ADAMSON UNIVERSITY

BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

SCIENCE 10 – CHEMISTRY (4th Quarter)

NAME SECTION SCORE

TEACHER: DATE

CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN BIOLOGICAL AND INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

A. Biological Processes
1. Photosynthesis
To produce food, plants require energy from
sunlight, carbon dioxide from air and water from
the soil. Chloroplast in plants cells contain
chlorophyll that traps light to drive the food
making process in plants.
6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight ⟶ C6H12O6 + 6O2

2. Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic respiration is a process that uses oxygen. It occurs in most cells in different
metabolic stages such as glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain. The overall
reaction for respiration is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ⟶ 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

3. Anaerobic Respiration
If oxygen is not present or scarce, anaerobic respiration occurs. The product of this reaction
are ethyl alcohol or lactic acid and carbon dioxide or called as fermentation. Fermentation is
the process involved in the manufacture of wine and beer.
Also, the muscle pain that we experience after strenuous exercise is due to the accumulation
of lactic acid in the muscle tissues. Plants undergo respiration in water-clogged soil that limits
the oxygen available to roots, causing them to rot.
C6H12O6 ⟶ 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

4. Other Biological Complex Chemical Reactions

Food Spoilage-this process is always chemical in nature particularly oxidation. This is called
Oxidative Rancidity, which causes food spoilage. This is a sequence of oxidative reactions,
resulting to changes in color and flavor.
Digestion-is a very complex process. It is a series of chemical reactions as the food travels
along the gut of the digestive tract. The nutrients in the food is converted to simple
molecules (proteins to amino acid, fats into fatty acid, and carbohydrates into sugar) to be
absorbed in the blood.
 ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
SCIENCE 10 – CHEMISTRY (4th Quarter)

NAME SECTION SCORE

TEACHER: DATE

B. Natural and Industrial Processes

5. Rusting of Iron (an oxidation process)
Rust is hydrated oxide of iron. It is formed when iron is exposed to air and water.
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) + H2O(l) ⟶ 2 Fe2O3∙H2O

6. Combustion of Fuel
Propane is one of the components of LPG. Its combustion is an exothermic process used to
cook food.
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) ⟶ 3CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g) + heat

7. Soap Making
Soap is produced from the reaction of fats or oil (an ester) and a base. The process is called
saponification. Saponification is a hydrolysis of an ester with the presence of a base.
Fat/oil + NaOH ⟶ glycerol + soap
The process may be done through hot and cold process. But, cold process is a longer process
to cure that is why the hot process is used in industrial processes.

8. Galvanizing Process
Galvanizing is a process zinc to coat metals in order to prevent corrosion. Metal industries
since 1742 has been using the process to produce long-lasting and maintenance-free
materials.
2Zn(s) + O2 ⟶ 2ZnO(s)
ZnO(s) + CO2(g) ⟶ ZnCO3(s)
ZnO(s) + H2O ⟶ Zn(OH)2(s)
Zn(OH)2(s) + ZnCO3(s) ⟶ Zn(OH)2∙ ZnCO3(s)

9. Wine Making
Wine making process includes six
basic steps:
A. Harvesting
B. Crushing and pressing
C. Juice separation
D. Fermentation
E. Clarification
F. Aging and bottling

10. Other Industrial Processes

 ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
SCIENCE 10 – CHEMISTRY (4th Quarter)

NAME SECTION SCORE

TEACHER: DATE

Beer-making, plastic production, fire extinguisher encasing, and many other processes
depend mostly on chemical reaction. The safety bag in cars, the oxygen encasing in hospitals
and many others are products of chemical reactions.
 ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
SCIENCE 10 – CHEMISTRY (4th Quarter)

NAME SECTION SCORE

TEACHER: DATE

C. Answer the following: Tell whether the following processes are BIOLOGICAL, NATURAL and
INDUSTRIAL processes. Write your answer in the blank provided before the item number.

1. Chrome plating involves a long and complex process, beginning with buffing,
polishing, cleaning, dipping in acid, adding zinc and copper plating. For show chrome,
the process is finished by re-buffing, cleaning and re-dipping, plating added copper,
two to three types of nickel plating and finally, the chrome plating. The item is rinsed
between each step.

2. Ethylene is a gaseous plant hormone that plays an important role in inducing the
ripening process for many fruits, together with other hormones and signals. An
unripe fruit generally has low levels of ethylene. As the fruit matures, ethylene is
produced as a signal to induce fruit ripening.

3. Bagoong isda (isda means “fish” in Filipino) is usually prepared by mixing

voluminous amounts of fish and salt, the ratio depending on the region and
manufacturer. These are mixed uniformly, usually by hand, and kept covered in
earthen jars to keep the flies away. Aside from the occasional stirring, these are left
to ferment for 30-90 days. The result is a very pungent, pinkish-grey liquid that is used
as dipping sauce with a squeeze of calamansi (a local citrus) for grilled seafood,
meats, and vegetables.

4. Plastic production process involves extracting natural raw materials such as oil,

gas, or plants and refining them into ethane and propane. These are then heated and
cracked into ethylene and propylene, which are the monomers for making plastics.
There are different processes for creating plastic products from these monomers,
such as polymerisation, polycondensation, extrusion, and blow molding. These
processes use catalysts, heat, pressure, and molds to shape the plastic into various
forms.

5. Brandy is made by distilling wine, which can be made from grapes, mashed fruits,
or anything that contains sugar. The wine is fermented and then distilled once or
twice to increase the alcohol content and capture the fruit essence. After distillation,
brandy is aged in wooden casks for a specific period, which affects the quality and
variety. Some brandies are also colored with caramel. Brandy is usually an after
dinner drink with 35 to 60% alcohol by volume.
 ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
SCIENCE 10 – CHEMISTRY (4th Quarter)

NAME SECTION SCORE

TEACHER: DATE