acceleration of the center of mass of the body, and the
angular acceleration.
Once in contact with the belt the disk rotates about a fixed
point (its center). The acceleration of the mass center is zero,
and the angular acceleration is .
2. Kinetics: Draw a free body diagram showing the applied forces and an equivalent
force diagram showing the vector ma or its components and the couple Ia.
Cap.6 169
PROBLEM 16.153 - SOLUTION
Kinetics; draw a free body diagram.
y
mg 30o y
I
G x = G x
N1
0.2 N2
N2
Write three equations of motion.
Fx = m ax: 0.2 N2 - N1 cos 30o = 0
Cap.6
= 27.7 rad/s2 170
PROBLEM 16.158
B
The uniform rod AB of weight W is released from
L rest when = 70o. Assuming that the friction force is
zero between end A and the surface, determine
immediately after release (a) the angular acceleration
of the rod, (b) the acceleration of the mass center of
A the rod, (c) the reaction at A.
1. Kinematics: Express the acceleration of the center of mass of the body, and
the angular acceleration.
L B
(aG/A)t = rG/A =
a =a +a 2
G A G/A
G
(aG/A)t
aG = -aA i + L2 sin70o i - L2 cos70o j
aG = (-aA + L2 sin70o ) i - L2 cos70o j
A
Cap.6 =0 171
PROBLEM 16.158 - SOLUTION
aGy B B B
G aGx aA G
= G + (aG/A)t
aA A aA A
=0
A
2. Kinetics: Draw a free body diagram showing the applied forces and an effective
force diagram showing the vector ma or its components and the couple I.
W = mg B maGy B
1
I mL2
12
G G
L = maGx
maGx m a A Sin70º
2
L I
maGy m Cos 70º A A
2
RA
Cap.6 172
PROBLEM 16.158 - SOLUTION
3. Write three equations of motion: Three equations of motion can be obtained
by equating the x components, y components, and moments about an arbitrary
point.
(a) The angular acceleration of the rod: Moments about point P
L 1
mg ( L2 cos 70o ) = m L2 cos 70o ( 2 cos 70o ) + 12 mL2
6 g cos 70o
= = 1.519 ( g/L)
L [ 1 + 3 (cos 70o )2 ]
(b) The acceleration of the mass center:
Fx = m ax: 0 = m (-aA + L2 sin70o )
g
aA = 2 sin70 = 1.519 2 L sin 70o = 0.760 g
L o L
P G P G = 1.519 (g/L)
= maGx
I maGx = m (-aA + L
2 sin70 o
)
A L cos70o A
2 maGy = - m L cos70o
2
RA
(c) The reaction at A:
Fy = m ay : RA - mg = - m L2 cos70o
RA = mg - m L2 cos70o
Cap.6 177
Problem 16.129
Cap.6 178
Test exercise - revisions
1
IYG I Xg mL 2
12
– Parallel axis theorem:
I I G m.d 2
179
KINETICS OF RIGID BODIES IN THREE
DIMENSIONS
The two fundamental equations for the motion of a system of particles
.
F = ma MG = HG
y
Y provide the foundation for three dimensional
analysis, just as they do in the case of plane
HG motion of rigid bodies. The computation of
the angular momentum HG and its derivative
G x kG , however, are now considerably more
z involved.
X
O
Z
Cap.6 180
KINETICS OF RIGID BODIES IN THREE
DIMENSIONS (CONT.)
The rectangular components of the angular momentum HG of a rigid body may be
expressed in terms of the components of its angular velocity w and of its centroidal
moments and products of inertia:
y
HO = r x mv + HG
HO HO = [Io].w
since: vG w r
I o I G Md 2
x
O
z
Hx = +Ix x - Ixyy - Ixzz
Hy = -Iyxx + Iy y - Iyzz
Hz = -Izxx - Izyy + Iz z
Cap.6 183
PRINCIPLE OF IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM
The principle of impulse and momentum for a rigid body in three- dimensional
motion is expressed by the same fundamental formula used for a rigid body in plane
motion.
Syst Momenta1 + Syst Ext Imp1 2= Syst Momenta2
The initial and final system momenta should be represented as shown in the figure
and computed from
HG
Y mv
Hx = +Ix x - Ixyy - Ixzz
Hy = -Iyxx + Iy y - Iyzz G
Hz = -Izxx - Izyy + Iz z r
Or, in the case of principal axes of inertia:
X
Z O
1 1
T = 2 mv + 2 (Ix’x2’ + Iy’y2’ + Iz’z’2)
2
Setting , using principal axes, and writing this equation in scalar form, we
obtain Euler’s equations of motion.
.
F = ma MG = HG
. .
HG = (HG )Gxyz + x HG
.
Substituting HG above into MG ,
.
MG = (HG )Gxyz + x HG
Cap.6 187
FIXED POINT ROTATION MOTION
Y
In the case of a rigid body constrained to rotate
about a fixed point O, an alternative method of
y solution may be used, involving moments of the
HO forces and the rate of change of the angular
x momentum about point O.
X .
O
Z
MO = (HO )Oxyz + x HO
z
Where: MO = sum of the moments about O of the forces applied
to the rigid body
HO = angular momentum of the body with respect to the
. frame OXYZ
(HO)Oxyz = rate of change of HO with respect to the rotating
frame Oxyz
= angular velocity of the rotating frame Oxyz
Cap.6 188
Thematic exercise 14
A disc of radius “r” and mass
“M” rotates without slipping in 1
2
the plane ground. The disc axis O L
OG rotates in a socket ball
fixed rotational joint, point O, G
with a constant linear velocity 3
“V” at point “G”, being always Fa R
in vertical position.
Calculate the contact reactions. N
1. Kinematics: Express the acceleration of the body mass center, and the angular
acceleration.
aG aO Warm OG Warm (Warm OG )
2. Kinetics: Draw a free body diagram showing the applied forces and an equivalent
force diagram showing the vector ma or its components and the couple I.
3. Mass properties: Recall geometric mass properties for a disc.
Cap.6 189
THEMATIC PROBLEM
2. Kinetics: Draw a free body diagram showing the applied forces and an equivalent
force diagram showing the vector ma or its components and the couple I.
R3 1
2
L
R1 G 3
Mg
R2 R
Fa
N
R1 Fa 0
F m aG
Mg N R 2 0
R3 M 2 L
L.R 2 1 Mr 2
4
MG HG
L.R1 0
r.Fa 0
Solution: R1=0; Fa=0; R3=-Mv2/L; R2=-1/4Mv2r/L2; N=Mg+1/2Mv2r/L2
Cap.6 190
Thematic exercise 15
Un unbalance axis may be approximated by
the sketch represented in the figure. Knowing
that the mass of each bar is equal to 0.3 [kg]
and the principal rod rotates at a instant speed
of 1200 [r.p.m], when a couple M of 6 [Nm] is
applied, determine the dynamic reactions at the
supports, neglecting the inertia of the principal
rod CD.
Equations to be solved:
F m a G
C C
M H
yi M i y M
2
x x M i i
i i
XG
25 [mm] y
i 1
25 [mm] z i 1
225 [mm]
I I G m.d x
2 i 1
2 2
M M
2
G M i
i 1
i
i 1
i
1 i 1
I yG mL 2 y d
12
Cap.6 YG z 191
x
TEST EXERCISE – cont.
R cy C
Rcx
B
RDx
Angular momentum HC: y
A D
M z
Ix Pxy Pxz x I x Pxy Pxz 0 Pxz z RDy
H C I C Pyx Iy Pyz y Pyx Iy Pyz 0 Pyz z
Pzx
Pzy I z z Pzx Pzy I z z I z z
2
1
I zz I Gz mi * z i2 2 * 0.3 * 0.12 0.3 * 0.05 2 0.002 kgm 2
i 1 12
2
Pxz mi * xi * z i 0.3 * 0 * 0.15 0.3 * 0.05 * 0.3 0.0045 kgm 2
i 1
2
Pyz mi * y i * z i 0.3 * 0.05 * 0.15 0.3 * 0 * 0.3 0.00225 kgm 2
i 1
Cap.6 192
TEST EXERCISE – cont.
0 mg 0.05 mg 0 RDx 0 Pxz z Pyz z
2
C C 0.05 0 0 0 0 RDy 0 Pyz z Pxz z2
M H
0.15 0 0.30 0 0.6 0 M I z z
0.6 RDy 0.0045 z 0.00225 * 125.66 RDx 109.15 N
2
HO = -I’ sin i + I’ j + I( + cos )k
Substituting for HO and = - sin i + j + cos k into
.
MO = (HO )Oxyz + x HO
leads to the differential equations defining the motion of the gyroscope.
Cap.6 195
Z z GYROSCOPE’S MOTION
In the particular case of the steady precession of a
. .
k
.
gyroscope, the angle , the rate of precession ,
K .
and the rate of spin remain constant. Such
B’ y motion is possible only if the moments of the
O external forces about O satisfy the relation
B M O
. .
x MO = (Iz - I’ cos ) sin j
i.e., if the external forces reduce to a couple
of moment equal to the right-hand member
of the equation above and applied about an
axis perpendicular to the precession axis
and to the spin axis.
Cap.6 196
y
PROBLEM 18.147
2 A homogeneous disk of mass m = 5 kg
A rotates at a constant rate 1 = 8 rad/s
with respect to the bent axle ABC, which
z itself rotates at the constant rate 2 = 3
B rad/s about the y axis.
400 mm x Determine the angular momentum H of
C
C
1 300 mm the disk about its center C.
r = 250 mm
1. Determine the angular velocity w of the body: w is the angular velocity of the
body with respect to a fixed frame of reference. The vector w may be resolved into
components along the rotating axes. The angular velocity is often obtained by adding
two components of angular velocities w1 and w2.
= 1 + 2 ; 1 = 8 k rad/s; 2 = 3 j rad/s
Cap.6
= 3 j+ 8k rad/s 197
y
PROBLEM 18.147 - SOLUTION
2
A 2. Determine the angular momentum of
the body: If the principal axes of inertia
x’, y’, z’ of the body at G (mass center)
z are known, the components of the angular
B momentum HG are given by:
400 mm x
C ( HG )x’ = Ix’ x’
1 300 mm ( HG )y’ = Iy’ y’
( HG )z’ = Iz’ z’
r = 250 mm
( HC )x’ = Ix’ x’ = 0
1
( HC )y’ = Iy’ y’ = 4 5 (0.25)2 3 = 0.234 kg m2 / s
( HC )z’ = Iz’ z’ = 1 5 (0.25)2 8 = 1.25 kg m2 / s
2
Cap.6 HC = 0.234 j + 1.25 k kg m2 /s 199
PROBLEM 18.148
B Two L-shaped arms, each weighing 5 lb, are
9 in welded to the one-third points of the 24-in.
shaft AB. Knowing that shaft AB rotates at
9 in the constant rate w = 180 rpm, determine:
9 in
(a)the angular momentum HA of the body
A 9 in about A;
= 18.85 k rad/s
Cap.6 200
PROBLEM 18.148 – SOLUTION
B 2. Determine the mass moments and products
9 in
of inertia of the body: For a three dimensional
y body these are the quantities Ix, Iy, Iz, Ixy, Ixz, and
9 in
Iyz, where xyz is the rotating frame. If the
9 in
rotating
A 9 in frame is centered at G (mass center) and is in the
direction of the principal axes of inertia
z (Gx’y’z’), then the products of inertia are zero
x and Ix, Iy, and Iz, are the principal centroidal
Defining: moments of inertia.
Iz = 2 [Iz of 1 + Iz of 2 ]
Iz = 2 { 1 m L2 + m [ L2 + (0.5 L) 2 ] + 1 m L2 + m (0.5 L) 2 }
12 12
Cap.6
Iz = 0.1456 lb . ft . s2 201
PROBLEM 18.148 – SOLUTION
Ixz = [Ixz of 1 + Ixz of 2 + Ixz of 3 + Ixz of 4 ]
Ixz = [ m (-L)(-2d) + m (-0.5L)(-2d) + m ( 0.5 L)(-d) + m ( L )(-d) ]
Ixz = 1.5 m L d = 0.0582 lb . ft . s2
Iyz = [Iyz of 1 + Iyz of 4 ]
Iyz = [m(0.5L)(-2d) + m(0.5 L)(-d)] = -1.5 m L d = - 0.0582 lb . ft . s2
z
x
(a) Angular momentum about A:
z
x
(b) = The angle HA forms with the shaft:
1. Determine the mass moments and products of inertia of the body: For a three
dimensional body these are the quantities Ix, Iy, Iz, Ixy, Ixz, and Iyz, where xyz is the
rotating frame. If the rotating frame is centered at G (mass center) and is in the
direction of the principal axes of inertia (Gx’y’z’), then the products of inertia are
zero and Ix, Iy, and Iz, are the principal centroidal moments of inertia.
Cap.6 205
PROBLEM 18.153 – solution
75 mm y
Moments and products of inertia :
B Set : b = 0.075 m, m = 0.6 kg
75 mm G By symmetry :
X h/3 ZG
Iz = 2 [ Iz of 1 ] + Iz of 2 b
Z
1 m b2 ] + m [ b2 + ( b )2 ]} + 1 ( 2 m )( 2b )2
Iz = 2 {[ 18 6 6 3 12 3
Iz = 11 m b
2
18
Cap.6 206
75 mm
PROBLEM 18.153 – solution
y
B Ixz of 2 = 0
For the whole body :
75 mm G
Ixz = 2 [ Ixz of 1 ]
A
75 mm M0
75 mm
x Ixz = 2 [ 0 + m (-b)( - b )]
z 6 6
75 mm 1 m b2
Ixz = 18
x = y = 0, z =
=k
=
Cap.6 208
75 mm PROBLEM
y 18.153 - solution
3. Determine the angular momentum of
B the body:
The angular momentum HG of a rigid body
75 mm G about point G can be expressed in terms of
the components of its angular velocity w
A and its moments and products of inertia.
75 mm M0
x
75 mm I xx Pxy Pxz 0 Pxz w
z
75 mm H G I yy Pyz 0 Pyz w
I zz w I zz w
Cap.6 211
PROBLEM 18.153 - solution
y y
. ma = 0
By HGy
B B
Bx
Ay G = G .
HGx
A A .
M0 HGz
x x
z Ax z
HG = 1 m b ( - 2 i + j + 22 k)
2
M0 = 0.0495 k N.m 36
m = 0.6 kg, b = 0.075 m, = 24 rad/s 2
Recall: 1st Koenig Theorem
. H B B G VG M H G
Equating moments about B : M B = HB
BA RA BG P M H B
0 Ax 0 0 0 2 1 36mb w Ay 29.73 N
2
Ax 0.015 N
2
0 y
A 0 mg 0 1 36 mb
w
0.15 0 0.075 0 0.0495 22 1 36mb 2 w
w 24 rad / s 2
Cap.6 212
y
PROBLEM 18.153 - solutiony
. ma = 0
By HGy
B B
Bx
Ay G = G
HGx
.
A A .
M0 HGz
x x
z Ax z
.
HG = 1 m b ( - 2 i + j + 22 k)
2
M0 = 0.0495 k N.m 36
Equating forces : F = ma
Ax Bx m 0 Bx 0.015 N
A
y B y mg m 0 B y 23.844 N
x Component ( + ) : Ax + Bx = 0 Bx = 0.244 N
y Component ( + ) : Ay + By = 0 By = -0.1596 N
Dynamic reactions at A and B after 0.6 s :
A = -0.244 i + 0.1596 j N B = 0.244 i - 0.1596 j N
Cap.6 216
PROBLEM 18.157
A A 2-kg disk of 150-mm diameter is attached
600 mm to the end of a rod AB of negligible mass
which is supported by a ball-and-socket joint
at A. If the disk is observed to process about
. 30o B the vertical in the sense indicated at a
. constant rate of 36 rpm, determine the rate
.
of spin of the disk about AB.
1. Determine the angular velocity w of the body and the angular velocity W of the
rotating frame: is the angular velocity of the body with respect to a fixed frame
of reference. The vector may be resolved into components along the rotating axes.
The angular velocity is often obtained by adding two components of angular
velocities 1 and 2. is the angular velocity of the rotating frame. If the rotating
frame is rigidly attached to the body, = .
Cap.6 217
PROBLEM 18.157 - solution
Z
z . Determine the angular velocity w of the body.
K
. .
k = - 36 rpm = - 3.770 rad/s
A . .
y . .
x L = - sin i + ( + cos ) k
Determine the angular velocity W of the rotating
B frame.
. .
= - sin i + cos k
2. Determine the mass moments and products of inertia of the body: For a three
dimensional body these are the quantities Ix, Iy, Iz, Ixy, Ixz, and Iyz, where xyz is the
rotating frame. If the rotating frame is centered at G (mass center) and is in the
direction of the principal axes of inertia (Gx’y’z’), then the products of inertia are
zero and Ix, Iy, and Iz, are the principal centroidal moments of inertia.
Cap.6 218
PROBLEM 18.157 – solution
A Determine the mass moments of inertia.
600 mm
Ix = 41 m r2 + m L2
. 30o B Ix = 41 2 ( 0.075 )2 + 2 ( 0.6 )2 = 0.7228 kg. m2
.
Iz = 21 m r2 = 21 2 ( 0.075 )2 = 0.005625 kg. m2
= 30o
L = 600 mm
3. Determine the angular momentum of the body: The angular momentum HG of
a rigid body about point A can be expressed in terms of the components of its
angular velocity w and its moments and products of inertia.
( HA )x = + Ix x - Ixy y - Ixz z
( HA )y = - Iyx x + Iy y - Iyz z
( HA )z = - Izx x - Izy y + Iz z
Cap.6 219
Z
z . PROBLEM 18.157 – solution
K 3. Determine the angular momentum of the body.
. . . .
k = - sin i + ( + cos ) k
A Angular momentum about A :
y
L
x HA = Ix x i + Iz z k
. . .
B HA = - Ix sin i + Iz ( + cos ) k
4. Compute the rate of change of angular momentum.
. .
= - sin i + cos k
. . . .
HA = ( HA )oxyz + x HA ( HA )oxyz = 0, since = constant
. . i j . k
HA = x HA = - sin 0 cos
. . .
- Ix sin 0 Iz ( + cos )
. . . .
HA = sin [ Iz ( + cos ) - Ix cos ] j
Cap.6 220
PROBLEM 18.157 – solution
5. Draw the free-body-diagram: The diagram shows the system of the external
forces exerted on the body.
Z
Z
z . z
K Az
. Ay
k Note: A .
A The y axis and Ay are in y
y a direction perpendicular
x L
x L (out) to the plane of the Ax
figure.
B
B
W = mg
6. Write equation of motion: For a body rotating about point A :
.
MA = HA
Cap.6 221
Z
z PROBLEM 18.157 – solution
Write equation of motion.
Az Ay
A . Recall:
y . . . . .
x L HA = sin [ Iz ( + cos ) - Ix cos ] j
Ax
B
Sum of moments about A :
.
W = mg M A = HA :
. . . .
(- L k ) x ( -mg K ) = sin [ Iz ( + cos ) - Ix cos ] j
. . . .
- mg L sin j = sin [ Iz ( + cos ) - Ix cos ] j
. Ix - Iz . mgL
= I cos - .
z Iz
Cap.6 222
Z
z . PROBLEM 18.157 – solution
K
. Ix = 0.7228 kg. m2
k = 30 o
A . L = 600 mm Iz = 0.005625 kg. m2
y .
x L
= - 3.77 rad/s
B m = 2 kg
. Ix - Iz . mgL
= I cos - .
z Iz
.
= 138.9 rad/s
Cap.6 223
TEST EXERCISE – Thematic exercise 17
Problem: C
Y1
The extreme point of a uniform bar AB, with a
mass of 8 [kg] is connected to a slide vertical A X
=30º
frictionless and massless cursor.
The other extreme point is connected to a vertical
L=0.75 m
cable BC. B
If the bar is released from rest, for the position
X1
shown, determine:
a) The angular acceleration of the bar;
b)The dynamic instant reaction.
Y
Solution: By Newton’s second law
F maG
M H
G
0 0 2 2 2 2
0 0 0
Second equation leads to:
3 3
0 a Ay L a Ay L
2 2
Substitution in to previous equation :
1 3 1 1
L 2 L 2 L 2
2
L 2
aGx 2 2 2 2
3 2 1 3 3 3
aGy a Ay L 2 L 2 L L 2 L
0 2 2 2 2 4
0 0 0
Cap.6 226
TEST EXERCISE – solution
C
RA m L A
Y1
F maG 4
X
FBC mg m L 3 =30º
M H L
4 RA
1
RA FBC L 3 4 mL
2
G L=0.75 m FBC
4 12 B
mg
X1
RA m L
Y
F maG 4
FBC mg m L 3
4
M H 1 mL2 L g L 3 L 3 1 L2
2 2
G
L
m L 4 mg m L 3 4 L 3 4 16 4
4 16 12
12
* 25.46N
g6 3 L
RA m *
8 L 4
FBC ...
L 3 ´ L 3 L 1 L2 g 6 3
2 2
64
g 4 16 16 12 g L 3
4
L2
8L 16.97rad / s 2
12 16
Cap.6 227
EXERCISE 16.119
• The 300 [mm] uniform rod BD of
mass 3 [kg] is connected, as shown,
to crank AB and to a collar D of
negligible mass, which can slide
D
freely along a horizontal rod.
Knowing that crank AB rotates
180 [mm]
counter clockwise at the constant
rate of 300[rpm], determine the B
dynamic reaction at support D, when
=0º. A
Cap.6 228
EXERCISE 16.119 – NUMERICAL SOLUTION
Cap.6 229
ENERGY METHODS
The principle of work and energy for a rigid body is expressed in the form
T1 + U1 2= T2
where T1 and T2 represent the initial and final values of the kinetic energy of the rigid
body and U1 2 the work of the external forces acting on the rigid body.
The work of a force F applied at a point A is: Z
F
s2 A
U1 2 = (F cos ) ds X
Y
s1 dw F dr F. Cos . ds
where F is the magnitude of the force, the angle it forms with the direction of
motion of A, and s the variable of integration measuring the distance travelled by A
along its path.
Cap.7 230
WORK OF A COUPLE
The work of a couple of moment M applied to a rigid body during a rotation in
of the rigid body is:
2
U1 2 =
1
M d
The kinetic energy of a rigid body in plane motion is calculated according to the
3rd Koenig theorem:
1 1
T= 2
mv + I2 2
2
G
where v is the velocity of the mass centre G of the body, w
v
the angular velocity of the body, and I its moment of inertia
about an axis through G perpendicular to the plane of
reference.
Cap.7 231
KINETIC ENERGY
1 1
T= 2
mv + I2
2
2
G The kinetic energy of a rigid body in plane motion may be
separated into two parts: (1) the kinetic energy 1 mv 2
v
2
associated with the motion of the mass center G of the body,
and (2) the kinetic energy 1 Iw2 associated with the rotation
2
of the body about G.
T=
1
I 2
2 O
where IO is the moment of inertia of the body about the
considered fixed axis.
Cap.7 232
KINETIC ENERGY – PLANE MOTION
Velocity of a generic point of the body
Y M vP vG w GP
1 2
Ec 2 MvG 2 w GP dm
1 2
M
2 MvG2 2 I G w 2
1 1
Ec 2 I O w 2
1
Cap.7 233
PRINCIPLE OF ENERGY CONSERVATION
When a rigid body, or a system of rigid bodies, moves under the action of
conservative forces, the principle of work and energy may be expressed in the
form
T1 + U1
2= T2 T1 + V1 = T2 + V2
which is referred to as the principle of conservation of energy. This principle
may be used to solve problems involving conservative forces such as the force of
gravity or the force exerted by a spring.
dw dU
application point.
T2A
1 A A 2 1 A A
2
I G (w ) m K
2
(w ) 12 10 0,2 (w )
2 A 2 2 A 2
perpendicular axis
(I=MR2).
m K
600 2 600 2
2 2
3 0,08
1 1 B 2 1
T I GB ( w B ) 2
2
B B 2
Cap.7 2 2 60 2 60 235
THEMATIC EXERCISE
A kinematics approach:
vIA vIB w A 0,25 wB 01
, w A 0,4wB
The impulse energy:
U12 M 6 A
So: 27 ,37 ( rad ) 4,356 ( revolution s )
B
The principle of work and energy applied to the gear A:
F
T1 U1 T2 0 U1 (T2 ) F 0,25 0,425,1
2 2 A 1 2
2
The hypothesis of no slipping:
S A S B r A r B 10,95(rad )
Solution: F=46(N)
Cap.7 236
EXERCISE 17.10
A rotating body is breaking by means
of a geometric defined arm, as
represented in the figure.
The rotating element has a radius of
254 [mm], and a inertial moment of
18,3 [kgm2]. Knowing that the initial
angular velocity is equal to 180 [rpm],
anticlockwise, determine the force that
must be applied by the hydraulic jack
to stop the system after 50 revolutions.
e 0,4
c 0,3
Cap.7 237
VIBRATIONS
Cap.8 238
VIBRATIONS – (UN) HELPFUL CASES
Cap.8 239
PROBLEM DETECTION IN VIBRATIONS
During tests, the results
observation in time domain does
not give so much useful
information, however, if that
information is treated in the
frequency domain, may help to
identify the energy concentration
for some specific frequencies.
Cap.8 240
MATHEMATICAL MODEL
Cap.8 241
EXPERIMENTAL MODEL (Univ. Southern California)
Sensors
Actuators
• Building Details
– 48 inches high, 4 floors, 60 lbs
– Floors –1/2 x 12 x 18 aluminum
plates
– steel 1/2 x 1/8 inch steel columns
– 5.5 lb/inch spring braces
– 4 actuators on the top floor
– 8 motes, 2/floor
Motes
– dual axis, 200Hz, 2 starGates
• 4 Test Cases
– Case 1: braces from floor 4 removed
– Case 2: braces from floor 3 removed
– Case 3: braces from floor 2 removed
– Case 4: braces from floor 2 and 4
removed
Cap.8 242
EXPERIMENTAL MODEL (Univ. Southern California)
• Stiffness reduction due to the removal of bracing systems to the frame structure.
Case 1 Case 2
Case 3 Case 4
243
CASE STUDY
Problem: The portal frame presented in
the picture, presents a vibration problem,
when moving the load. The maintenance
could stop and verify the source of the
problem, or let go on till collapse. This
dilemma and also the uncertain
questions, if the force level generated by
the gear motor was very high or if those
level forces were amplified by resonance
of the gear motor structure, let the
engineer think about the problem and try
to do a diagnostic.
Cap.8 245
SIGNALS AND HARMONICS
• The motion of a mechanical
system can consist of a single
component at a single frequency
or it can consist of several
components occurring at different
frequencies simultaneously, as for
example with the piston motion of
an internal combustion engine.
Cap.8 246
SIMPLEST FORM OF VIBRATION SYSTEM
• Once a (theoretical) system of a mass and a spring is set in motion it
will continue this motion with constant frequency and amplitude. The
system is said to oscillate with a sinusoidal waveform.
Cap.8 247
MECHANICAL DISCRETE SYSTEMS
F spring F spring
F spring
X1
X2-X1
X2
F damp
F damping F damping
X2-X1
X1 X2
F mass
F mass
X2
Cap.8 248
MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS
Consider the free vibration of a particle, i.e.,
the motion of a particle P subjected to a
-xm restoring force proportional to the displacement
of the particle - such as the force exerted by a
spring.
If the displacement x of the particle P is
measured from its equilibrium position O, the
O≝ resultant F of the forces acting on P (including
its weight) has a magnitude kx and is directed
x
Equilibrium P toward O.
Applying Newton’s second law (F = ma) with
..
a = x, the differential equation of motion is:
..
x + n2x = 0
O The motion defined by this expression is called
simple harmonic motion.
Equilibrium
x P
The solution of this equation, which represents the
displacement of the particle P is expressed as:
x = xm sin (nt + )
+xm
Where: xm = amplitude of the vibration
+ wn = k/m = natural circular frequency
= phase angle
Cap.8 250
MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS
Recalling:
..
x + n2x = 0
-xm
x = xm sin (nt + )
The period of the vibration (i.e., the time
required for a full cycle) and its frequency (i.e.,
O the number of cycles per second) are expressed
as:
x
Equilibrium P 2
Period = Tn =
n
1 n
Frequency = fn = n = 2
+xm
The velocity and acceleration of the particle are
+ obtained by differentiating x, and their
maximum values are:
vm = xmn am = xmn2
Cap.8 251
OSCILLATORY MOTION
Cap.8 252
SIMPLE PENDULUM
C
L While the motion of a simple pendulum is not truly a
simple harmonic motion, the formulas given above may
be used with n 2 = g/L to calculate the period and
frequency of the small oscillations of a simple
A pendulum.
.. ..
x + n2x = 0 or + n2= 0
the vibration considered is a simple harmonic motion and its period and frequency
may be obtained.
Cap.8 253
FORCED VIBRATION WITH A SINGLE D.O.F.
• Single Degree of Freedom System - Heavy Duty Vehicle Suspended Seats
(construction and agricultural vehicles, buses)
Seat
Controller
Off-state On-State
Road input
Random Ordered
pattern pattern 254
FORCED VIBRATION
The forced vibration of a mechanical system occurs
when the system is subjected to a periodic force or when
it is elastically connected to a support which has an
alternating motion. The differential
equation describing m sin f t
each system is m
x presented
Equilibrium below.
f t = 0
f t
P = Pm sin f t
..
mx + kx = Pm sin f t
.. x
mx + kx = km sin f t Equilibrium
Cap.8 255
FORCED VIBRATION
.. m sin f t
mx + kx = Pm sin f t m
.. f t
mx + kx = km sin f t f t = 0
xpart = xm sin f t
P = Pm sin f t to the general solution. x
Equilibrium
Cap.8 256
MAGNIFICATION FACTOR
.. ..
mx + kx = Pm sin f t mx + kx = km sin f t
-Substituting xpart, part, part into each of the differential equation,
and recalling the definition of natural frequency (k/m= ).
-Dividing the amplitude xm of the steady-state vibration by Pm/k in
x
the case of a periodic force, or by m in the case of an oscillating
Equilibrium
support, the magnification factor of the vibration is defined by:
xm
xm x 1
P = Pm sin f
Pm / k
t m
Pm k m wf
2 1 wf
1
m sin f
wn
t wn
m
f t = 0 f t
The amplitude xm of the forced vibration becomes infinite
when f = n , i.e., when the forced frequency is equal to the
natural frequency of the system. The impressed force or
impressed support movement is then said to be in resonance
with the system. Actually the amplitude of the vibration
Equilibrium x remains finite, due to damping forces.
Cap.8 257
RESONANCE VIBRATIONS
• Swinging a child in a playground is an easy job because
you are helped by its natural frequency.
• With a tiny push on the swing each time it comes back to
you, you can continue to build up the amplitude of swing.
• If someone try to force it to swing a twice that frequency, it
will find it very difficult.
Cap.8 258
RESONANCE VIBRATIONS
• Old story: “Napolean army cross bridge with
organized step, being this step frequency
equal to the bridge natural frequency,
increasing the amplitude of vibration,
producing collapse.
• Real Story: Tacoma, USA, November, the 7th
of 1940. The wind movement excite bridge
natural frequencies (first the longitudinal
modes and then the torsional modes, most
critical).
• Real Story: Pingo Doce supermarket,
Bragança, Portugal, 9-11-2010. The wind
speed excite natural frequency (torsional
mode).
259
FREE VIBRATIONS WITH DAMPING
Academic example: Mass, spring and shock absorber system in a horizontal plane,
with one degree of freedom.
X
Dynamic equation:
F m
X KX C
X m
X
Movement equation:
mX CX KX 0
Possible solution:
X Ae st
A – constant to be determined
S – Characteristic of the present system
Cap.8 260
SOLUTION VERIFICATION
X Ae st
X A ( s) e st
X A( s ) e
2 st
ms Cs K 0
2
s1 C C K
2 X 1 A1e s1t
s2 2m 2m m X 2 A2 e s2 t
Cap.8 261
SOLUTION VERIFICATION
Any combination of those two solutions, may be considered also a solution
Cap.8 262
DAMPING TYPE
three different cases of
damping, namely,
CCrítico Damping type (1) heavy damping,
2
when c > cc,
CCritico K K (2) critical damping,
CCritico 2m CCritico 2m(Wn )
2m m m when c = cc,
(3) light damping, when
c < cc.
Cap.8 263
DAMPING
The equation of motion describing the damped free vibrations of a system with
viscous damping is
.. .
mx + cx + kx = 0
where c is a constant called the coeficient of viscous damping. Defining the critical
damping coefficient cc as
k
cc = 2m = 2mn
m
where n is the natural frequency of the system in the absence of damping, we
distinguish three different cases of damping, namely:
Mass= 1[kg]
Spring constant = 1 [N/m]
Damping coefficient = variable, from 0.02, 0.2, 2, 20
C=0.02 [Ns/m] C=0.2 [Ns/m] C=2.0 [Ns/m] C= 20.0 [Ns/m]
4
3,8
3,6
3,4
Deslocamento X [m]
3,2
2,8
2,6
2,4
2,2
2
0 10 20 30 40 50
Tempo [s]
Cap.8 265
THEMATIC EXERCISE 19 - FUNDAMENTALS OF
MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS
3L/4=1.95
L/4 L/4
50(N) The beam shown in the left figure has a mass
of 31 [kg] and a length of 2.6 [m].
P
A force of 50 [N] is static applied at point “P”
and remove after. The oscillations of that point
“P” were observed in a spectral analyser, being
3
2
possible to represent the acceleration.
1 Use the data on graph to determine the spring
-1 constant and the damping coefficient.
-2
-3
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Static analysis:
RCy
50
RCx 0
RCx 0 A
F 0
2 RCx
RCy mg 50 k est 0 RCy mg P
M G 0 l 3 mg
l l F spring
RCy 50 k est 0 50 mg
4 2 2
est k 3k
Cap.8 266
EXERCISE - solution
Kinematic analysis: Determination of the mass centre acceleration and the
relationship between two distinct points A and P.
aG aO w OG w w OG
0 0 l 4 0 0 l 4 l 4
2
0 0 0 0 0 0 l 4
0 0 0 0
VA VI w I A
0 0 l 4 0 Y
0 0 0 l 4
0 0 0
VP VI w I P X
A
0 0 3l 4 0 I
P
0 0 0 3l 4
VP
0 0 0 VA
Cap.8 267
EXERCISE – solution
Dynamic analysis: Newton’s second law.
F maG
RCx m 2 l 4
RCy mg cx P 50 k est xP m l 4
M G H G 2
l 4 RCy l 2 . 50 cx A l 2 l 2 k est kx P l 2 1 12 ml
RCx 4 9 m l x P2
RCy 100 2 3cx P 2k est 2kxP 4 9 mxP
x 3 7 c m x 27 k 7 m x 0
P P P
0 0 0 0
HG 0 0 0 0
SM
1 12 ml 2 1 12 ml 2 1 12 ml 2
Cap.8 268
EXERCISE – solution
Graphical analysis: Data retrieved from the time domain result.
1
T 0.1[ s ] f 10[ Hz ]
T
wd 2f 62.8rad / s
Logarithm decrement
2 x(t ) 2
Ln Ln 0.0644
1 2 x(t T ) 3
Cap.8 269
BEAM - SPRING EXERCISE
A straight homogeneous bar of 5.44 [kg] is
connected to a spring with elastic constant equal to
C 525 (N/m). If the extremity B was moved down
B 12,7 (mm), and then released, determine:
Kinematic analysis:
a G a C W CG W (W CG )
0 0,076 0 0 0,076
0 0 0 0 0
0 0
0,076 2
0,076
0
Cap.8 271
EXERCISE – solution
Dynamic momentum:
0 0 0 0 0
1
H G 0 ml 2 0 0 0
12 1 ml 2
1
0 ml 2 12
12
0
HG 0
ml 2
1
12
Dynamic analysis:
F m. a cm
M G HG
RCx 0,4134 2
RCy mg 525 est y B 5,44 0,076
0,076 5,44 9,81 5250,01442 y B 5,44 0,076 5250,01442 y B 0,457 mL
1
12
2
Cap.8 272
EXERCISE – solution
General differential equations:
0,41012
279,8y B 0
y B 279.8y B 0
0,7694
0,41012
149 ,146 0
Cap.8 273
EXERCISE – solution
Final solution: . ..
yB, yB, yB
y B 0,0127 cos(19.07 t )
y B 0.242 sin(19.07 t )
y B 4.618 cos(19.07 t )
(t ) 0.0238 cos(19.07 t )
(t ) 0.4538 sin(19.07 t )
(t ) 8.655 cos(19.07 t )
Cap.8 274
EXERCISE – solution
RCX RCY
Cap.8 275
3 G2
Y DOOR EXERCISE
I33
The door of a restaurant is equioed with a spring
c at and damp system, so it can return to its original
G1
an position after the push and pull procedure.
k mg The door has a mass of 60 (kg) and a principal
1 inertial moment of 7.2 (kgm2 ), relative to G2.
The rotational spring has a constant of 25
(Nm/rad).
X
a) Determine the critical damping coefficient.
b) A man with a occupied arm and in a hurry, uses its foot to open the door.
Calculate the angular velocity necessary to open the door 70º.
c) How long takes the door to reach the position of 5º.?
d) Repeat the questions a),b) and c) in the case the door possess a damping
coeficient of 1.3.
Cap.8 276
DOOR EXERCISE – solution
Kinematic analysis:
aG S12 a0 W OG W (W OG)
0 0.91 / 2 0 0 0.91 / 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
(0.455) 3 G2
Y
(0.455)
0
Dynamic momentum: I33
I 0
G1G1 0 0 0 c at G1
HG 0 IG 2G 2
0 0 0 an
k
S 12
0 0 I G 3G 3 I G 3G 3 mg
1
0 0 0 0
HG 0 0 0 0 X
S 12
I I I
Cap.8 G 3G 3 G 3G 3 G 3G 3 277
DOOR EXERCISE – solution
Dynamic momentum:
0 0 0 0 0
HO I O 0 I G m0 0.4552 0 0 0
S 12
0 0.4552 0
0
I G1G1 0 0 0
0 I G 2 G 2 m 0.455
2
HO
S 12
0 0
0 I G 3G 3 m 0.455
2
0
0 0 0
HO 0
0 0
S 12
( I 2
( I 2
)
G 3G 3 m 0.455 ) G 3G 3 m 0.455
0
0
( I 2
)
G 3G 3 m 0.455
Cap.8 278
DOOR EXERCISE – solution
Dynamic analysis:
...
F ma G
3
G2 ...
M O H O
Y
c k I
G 3G 3 m 0 . 455 2
I33 ...
c ...
at G1 2
an ( 7 . 2 60 0 . 455 ) c k 0
k mg ...
1
...
19.62 c 25 0
X
Natural frequencies:
k eq 25
Wn 113
. (rad / s)
meq 19.62
Cap.8 279
DOOR EXERCISE – solution
Damping coefficient:
ceq
ceq / 2 k eq meq 1
ccritico
ceq 44.3( N . s / m)
Movement equation:
Ae st ( As)e st ( As 2 )e st
Substituting the solution into the eqaution:
s1 c c 2 1962
s 2 39.24 39.24
Cap.8 280
DOOR EXERCISE – solution
For vibrations critically damping, the solution presents two real double solutions
(t ) e W t ( A1 tA2 )
n
(t ) Wn e W t ( A1 tA2 ) e W t ( A2 )
n n
t 0 0 A1 0 A2 0 A1 0
t 0 0
n 1
W A A2 0 A2 0 Wn 0
Substituting the constants into the movement equation:
(t ) e W t ( 0 t ( 0 Wn 0 ))
n
Cap.8 281
DOOR EXERCISE – solution
Mathematically, to obtain the maximum of a function, its is necessary to
differentiate and equal to zero the function.
d (t )
0
t
0 e Wnt (0 Wn 0 ) Wn e Wnt ( 0 t (0 Wn 0 ))
Any function e Wnt 0, it can be verify :
1
t
Wn
The maximum value for the function is: 70º 122
. (rad )
The intial angular velocity: 1 1 1
(t . e Wn t (0
) 122 ( 0 0))
Wn Wn 113
.
1 1
122
. 0
e 113
.
0 3.74(rad / s)
Cap.8 282
DOOR EXERCISE – solution
Time to get 5º in rotation and in a critical damping system:
Cap.8 283
DOOR EXERCISE – solution
Numerical solution method
g (t new ) told
t old t new
2 (lucky value) 3.94
3.94 4.54
END 4.54 4.66
4.66 4.69
4.69 4.69
Note: Absolute error defined by user
and equal to 0.01(s)
Cap.8 284
DOOR EXERCISE – solution
For a over damping system, with 1.3 coefficient
ceq
ceq / 2 k eq meq 13
.
ccritico
ceq 57.6( N . s / m)
Possible solution type:
(t ) e W t A1 A2 chWd t A1 A2 shWd t
n
e Wnt Wd A1 A2 sh(Wd t ) Wd A1 A2 ch(Wd t )
Applying boundary conditions
t 0 0 A1 A2 0
t 0 0 113
. * 13 . ( A1 A2 ) Wd ( A1 A2 ) 0
A1 0
Cap.8 A2 0 Wn 0 285
DOOR EXERCISE – solution
Substituting into motion equation
(t ) e W t A1 A2 chWd t A1 A2 shWd t
n
(t ) e W t ( 0 t ( 0 Wn 0 ))
n
Cap.8 286
DOOR EXERCISE – solution
t 0.805 maximum 70º 1.22(rad )
eWd 0.805 e Wd 0.805
Wn 0.805
1.22 e
0.938 2
0 4.5(rad / s )
Substituting 5º or 0.0872(rad), we obtain:
4 .5 eWd t
e Wd t
0.0872 e 1.469t
0.938 2
0.03635 e 0.531t e 2.407t
By a numerical similarly procedure
2.407 t old 0.531t new Table of convergence
0.03635 e e t old t new
2 (lucky value) 5.86
5.86 6.24
6.24 6.24
Cap.8 288
DIFFERENTIAL SOLUTION
-Integration of the motion equation:
1- Modal superposition method
2- Direct numerical integration
For mode shapes and natural frequencies determination, load vector is not used.
Possible solution:
x coswt
Time derivatives should verify also:
Cap.8 289
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
det w 2 M K 0
Frequency determination w1 and w2: Multiple solutions, mass matrix normalization.
For each frequency determination, mode shapes can also be calculated.
Cap.8 290
VIBRATION ANALYSIS EXERCISE
Y Y
3
• Analytical solution for determining
the natural frequencies and natural
1 [m]
K2 2
modes of vibration.
K1 1 time domain)
M1 1
Cap.8 291
SOLUTION
Y
Findig the position from static
Load values equilibrium: e1, e2
1 [m]
K2
k 2 e2 F 0 k2e2 m2 g k1e1 0
M2
m2 g F 0 m1g k1e1 0
k1 e1
1 [m]
x2
K1
k1 e1
M1
m1 g
x1
Cap.8 292
SOLUTION
Y
Findig the motion equilibrium equation
Load values
k2 e2 x2 m2 x2 m2 g k1 e1 x1 x2 0
ma G
F
1 [m]
K2
k1 e1 x1 x2 m1x1 m1g 0
ma G
F
k 2 e2 x2
m2 x2 M2
Applying the information from static
equilibrium: m2 g
k1 e1 x1 x2
1 [m]
x2
k2 x2 m2 x2 k1 x1 x2 0 K1
k1 e1 x1 x2
k1 x1 x2 m1x1 0
m1 x1 M1
Introducing matrix formulation: m1 g
m1 0 x1 k 1 k1 x1 0
x1
0
m 2 x2 k 1 k 1 k 2 x 2 0
Note: the degrees of freedom are displacements, producing mass matrix with units of
mass. If the degrees of freedom were rotations, this should produce units of inertial
moments.
Cap.8 293
SOLUTION
For the homogeneous system:
w 2 m1 k 1 k1
det w M K 0 det
2
0
k 1 w 2
m 2 k 1 k
2
w 4 m1 m 2 w 2 m1 k 1 k 2 k 1 m 2 k 1 .k 2 0
a 2 m1 m 2 a m 2 k 1 m1 k 1 k 2 k 1 .k 2 0
Cap.8 294
SPECIFIC SOLUTION
Being: m1 m2 2 kg
k1 6 N / m k 2 16 N / m
For the first frequency, the first mode of vibration lead to a indetermined system:
x11
w1 M K 0
2
x12
Choose x12=1 and take the solution for x11=3.0
Choose x22=1 and take the solution for x21=-0.333
Normalize both solution to mass matrix
11 1 3.0 0.6708
12 m1 0 3.0 1 0.2236
3 .0 1
0 m2 1
21 1 0.333 0.2236
22 1
m 0 0 . 333 1 0.6708
0.333 1
Cap.8 0 m2 1 295
Numerical solution using
INTERACTIVE PHYSICS 2000
The student should be able to model two degrees of freedom, as presented, and
obtain the time domain solution for each particular problem (m1, m2, k1 and k2).
The student should compare the frequency value with the analytical, ANSYS and
interactive physics solution (for this last one, please follow the Fourier Analysis.
Cap.8 296
FFT – Fourier Analysis 1/2
•Time domain transformation in frequency domain, using Excel data analysis capability.
•Interactive Physics can export “any number” of data points and these should be
carefully worked at excel. Excel has a limited number of data points for analysis (4096).
Cap.8 297
FFT – Fourier Analysis – 2/2
•Excel needs to apply for “Add Ins”, new tool, called “Data Analysis”. For this new
capability, the student should work with Fourier Analysis, over a maximum of 4096 data
points.
Cap.8 298
POWER GRAPH REPRESENTATION
•Excel give the possibility for graphing frequency versus power, for proper frequencies
determination. For the specific solution presented (k1=6, m1=2, k2=16, m2=2).
1000000000
100000000
10000000
1000000
100000
Power
10000
1000
100
10
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
freq. [hz]
1000000000
•For the above configuration 100000000
results, the first two frequencies are 10000000
not well identified. For other log [power]
1000000
specific case like (k1=15, m1=4, 100000
k2=15, m2=3), the results presents 10000
much more well suitable 1000
interpretation (see next figure). 100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
freq [hz]
Cap.8 299
Numerical solution using
ANSYS FOR MODEL ANALYSIS
The student should be able to model two degrees of freedom as presented and obtain the
frequency domain solution for each particular problem (m1, m2, k1 and k2).
The student should use the modal analysis capability with reduce mode shape extraction.
Cap.8 300