1.

If the amount of water vapor present is 2/3 of the maximum possible water vapor
at the observed temperature, what is the relative humidity?

66.66%
Relative humidity = (Actual vapor pressure / Saturation vapor pressure) x 100%

Relative humidity = [(2/3 x Saturation vapor pressure) / Saturation vapor pressure] x 100%

Relative humidity = (2/3) x 100%

2. The relative humidity is 100%. What is the Temperature-Dewpoint spread?

Zero
If the relative humidity is 100%, it means that the air is saturated with water vapor and
the dew point temperature is equal to the air temperature. Therefore, the temperature-
dewpoint spread is zero.

3. (True, False) Every time the relative humidity is 100% it will rain.
False
If the relative humidity is 100 percent (i.e., dewpoint temperature and actual air temperature
are the same), this does NOT necessarily mean that precipitation will occur. It simply means that
the maximum amount of moisture is in the air at the particular temperature the air is at
4. What are the meteorological conditions conducive to the formation of radiation
fog after sunset?
Small temperature dewpoint spread, clear skies and light winds.
Radiation fog is a type of fog that forms at night or early in the morning under clear skies and
calm wind conditions. It forms when the ground loses heat rapidly through radiation, cooling the
air in contact with it to below its dew point, causing water vapor to condense and form fog.

5. The visibility is 5 sm in the north quadrant, 4 sm to the west, 3 sm to the south, and 2 sm to the east. What is
the prevailing visibility?
METAR KHOU 100950Z 26002KT 1 3/4SM -DZ BR SCT001 BKN005 OVC007 19/19 A3013=
METAR KBGR 101250Z 15012KT 1/2SM R15/5000FT -SN BR VV005 M03/M04 A3003=
METAR KALI 102150Z 13017KT 10SM BKN018 BKN035 BKN075 25/18 A3003 RMK BKN035VOVC=
METAR KCDS 102153Z AUTO 21010KT 10SM CLR 24/03 A3000 RMK A02=
METAR KFVE 102153Z AUTO 16011KT 2SM -SN BR BKN008 OVC012 M04/M05 A2967=
METAR KMMV 102153Z AUTO 01005KT 5SM -RA BR FEW008 OVC016 05/04 A3012=
4 SM

6.  Examine the METARs above and determine the ceiling height in feet for each report.
500 feet, 500 feet, 1800 feet, no ceiling, 800 feet, 1600 feet

7. It is often observed that relative humidity reaches a maximum near sunrise and a minimum in the afternoon.
Why?
The relative humidity increases as the temperature falls toward the dew point and decreases as
it rises.

The relative humidity is usually highest around sunrise when the overnight low temperature is
frequently close to the dew point. The humidity drops during the day as the temperature rises
and usually reaches its lowest value in the middle or late afternoon when the day's maximum
temperature is recorded.
8. If a saturated parcel is descending, say in the middle of a rainshower, is the rate of heating of the parcel less
than or greater than 3C° per 1,000 feet? Why?
It will be less than 3°C per 1,000 feet.
This is because as the parcel descends, the pressure increases, causing
compression and adiabatic heating. However, because the parcel is already
saturated, any additional heating will cause some of the water vapor to condense
into liquid water, which releases latent heat and offsets some of the adiabatic
heating. Generally in the range is 1 to 2°C per 1,000 feet.
9. Is there any truth in the adage, "too cold to snow?"
 No, it cannot be too cold to snow.
Snow can only form when there's moisture in the air, and while cold air holds less
moisture than warm air, there are still certain conditions that can generate snowfall
at extremely low temperatures.
10. You are in a pressurized cockpit that undergoes rapid decompression. Fog forms suddenly in the cockpit,
then dissipates. Explain.
 If the cockpit undergoes a rapid decompression, the air pressure inside the cockpit
drops quickly, causing the air to expand rapidly. This sudden expansion of air
causes a drop in temperature, which can cause the moisture in the air to condense
into tiny water droplets. the fog or mist typically dissipates quickly as the air
pressure equalizes with the outside air pressure. Once the air pressure stabilizes,
the temperature and moisture content of the air inside the cockpit return to normal
levels, causing the fog to evaporate and disappear.
11. You are standing next to your airplane preparing for a night flight. It is overcast and the visibility is very good.
Rain starts abruptly. You notice the droplets are quite large. The rain stops after a minute or so. What can
you say about flying conditions at cloud level?

12. You place a gallon can, partially filled with water, on a burner until it comes to a boil. You remove the can
from the burner and cap it. After awhile, the can begins to collapse. Explain.
When a gallon can, partially filled with water, is placed on a burner and heated,
the water inside the can will turn into steam as it reaches boiling point. The steam
will take up more space than the liquid water, so the pressure inside the can will
increase. This is because the volume of the can remains constant, but the amount
of water inside it has expanded.
When the can is removed from the burner and capped, the steam inside the can
starts to cool down and condense back into liquid water. As the steam condenses,
it takes up less space and the pressure inside the can decreases. However, the cap
on the can prevents air from entering to equalize the pressure, so the pressure
inside the can becomes lower than the pressure outside the can. The difference in
pressure causes the can to collapse inward as the higher atmospheric pressure
pushes on the outside of the can. The collapse of the can occurs because the
pressure outside the can is greater than the pressure inside, and the can is not
strong enough to withstand this pressure difference.
13. Observe and record sky conditions at the same time, every day for a week (cloud amount, height, type).
Obtain official weather observations from a nearby airport and compare them with your observations.

14. You walk out to your aircraft for preflight just before sunrise. It is parked in the open. It has been clear all
night. There is no moisture on the ground, but you find a thin layer of ice on your wing. Explain.
It is likely due to a process known as radiative cooling.
During clear nights, the Earth's surface radiates heat into space, causing the
temperature to drop. This radiative cooling can cause the surface temperature to
fall below the dew point, even if the air is not saturated with moisture. If the
temperature of the wing surface falls below the dew point temperature of the
surrounding air, moisture in the air can condense and freeze on the surface of the
wing. The process of radiative cooling is more pronounced on clear nights when
there is no cloud cover to reflect the Earth's radiation back to the surface.
Additionally, the wing surface can cool faster than the surrounding air due to its
low thermal conductivity and exposure to the sky, which makes it more prone to
the formation of ice.
15. Aerodynamic contrails can often be seen streaming from aircraft wingtips on takeoff while exhaust contrails
typically occur at high altitudes. Give a realistic example of a meteorological situation where exhaust
contrails are produced from an aircraft on the ground. In what geographical location would such a situation
most likely occur?
it is possible for exhaust contrails to be produced from an aircraft on the ground in a specific
meteorological situation, such as on a cold and humid day with low-level temperature inversion.
A realistic example of such a situation would be a cold winter day with high humidity, where the
temperature near the ground is below freezing, but the temperature at higher altitudes is
warmer. This creates a stable layer of air near the surface, with a temperature inversion where
the air temperature increases with height. When an aircraft with hot engines taxis or takes off, it
can create exhaust contrails due to the sudden mixing of hot exhaust gases with the cold and
humid air at the surface, which can quickly cool and freeze into visible contrails. This situation
can occur in various geographical locations, but it is more likely to occur in areas with cold and
humid climates, such as Northern Europe, Canada, and parts of the United States. Additionally,
it may occur more frequently in areas with high air traffic density, where there are many aircraft
taking off and landing, such as major airports in large metropolitan areas.