Anatomy, physioln

in Spon
7
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
7.1 Definition and
of
Anatomy
and

Importanceof C l a s a i l i c a t i o n
System,
P h y

ofBonon
and
s i o l o

Heart
g y

and
in
W x

Types
o r c i s o

ofdoints
and ports
Spo

7.2 Functions okeloton reulatory

5yutem

Structure of System
7.3 unction and lospiratory

7.4 Function and

Structure of
as Braln
universe

existed in the done

The human bod has have
been
efforts
been
marvellous thing, and enormous
has not
But still it said to
to derstand its functio body is
man
Oosophagus

able to understand it perfectly. to do a task,

we B t a r t
be incredible because vhenever
start toget acuve
ve Lungs
ninite adjustmental processes adjusted
naturally, Lymph N o d e s

each and every process gets properly

it properly. Blood Vesalh
This helps us to do0a task and to
anage
Liver
discuss body related procesBCS Stomach
n this chapter, we will
their structure and functions, etc. Kldneys

Large Intestine
Small Intesttm
Thyrold
AA Lungs

Muscle
Thymus Bone
Liver

KidneysUrinary
System
Stomach Joint

Pancreas
Reproductive

System
(Male/Female)
Intestines

Figure 7.1 Internal Organs ofthe Human Body

7.1 Definition and Importance of Figure 7.2 Human Body Organs

Anatomy and Physiology in
Exercise and Sports 7.1.1 Meaning of Anatomy
Operations of the various processes ofour body
can be Anatomy is the study of human physique. Through
understood by the study of Anatomy and Physiology. this, knowledge of various fundamental systems ofou
To understand their operations, wehave to understand body (different parts) can be studied. It is the studyd
varnous
these two topics separately. the structure, size, shape, position, weight and

74
 of the body1.e., blood cireulation respiration, response whereas some games require
enduranee
aystemsmuscles, bone etc. Its also known as "the and power. Thus, selection of games can be done
which has a
relation with the evolution of according to the physical qualities of an individual.
e

gciendv and inter-relation of the evolution'". Thus, Apart from this, on the basis of players' qualities
hich is related to the structure of the and
human

he s hody and the parts of the body is known

physical strengths, training programmes
can be planned.
humar

a s ' A n a t o m y
4. Knowledge of Physical Change and Fitness
through Exercises: It is a normal thing for
Meaning of Physiology
1.1.2 physical changes to happen in the body through
Physiology meanstne suay ot different bodily proce exercises. This 18
due to certain chemical changes
of
Pis, functions the body parts and the inter-relatio
are studied. n other words, the study of the
which helps in the growth of the body and
the body parts.
ration of the human body is called Physiology' complementary
Growth and development are
to each other. Exercises also

Also, it studies funetioning all the body parts a their

ot
connection, like- Digestion of the food through gland
retion made by the hver, pancreas, spleen, message
renerated by the nerves to the muscles are the result of a
chemical process.
7.1.3 Importance of Anatomy and Physiology
Importance of Anatomy and Physiology are as follows:
Knowledge of Body Structure and Functions
of Body Parts: Knowledge of body structure and
functions of body parts are attained by the study
of anatomy and physiology. Knowledge of all
lead to the development of the physical fitness.
Knowledge of all these changes are provided by
the study of anatomy and physiology.
5. Knowledge of Atmospheric Effect on Players:
It's an important fact that the performance
a sportsperson i8 by physical
affected his
of
atmosphere (environment). For example, growth
of Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC's) of players
and
living in the high altitude increases heart
active. All
breathing rate. The Alveoli also get
these knowledge can be acquired through study of
anatomy and physiology

body parts, organs, body systems, their sizes, 6. Helpful in Knowing the Anatomical and
Physiological Differences among Males and
appearance and their functions are acquired.
Females: On the basis of ditferences among males
Also, knowledge of the inter-relation between
body organs and body sy'stems are acquired by and females in terms of anatomy and physiol
and instruments
their study. Thus, in sports, on the basis of body Ogy, different types of weights
are used during training. Some different activities
structure ot the players, we can select them easily.
Under physiology, the study of various muscles can are also organised according to this difference.

lead to improve the sportsperson's performance

For example, by the knowledge of the red and 7.2 Functions of Skeleton System,
white fibres of the muscles, the slow and rapid Classification of Bones and Types
movements of a sportsperson can be improved.
of Joints
2. Helpful in prevention from Injury and
Rehabilitation: Study of the above topics are 7.2.1 Skeletal System
helpful in prevention of injury and rehabilitation. Skeletal System is the structure made up of bones.
Prevention from injuries are possible with the
It is related to all the our body.
bones in The strong
help of anatomy and physiology. On the basis of Done structure creates the skeletal system which forms
their study, we can make the body parts work
the structure of the body. In the formation of skeletal
according to their ideal capacity, to prevent
from injury. Still, if a player gets injured, his/her system, there are various cartilages which help to bind
ne bone t0 another b e.
treatment/diagnosis will be easier and rapid. For
example, during muscle sprain/strain, we get to ACTIVITY 7.1
know if there is damage in the ligament and we
Working in groups of five, draw and label the bones of the
treat it accordingly.
following palrs:
3. Helpful in Selection of Games and Training:
Clavicle
Study of anatomy and physiology is important
for better performance in the games and sports The knee cap
training. Nature and structure of various games are Bones of the fingers of the palm
different. Some games require rapid movement Bones of the fingers of the feet

Fundamentals of Anatomy, Physiology in Sports 75

 ART INTEGRATION
Skull The class should be divided into groups of
Cranlum teacher distributes one A3 blank paper. 6 Suderts Th
Splnal Column each group, Students design a poster fo ke
Colo
Cervical Vert Students will discuss about function ofskeletalta
Mandible classification of bones, letal system ond
Thoracic Vert. Clavicle Functions of Skeletal System:
Manubrium
Scapula 1. Skeletal system provides the
the fran
framework
Sternt structure of the body.
Ribs
2. It provides protection to internal and
Lumbar Vert Humerus
body, viz., heart, lungs, kidneys, etc gans ot
3. It provides shape to the body. he
Radius
Ulna 4. It helps to make
Sacrum
Coccyx-
Pelvic girdle easier movement DO YOU KNOw
of the bones during An adult have 206
Carpals
Metacarpals
the movement or out hich 106
of which ones
106 are inin to
the body parts. hands and feet.
Phalanges
your
5. Bones provide the
surface to connect the muscles.
6. It stores minerals.
Femur 7. It contains bone-marrow which helpDa
Patella
formation of Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC in
Tibia ).
8. It supplies calcium during calcium defcienn
9. Bone cells produce two types of hormonesg:
ncy.
Fibula
(t) Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)
(ii) Osteocalicin
FGF increases the production of phosphorns
Tarsals reduces hydroxylation' of Vitamin D in the kitda t
Metatarsals and helps to activate production of Vitamin
Phalanges Osteocalicin helps to regulate blood sugar and
fat in our body. It increases secretion of insulin
and also increases cells which are responsible f
Figure 7.3 Skeletal System the secretion of insulin.
7.2.2 Classification of Bones
Bones are classified on the basis of their structure and shape as given below:

Classification of Bones

1. Based on the 2. Based on the 3. Based on the 4. Based on the

shape condition formation internal structure

- Long Bones - Cartilaginous Bones

-Axial Skeletal Bones - Compact Bones
- Short Bones - Membranous Bones
Appendicular - Spongy Bones
- Flat Bones Skeletal Bones
- Irregular Bones
- Sesamoid Bones

Physical Education-XI
 based on the shape 3. Flat Bones: These bones are flat and their main
q p e s l c o o 7
o

hones
f
b o n e

function is to proteet the internal delicate

Lengths of these
bones are
LongBones:
has aphysis'
Diap in the organs, These bones provide base for joining
It
han
width8.
at the ends. These muscles to bones. Examples are scapula, sternum,
skull, pelvic, and ribs, On the inside of these bones,
E p i p h y s i s '

greater an activity.
le a ike a lever during
bones work l i k e

there are spongy bones, and compact bones

are
ike Radius, Ulna, Femur,
bones
liko

on the outside. Also, bone-marrow is present in

hen we observe these
of
different amount in the middle. Production
are
T i b i a ,P i b u l a ,
T h e s e

see 'compact bones' in

we can in
the ends. RBC's is much more in these bones, especially
pongy bones' at
b o n e sd e e p l y ,

and
h em i d d l e dle
edullar cavity' in the middle which the adults.
I th a s ' m e d u l

ntainsbone-marrow
Frontal Parletal
Nasal Bone Bone Bone

Lacrimal Ocdipisal Bone

Bone Vomer
Spongy
Bone

Medullary
Scapula
Cavicy

-Compact
Bone
Ribs
Hip Bone
Epiphyseal Sternum
Line
Bones
Figure 7.6 Flat
are
Bones: The shapes
of these bones
4. Irregular like
Figure 7.4 Long Bones (Femur) These are irregular in shapes
not same.
etc. These are made up
nes: Length and width of these bones are mandible, vertebrae, bones
2 ShortBone
from inside and compact
bones of spongy bones protection to
generally alike. The main function of these from outside. These
bones provide
and support. Examples
is to provide stability the internal organs.
are carpal bone and tarsal bone. In the centre
of these bones,
there is a thin layer of 'compact
and bone
bones' which contain 'spongy bones
marrow in a large amount. Ulna
Sphenoid Bone

Scapula

Femur Talus
Carpals
Vertebra
Sternum

Capitate
(Carpal) Bone
Radius
Flat Irregular
Short
Long

Spongy Figure 7.7 Irregular Bones

Bone

Compact Bone
DOYOU KNOW
body is the stapes found in
The shortest bone in the human
the middle ear.
Figure 7.5 Short Bones
Fundamentals of Anatomy, Physiology in Sports
 6. Sesamoid Bones: These bones are found inaide 2. Appendicular Skeletal Bonem
the tendon', where the tendon is attached to a () Total 64 bonen of the upper extremitie
joint. These bone8 provide protection to the (il) Total 62 bonen of the lower extromitie
tendon. It is small in shape and soed-liko in
structure, eg, Patella. Internal Strues
Classification of Bones based
on

1. Compact Bones:
ThosO bones are hard
from made up the Ostend
Btrong, These aro Each Osteon/Hnv
H a v e r s i a n system,
middlo has a path which
comlan
Bystem in the veins/arterieeg
vessel8,
the way for blood nd
This way is called Have
lymphatic duct. canal has concenn
of this
canal', Every corner
walls which are called Lamellae', In the neeting

00 two Lamellae,
there are osteocytes wh
point of is connoot.Ch
Lacunae, Every lacuna
Inflamed sesamold bono
are called
another through C a n a l i c u l i ' ,
dto
and flexor pollicls longust.
2. Spongy Bones: Spongy bones are made un
Trabeculae. Inside trabeculae, there are Lamell
manner. Osteocytesin
presented in irregular
Figure 7.8 Sesamoid Bones Trabeculae are connected with each other
Osteon.
by
Canaliculi', which contain
Classification of Bones based on Condition
based the Formation
Classification of Bones
on
1. Axial Skeletal Bones: It includes skull bone, rib
80 bones. 1. Cartilaginous Bones: In this type of bone
cage and vertebrae. It has total
the process of "Osteogenesis 18 started by
Name of the Bones Numbers
the cartilage, later forms the structure of
Skull Bones 08
bone.
Face Bones 14 2. Membranous Bones: In this type of bones, the
26 process of Osteogenesis' is started by membrane
Vertebrae
later forms into a bone.
Ribs 25
Ear Bones 06 Chemical Composition of Bone

Hyoid Bone (Voice Box) 01 H,O + Non-carbonic compound + Carbonic compound

(20%) (40%) (409%)

DO YOU KNOW Non-carbonie Compound: Calcium, phosphorus,

The hyoid bone in your throat is the only bone that does not magnesium.
connect to a joint. Carbonic Compound: Bone cells, bone matrix.

7.2.3 Joints of Bones

A place on the bone, where two or more bones join together is known as the Joint'. It means, a place in
the body where the ends of two or more bones meet. Joints provide flexibility to our body. Utility of skeleton is
not possible without a joint. Flexibility of the joints depend on its structure.

Classification of Joints

Based on Formation Based on Functions Based on Motility

- Fibrous joint
-Synarthrosis -
1st Degree freedom joints
- Cartilaginous joint - Amphiarthrosis -
2nd Degree freedom joints
- Synovial joint - Diarthrosis
-3rd Degree freedom joints
 Classification of Joints Based on Movement

Skull or Vertebrae Type or Freely Movable Joints

Immovable Joints Slightly Movable Joint

Suture joints - Symphysis

Gliding or non-
- Synostosis joints
-Syndesmosis axial joints
Synchondrosis joints -Uni-axial joints
- Bi-axial joints
- Multi-axial joints

nmovableJ

g l l
o rl m m

ment is not seen in this type of joint but it

n e r a l y , m o v e

can be
u e to prolonged
due
l g h t l ymovedd pressure.
oved
oints: In this type of joints, bones are joined through
hin layer. eg, sagittalsskull joint, coronal skull joint.
a t
eis Joints: In this type of joints, bones are directly
n o s t o s

joined witheach other. For example, in old age, various skull

are covered with calcium which turns a skull joint into
joints

synostosisJoint,

Dense fibrous
e r t e b r
Type o r Slight Movable Joint
ae connective
tissue
.me oof joints, a slight movement is seen.
this
type Hence, these joints Suture line
In
a r el e s s m o v a b l e ,

Suture Joint
Tmphysis Joints: In this type of joints, bones contain fibro Suture line
1
rilage
carth
and are joined with the help of ligaments.eg., pubic
Immovable Joints
symphysis.
Figure 7.9 Skull or
oSyndesmosis Joints: Bones in these joints are separated from each other and joined through ligaments.
Synchondrosis Joints: Bones in these type of joints is connected with cartilage. e.g., middle joint of the
3. sy
sternum, primary rib.

Synchondroses Sternum (manubrium)

Epiphyseal plate Joint between first

(hyaline cartilage) rib and sternum
immovable)
(Sternum)
6)

a)

-Fibrocartilaginous
intervertebral disc

- Body of vertebra

(Vertebra)

Symphyses

Figure 7.10 Vertebrae Type or Slightly Movable Joint

Fundamento Physiology in Sport

Freely Movable Joints 3. Bi-nxial Joints:
It can be
le tto
rotatable bws
Condyloid Joint: In this type of joint
1. Gliding or Non-axial Joints: Bones in these
of the bone is oval-shaped and
joints make possible a very le88 movement through
gliding with each other. eg, carpel and tarsal
whereas the other corner has ova
cavity. In this way, both bones are
embosha
al-sh
bone joints each other. It comprises movements
crcumdus
extension, adduction, abduction, cireu
k oined w
360 movement is not possible byNthie t
also known as Ellipsoid joint, e.g.,thisw
Saddle Joint: In this type of joint, at e
the bone is concave-shaped whereaeo
.wrioint.st jinl
Non-axial end is convex-shaped. Both are joine
other. It comprises mOvement like rotati ed vwth ea
Unl-axial extension, adduction, abduction, ci
Bi-axvial
Mulci-axial
etc. 360° movement is not possible by e
e.g., thumb joint.
rournthisductejeg
4. Multi-axial Joints: These joints pos
axes and plane, like ball and se 8sess thte
socket joint.
Ball and Socket Joint: In this joint, c
Plane joint
of the bone has a ball-like struct e o
(Carpeljoint) other corner has socket cavity. Ball
into the socket, like shoulder joint, hin fixe
comprises movements, like flexion. joint.t
adduction, abduction, internal andextensi
a
rotation, circumduction etec.
and exte

Bursa

Blood Vessel
Joint cavity Nerve
Figure 7.11 Freely Movable Joints (filled with
synovialfluid) Synovial
2. Uniaxial Joints: These joint passes only on one membrane
axes and one plane. Articular Fibrous
cartilage Capsule
Tendon
Sheath Fibrous
Tendon layer
Bone Membranous
-Perlosteum
layer
Condyloid Joint

Hinge joint
(Elbow joint) Pivot joint

Figure 7.12 Uniaxial Joints

Metacarpals
(i) Hinge Joints: Through this joint, activities can
be done through an axis or an angle (one at a
-Carpals
time) to flex or extend. e.g., knee joint, elbow Saddle joint
joint. Saddle Joint

(ii) Pivot Joint: It has a movement of rotation of 360°.

eg., radius-ulna joint, atlanto axial joint. Figure 7.13 Bi-axial Joints

80 Physical EducationXI
 Corooromid
Cveromlat
Ula

non
ent Glenoid cavity
gornar
Subcrorind
barsg
contalnln9
synovlal flud

Drous
Coity in
bursa contiring
cyule syrieil fud
Hyoline
cortloge

edon

Synovial menbrane
O U

Fibrous capsule

e n d o no

Ball and Socket Jolnt-Shoutder

Humerus
y n e u d

i v p rbrachil

uscle

(o)

Figure 7.14 Multi-axial Joints

Movement at joint Structure

Joint Type Example
Flexion/Extension Elbow/Knee Hinge joint
Hinge
Rotation of one bone around another Top of the neck (atlas and axis bones) Pivot joint
Pivot Ball and socket
oll and socket
Ball.
Flexion/ Extension/Adduction/ Shoulder/Hip joint
Abduction/Internal & External
Rotation/Circumduction
Saddle joint
Saddle
Flexion/Extension/Adduction/ CMCjoint of the thumb
Abduction/Circumduction
Wrist, MCP& MTP joints Condyloid
Flexion/Extension/Adduction/
Condyloid joint
Abduction/Circumduction
Gliding movements Intercarpal joints Gliding joint
Gliding
and let
It is decided by a septum into two sides, right
between thes
7.3 Function and Structure of Circulatory There is normally no communication
subdivided in_
two sides. Each side of the heart
is
System and heart atriu
chamber called an
two chambers,an upper
with the flow of blood in ventricle. There are t
Circulatory system relates and a lower chamber, a
of circulatory system are and two ventricles. The at
atria, right and left,
Our body. Main components
communicate with
described below. and ventricles of each side
of the atrioventricular openi
blood in our another by means
Heart: The heart works to pump the which are guarded by a valves;
the right sid on
of our body. It
body. It supplies blood to every part the thoracic the tricuspid valve and on the left
the mitral v
18 present in the middle of the lungs in The atrioventricular valve permit the passage of
the 5th rib (middle).
cavity. It extends from 2nd rib to in one direction only i.e., from atrium
to ven
It weighs 310 g in the males and 225 g
in the females.
our closed fist
and they prevent the blood flowing backward=
It has four chambers. It has a shape of
Fundamentals of Anatomy, Physiology in Spo
 Veins: Veins are the blood vessels tha
ventricles Deoxygenated arry
to atrium. It is made up of three types or
heart.
muscles: ated blood to the
organs of the bodyis1transported by
einslood irom h
to the hean
Capillaries: Capillaries are very fin. ine blood vcaea
Superior which make network of blood
Vena-Cava vessels
connect the small arteries to the smnall in the
present in the kidneys, intestine, ner veins." body and
Aorta
Pulmonary
Artery
heart and serves to exchar

Circulation of Blood in Heart

nutrients
yeterTheae
n araned
Pulmonary
Veln The heart has four chambers-th

Lef
atriums at the top, and and ght leftght and
Right
AuTum
Atrium Mitral
Valve
the bottom.
) The right atrium receives blood from
pumps it to the right ventricle.
em
ventthe riclesletta
veins
(i) The right ventricle receives blood f ang
Pulmonay Left ** Aoruc
Valve
atrium and pumps it to the lungs from the
Valve** Ventricle
loaded with oxygen. where tiitisght
Tricuspid* Right (iii) The left atrium receives oxygenated
Vengricle
Valve
the lungs and pumps it to the left ven lood from
(iv) The left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blo
rest of the body. to the
The heart pumps the blood to different
Figure 7.15 Heart body. The pump function is parts of the
1sually performe
by the lower part of the heart. The right only
blood to the lungs and the left pump to mp
1. Pericardium 2. Myocardium th
body. Blood enters the right atrium by twohole
sends
3. Endocardium vena cava. When the right atrium is contrapeio
tricuspid open and blood reaches the right , the
Blood Vessels When the right ventricle is
contra
racted, the ventricle
reaches through pulmonary artery in the Iune blor
blood purify (oxygenated) in lungs and reachess in left
Aorta Superior, auricle through pulmonary veins. When the left
Inferior Vena Cava
Arteries is contracted, it reaches the left ventricle atrium
Arterioles Capillaries Veins Venules
bicuspid valve. When the left throug
ventricle is contra
blood reaches the entire body through the aorta, Intcted
Aorta: The aorta is the largest artery. The heart carries way, blood enters from the right atrium of the
and exits the left ventricle, this cycle occurs 3 heart
oxygenated blood to the body through this artery and 1 minute and continues continuously.
times in
its branches. Many branches of the aorta carry blood
to the internal organs.
7.4 Function and Structure of
Arteries: These are the blood vessels through which
Oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart and reaches Respiratory Systemn
all the organs of the body. There are three types of Respiration is a process by which living organism
arteries: consumes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide (CO,)
1. Flexible Arteries: Flexible arteries are larger in
size and sends the blood outside of the heart. Parts of Respiratory System

2. Muscular Arteries: The muscular arteries are

mid size arteries and carries the blood to the Nose Bronchi Intercostal Respiratory
Larynx
organs of the body. Muscles Process
3. Arterioles: The arterioles are small in size and
Pharynx Trachea Lungs Diaphragm
maintains the blood pressure.

82 Physical EducationXI
 eavity which serves as the entrance
bronchioles, alveoli and alveolus. This whole
N o s e :
N o s e

by which air enters our

tract
classification is known as "Bronchial Tree'
cavities separated from
respirato

two
the se
has Respiratory bronchioles is divided into alveolar
called the septum.
d y . T h e n 0 s e

wall fcartilage
to
ducts, Alveolar duct ends with alveoli which helps
ya
e a c ho t h e r

of cus membrane inside the

mucu
in the exchange of
has
aa
covering
c o v e

to e air warm. This mucus make. gases

helps
It
which helps to trap
w h i c h

septum
ucus
ne secretes muc
carbon and bacteria.
particleso of dust,
It is a tube which
muscular nds
harynx:
aor nose to the throat, It has a length
f r o m t h ei n n e r
2
nately 13 cm, After air goes into the
o fa p p r o x i m

enters
he pharynx.
the pharyn arynx is divided
it
nose,
i nto three parts:

( a ) N a s o p h a r y n x
(6) Oropharynx
( c ) L a r y n g o p h a r y n x

Nasal passage
Mouch cavity
-Tracheaa Figure 7.17 Bronchi
Pharynx
Larynx- Rings of
cartilage
6. Lungs: Human body has two lungs which have
Alveoli shape of a cone. The main function of the lungs
is the exchange of gases between blood and
Respiratory Lung air. Lungs provide oxygen to our body and helps
bronchioles
Ribs to release CO. It occupies the Thoracic cavity.
Bronchi from
The ribs cage helps to protect it. It extends
Bronchioles (back side).
Alveolar sac
the rib cage (front side) to the spine
The circular peak in the top is called 'apex' and
at
Diaphragm the bottom, there is a base. The base of the lungs
is flat shaped. It is supported by the diaphragm.
Figure 7.16 Pharynx The left lung is a little smaller than the right
3, Larynx: Larynx is also called voice box. It is a lung because some space of left thoracic cavity
chamber made up of cartilage. The main function is occupied by the heart. The right lung has two
of larynx is to prevent the passage of food into the sections, whereas the left lung has three sections.
respiratory tract. It also helps to produce voice. Lungs are made up of smooth muscles and it is
It is found in the front of 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th covered with a layer called Pleural cavity.
cervical verte brae. It is formed by the inclusion
Epiglotis
of some irregular cartilages like thyroid cartilage,
epiglottis cartilage, retinoid cartilage, etc. Larynx
4. Trachea: It is a strong tube of approximately Trachea
12 cm long. During respiration, it forms C-shaped
spirals to prevent itself from shrinking. It is
divided into left and right bronchi after reaching Bronchus
the fifth thoracic vertebra.
5. Bronchi: Bronchi has two parts (i) Left bronchus Pleural
Cut end Hearn membranes
and (ii) Right bronchus which is called 'primary ofrib
Alveoli
bronchus'. Right bronchus is divided into three Pleural fluid
parts and the left bronchus is divided into two Lung
Bronchiole
parts which is called secondary bronchi. Diaphragm
Secondary bronchi is further divided into tertiary
bronchi. Tertiary bronchi is further divided
into respiratory bronchioles, terminal Figure 7.18 Lungs

damentals of Anatomy, Physiology in Sports 83

 which causes an

the contractionofth

he pleura
onto
are

themselves
serous
membranes

to form
a
pleura
which fold
two-layered

1s
Then
Air
nose
or
takes place
enters,

the
inflating

mouth
the Ilung through
intojpharynx and tra
dicheaaphrbelag
Dack The o u t e r entering the alveoli.
structure. Parietal
membranous
is called Exhalation ie
attached to the chest wall which
that
the lungs,
covers
1S
Exhalation
Process:

organism.
s
In humar the flow
pleura. The
innerpleura,
In the
middle of parietal the breath
out of an the lungs out
called Visceral
pleura.
liquid
substance
movement of air
from
of the o
airwa
he
and visceral pleura, there is a
membrane. It prevents
the lungs
to the external
environment,
during breathin
within the
serous

from friction. Rib cage gets

there are
In the rib cage, Rib cage smaller a s
Air
7. Intercostal Muscles: which help in expands a s
Air
inhaled rib muscles
muscles
eleven pairs of intercostal rib muscles relax exhaled
respiration. structure on
contract
dome-shaped
8. Diaphragm: It is a
the
supported. It separates
which lungs are
stomach.
thoracic cavity from the Lung
9. Respiratory Process:
Inhalation of air, as part Diaphragm
Inhalation Process:
for all lcontracts
of the cycle of breathing, is
human beings. The process is
a vital process
autonomous as it
(moves
down)
Direloes
aphragn
does not require control or effort.
Breathing allowsS Inhalation Exhalation
Air-pressure is lower in
(moves up
Air-pressure is higher in
from where it can be atmosphere than in lungs
oxygen to enter the lungs
atmosphere than in lungs
with the
absorbed into the blood-stream. It begins
muscles attached to the rib cage, Figure 7.19 Respiratory Process
contraction of the
SUMMARY

Physiolo8Y is the of those orpan.

knowledge of the functions
Anatomy gives knowledge of the structure of body parts. gans.
o For excellent performance in the field of sports, coordination between the structure and operation of body parts leadto
s to
the goal ofachieving. The skeletal system is the basis of the structure of the human body. It is related to all the bones
s and
cartilages of the body, numbering 206. There are different types of bones, which protect the internal organs and nrou vide
base, support and shape. Many bones are attached to diferent types of joints, on the basis of which the movementabf
body parts takes place.
The creature needs oxygen to survive. Oxygen is taken in through the
respiratory system.
The organs of the respiratory system make the blood
rich blood is carried by the heart
oxygenated by receiving oxygen from the atmosphere. This oxygen-
through the arteries to the body parts. Deoxygenated blood is sent by veins to
nd in lungs for purification. This the heart
cycle on goes contin uously.

EXERCISES
bjective Type Questions 4. The
ultiple Choice Questions femur is the bone in the body.
k{/) the correct option: a) Small (b) Longest (c) Flat (d) Round
5. An
dy composition is related to: example of Hinge joint is:
Physiology (a) Ankle (b) Wrist
(b) Anatomy
Kinesiology
ber of
(d) All of the above
6.
(c) Elbow
(d) Shoulder
bones in our body are: Oxygenated blood flows in:
00 (a) Veins
(6) 206 (b) Capillaries
08 (c) Heart
uchora
(a) 300 (d) Arteries