REINFORCED

CEMENT
CONCRETE

-JASPAL SINGH

(Ex IES)


REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE

Basic Concept

Structural Engineering

Analysis Design

Analysis
son toss aspect

structure

compatibility of
Energy of structure

Equilibrium of structure

Design
RCC PSC steel structure aspects

safety

serviceability

Durabity

Economic
As thetic

Here cat is concrete and Rlf is

reinforc ment

1

Safety
A structure must be safe with

suffic ent
f O S for
loading that is expected

to come on it during its design life

Ex Designing of beam

Safety It is made safe under tensile

loading by providing adequate

RIfn

2 Serviceability
It signifies that structure should

provide service for which it is

constructed

Ex Doubly RIF section instead of singly

RIfn section is more serviceable

Durability
A structure should be durable sustain

loading for which it is designed and

should perform well within safety limit

and serviceability limit

Durability without serviceability and

less is irrelevant
of safety
margin nominal cover

Ex
By providing selecting


specific type of material for

constru tion

4 Economy
and construction of

Design should be any

structure economical without

affecting safety serviceability and

Ex durability
Monolithic casting of beam and

slab using pozzo lona in some

proportion with cement

5 As thetic

If large investment is done over design

and construction of structure it should

be as thetic good in appearance

Ex the geometry of the

By changing
section like providing half round

section instead of rectangular section

Plain and Reinforced concrete

1 Plain concrete Pcc

It is a paste which is formed

by addi

tian water in specified proportion in
of

mixture of
binding material cement

fine aggregate and coarse aggregate

and admixture it required

Cct is in compression but weak in

tension strong

Its tensilestrength is increased by

it
reinfo cing
by fibres
cement concrete
and is termed as RI n
f

Its tensile strength is one tenth

approx

of its compressive strength

PCC is used in mass concreting

Dam
generally Pedestal etc
Ex Small

2 Reinforced Cement concrete

It is a cot with rifn embedded in it

The embedded Afn makes it capable of

resisting tension also

Steel bars are used for Rif of

Concrete
generally

steel bars are embedded in tension zone

in Cct and relieves it of tension

any
and take all the tensile loading without

separating from the Cct

The bond between steel and surrounding

ensures strain compatibility i e the

strain at particular point in steel

any

and Cct would be same

R.lt steel also imparts ductility to the

cat which otherwise is brittle material

Here ductility means large deflection

due to yielding of steel would be

observed prior to the failure

Tensile stress in Cct arise due to

1 fleur al tension

2
Diagonal tension
3 Shear

Temperature difference

5
Shrinkage effect
6 Restrain to deformation

Under these condition
Rlfnis to be

prov ded
across potential tensile crack

Different grades of Concrete

Groups Grade specified charact

designation eristic compressive

strength of 150mm

cube at 28 day

Ordinary MIO 10

concrete 15
Mugford

20

standard M25 25

Concrete M30 30
s

Misuse
M40 40
45

M55 55

M60 60
M65 65

High
M70 70
strength

concrete M 75 75

MSO 80

M 85 85

M 90 90

M95 95

M 100 100

NOTE 1 In the
designation of Cct min

M refers to the min and number

to be specified characteristic

compres ive
strengthof 150 mm cube at 28
2 days
expressed in NI mm

2 for Cct of grade above Moo design

parameter of IS 456 are not valid and

for this cat further specilised literature

on experimental result is to be concerned

3
Ordinary act is used for general Rec

continued standard cot is used for pre

stressed Cct structure and high strength

Cct is used for high strength Rec

struc ure


Minimum
grade of concrete to be used

depends upon the exposure conditions

in the anticipated life of the Cct which

governs its durability as follows

Exposure Min grade of Min grade of

Cat PCC CA RCC

Mild M 20
Moderate MI5 M 25

Severe Mao M30

M 20 M 35
Very severe

Extreme M 25 Mao

NOTE Minimum grade of plain cat for

mild exposure condition is not

specified

REMARK Minimum grade of Cct Is 956

RCC M 20
PCC MI5

Min grade of at structural shall be Mao

but 1425 1513920

for building

a More than 15m in height in seismic


III II I
zone

b But not less than that required

by Is

456 based on exposure condition

Minimum grade of act to be used in

prestressed Cct Psc work

A Pre tensioned M

B Post tensioned M30

There is normally gain of strength

beyond 28
days the extent of which

depends upon the grade and type of

cement curing and environmental

condition

The design should be based upon 28 days

characteristics strength of Cct unless

there is evidence of str

higher
justify due to

for a particular structure

age

for Cct of grade Mao and above the

rate of increase of compressive strength

with shall be based on actual

age

observation

for Cct of grade lower than specified

before it may be used for plain cat

works lean at works simple

foun ation
foundation for mason any wall
or other simple or

temporary RC C
construction

Compressive strength of Concrete

It is the Cct to resist the

ability of theload

gradual compressive
It is most important property of Cct as

other properties like tensile strength

shear strength bond strength

impermeability durability can be inferred

from the compressive strength only by

empirical relationship

Compressive strength can be measured

standard test on Cct cube on

by
cylinder

specimen

Strength of act in unianial compression is

determined by loading stand and cube

of 150 mm to failure in compression



testing machine

The test specimen in general istestedafter

28
days of casting and continues curing
In order to find the rate of gain of

strength it can be tested at the age

of 3 days on 7 days

Cube is always tested on sides i e face in

touch with mould

strength of cube is expressed to nearest of

0 5 NI mm

As per IS 456 I sample must consist of

3 specimen cube

To reportstrength of cube sample

average

of 3 specimen must be taken such that

individual variation should not be more

than I 15 Y

arm

During casting

on face in

loading applied
touch with mould

me

During Testing

Ms

NOTE

Relative strength of prism of different

LIB ratio

LIB 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5 g

ratio

Relative 1.5 I 0.8 0.72 0.68 0.6

strength

150mm

cube

Strength Cy 0.8 Su
Su 1.25
Cy

Characteristics compressive strength of

concrete

It is the strength below which not more

than 54 of the test results are expected

to

fail fall

Cct is designated by characteristics

strength of cube at 28 days

As cement paste hydrates for infinite

time
continously long period Hence

we need to
specify the strength for

some
particular time

Variation in strength

MMM1
gg

M MAM
Mh
fm

frequency density

No of sample in an interval

Total no of sample

number of samples are increased

Ifin the
definately the histogram becomes

frequency distribution curve

for most of the engineering material this

curve is
symmetric about mean and
such a curve is termed as normal

probability distribution curve I Gaussian

curve I Bell curve

Yipping
igg

Mean
japanning
of observation strength EY i Ent

fm

Deviation
of observation strength f f m

stand and deviation of observation

E f fm

G
n ou n 1

NOTE When standard deviation

of entire

sample can be computed than M

is used but
if stand and deviation of
certain portion of sample is computed

then N I is used hence for act

I E f fm

I n I

spread of standard deviation is measure

of control

quality

If strength variation
r is
large more

hence poorer is the

quality control

If standard deviation i small less

strength variation hence better is the

control

quality


MSverygoida

A
freq ency

4 Hmm

Taking mean as origin

Let 4 f Standard normal

Fm
deviate

Probability density on frequency density is

e É

y la

Area under standard probability distribution

curve is

unity


Z 7

A
ydn I standard probability

distribution curve

Probability of accurance of any value off

p 1yd fydn

for P 59 P 50
68227

2 1 65

f 1.65 84 133

Fm

f 1 65 rtfm

Designing is being done for value of target

mean set of the cat

Fm feat

Ur

Mm

Here U depends on 9 definition of

characte istics

strength


u
of definition

O N

54 1 65

104 1 29

2 07 0 85

50 0

Here standard deviation depends upon

control where sufficient test results

quality 30

atleast for a particular grade of cat

are not available the values standard

of
deviation is assumed as given by code for

design of min in the first instance

As soon as the results of samples are

ava lable

actual calculated standard

dev ation

shall be used and the min is

designed properly

However when adequate past records for

a similar
grade are available it can

also be used for designing

Assume standard deviation for different

grade of concrete
Assumed st deviation

Grade of cct

MIO 3 5 N Imm

MI5

M 20 4 N mm 2

M 25

M30

M35

M40

M45 5 N mm

M50

M55

M60

NOTE for grade above Moo standard

deviation shall be established by

actual trials

The above values corresponds to the site

control having proper storage of cement

weight batching regular checking of all

materials periodical checking of

workability and strength

Where there is deviation from above the

values given above must be increased

I N mm 2 by

Question Calculate standard deviation r

for the data given below

Sample

no Cube 1 Cube 2 Cube 3

I 20 5 24 22 5

2 19 5 22 5 20

3 18 5 18.5 19

4 22 23 26

5 18 5 19 19 5

6 22 5 18

7 24 22
20

8 22 21 20

9 16 5 16 17 5

10 14 15 16

Answer Comp strength of sample Xi

22.33 20 667 1 18 671 22 1 19 20 16 1 22 33

21 16 77 15

I 19 78

Xi X 12

6 501 0 78611 2314 9210 610 14 6 5 1 49 1

7 67 I 22 85

I 54 719

6 E Xi IF

i n I

54.719

I0 I

2.4 65

Question

Unianial compression test result

of 100 cubes are listed below

in
increasing order find fan

26.5 27.5

226g 243g 2370

30 5

29

Answee Mas This is because

28 is not

multiple

Sampling Procedure

A random sampling procedure shall be

adopted to ensure that each act batch

shall have a reasonable chance of being

tested i.e sampling should be spread

over the entire period of concreting

The minimum frequency of sampling of act

of each grade shall be in accordance of

the following

Quantity of act in No of sample

the work m3

1 5 I

6 15 2

16 30

3g

31 50

51 and above a
plus I additional

sample for additional

3

50 m Oh

Acceptance Criteria

1 Compressive

strength

Validation I Admissability of sample

The test result of the sample shall be

of 3 specimen
of
ind vidual

average strength

variation of which shall not be

more than 157 of the of 3 specimen

avg

If

the variation is more than the test

result are invalid or not admissable

The at shall be deemed to comply with

the
strength requirement when both the

following conditions are met

al The mean strength determined from

any

group of four consecutive test results

complies with the condition with

appr priate

limit as follows

b Any individual test result complies with

the appropriate limit as follows

A B

specified Mean of
group individual
grade of 4 non over test results

cons e N mm

lapping
cute've test

results Mmm

min min

M 15 7 Fou t 0 825X

established s t 3 Fu 3

deviation

rounded off

to nearest

0.5 N IMM2 Oh
Fou

t 3

whichever is

greater

NOTE

In absence of established value of

st deviation it can be assumed

from codat provision and attempt

should be made to obtained 30 sample

as
early as possible to compute its enact

value

standard deviation value is valid

for

yeah

For act of upto 30 m3 where

quantity to

the no of samples be taken is less than

4 per frequency of sampling the mean

as
of test result of all such sample shall

be fu ta N mm

min and the

requir ment

of minimum individual test result

shall be fu 2 N mm min

However when the no of sample is only

I requirement shall be feat 4 N Imm

min

Question In one shift 4m of foundation



concreting is to be done2

Cube test result N mm

19 26 16

Answer 20 33 N mm

Sample is not valid

So we have to further perform core test if in

this test not valid then this sample is further

tested road test

by

Question Site concreting in 3 shift of 27 m3

for foundation work M25

Shift Cube test result N mm

I 33 29 3 2

2 24 32 28

3 29 29 32

Answer Fang N mm 0.85 Fy 1 lb

Fay

31 33 26 6 3 36

28 23.8 32 2

28 67 24.37 32 97

All samples are valid

31.33
Avg of 3 test results 28 67

28

29 33 N mm
Acceptance fat 4

25 4

29 N Mm

f for 4

Individual acceptance fu 2 25 2

23 N mm

foundation at is accepted as Mrs grade

Question Site concreting in shift of 125 m3

roof slab

Shift Cube test result Nlm my

1 22 28 26

2 26 24 28

3 31 35 33

4 32 31 33

5 31 32 33

6 26 25 24

Answer Fang

N mm 0.85 Fy 1.15
Fay

25 33 21 53 29 13

26 22.1 29 9

33 28 37 95

32 27.2 36 8

32 27.2 36 8

25 21 25 28 75

All the samples are valid

fat

Acceptance of group 0.8250

for t 3 man

25 0 825 X 4

28 3 N mm 2

Fck t 3 25 3

28 N mm

Acceptance for individual result Fou 3

25 3

22 N mm

Result of four consecutive non overlapping

samples

a I 2,3 4 29 08 N mm Acceptable

2 3 4 5 30.75 N mm Acceptable

3 4 5 6 30 5 N Mm Acceptable

Flenural Strength
When both the
following conditions are met

the act sample with specified flexural

strength complies with it

A The mean
strength determine from any

enceed
group of 4 consecutive test results

the specified characteristic strength

by


at least 0 3 N Imm

The strength determines from

B test

any
result i not less than specified
char cteristics

length by at least 0.3 NI mm

Testing

In case of doubt regarding the grade of

ut used either due to

poor workman


ship

based on results of cube strength

or

test for compressive strength following

test are being carried out

Core test
The points be taken
from which cores are to

and the no of cones required shall be decided

by the engineer in change

However it shall not be less than 3 cores

Core shells be prepared and tested as per

the standard

Cct in the member represented by a core

test shall be considered acceptable if the

average equivalent cube strength of the

core is equal to at least 857 of the cube

of the grade of cat specified for the

strength

corresponding age and no individual core

has a strength less than 759

In case the core

test results do not satisfy

the aboverequirement oh where such test

have not been done the following test

may

be adopted

2 Load test for fleur al member

Load test should be carried out as soon as

possible after expiry of 28 days from time of

placing of ut

The structure should be loaded subjected

to a load equal to
full dead load of the

structure plus 1.25 times the imposed load

for a period of 24 hrs and then the imposed

load shell be removed

The deflection due to imposed load

only

shall be recorded

If within 24 hue removal of imposed

of

load only the strength does not recover

at least 754 of deflection under super

imposed load the test may be repeated

lapse of 72 hrs

after a

is less than 807 the structure

If recovery
shall be deemed to be unacceptable

for members other than flexural member

non destructive

Ultrasonic pulse velocity test

Rebound hammer test

Pull out test

Maturity test

Penetration test

can be performed as
per prior

agre ment

NOTE Minimum compressive strength at

the age of 7 days for any grade of

Cct must be 677 of strength of that of

28 days

Grade of

Min com Str Specified

cost Nimmi at characteristics

7 days compressive

strength NImm

MI5 10 15

M 20 13 5 20

M 25 17 25

M 30 20 30

Mao 40

M 45 3ft 45

Concrete Min Design

Design of act min involves economical

selection of relative proportion of various

ingredients of cat
Apart from meeting the criteria of
ch racteristic

strength the act must be

workable in fresh state and impermeable

and durable in harden state

At min design is of two types

1 Nominal min design Perspective specimen

It is permitted only in on din cat i e

to grade M 20
any
up

for higher grade design min adopted

In normal min the min is specified in terms

of total mass of aggregate proportions of

fine aggregate to coarse aggregate

and quantity of water used pen 50 kg

of cement

As per Is 456 proportions of nominal min

concrete are as under

Grade of Wtof fat FA CA of water

Wt

at CA 1kg per 50

kg per by mass

50kg of kg of

cement cement

M5 1 5 10 800 Generally 60

M7.511 4 8 625 1 but 45

M 1011 3 b 480 can be in 34

MI5 1 24 330 the 32

250
range

M20 1 15 3 off1 25
1.5 30

to

Cementfgregate Aggregate CA C FA CA WIC

MS 50 800 800 1 5.33 10.66

3

3 1 5 10

M 7.5 50 625 1 4.16 8.33 9

635 13 1 4 p

MIO 50 4830 480

23 1 3.2 6.4 0.68

1 3 b

MI5 50 330 330 1 2.2 4.4 0.64

3 1 2 p

M 70 50 2530 250 X 23 1 1 6 3.33 0 6

1 1 5 3

2
Design min of concrete
Design min of concrete is carried out in

following sequence
Step 1 Calculate the target mean

strength
of the vet

Fm for t UG
where u depends

on definition

k 1.65
for 57 definition

standard deviation either computed

or
initially assumed

Step 2 Take value of water cement ratio

cor esponding

to target mean strength and

in sp

23

workability from graph given

Nlc ratio considered from above criteria should

not be more than value obtained from

exposure condition criteria

Exposure

Min grade Min cement water

condition of at content cement

by m3 ratio

W C

Mild M20 300 0.55

Moderate

M25 300 0.55

Severe

M30 320 0.45

Very severe

M35 340 0.45

Extreme M40 360 0.40

NOTE

Maximum cement content shall not

exceeds 450 of ut to limit the

shri kage

drying thermal cracking and

alkali aggregate reaction

Step 3 Takeman water content from table

2
of 1810262 corresponding to nominal

size of coarse agg and slump value of

25 50mm

Nominal size of

Man water content

coarse aggregate
kg m3

10 MM 208

20 MM 186
kg m3

40 MM 165 kg m3

NOTE The man limit of water content is

imposed to prepare economical and

durable act with min shrinkage

As nominal size of CA increase SSA will

decrease thereby water requirement for

these aggregate is also reduced

for each additional 25mm slump above

values of are increased by 39

Above values are reduced by 5 109 for

plasticizes and 207 for super plasticizer

Man limit of plasticizer and super

plastic zers

are 19 and 2 of of cement

quality

respectively

Generally the water content I 180 200 Ilm

of act


Step 4 Calculation of cementous material

from water cement ratio and water

content the quantity of cement i computed

Water content
I

cement content

cement content water content

W C

The above
quantity of cement shall be

checked against minandmancement

content as given in Steps

Steps Estimation of

coarse aggregate by

total aggregate

Volume of coarse aggregate by total aggregate

for different zones of fine are as follows

Mar

nom
By volume
inal size of CA FA

Lone Lone Lone Lone

aggregate II III I

mm II

10 0.5 0.48 0.46 0.44

20 0.6 0.58 0.56 0.54

40 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.69

The above proportions are for w c 0 5 for

WIC other than 0.5 above values are

mod fied

as given below I 0 01 in proportion

for
each I 0 05 in WIC

Step 6 Calculate quantity of FA and CA

Let total volume of act be Im

1 Volume of at mass

1 Volume air

of
2 Volume of cement

We

solid Gc Sw

Volume of water Ws

4 Volume of admin tune if added WAD

GAD Sw

5 Volume of total agg 91 12 3 473

6 volume of coarse agg volume of

coarse X G ca

agg

X Sw
Volume of ca Proportion s
Ya

7 Weight of FA Volume of FA X GtaSw

Volume of FA 1 Proportion of GAA

NOTE As per IS 10262 No air voids shall be

considered normal concrete

for

Question Design acct min for following Mto

CA 20 MM Go 3 15 GCA 2 6

GAA 2.7 GAD 1 2 FA is of zone II g

Air content 2 Severe exposure slump

100 mm plasticizer 19

Answer Step 1 Target mean strength

Fm Fou t U r

fm 40 1 65 X 5

48 25 N mm

Step 2 WIC ratio from the curve

of SP 23

Fm 48 25 N mm 2

for W C 3340 45

Step 3

Wt of water
Ww 186
kg m3 for 100mm slump

Ww 186 186 X X 39
E

197 16
kg m3

Ww

for use of plasticizer

Ww 197 16 7.59 X 197 16

182 373 3

Ww kg m

Adopt wt of water 180

kg Im

Step 4 Cement content

We 180

YW 0 35

514

28kg7

We 450
kg m3

Step 5 Proportion 0.56 from table

In

WIC Proportion

0 5 0 56

O 05 to 01

0.05 O O1

O 05 0 01

step 6

Calculate quantity of FA and CA

Volume of act Im

Volume of air 24 0.02 m3

1 Volume of at mass 1 0.02 0.98 m3

2 Volume water Ww Sw

of


0.18 m3

180

3 Volume of cement solid We

Gcsw

450

3 15 X 1000

0.142 m3

4 Volume of admixture 19 of cement wt

160 X 450

1 2 1000

0.00375

5 Volume of total aggregate

0.98 0.180.142 0.00375

0.654 m3

Volume of CA 0.59 0.654

0.385 m3

Volume of FA 1 0.59 0.654

0.268 m3

Wt of CA 0 385 2.6 103 1001

kg

Wt of FA 0.268 2.7 103 723.6

kg

final result for 1m of act

C FA CA IN AM

450 723.6 1001 S 780 4 5

1 1.6 2.22 0.4 0.01

Design min

C FA CA

1 1.6 2.2

We 0.4

Ac 24 By volume

ADM I M By mass in terms

of cement

YOUNG MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

The modulus of elasticity is a

young
cons ant

defined as the ratio of anial stress to

anial strain with in the linear elastic
range

under unianial loading

In case of concrete under unianial

compr ssion

it has in the

validity curve very initial portion

of the stress strain which is

partially

linear

That is when loading is of low intensity and

of very shout duration

Ifthe loading is sustained for a relatively

long duration in elastic creep effects come

into the picture even at relatively low

stress level

Besides this
weep n on linearly is also

likely

to be introduce due to shrinkage

It is also defined

as
slope of stress strain


at

curve
any given point

men

v9

pot

ME E X
M

E Anial Stress in elastic

Anial strain
region

Modulus is further classified as

of elasticity
1 Tangent Modulus

Secant Modulus

Tangent Modulus of elasticity

It is further classified into 2

a
Tangent Modulus at any value of stress

Slope of tangent at any point of stress

strain curve is called tangentmodulus of

elasticity

This is instantaneous value of modulus of

elasticity

The valueof strain that will be observed

due to further increase of stress is

represented by tangent modulus

It also be referred as ratio of
inst nt

may
neo us increase
of stress and strain at a

particular value of stress

E Er Increase in stress

tangent Increase in strain

b Initial tangent modulus of elasticity

Modulus of elasticity of act at origin is

termed as initial tangent modulus of

elasticity

It is also termed as Dynamic modulus

of

elasticity


It is measured by following method

1 Resonant
frequency test

2 Ultrasonic pulse

velocity test
It also be referred as slope of tangent
may

of stress strain curve at origin

E Increase in stress

Increase in strain at origin

c Secant Modulus of elasticity

slope of line joining any point of stress

strain curve to origin is called secant

modulus of elasticity

It is also termed as static modulus of

elasticity

Total value of strain already observed due

to continous stress already applied on a

material is represented secant modulus

by
It is the total increase in stress to the total

increase in strain

Es Total increase in stress

Total increase in strain

NOTE

Modulus of elasticity as
per 15456

2000 is given by

Ec 5000Fck

Here fu Characteristics compressive

strength of concrete

It is also termed as shout team static

modules

Here short term signifies effect of creep is

not considered and static signifies that stress

value is imposed for long period

be variation of 20 in actual

There
mayobserved modules

value of of elasticity

for for M 25 grade of cct

eg

Ec 5000125

25000 N mm
Ec NIMatoo

80000

125000

Ec as recommended by 25 456 2000 is

secant modules of elasticity at Yz Fed

stress value i e here f O S is 3

Within elastic limit tangent modules of

elasticity

Er E it Es 5000 Fck

Creep in concrete

when at is subjected to sustained loading

compressive its deformation keeps on

increasing with time even though the stress

level is not altered

This time dependent component of total strain

is called as creep or plastic flow or time

yield

Creep is difficult to understand and may be

due to following
a Internal movement

of absorbed water

b Viscous flow on between set particles

sliding

c Moisture loss

d Growth in micro macks

Creep induced following effects over the

strength

a Increase in deflection of beam and slab

b Increase in deflection of cylinder column

that lead
maystress
to buckling

c Loss of

pre

d Gradual transfer of load from Cct to

reinforce steel in compression member

The rate of creep decreases with time can be

checked with the slope of curve and weep

strain at 5 are taken as terminal

years

value

factors influencing the creep

a Cement content is

high

b w lo ratio is high
Aggregate content is low

c
d Air entrainment is high

e Relative

humidity is low

f Temp is more
g Size or thickness of member is small

b Loading occurs at early age

it Loading sustained ever
long period oftime

Creep Coefficient Ct at
any time t

It is defined as ratio of creep strain to the

elastic strain

Ct Creep strain

Elastic strain

dy I L dy

dx L

Creep coefficient o Ultimate creep

coefficient
It is defined as ratio of ultimate creep strain

to that of elastic strain

D dy man L

dXk

dy man

dx

Value of creep coefficient a depends on

age

of loading as follows

O
Age of loading day

7 2.2

28 1.6
days

I 1.1

yeah

for example

Date of Date of O dx Total

loading 1st loading mm day strain

64

2 10 20 9 10 20 2.2 20 44 9 10 20
20 52

2 10 20 30 10 20 1.6 32 30 10 20
42

2 10 20 2 10 20 1.1 20 22 2110120

NOTE for
any intermediate value of time

is
creep coefficient interpolated by

considering time on log scale instead of

arithmetic scale

we

As
long as stress in cat does not enceeds

43 of its characteristic strength creep

may

be consider to be proportional to the stress

Thus under service load condition creep

will be proportional to stress this concept

can be used to compute total strain elastic

creep strain by usual linear elastic

analysis with reduced or long term module

of elasticity as follows

Ece or Ed Stress

Total strain

Stress

Elastic Strain ultimate creep

strain

Pla

dy dy man

Pla

o dX
dy

Pla
dy Ito

Ece Ec

I to

5000 Fox

I t o

Ece 50001Fck It is also termed as

I to

long term modules



of elasticity

In design

NOTE consider an

we
average value

of Ec with some partial effect of

creep only

Effect of creep can be reduced by following

High strength concrete

b Delaying in the application of finishes

anti on wall etc

c
Adding RIC

d Steam curing under pressure It reduces

shrinkage and moisture movement

drying

Beneficial effect of creep

a Reduction in stress induced
by restrained

shrinkage resulting in reduction in

cracking

b In indeterminate structures stress

induced due to settlement is reduced

due to creep

Poisson's Ratio

It is defined as ratio of lateral strain to

that of longitudinal strain under uniform

anial stress
Lateral strain

Longitudinal strain

When a cat specimen is subjected to unianial

compressive load it undergoes longitudinal

compressive strain which are accompanied

later at tensile strain

by

The sample as a whole undergoes volume

changes that can be measured in terms of

strain volumetric strain

It can be referredthat at a stress equal to

about 809 of compressive strength there is

point of inflection on the volumetric strain

curve

As the stress increase beyond this point the

rate of volume reduction decrease

After this if stress is further increased

volume stops decreasing and instead its

starts increasing

It is observed due to development of micro

cracks at this value of stress

Due to these micro wacke lateral extensions

is observed to be companitively more

Poisson's ratio is

essentially constant for

lower value of stress below point of

infection and at higher stress starts

if

increasing shortly

Its value varies in the range of 0.1 0.30

but for designing it is taken to be 0.2

Stress strain variation for concrete

Homage


stressStrain curve faucet under unianial

some what

compression test are lineal

in
very early phaseof loading and non

linearly begins when stress level exceeds

about 5 to t of man stress

The manimum stress reached at a strain

approximately equals to 0.002 beyond

this point increase in strain is

accompa ied

by decrease in stress

for all grades of cct strain

the
of failure is in
range of 0.003 0.005

The higher is the grade of act the steeper

is the initial portion of the stress strain

curve sharper is the peak of the curve

and less is the failure strain

for low strength at the curve is relatively

at the top and has high failure strain
flat

When the stress value reaches 0.7 0.9 of the

man stress internal micro cracks are

indicated roughly parallel to the direction

of the appliedloading due to which stress

starts to reduce with increase in strain

and poisson's ratio also starts decreasing

The decending portion of stress strain curve

can be drawn only if strain controlled

application of the load is achieved

NOTE The compressive strength of act

in an actual cct structure can

not be taken expected to be exactly

same as that of standard unianial

compression test for the same sample

of the vet

This is due to several factors responsible

for this change like duration of loading

and size of specimen rate of change of

strain multianial state of stress

The value of manimum compressive stress of

act is taken as 0.85 times of compressive

strength of cylinder

This appronimately works out to be 0.67

times the compressive strength of cube

The failure strain of act under

compre sion

is taken to be 0 002 and under

flexure is taken to 0 0035

top
Forty

Yp Partial safety factor for material

Astr 0 85 Fey
0 8 Fcube

Fey

0 8 For

Astr 0 85 X 0 8 Fck

0 68 Fck

Shrinkage

The shortening in length of the member or

contraction of act per unit length due to

is termed as shrinkage

drying
Like creep shrinkage introduces time

dependent strains in act

Shrinkage and weep are not independent

process but for sake of calculation their

effect is considered separately independent

and additive

All the factors that governs weep also

effect shrinkage

However unlike weep shrinkage strains

are independent of stress in

at

Shrinkage is reversible to great intent

When shrinkage is restrained it leads to

the development of tensile stresses which

it exceeds design value leads to the

development of cracks

for designing ultimate shrinkage strains

is taken to be 0.0003

Rate of shrinkage also reduces with time

almost 509 of total shrinkage takes

place in 1 month and 757 of total

shrinkage takes place in 6 month

Shrinkage in concrete ri of following

types

Plastic shrinkage

This type of shrinkage initiates as soon

as act is placed in the formwork while

the act is in plastic state

Loss of water

by evaporation from surface

of action by absorption by aggregate

is

responsible for this shrinkage

As aggregate and steel restrain its effect

cracks appear at the surface on internally

around the aggregate or steel

This can be prevented

using aluminium

by
powder and expanding cement

2 Drying Shrinkage

It is ever lasting process and occurs

mainly due to loss of water held in gel

porous of cement and when cct is kept

in drying condition

The finer is the gel the more is the

shri kage

Harden leads to lower shrinkage but

agg

higher shrinkage stresses and reverse is

true for soft agg

Shrinkage decreases with increase in size

of member

Cct made with smaller size aggregate

shrinks more

With increase in grade of at drying

shri kage

reduces

Autogenous Shrinkage

It is the type of shrinkage which takes

place where no moisture movement to

or from the paste is permitted

It takes place due to utilization of water

added in act for hydration of cement

This shrinkage is of minor importance and

it is not applicable in practise to

many
situation except that of mass concreting

10 10 5

Its magnitude is of the order of

mm mm

With increase in grade of at the's

shrinkage

increases

Carbonation shrinkage atmosphere

cos present in the atm reacts in the

presence of water with hydrated cement

acts converted to Cacoz

Ca lo H z

Volume of which is comparatively less than

that of CacoHa that leads to the shrinkage

of at carbonations penetrates beyond the

enposed surface of act only at slow

very

rate

The rate of penetration of Wr depends on

the moisture of the act and relative

humidity

Carbonation is accompanied by increase in

wt of act and by shrinkage

in
carbonation also results in increasestrength

and reduces permeability due to remove it

water release carbonation promotes the

by and also Caco

process of hydration

reduced voids

Ca OH t Wa Ca wz t H2O

NOTE Concrete expands with

temp rise

and contracts as the temp drops

effect of which is similar to shrinkage

In order to avoid the development of

excessive stresses and finally cracks in

at due to temp variation expensive joints

are provided

coefficient of thermal expansion of cct is

taken to be tix 10 6 mm mm per
generally

6 12 10 6 mm I mm
C pen C

of concrete

Durability
A durable act is one that performs
sati factory

under anticipated exposure

condition for proposed life of structure

The various factors that effects durability

of cat are as
follows

I Permeability

2 Frost action

3 Sulphur attack

4 Carbonation s

for controlling ensuring durability of cct

following requirements are to be fulfilled

Rcc work with 20mm nominal

for size

agg

Exposure Description

condition

1 Mild It is protected against

weather on aggressive

condition

2 Moderate sheltered from serve rain

on freezing on exposed to

condensation

3 Severe Exposed to severe rain

alternate and
dr ing

wetting

on freezing

Very Emposed to seawater spray

severe corrosive fumes severe

freezing

5 Extreme Members in tidal

zone on

indirect contact with

aggressive chemicals

Exposure Minimum Min Man

Condition Grade of at cement in water

m3
kg content

ratio

C M20 300 0.55

Il M 25 300 0.50

111 M 30 320 0.45

IV M 35 340 0.45

V MAO 360 0.40

Tensile Strength of concrete

Tensile strength of ect is approx 109 79

15

of the compressive strength

Stress strain diagram for at in tension is

almost linear

Ratio of compressive strength to tensile

stre gth

increases with increase in grade of

act

Since tensile strength of concrete is ignored in

Rec structure it has less importance

very

However it is calculated to determine the

cracking moment and for to be used for

sea

visibility

Tensile strength of act can be computed

as

follows

1 Direct tension test

Practically it is very difficult to perform

direct tensile strength test because force

never remains perfectly anial tension due to

homogeneity of act

non

As the result of which stresses developed

are not uniform

an
failureplane

A lemur at Test
2
This test is performed to find the flexural

tensile strength of the act

In order to perform this test mould of size

15 15 70 cm is used man nominal size

if of
exceeds so mm or else mould of size

agg
10 10 50 un is used

Sample to be tested is filled in the mould

and then immerged in water for 48 hrs at

temp of 24 30 C

The sample is removed from water and is

immediately placed over the roller support

and is subjected to 2 point bad with the

help of roller at the rate of 0.7N mm lm in

upto failure

Line of fracture is measured from the

nearest support along the center line

which is further used to find tensile strength

of concrete in building as follows

at

line

BEE


On the basis of value of

a bending stress in

tension is given by
PL

If a 20 13 3 em
fer bd

A L 20 3Pa
If 17 11cm 13.3 um
for

Bd 2

If a 17cm Result discard

NOTE Two point load 3rd point loading is

applied in this test for pure bending

condition

Is 456 provides standard expression for

flexural tensile strength modulus of

rupture

fer 0.7 JACK N mm

A Pcc beam
Question of section size zoo x

300mm is made up of M30 act

Calculate cracking moment of this section

Solution

My
Ty


6 for 0.7JFck
0 7 TO

3 83 N mm

61

Mcr

3 83 X 300 X 300

12

300

17 23 K N m

3
Splitting Cylinder test

In this test cylindrical specimen of 3

generally 30 in length and 15 cm dia

meter is loaded horizontally in between

the steel plate of u Tm and is subjected to

compressive load 2N m my min upto failure

Application of compressive load over the

specimen leads to the development of

compres ive
stresses but at certain'ibelow the point
of application of load and major portion

SD 6 is subjected to induce tensile stresses

which causes spriting failure of the

specimen


The tensile strength of cct is given by

ft 2P

I LD

The purpose of wooden plank is reduce to

magnitude of compressive stress below

loading If c s increases there will be

chances that will

fail in compression

cylinder

4 Ring Tension test

In this test a hydrostatic pressure is

applied radially against the periphery of

15 em dia 4 mm thick and 4mm

height

at Ring specimen the resulting tensile

stresses developed in the specimen is

dete mine

for computing tensile strength of act

This test is more accurate than split
cyli der

test

ft Pri

ro ri
I
I

P applied hydrostatic pressure

ri internal radius

ro External radius
Radius at point of

r
failure

NOTE Tensile strength of act can also be

found indirectly by double punch

test

Reinforcement

resist tension better

Any material that can

than act be used as Reinforcement

may
for en Steel Copper Aluminium Plastic

bamboo etc

Steel is the most suitable on preferable

because of following
of thermal expansion is approx

1 Coefficient

Matty same as that of cct

2 Economical than other metals

3 High tensile

strength

Size of reinforcement

The available size of reinforcing bars are

Size of RIF Available Actual Appron

Dia mm area mma area

mm

6 28.27 30

8 50.26 50

10 78.54 75

12 113.09 110

16 201.06 200

20 314.16 314

25 490.87 490 500

26 615.75 600

32 804.24 800

36 1017.84 1000

40 1256.63 1250

45 1590.43 1600

50 1963.49 2000

Question What will bethedia of 3 bars

to be provided for total area of

steel required as

Ast 1450mm

solution 3 250
200

2 280 1

Grade of steel

following types of grade of steel

are available

to be used in RCC

Fe 250 Fe 415 Fe 500 Fe 500 D

Mild Steel H YS D

Fe 550 D Fe 600 D
D

Ductility
Yeild stress signifies the min granted

strength which is available

The yeild strength indicated by grade of steel

is the min granted value however the

actual value can beslightly higher

The specified

yeild strength of steel is taken

as characteristics strength

for steel

The yield strength for Fe 415 Fe 500 is taken

at a proof strain of 0.24 oh 0.002

Stress strain curve

for steel is same in

compression and tension



for all grade of steel modulus of elasticity

both in compression and tension is same

E 2X 105 N mm

OA Linear

A Proportional limit
Non linear

AB

portion

B Elastic him

C upper yield point

C Lowen yield point

Yield plate

ME I strain

hardening

E Ultimate point

A failure point

NOTE 1

Yield

Grade of

Ultimate Ductility

steel stress strength Mpa

Fe 250 250 412 234

Fe 415 415 485 14.54

Fe 500 500 545 124

NOTE 2 HYSD High yield strength

deformed bar CTD cold

twisted deformed TOR Name of the

component

is obtained by straining mild steel beyond

the yield plateau by stretching and twisting

at particular temp and after that

unloading is done

Above process ofstraining eliminates yield

plateau from stress strain diagram

In absence of definite yield point yield

strength is considered at 0.24 of proof

strain would be summation of elastic

and non elastic

0 002
Fy

Ep

Es
This process reduces the ductility of the

steel and also reduces the diff between yield

strength and ultimate strength

Disadvantages of HIS D

1 Less ductile
2 Not good

for
dynamic loading

3 Not good heat treatment

for

4 Less resistance
fire

5 Less corrosion resistance

NOTE 3 TMT Thermo

mechanically treated

bait
These bars are made
by applying thermal

and mechanical process simultaneously

This combination process makes the steel

rel tively

more resistant to fire and corrosion

TMT bars are relatively more ductile than

HY SD

TMT bare have all the features

of HYs a bar

Its stress strain curve is same

as that of

mild steel Fe 250

These bare are manufactured in

following

sequence of operation

1 Quencing

Self tempering

3 Atmospheric cooling

Once the hat rolled ban releases from finished

mill it enters to the water system that

spray
is known as thermal system which cools down

the outer cone of the bar and ensure

rapidly

the ductility these bars

of

Rapid cooling hardness the outer core of the

bar to a optimum depth forming a

MART NSITE

RIM While is core remains hot and

safe and AUSTEN TIC

The above process is termed a Quencing

Once the ban is out of the thermal

system
the core remains hot compare to the surface

which allows beat to flow from core to the

surface causing Tempering and thus forming

a structure called Tempered Martensite

Once the self temperingtones it is allow to

cool
naturally

In this step Austeni tic core turns as FERRIER

PEARL ITE

MMMMM


PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION

IES

Question no 1 The desired characteristic

strength of a min is 20N mm The

standard deviation is AN mm for 150

mm
size of concrete cubes and K 1.645

The average strength of the cubes will be

nearly 2

a 38 2 N mm b 32 4 N mm

C 26 6 N mm d 22 8 NI mm

2019

Solution c

Mean strength or average strength of

cube

fm fact Kr

Given ta 20 N mm

K 1 645

6 4 N mm 2

fm 20 1 645 X 4

26.58 N mm

26 6 NI mm

Question no 2 The permissible bending

compressive strength for M 25

grade of concrete is 8.5 NI mm Its

short term and long term modular ratios

are
nearly

a 8 and 11 bl 8 and 8

e Il and 11 d 11 and 6

2018

solution

Short term modular ratio

Efc

2 105 MPa

5000 for M Pa

2X 105

5000 15

Long term modular ratio including effect of

280

creep 3

Ocbc

Tbc for M 25 8.5

Long team modular ratio

280

3 X8 5

10.98 I 11

Question no 3 A certain Rc structure has

to be constructed along a sea coast

The minimum grade of concrete to be used

15 456 2000 is

a More than M20

b More than M 20 and less than M 30

c Not less than M 30

d Less than Mas and more than M 30

2015

Solution e

for sea water grade of concrete lower

than M 30 shall not be used in reinforced

concrete

As per 15 456 2000

Limit state Method

forthesafety and service

The acceptable limit

ability requirement of a structure on element

before failure occurs is called U MIT STATE

In this structure designing is done to carry

the loads with sufficient degree of safety

and serviceability and structure would not

become unfit
for use for which it to be

designed

If a structure has achieved limit state it

can not be used satisfactorily in future

Limit state can be achieved due to either

or

collapse serviceability failure

There are two types of limit state

1 Limit state

of collapse
I Limit state

of serviceability

I f tenure Compression Shean torsion Idlimit

state of collapse

Limit state of serviceability includes deflection

cracking vibration corrosion



NOTE Creep effect is not included in limit

state of collapse and it can't be avoided

in limit of Serviceability

Design strength of material

This is the strength of material which is

considered
for designing of structure

a Concrete Characteristics
at

Design strength of strength

Partial factor of
safety

O 67 Fck

1 5

Design strength of concrete 0.45 For

fun Characteristics compressive strength of

cube in lab under unianial loading

0 67 for characteristics or compressive

strength of ut in structure

0.45 for
design strength of act in structure

NOTE Here partial Fos for material

strength is applied for limit state of

collapse for serviceability this Fos

applied is I as in this case check is to

be applied on modulus of elasticity and

actual stress 15956 recommends use of

modulus of elasticity based on actual

strength and it shall not be reduced by

material Fos

any

b Steel

Design strength of steel Characteristics

strength
Partial

F OS

Fy
1 15

Design strength of steel 0 87 Fy

Partial Fos 1 15
Fy Characteristics strength of steel bar

in tension in lab
0.87

Characteristics
Fy bar in tension in strength of steel

factory

NOTE I The value of partial factor of

safety for material strength should

account for following parameters

Possibility of deviation of strength of

material

Deviationof the sectionalof dimension

Accuracy of calculation procedure

Risk and economic

of life consequences

2 Partial Fos is higher for cct 1 5 than

steel 1 15 as
quality control of act is
inferior than

steel

3 Ultimate strength of act is considered as

characteristics strength for act while in

case
of steel yield stress of steel is taken
as characteristic
strength for steel This

is because ultimate strength is obtained

at
very high value of strain which is

not possible in civil

en

gg

Design Load

It is the load for which structure is

designed

Designed load Characteristic load x

Partial Fos

Characteritic load is that value of load

which has 954 probability of not being

exceeded during the life of structure

f Fm 1 656

NOTE The value of characteristic load

is to be considered directly from

codal provisions

Characteristic Is code

load
Dead load

IS 875 Parti
Imposed load

IS 875 Pautz

Wind load IS 875 Part 3

Seismic load

IS 1893 2016

Partial Fos for limit state of collapse and

are as follows

serviceability

Load Limit state Limit state of

combination of collapse serviceability

DL LL WL EL DL LL WL EL

DL LL 1.5 1.5 1 I

DL WLIEL 1.510.9 1.5 I I

DLtLLt 1.2 1.2 1.2 I 0.8 0.8

WL EL

NOTE Design wind load and earth

quake load are not being consider

ed to be acting simultaneously in
struc ure

in order to induce in our

economy

design However they may practically

occur simultaneously with negligible

probability

2 Partial Fos for limit state of collapse is

higher than limit state of serviceability as

safety is more important than servicibility

AOS is taken with DL DL is

3
of 0.9 If

providing stability against sliding and

overturning The concept use in this case

is that the structure is in

if safe sliding
and overturning with 904 of its weight

then for sure it would be more safe

with 1004 of its wt

Restoringforce moment 7 4

Disturbing force moment

4 The value of partial Fos

for load use

should account for

increase in load beyond the

a Unusual

values considered

b Unforeseen stress redistribution

c
Inaccuracy assessment of the stresses

effect on the structure

d Importance of the limit state

consider tion

Question 1 compute design moment of

beam which is subjected to

moment due to different loading as

follows

DL 200 UN M
I OO KN M

LL

WL 150 kN M

EL 250 UN M

Answer Load combinations

1 DL t LL 1 5 X 200 1 5 X 100

450 kN m

2 DL t E L 1 5 X 200 t 1 5 X 250

675 K N M

3 D L t LL E L 1 2 X 200 1 2 X 100 1 2 X 250

660 UN M

So design

BM is 675 un m and critical

load combination DL t E L

Assumptions in design using Lsm

1 Plane section remains plain after the

bending i e the strain variation over the

cross section is linear in case of deep

beam plane section does not remain plain

M M

2 Man compressive strain in cct is given 1

limited to 0 0035

irrespective of any type of section

bala ced

under R f or over R If the

failure
would take place due to compression

of cat

Relationship between compressive stress

and strain in act be assumed to be

may

any rectangular trapezoidal triangular

parabolic on any other shape which results

inprediction of strength in substantial

with the result of the test
agg rement

4 Tensile
strength of act is
ignored

5 Stress strain diagram of steel under

compression and tension is taken

as

follows

Mild Steel

T p

tan 0 0.87
Fy

FA

Es 2 105 N mm

Es 0 0011

NOTE

If Eyes
20.0011 Fst EsEs

If EES 70.0011 Fst 0.87

Fy

217.5 N mm

b HY SD

T
T
d

t off
strain
strain

NOTE I

Grade of steel Limiting strain

O 002 0 87 Fy Es

Fe 250 0 0031

Fe 415 0 0038

Fe 500 0 0042

The transition from linear elastic behaviour

is assumed to occur at 0.8 Fy in the

characteristic curve and 0.8 fyd

O 8 0.87 0 69
Fy the
Fy design

in

curve

3 In reality for Fe 250 grade yielding will

occur at a strain at 0 0011 0 87

Fy

Es

However Is 456 has not specified limiting

value of strain Fe 250 separately
for

higher strain in mild steel will ensure

better ductility so we can take the

limiting strain as 0.002 to 87

Fy

0.0031 for mild steel also As

Mani mum strain in steel in tension at time of

failure should not be less than 10.002 0.47Fy

NMEE.com inmsk
tmfsttfonftsetasioat the

EU W mi dpapd raueb3tis

vif scaoaemtees

Minimum limit of manimum strain of tension

steel at failure is defined for full utilization

ofstrength of steel 0.87Fy

Based on above assumptions

ME

from similar triangular AOB Doc

AOAB
Og

Xu limit d Xu limit

0.0035 0.002 0 8 Fy

Xu limit d
I

700

1100 0.87 fy

Grade of steel k Xu limit Kd

Fe 250 0.531 0.531 d

Fe 415 0.48 0.48 d

Fe 500 0.46 0 46 d

NOTE I
Limiting depth of NA depends only

upon grade of steel and is independent

of cross section

2
Limiting depth of NA corresponds to depth

of NA at which yielding of steel and

crushing of act place simultaneously

Analysis of stress block diagram

from strain diagram

AB g

Xu

0 0035 0 0 2

CO 0 002 XU

0 0035

Co
4

Xu

AC AO W Xu 417 Xu

37 Xu

Area of stress block Area of A B D Oc

Area of A B D c t Area Oc D

A t Az
of

A 37 Xu X 0 45 fck

0 193fer Xu

Az 3 X X u X 0.45 fck

O 171Fcu Xu

Area of stress block 0.36 fer Xu

Position of C G from top fiber Ai t

Arya

A A2

for Xu X EX u nuEX

Y
0 193
fck Xu XEg X u t O 171

Ex

0 36

fck Xu
0 42 Xu
y

7 defination for characteristic

Question If

load and
strength is 15 then
compute the total probability of failure of

RCC structure using Lsm

Answer

i i

t I

Fck Fm Fm

Probability of failure of RCC structure

I Probability
of total safety

Proba ility

in load
ofsafety

I 0.85 0 85

0 2775

2 775 X 10

or

Total probability of failure Prob of material

strength below characteristic strength x

Probability of load below characteristics

load
Probability of material above characteinste

strength Probability of load

 P abability

gth of load

above CS Load

Probability of math strength

below C S X Probability of load

above CS Load

O 15 0 85 0.85 X 0 15 0.15 X 0 15

0 2775

NOTE Actual Probability of failure of

RCC

structure

1 0.95 X 0.95

0 0975

9 75 X 10 2

NOTE Failure is based on Principal strain

theory
Safety is checked at ultimate load while

serviceability is checked at service I

working load

LSM gives a smaller section dimension with

more amount of Rif as compared to wsm

LSM is economical than Wsm

Design load in es mis ultimate load

characteristic load x Partial fo swhile

in USM characteristic load is considered as

design load

Design of singly RIF rectangular section

IfRIF is provided only in tension zone of the

section it is termed as singly R f section



for position of N A force in compression

force in tension

C T

NOTE

dc dad r

y
Idc

S d nd yo

C Volume of stress block

C Area of stress block X width

C 0 36 fan Xu b

T 0 87
Fy Ast

O 36 Fck Xu b 0.87
Fy As t
0 87 Ast
Xu Fy
I

0 36 for b

NOTE Position of NA is directly proportional

to the amount
of steel in tension

NOTE Based on amount of tension steel in

section three type of section are

being defined

1 BalancedSection

It is the type of section in which the

amount of steel is such that strain is act

is 0.0035 and strain in tension steel is

0 002 0 at time
of failure

81Fy

E c 0 0035

Es 0 002 0 87 Fy

Es

fo 0 45 Fa

Fs 0 87 Fy

Xu Xu limit


2 Under R f Section

It is the type of section in which the

amount of steel in such that strain in cct is

0 0035 and strain in steel is
greater than

0.002 0.87
Fy at the time of failure

Es

Ec 0 0035

Fe 0 45 Fck

E s 7 0 002 0 87Fy

Es

fs 0 87
Fy

Xu Xu limit

X u C X u limit

3 Over Rif Section

It is the of section in which amount

type
of steel is such that strain in cct is 0 0035

and strain in tension steel is less than 0.002

0 87 Fy at the time of failure

Es

Ec O 0035

Fc 0 45 Fck

Es C O 002 0 87 F y

Es

Fs C O 87

Fy

Xu Xu limit

NOTE Section always fails due to crushing

of

cat

steels never
fails it always yields

Type of failure

1 Balanced failure

Here both steel and at yields simultaneously

It takes place in balanced section

2 Tension failure 1 Ductile failure Second

any Compression failure

Here failure is initiated by yielding of steel

It takes place in VIR section

3 Brittle failure Primary Compression failure

Here failure takes place due to yielding or

crushing of act in compression

It takes place in over RIF section

Over RIF sections are not permitted because

failure is brittle and sudden without

warning

900 3496000 ae ptatebecause

s

Megastore

MAN

In order R If section deflection and

cracking are more than over R If section

Practically all flexure sections are under

RIF LSM Limit State Method

In Balance section strain in act and steel

reach at their limiting value simultaneously

and failure of both takes place

simultaneou ly

this type of failure is turned as

Balance failure

In tension failure that is failure in cm

under R If section steel yields before

coll pse

and beam undergoes large scale

deflection and develop intensive crack

before failure it is called ductile failure

as in this case the

failure is triggered by

yielding of steel and it is also called as

secondary compression failure as final

collapse of the beam occur ee by crushing

of act

In the case the

of limit state method once



steel has yielded tensile force will not

change hence it additional moment is

applied only the liver arm can change and

the strain in cct will increase

till the ultimate strain thus in case of under

r If section as we approach towards the

limit state of collapse the N A shifts in upward

direction At collapse failure always

occurs due to crushing of act

act occurs prior to

If steel it is called brittle

crushing of yielding

of failure In this
case the tension steel
generally remains in

elastic stage upto collapse As the cross

section approaches limit state of collapse

in order to maintain equilibrium

compres ion

area increases and hence the N A shifts

down wand

Moment of Resistance of section

II
c

Mf

1 Balanced section

MR C X L A Ok MR T X LA

0.36 fck b Xu limit d O 42 Xu limit

0.36 Fu Xu limit 1 0.42 Xu limit bd

d d

MR Q limit b d

Mu

limiting

MR T X LA

MV limit 0 87Fy Ast d O 42 Xu limit

for Ast of balanced section

C T for eg

0 36 Fou b X aim it 0 87 Fy Ast limit

Ast limiting Xu limit b

837 Fy

A limit Ast limit x 100

bd

Grade of steel Xy limit Climit Pt limit

Fe 250 0.53 0.148fck 0 088th

Fe 415 0.48 0.138 fck 0.048 Fck

Fe 500 0.46 0.134 fck 0.038 Fck

2Under RIF section

MR 0.36 fck BYU d 0.42 Xu

MR TX LA 0.87 Fy Ast d 0.42 Xu

3 Over RIF Section

MR CX LA 0.36 fu bXu d 0.42 Xu

Fst Ast d 0.42 Xu

MR TX LA

fst 0.87 Fy

NOTE Position of NA

Position of neutral anis is always

computed by equating net compressive force

and net tension force so as to statisfy

condition of static equilibrium

C T
O 36 cu b Xu Ast

0 87

f Fy

Xu 0 87Fy Ast

O 36 fck b

then this depth of NA is compared with Xu

limit
If X E Xu i e
for the case R and
of U

limiting

balancedsection Xu computed is correct and

used for analysis

reinforced

But if X Xu limiting i e for the case of over a

section the Xu obtained from above

comp tation
is not correct as in this case of over Rif

section stress in steel is not 0.87 Fy and is less

than this value

this case Xu is in between Xu

Hence in

com

putated and Xu limit

To obtained the enact value of Xu the

following procedure is adopted

Step 1 Assume some value of Xu Xu Xu limit

and calculate the strain in steel

0.0035

Est

Xu d Xu

Est

0.0035 d Xu

Step 2 Calculate stress in steel from stress

strain curve on from the table

stoooooooooot

Mama strain

step 3 Compute the new value of Xu by

equating compressive force with tensile



force

c T

O 36 f ca b Xu Fst Ast

Pst Stress in steel computed in step 2

Xu new Jst Ast

O 36
fck b

If the value of Xu new obtained in step 3 is

same as the value of Xu assumed in step 1

then Xu new is the correct value of NA but if

not repeat the procedure untill

Xu new Xu assumed

Question Determine the position of NA for

the given

a 300mm

I M 20 Xu 0 87Fy Ast
0 36 fck b
450mm

f e 250

4 25 0 mm 0 87 X 250 X 4 X

O O O O
F X 2532

Ie O 36 X 20 X 300

Xu 197 7 mm

Xu limit 450 X 0 53

238 5 mm

Under R f section

Question If instead of Fe 250 grade of steel

used is Fe 415 inPrev Ques Then compute the depth

of N A Use the following relationship

strain 0.00126 0.00135 0.00144 0.00163

Stress 0.707yd 0.757yd 0.807yd 0.857yd

0.00273 0.00380

0.9757yd fyd

Answer Xu 0.87 415 4

412572

0.36 20 300

Xu 328.20mm

a limit 0.48 450

216mm
Xu

Xu limit

Steps Let Xu 328.2mm

Est 0.0035 d Xu

Xu

0.0036 X 450 328

328.20

0.00129

from table fst 0.716 Fyd

0.7167 X 0.87 X 415

256 76 N M m2

Step 2 C T

O 36 forb Xu new Fst X Ast

256 76 X 4 41257

0 36 X 20 X 300

235 20

Let Xu 235 22mm

Est 0 00319

from table tst 0.964 X Fyd

348 39

Xu new 316 7

Question Calculate M r of the given section

e Yoo mm

1 Area of steel 3 250

650mm M 25 2 Area of steel 8 250

Fe 415 3 Area of steel

for

1 Ast balanced section

0 O O

Answer 1 Ast 3 250

C T

O 36 fck b Xu 0.87 Fy As f

0.36 25 400 X X y 0 87 X 415 X 257

34

Xu 147.7mm

Xu limit 0.48 d

0 48 650

312 mm

Xu Xu limit VIR

MR CX LA

0.36
fckbXu d O 42 X u

0.36 X 25 400 X 147.7 650 0.42 147.7

MR 312 6 KN M

Otp TX LA
0.87
f y Ast d

0.42 Xu

O 87 X 415 X 3 X 25 650 0.92 X

4 197.7

312 6 K N M

2
2 Xu 0 87 415 X 8 X
4 25

0.36 X 25 X 400

393 84mm

Xu limit 312
Xuan Over reinforced see

Xu
Since data is not givenfor enact calculation

Mr is limited to M R limit

MR M R limit 0 13 Fck b d 2

0 138 X 25 X 400 65072

583 05 KN M

n C T

O 36 fck b Xu limit 0 87 Fy Ast

111

Ast limit 3111 mm

Question A rectangular under R f section of

effective size 300 456 mm is RIF with

of Fe415 M20 act Assume straight line

3 160

instead of parabolic for stress strain curve of

act and partial Fos 1

a Calculate

position of NA w r t extreme comp

file

b Calculate diff between depth of NA calculated

as per 15456 and Pant a

0.6714 y

I 1

I 1

I 1

i 1

0.002 0.0035

0.0035 D 0.67 feu

yup

C c

Xu A 0.0021 A B

Xu

Stress

0.0035 0.002

Xu OA

A
for X E Xu

0.67

Area 0.287 bCk Xu

A z I X Xu X O 67 fck

Az 0.191 Fck Xu

A 0.4785 Xufck

A Xu Xu 0 67 fck 0.4785fck Xu

or
L tz

for position of NA

a for position ET

of NA
0 4785 fck b Xu 0 87

fy Ast

0 4785 X 20 X 300 Xu 0 87 X 415 X 3 X 2g 1612

Xu 75 85 mm

b As per IS 456 C T

Xu 0 87 415 X 3 74 1672

0 36 X 20 X 300

100 82

O Xu 100 82 75 85

Diff

24 97 mm

Question find M

of moss section given below

OR

for different amount of RIF provided



Also compare the rate of increase in M O R

of tensile RIF provided in different

W rot
cases and draw the observation

Grade of Cct Mao Grade of steel life 415

e b
400mm

Ast limiting MOR limit

MOR for Ast 4 20 0

550

3MOR for Ast 6 200

4 MOR of Ast 7 200

000
mom

5MOR of Ast 10 200

Answer Xu 0.87 Fy Ast

0.36 Fckb

0.87 415 X

4X4 20

O 36 X 20

157 53 mm

Xu limit 0.48 Xfd

0.48 550

264

Xu Cu limit UIR section

MOR 0 87 415 4 214 2012

550 0.42 X 157

ft limit 0.048
fct
fab d

Ast rim 0.048

0 048 20 400 2

550 X 10

2112 m2

OE CID C T

0.36 fckbXu limit 0.87 Fy Ast limit

Ast 2112 m

MOR limit Q limit bd 0.138 20 400 5502

333.96 kN m

Ot Ii MOR limit 0.36 Fck b Xu limit

Xu limit 0.48 d

MOR limit 333.8 KN m

Ec 0.0035 Es 0.002 0.87 Fy

Es

O 0038

0.0035 As
Xu limit 550 264

Same

0.0038

11
Asf 4X4 20 1256 63mm LA

Cross section is under RIF

0.36
for b Xu 0.87
fy Ast

0.36 20 400 X Xu 0.87 415 1256.63

Xu 157.53mm Cu limit


MOR CX LA

O 36 20 400 X 157.53 550 0 42 X

157.53

MO R 219.52 KN M

Ec 0.0035

Es 0.0087 70.0030

111 6 20

Xu 0 87 415 6 X 2012
xp

0.36 20 400

Xu 236 31 mm

MOR CX LA

0.36 Fck b Xu d 0.42 Xu

MOR 306.7 kN M

7 200
Ast 7 X 2012 2199 114 mm Ast limit
j

Cross section is over RIF

0.36 fck bXu 0.87 Fy Ast

Xu 275.69

Let Xu 275 69 mm

Es 0.0035 550 275 69

275.69

0.00348

fo f 358 57N mm

C T

Xu 358 X 2199.114

0 36 20 400

Xu 273.57mm

Xu new Xue

X U2 273.57mm

Es 0.0035 500 273.57

273 57

0 00353

Ist 358.7 N mm

C T

0.87fyfst Ast

0.36 fck bXu

Xu new 273.89mm

MOR 0.36 fck b Xu d 0.42 X U2

0.36 20 400 273.89 550 0.92 X

273.89

343 I kN m

MOR TX LA

Fst Ast d 0.42 42

358 0.42 273.89

7
4 20721550

343 I kN M

V
Ast 10X
4
X 205 3141.6 mm Ast

Over RIA

Xu 0.87 415 3141.59

0.36 20 400

Xu 393.7mm

Xu rim 264

E 0.0035 550 393.7

393.7

0.00138

Ast Es X 2 105

276 N mm

Xu 276 3141.59

0.36 20 400

Xu 301.069

Is 0.0035 550 301.069

301.069

0.0028

Fst 382.68

MOR 3.69.68 kN m

Cross Amstz Pf 9 MOR b Mdm

mim Mid

section kN m

U R 1256 0.57 220 400 550 1.81

U R 1885 0.86 307 400 550 2.53

Balance 2112
0.96 334 400 550 2.78

OIR 2194 0.99 343 400 550 2.83

OIR 3141 1.42 370 400 550 3.05

Increase in RIF from first case to second

case 1 Il

1256 1885 100 504

1256

In case in MOR from 1

307 220 100 409

220

Increase in RIF from N V

3141 2199
1 100

2199

434
If409RIF increases by 504 MOR increases

by

by 437

If RIF increases MOR increases by



X 43 34 4 9

Actual increase in Mor

370 343 X 100

343

84

Golden Point

Thegain in MOR with increase in Rif follows

a
nearly linear relationship almost upto

balance point

However beyond the balance point Mor is

govered by compressive strength of cct and

the rate of increase in Mor decrease with

in RIF

Question In the design of beam by Lsm in

15456 Let the

flexure as per man

strain is limited to 0.0025 for this situation

Consider a
rectangular section of effective size

250 350 mm Ast 1500 mm Fe 250 and M 30

compute
a Position
of NA for balanced section

b At the limit state

of collapse of f tenure

ca culate

the force on compressive zone of

section A 0.0025 B

E 0 0025

0 0025 0 002 O

Xu A

A 0.8 415 Xu
C D

B 0 2 Xu 5

A 0 2 X 0.45 FCKXu

0.09 Fu Xu
B 0 8X 0.45 Xu X 00.45

ZX bck g

I 1

0 24 Fu Xu I 1

A Fu Xu
0 33 I 1
0.002 0.0025

for position of N A

C T

fab Xu 0.87
fy Ast

0.33

Xu 131 82 mm

Xue Xu limit

Cross section is VIR

C O 33 fck b Xu

C 0.33 30 250 X 131 82

C 326 25 KN

Question The stress strain curve of cat is

given below find the moment of

resistance of cross section partial fos for

steel is 1.15

for son mm
350

stress Fy 415N mm n

0.45
bck y

4 at 250

0.30

bck
I msg
1 O O O

I 1

0.0015 0.0030

strain

Answer
0.0035 D 0.45fck

a
0.3 for
BO0015 A

A B

NA NA O O

O O O T

E f

Solution from

worse and 00ft in limiting case

0.003 0.002 0.87 415

Xu limit 2 105

650 Xu limit

0.91978 Xu limit

Xu limit

597.858 0.91978 Xu limit Xu limit

Xu limit 308.580 mm

from 00 DC and 0 Off

LODE I DO EF

0.0030 0.0015

Xu Ao

Ao Xu

Ao Xu

DA

Xy

Area of stress block t x 0.3

foxy I 181st

0 2625 for Xu

for location of NA

C T
0 87 f y Ast

O 2625 fck Xu X b

2
0 2625 X 20 Xu X 350 0 87 X 415 X 25

4X4

Xu 385 80 mm

Xu Xu limit

Cross section is OIR

Cross section over Rf Hence MOR shall be

limited to MOR limit

I C X t C2X 2

I 0 1875 Fck Xu 0.45 fact 2 0.3 fck Xu

0.45 fck t 0 3 fck 2 3

0.075 fckXu Xy X

0 2625

I 0 358 Xu
CX LA

MOR limit

0 2625 fck b xu limit d O 358 Xu limit

0 2625 X 20 X 350 X 308 58 700 0 358 X

308 58

334 2 kN M

Design of singly Reinforced Rectangular

section

Case 1 section size is given and Ast is to be

found

Step 1 Calculate the designed factored

ultimate bending moment Partial Fos

to service working characteristic moment

Step 2 Calculate the Mor limit of given section

Mu limit Qb d

Step 3 If BM u MOR limit then doubly RIF

section is designed

If BM u MOR limiting then singly under RI f

section is provided

BM u MOR

BM u O 36fck bX u d O 42 X u

Xu

Step 4 from equilibrium criteria

0.36 fab Xu 0.87Fy Ast

Ast e can be found

0.5 tub d

Of Ast 11 I 4.6 B mu
fck bd

Fy

Step 5 Area of steel calculated above should be

within permissible limit As follows

Ast mis y 0 85 to prevent
any brittle

bd 4 sudden failure

Ast E Minimum limits to provide U Iris 47

fast
Of BANDINIbeing
gross NN

oABNatdg
WBBUNMEDEEUAaTMpnt

NOTE plain bars are provided for

Generally no

flexural criteria as if plane bars are

pr vides

then we need to provide the bend in

the plan bar

NOTE 2 Placement of RIF

Shear stirrups

got

effective
AMFMMNN
g

Sc 4 man bar diameter

So 4 man nominal size of agg 5mm

which ever man in general 60 70mm Cle

spacing is sufficient for compantable

1 RIF shall been

vertical

line

2 SC2 4 15 mm

4 3 of maximum

nominal size of agg

4 man bar diggmeter

3 RIF should be

symme rical

to the centre line

By increasing the area of

steel the section does not

become 0 R

5 Nominal cover to need durability

requir ment

is also follows

Exposure Nominal Cover mm

Mild

20

Moderate 30

Severe 95
50

Very Severe

Entre me 75

Nominal cover is the depth of cct cover to all

RIF including links

Question Design critical section of Rec beam

of overall size 350 750 mm subjected

to live load of 30 kn Im over an effective

simply supported span of 6m Consider

effective cover of 50 mm M20 and fed 15

a 350

Answer
mmmmetmmmmm

Step 1 factored

on Ultimate on design BM

DL 0.35 X 0.75 X1 X 25 6.5625 kN m

L L 30 kN m
Design factored load

1.5 6.5625 30

58 85 kN m
54 85 X 62 246 825

B M u
Wig12 8 KN I M

Step 2 MOR limit A limit bd 0.138 fck b d

0.138 20 X 350 7002 473 39 k Nlm

Step 3 Since BM u MOR limit

Cross section is U IRI f

BM u MOR

246 825 0 36 x Fck b Xu d O 42 Xu

246.825 106 0.36 20 X 350 Xu 700

0.42 Xu

246 825 106 2520 Xu 700 0 42 Xu

246 825 106 1764000 Xu 1058 4 Xu

Xu 1666 67 233205 78

1666.671 1666.6772 41233205.78

Xu 154.17 mm

Step 4 for Ast C T

0.36 20 350 154.17 0.87 915 X Ast

Ast 1076 05mm

Or Ast 0.5 for bd 1 1 4.6 Bma

Fy Fck bd 2
1 4.6 473.34 106

0.5 20 350 700 1

415 20 350 7002

1076.05 mm

Step 5 Permissible limit

Ast min 0.85

bd
y

Fy

Ast min 0.85 bd 0.85 350 706

Fy 415

501.81 mm

Ast Ast min

Ast min Ast

limiting
0.4 Xu limit b

2352mm

49 gross area 0.04 bb



0.04 X 350 750 10500 mm

Hence both the conditions are

fulfilled

Hence Ast 1075.05 mm

2
Ast

2 200 1 250 1118 mm

3 220 1140 mm

6 16 0 1206 mm

2 280 1230

1 160 2 250 1182 mm

Sc dia of the bar man

e 350mm

Sc 4 man nominal size of

agg 5mm

mm
250

so

e
for 3 bars Clc spacing 2520

O O O

4 ban Clc 2530 83.33mm

5 bale CIC 62.5 mm

25,0

G bah Clc 25,0 50 mm

In general 60 70mm Clc spacing is sufficient

for computable act

Man size of agg 20mm

Case 2 When section size and area

of steel

are

to be calculated
Step 1 Calculate factored Ultimate Design BM

Step 2 Assume suitable value of bl d ration

Lateral bulking 0.3 bld c o 7 Unecon mical

In general bl d 0 5

NOTE The beam width shell be considered from

the following criteria

1 Economy

2 Wall width

3 Column
size

4 The beam be considered to be of

size maymm 300 mm 350 mm etc

size 115 mm 230

NOTE From deflection point of view assume

D to

l span of the beam effective length

5 The d provided is
slightly higher than d

calculated from the below criteria

Generally d 1 05 x de calculated

This is done in order to make sure that the

cross section does not become OIR while

providing RIF in the form of bars

Step 3 To compute d required for balance

section BM u MOR limit

BM u Q limit b d

bprovided

d provided

deal
d

b calculate

Step 4 for Ast

al BM u CX LA

C T

Ast

Of b Ast 0 5 Fck b d I 1 4.6 Bmu

Fy fck bd

Step 5 Ast calculated above should be with

permissible limit

Question Design a
singly RIF rectangular

section for service BM of 300 kN M

M 25 Fe 415 effective cover 50mm

Answer Step1 factored B M

200 X 1.5

300 kN M

step 2 Assume bl d 0.5

Step 3 BM u MOR limit

300 X 106 0.138 25 X bd

d 558 18 mm

Step 4 d prov 1.05 X 558 18

d 586 09 mm

d 600 mm

D 600 50 650 MM

B 0.5 600 300 mm

Step 5 Ast require



Ast 0.5 fck b d 1 4.6 B mu

11 fck b d

Fy

Ast 1630 81 mm

Step 6

Permissible limit

Ast min y Ast min

bd 01,85

368 67 mm

2154 79 mm

0.04 b D 7600 mm

Hence both the condition

are fulfilled

Ast provide 1630.81 mm

2 20 0

I
I 32 1800 mm

3 25 0 1 160 1700 mm
y

Question for simply supported beam of

a

effective span 7.5m the live road is 30

kN m width of the beam is 350mm Compute

the size of the beam and area of steel Concrete

M 20 Steel grade Fe415

grade

Answer Step 1 factored B

TL D L t LL

30 6.56 7 36 56 KN IM

36 56 X 1 5

54 84 RN IM
Consider the total

depth of beam D Left

10

7.5 X103

750 mm

10

DL 0.35 X 0.75 X1 X 25 6.56 K N IM

BM u WK

B Mu 385.92 kN m

Step 2 BM u MOR limit

385 92 106 0.136 20 350

d 631.8 mm

Considered d 1.05 X 631 8 663.41 mm

n 20mm considering mild

exposure

D 663.41 2012 8 20

D 701 41 mm

750 mm

Consider D 710 mm Safe

Hence initial D considered

was correct

step 3 for Ast

B Mu CX LA

385.92 106 0.36 20 35

X 7 I Xu 672 0.42 Xu
4,0

Xu 275 24 mm

O 36 20 350 275.24 0.87 415 X Ast

Ast 1921 08 mm

Step 4 Check for permissible limit

1 Ast min y 0.85 350 672

bd 018,5 415

Ast min 481.73 mm

2 Ast t Ast 0.414 Xu limit Xb

limit
FG

2252.48 mm

0.04 BD 0.04 X 350 X 110

9940 mm

Ast 1921 08 mm 2

y sina.am

2 32 0 1 20 0 1921 mm

Doubly RIF section

If the grade of act grade of steel bid are

fined MOR limit Q limit b d is fined for a

singly r If section

To ensure under RIF on balance design the

man applied Bm
for singly RIF section

becomes fined

Thus if design singly RI f section for B mu

we

MOR limit Ast obtained will make the moss

section over RIF However if we provide RIF

on compression side also the section will be

capable of resisting the moment BM u morte

for singly RIF section without the section

becoming over reinforced

Doubly RIF section is also provided to reduce

deflection long term due to creep and

shrinkage

Also doubly RIF section is required for

dynamic loading or stress reversal condition

hence even if it is not required from strength

consideration then also it is provided

The compression Rif must be enclosed

by

closed transverse stirrups to avoid the

bucking of Rif

o o d

for doubly RIF section

da 0.05 0 20

Case l Case 2

y
0.05
41 0.2

Assume d 40 Assume d 40mm

d 800 mm d 200 mm

0 0035

YET'm

Xu limit É d

Esc 0.0035 Xu limit d

Xu limit

0.0035

uh'eimit
Mba

0.0035

ftp.mit

Esc

Strain at level of compression steel

Grade

of 4 0.05
4 0.24 0.10 0.15

steel

Fe 250 0.00317 0.00218

Fe 415 0.00314 0.00204 0.00277 0.0024

Fe 500 0.00312 0.00198 0.00273 0.00235

NOTE 1 Steel in tensile rift generally stressed

up too 87fy for permissible design sectional

pen Is code i.e under R for balanced at

ultimate limit state

The design stress in compression steel is normally

less than 0.87 Fy for Fe415 and Fe 500 grade

of steel

3 However for Fe 250 the compressive stress is

generally taken as 0.87 Fy as strain in the

compression steel is greater than the yield

strain 10.0011

a Similarly stress in cat at level of compression

steel shall be calculated from stress strain

of the ut However for normal practises strain

at level of compression steel is greater than

0.002 and hence the value of stress in cat at

level of compression steel is taken as 0.45 Fck

Analysis of Doubly R If Rectangular section

from equilibrium condition

C t Cz T T2
0 36fckb Xu t Asc Fsc Fcc t O 87
0 87
Fy Ast FyAsta


0 36fckbXu t Asc Fsc Fcc 0 87FyAst

Ast Ast t Asta

from above analysis depth of neutral anis can

be calculated

Xu

Moment of Resistance Mor

M OR G LA T G L A

MR 0 36 cubXu d 0.42 X u t Asc Fsc Fcc

f dd

NOTE To find out Xu we

require fsc
and fee

However Fsc Fcc are both dependent upon

Xu only hence we can not have direct solution

to calculate Mr the following trail and error

procedure is adopted

Assume Xu Xu in first trail and find

limiting

out strain at level of compression steel

0 0035
Xutiimit d

Xu limit

Ake Ese 0 0035

Xu limit'd

Xu limit

from stress strain curve of both act and steel

find the Fsc and fee using the strain from step 1

Using equilibrium condition equation find

the value of Xu new

C T

O 36
fckbXunew t Asc Fsc Fcc 0 87
Fy Ast

Xu new

If the calculated Xu new value in step in is

same as Xu value assumed in step 1 then it

is used to compute the m or but if it is not

same procedure is repeated with different

values of Xu new upto an extend correct value

is found from which Mor is given

by

M OR 0 36Fckb Xu new d 0.42 Xu new t

Asc Fsc Fcc d d

The above MR calculated can be adopted only

when Xue Xu limit i e section is balanced or

under R If for OIR section mo r has to be

limited restricted to Mor limit of doubly

RI f section for provided compression Hf

CMR limit for doubly RIF section is obtained

by using Xu Xullimitintheegof MOR

MOR limit 0.36 fckb Xuleimit d 0.42

Xulimit tAsc Fsc Fcc d d

Question Compute Mr forgiven section

Effective cover 40mm

250

fck 20hPa a

Fy 415hPa

Stress strain Q Q
Asc

0.00144 0.81yd 138 zoo

0.00163 0.851yd

0.00241 0.91yd

0.00275 0.997yd

Answer C T

Assume depth of NA Xu Xulimit

0.48 500 40

220.8 mm

Strain at the level of compression steel

Esc 0.0035 Xu limit d

a limit

0.0035 220.8 40

220.8

0 00286

from table given fsc 0.977 Fyd

0.977 X 0 87 Fy

0 977 X 0.87 X 415

352 97 M mm

fee 0 45 Fck

from C T
O 36Fck bXun en t Asc Fsc Fcc
Fy Ast

0.87

0.36 20 250 X X unew 1200 352.97 9 0 87

X 415

Xu new 171 9mm K Xu limit

Section is VIR

But Xu new Xu assumed

Let Xu 171 9 mm

Ecs 0.00266
Fck

Fcs 0 45 Fes 327 9 N mm

from C T

Xu new 173.8 mm Xu assumed Xu limit

Cross section is VIR

MOR 0.36 fck b Xu d O 42 Asc Fsc Fcc

d d

0.36 X 20 X 250 X 173.83 460 0 42 173 83

1200 350 9 460 40

MOR 292 95 UN M

250mm

Question Compute the more

of given section pay

Effective coven 40mm Asc 80m42

Fck 20m Pa

Fy 415 m Pa
AE 8

Answer Assume Xu Yu

limiting

48 0500 X 40

220 8 mm

Esc 0 00286

Fcs 352 74 N Mmt

Fcc 0 45 Fck 9 N mm 2

from C T

O 36 20 250 Xu 804 352 74 9 0 87 X

415 2000

Xu 247 53 mm 7220 8 mm

Cross section is OIR

Mr of the given section is limited to M R limit

MRI limit 0.36 Fck bXu limit d O 42 Xu limit

Asc fsc fee d d

MOR limit 262 K N m

Design of rectangular doubly RIF section

Rif section is designed as

Generally doubly

balance section

B Mu MR MR 2

Here MR MR limit

BM u M R limit M R2

M R limit Moment in a balanced singly Rif

section

As t Ast limit MRI limit

0.87 Fy d O 42 Xu limit

Moment to be resisted

by hypothetical cross

section with depth of NA at balanced depth

and consisting of compression steel

MR2 BM u M R limit

MR 2 0.87 Fy Ast d d

Asta MR 2

fsc fee d d

BM u M R limit

Asc fee d d

NOTE In Is code the value

of Fsc is neglected

and the compressive steel stress is calculated

When the value of fsc is not given on the

design stress strain curve for steel is not

given then the value of fsc for designing a

doubly RIF section balanced can be taken

from the following table

Grade of 0.05
4 0.16
4 0.15
4 0.2

steel

Fe 250 217.5m Pa 47.5m Pa 27.5m Pa 217.5m Pa

Fe 415 350 1 351 9 342 4 323 2

Pe go 423 9 4 11 3 395 1 370 3

for Fe 250 Fsc 0.87 Fy 217 5 m Pa

stress for Fy 250 for Fy 415mm for fy 500Mpa

Me strain stress strain stress strain stress

0.80 Fyd 0.00087173 9 0.00144 288.7 0.00173 347.8

0.85yd 0.00093184 8 0.00163 306.7 0 00195369.6

0.90 Fyd 0.00098195 7 0 00192324.8 0.00226391

0.98 Fyd 0.00104206 5 0.00241 342.8 0.00277413

0.9757yd

0.00106 212.0 0.00276351 8 0.00313 423.9

1 0
Fyd 0.00109 217.4 0.00300 360.9 0.00917 439.8

Question forgiven section compute

1 Asc and Ast

No of bars

2
for compression and tension

steel and assumed that cross section is

under reinforced on balanced

250 mm

me 440mm
Q Q 415m Pa

Fy

Fck 20 Mpa

500

immmmmmm

mm

0 40

Answer

DL 0.25 0.5 25 1

3 125 N mm
Total load

25 3.125 28 125 1.5

BM u Wgl 42.187 6

BM u 189 84 UN m

BM u MR MR 2

M R limit M R2

M R limit 0.138 For bd 2

0 138 X 20 X 250 X 46012

146 UN M

Cross section is over Rif hence

design doubly

B Mu MR limit
0 67

MR Fy d O 42 Xu limit

Ast 46 X 106

0 87 X 415 X 460 0.92 X 0.98 X 160

Ast

1101 mm

MR 2 189 89 146 93.89 kN m

Ast 93 89 X 106 289 mm

0.87 X 415 460 go

Ast Ast t Ast 1390 10 mm

strain in compression steel

0.086
I

go

I Fsc 355 N mm

0.05

If I 0.1 Fsc 352N mm

Hence
for 91 0.086 Fsc 352.88N mm

Asc 0.45 for 9

MRL Asc Fsc Fcc d d

Asc 43.84 106 304

352.88 9 y go go

Asc req 304mm

Ascprovided 390mm

Ast 1390mm

Ast 1470mm 3 250

from equilibrium condition

C T
Asc fse Fcc

0.36 fab Xu 0.87 Fy Ast

0.36 20 250 Xu 340 352.88 9

0.87 415 1470

Xu 230mm

Xu him 220.8 mm

Xu Xu limit

Cross section becomes over reinforced

Ast Ast

1101 MM 1470 1101

369 mm
for this section to be transferred into

under RIF section

T2 Cz
0.87
Fy X Ast provided Ast limit

Asc Fsc Fcc

0.87 415 X 369 Asc 352.88 9

Asc 387 mm

Asc provided 902mm 2 160

No of bars for compression steel 2 160

In tension steel 3 250

flanged section

flanged section is economical and

efficient than rectangular section

so

whenever it is possible rectangular

section is

section
being replaced by a
flange

A Az economical A 3 economical

LA 2 LA 3
4th I

MR 2 MR 2 efficient
and economical

efficiency

same

A section is considered as Hanged if

there is no relative movement between

flange and web

In monolithic construction slab and

beam are cast together If the slab is

such that it is in compression
zone it

becomes effective in addition to the cct

area of the beam in compression in such

the design of beam can be done as

cases

a flanged beam

However if the slab is located in tension

zone the act in slab becomes ineffective in

providing resistance and the beam is

termed as rectangular beam

for normal construction near the support

region there is hogging moment and the

beam is designed as rectangular beam

and near the mid span region there is

sagging BM and the beam is designed

as flanged section

for inverted construction of beam it is

designed as a rect beam near the mid

span and as a flanged beam near the

support

When compression in slab Designed

as a flanged beam

When tension in slab Rectangular

The compressive stress variation due to

tenure in slab is non uniform shear lag

effect however for ease in calculation we

assume the stress distribution across

the width of the slab to be constant

The width of the flange with constant

rat stress to the actual

flew at equal
compressive stress which leads

fleam
to same longitudinal compressive stress

as due to
original stress is called Effective

width of flange

Effective flange width

If width of flange is excessive then a

part of flange only provides compressive



force So effective width is calculated

as

follow

a Isolated beam flanged section

a T section b L section

e b
g

b
f minimum minimum of

of by

d to t bw is 0.5 to bw

g go a

to

dis b dis b

to it is distance between point of

zero

moment

For lo left
simply supported beam

For continuous beam to 0 I Leff

b Beam Slab floor system

T section
by min b w t 6Df

t
to
fi

ii t bw t
by by

L section

min t b w t 3 Df

by
ly
fG

t bw

Question Calculate the effective width of

flange for a isolated T beam

spanning over simply supported

effective span of 8 m section details

are as follows


1500

Answer ne
a

bw 200
bff

by a I

500

Lil b

8 900 400

9888

1257.14 mm

b 1500

by 1257.14mm

Question Calculate effective flange width

of continuous beam over effective

span of 30m section details are as

follows

100mm

1500 200pm

500 a

Answer Effective width

6
min of
lg but

Dt
f bi

bw t

by

0.7 500 G X 100 4600 mm

630000

15020 500 2250 m

20200

Analysis of flange section

Case I Balanced section

Xu

Xu limit
0 53 d Fe 250

0.48 d Fe 415

0 46 d Fe 500

11 Under Rif Section

0.0035

Design it as a rectangular beam

for position of NA C T

0.36 fu by Xu 0.87 Fy Ast

Xu 0.87 Fy Ast

Xu I
Df

Now MR CX LA

0.36 fu by Xu d 0.42 Xu
OI MR TX LA

Ast d 0.42 Xu
fy

0.87 111

NOTE If NA lies in
flange then flanged

section like the normal rectangular

section

A Xu Dt Neutral anis is in web

Xu Df and Df E 317 Xu
Ci Xu Df and Df 7 37 Xu

1 Xu Df and
Df E E Xu

É o.ooz ed

LA

for position of NA

C T

Cz
C t T

0.36 fck b w Xu 0.45 fck Df by bw

0.87 Fy Ast

Ast Ast t Asta

Xu and Df f 37 Xu

for moment of resistant

MR MR MR 2

G LA t Cz LA z

MOR 0.36 fck b w xu d O 42 Xu 0.45 fck

bf bw Df Id Dy

OI MOR T X LA

0 87 Fy Ast d

C t
y

y Y Gt Cz
Czyz

0 42 Xu
Y

DI

Yz

NOTE Not preferable to be calculated

from tension side

Ii Xu Df Df 7 37 Xu

Here is the equivalent depth of flange

y f
where distribution stress in cct is

assumed to be constant

0 15 Xu 0 65 Df As per code

Yf


Proof ADftBXu

yf

When Xu Df

C 0.36 fck by bw Xu Actual

Co pressive

force

0 0.36 fck by bw Df
Compressive force in terms

of equivalent

depth

C 0.45 fck by bw Yt

from 1 and 11

0.36ft bffbw Df 0.45 fuk bf Xw yf

0.8 Df

Yf D

ADftBXu 8Df

When Df Xu
E

C O 45 bw Xu

fck bf 37

C O 45
fck by b w Df

Comp force in terms of eq depth

C 0.45 fck bw Yf

bf

from 1 and 11

0.45 fck bf bw 0.95 bio Df

yf for by

y fB Df
A Df t Xu II

Df

from I and II

A 0 65

B 0 15

Hence Yf 0.15 Xu 0 65 Df
for position of NA C T

C t Cz T T2

0.36 fck b w Xu 0.45 fac by bw

Yf

0.87
fy Ast 0.87 fy Asta
0.36 fac b w Xu t 0.95 by bw Yf fu

D 87 Ast 111

fy

Here Ast Ast Astr

Xu


Df 7 37 Xu

for MOR

MR MR t M R2 C LA z LA z

MOR 0 36 fck b w Xu d O 42 Xu t O 45fck

by b w y f d Yy

Or MR T X LA

0 87
fy Ast d y

Position of net compressive force

y C

from fo P fibre Y Czyz

G t Cz

0 42 Xu
y

Yz Yt

Step In Determination

of Mor of flanged

section

1 Calculate Xu limit

find whether N A lies in flange or web

NA lies in
2
flange check if it is less

If than

Xu limiting
If Xu is less than Xu limit then Mor

will be calculated for singly Klf

rectangular section of width by

M OR fck bf Xu d O 42 Xu

0 36

and Xu Xu MOR is restricted

if limit
to MOR limit Of width b f

0.36 fck b f Xu limit d

MOR limit

0.42 Xu limit

4 Xu Df check the result in

If
which

Xu limit lies

Assume Df Xu L 7 Df and find Xu

0.36 b w Xu t 0.45 b
f bw y f

fck fu 0 87 Fy Ast

5 Check
if X obtains lies between Df and
I Df

If yes check if X is less than Xu limit

if

yes

MOR 0.36 fck b w Xu d O 42 Xu t 0 45

fuel by b w yo d Y

However if Xu and Xu limit lies in

region Dj and 7
Df and Xu Xu limit

then Mor is restricted to MRI limited

M R limit 0.36 fck b w Xu limit d o 42

Xu limit to 45 fuk b f b w

y f d Yy

6
If X
3 Df find out the range in

which Xu limit lies if Xu limit between

Df and 57 Df then Mor is restricted to

and is given by

CMR limit

M R limit 0.36 fck b w Xu limit d O 42

0 45

Xu limit fck bf b w

yf ld Yy

However if Xu limit 7
Df Calculate

the value of actual Xu

0.36 fck b w Xu t 0.45 fuk bf bw Df

0.87
fy Ast
and check if Xu

Xu limit if yes

MOR of resistance is given by

MR 0.36 fck b w Xu d 0.42 Xu 0.45

for lbf bw Df d Dd

However Xu Xu limit MOR is limited

if
to CMR limit given by

MRI limit 0.36 fckbw Xu limit d 0.42

Xu limit 0.45
fck bf bio

Df Id Dy

Question for given section compute

1000mm

1 MOR a a

2 MOR limit 100mm

3 Ast limit

fy 415MPa M20 450

1 Xu limit 0.48 d

0.48 450 AEzmm

216 mm a

Eff

for depth of N A C T

a Assume Xu LD f

0.36 fukby Xu 0.87 Fy Ast

0 36 20 100 Xu 0.87 415 X 1263

Xu
98.44 mm Df 100mm

MOR 0.36 20 1000 X 98.44 450

0.42 X 98.94

MOR 289 64 UN m

Or MOR O 87 Ast d 0.42 Xu

fy
0 87 415 X 1963 450 0.92 X

984

289 64 kN m

2 MOR limit 0.138 for bd

0 138 X 20 X 1000 X 4502

558 9 UN m
ii Xu 216 mm

limit Df 100mm

73 Df 73 X 100 233.33

Df Xu limit C Bf

CMR limit 0.36 Xu b w d 0.42 Xu

fck
0.95 fu lbf burly d

Yy

0 65
Df t 0 15 Xu

Yf 0 65 X 100 0 15 X 216

97 4

MR limit 0 36 X 20 X 300 X 216 1450

O 42 X 216 0 45 X 20 1000

300 9 7.9 1950 97.29

M R limit 413 87 UN m

3 C

Df Xu limiting Df

for Ast limiting C T

for Ast limit C T

0.36 fac b w Xu t 0.45 fck b f bw

yf
Fy Ast
0 87

Put Xu Xu limit for Ast Ast limit

0.36 X 20 X 300 X 216 t 0.45 X 20 1000

300 97 4 0 87 X 415 X Ast limit

Ast limit 2991 078 mm

Question for given section compute Mor

Fck 20 m Pa

Fy 415

1000 mm
Answer

an
e

1 Xu limit 0.48 Xd 100mm

D 48 450 a

216mm

for depth of NA 450mm

a Assume Xu
Df tt

Xu 0.87 X 415 2591 300hm

0.36 X 20 1000

129.92 mm Df 100mm

NA lies in web

b Assume Df Xu L 73 Df

0.36 fck b w Xu Fck by bw Yf

t 0.45

D 87 Fy Ast

1.65 Df t O 15 Xu

Yf 1.65 100 0.15 Xu

0.36 20 300 Xu t 0.45 20 1000 30

0.65 100 0.15 Xu 0.87 415 2.59

Xu 169.39mm

100 233 33 mm

73 Df 73

L XC

Df z Df

Df C Xu limit L 73 Df

Xu Xu limit

MO R 0 36 Fck b w Xu d o 42 Xu t

o 45 fu b
f bw d

yf Yy

tox

D 65 X 100 t 0 15 X 169 39

0 36 X 20 X 300 X 169 39 450 0 42 X

169 39 0 45 X 20 1000 300 X 90.41

450

90241

MR 369 177 UN m

Question Calculate Mr of beam section

spanning over simply supported

effective span of 9m section details

are as follows

Fck 25 m Pa

Fy 500 m Pa

2000mm

Answer 0.36 20 Xane

300 Xu

10.45 20 150mm

1000 300 0.654

10010.15 41 0.87

700mm

4415 2591

Xu 169.39 I
73 100

73 Df

233.33mm

Df 273 Df

Df Xu limit 7
Dt

Xu Xu limit

MOR 0.36 FabwXuld 0.45 41 0.45

bio d
falby

yf YE

0.65 Df to 15Xu

Yf

0.65 100 0.15 169.39

90.41

0.36 20 300 169.391450 0.42 169.39

0.45 2011000 3007 90.411450

90.41

MR 369 177 UN m

Question Calculate Mr of beam section

spanning over simply supported

effective span of am section details

are as follows

2000 mm

Fck 25m Pa e z

Fy I 500 m Pa
an

150mm

Answer Xu limit

0.46 X d 700 mm

0.46 700 Ast 6 120

322 mm

C T 300 Mm
Effective width of flange

by Min bw
at

off

9000 300

9000 4

2000

I 1358 mm

ii 2000 mm

by 1358 mm

Xu 322mm

limiting

for depth of NA Xu Df

Xu 0.87 500 6 12
4

0.36 25 1358

Xu 24.15 mm Df 150mm

MOR 0.36 25 1358 24.15 7000

0.42 24 15

MOR 203 619 un m

NOTE
Limiting Mor as per Is code
Xu limit Xu limit
73 Df 3 Dt

Fe 415 Fe 415

0.48 d 773 By 0.46 d C 73 Df

C
0.478
X3 0.48 d C
73 Df

Dat

0.205 70.205
DI

Dat

for Fe 500 for Fe 500

0.46 d 0.46dL Df

373 Df 73

E 3 0 46 0 46 X 3
Df

d 7 7

tf

f 0 197 70 197
Dy DI

for 0.2 Xu

MOR O 36 fac b w Xu d O 42 X u t

0.45 b b w Df d
fck f

Rt

Xu Xu limit
for 70 2 Xu Df
Dj LI

MOR 0.36 fck b w Xu d O 42 Xu 0 45

bw y f d
for lbf

Yy

X Xu limit

Design of flanged section

Section size is given and area of steel is

to be calculated

Step 1 calculate design on ultimate BM

Step 2 Calculate Xu limit and based

up on position of NA with respect to

flange thickness compute M R limit

Step 3 ultimate BM u
If M R limit

then doubly RIF section is design

If ultimate BM u MRI limit then

singly R If section is designed

Assume Xu Df and calculate

Step 4

MR

Step 5 BM C MR i then NA is in

If u

flange and section behaves as

rect section
0 5 fu 4 6 B MU
Ast by d

it

ty for bjd

Step 6 Jf MR B MU E MR limit then

assume Xu 73 Df and calculate

MR 2

Step 7 M Rz CB Mu

MR limit

If
then NA is in web and E Xu

Df 37

for enact Position of

NA

BM u MOR

BM u 0.36 fck b w Xu l d O 42 Xu t

0.45 fac b b w Dt d Dd

for Ast C T


0.36 fuk b w Xu 0 45 b w Dt

fac by
0 87

Fy Ast

Ast

M R C B M U E M R2

NA lies in web and Df 3 37 Xu

for enact Position of NA

B MU MR

fckb w Xu d

BM u 0.36 O 42 Xu to 45fan
bf b w yf d

Xu

for Ast C T

0.36 fck b w Xu 0.45

fck b f bw
yf
0.87
fy Ast

Step 8 Ast calculated above should be

within permissible limit

Ast min 0 85

bw d Fy

Ast E m in is Ast limit

ii 0.04 b w

Question Design a section given below

for ultimate BM of 700 un m

This section is used in a simply

supported beam of effective span of

7m 1500mm

Fck 20 Mpa ane

415 MPa 100mm
Fy

Answer
650mm
Step 1 Ultimate BM

700 KN M

Xu limit 0.48 d a

0.48 50

312mm 400hm

bw 7000 400

to 7000
Bf 4
S

b 1500

1207

b 1500mm

Step 2 Xu limit 0.480 0.48 650

312mm

Df 100mm

Df X 100 233 33

Xu limit

3 Dt

MR
limit 0.36 Fckb w Xu d O 42 Xu t
0 45 Fck b
f b w Dt d

dy

Xu Xu limit

MR limit 0 36 X 20 X 400 X 312 650 0.42

X 312 0 45 X 20 1207 900

100 650
19

M R limit 902 UN m

Step 3 BM u MR limit

So section is designed as U ID RIF

Assume Xu

Step 4 DF 100 mm

CX LH
N K

0 36 fu
by Xu d O 42 Xu

0 36 X 20 X 1207 X 100 650 0.42 100

MR 528 7 UN m

Step 5 M R L B Mu MR limit

Now Assuming Xu 73 Df 73 100

233 33 mm

MR 2 0.36
fck b w Xu l d O 42 Xu to 45

fck b f bw Dt Id Dy

MR 2 0 36 X 20 X 400 233 31650 0 4 2X

233 3 0 45 20 1207 900 x

100 650 1002

MR 2 807 09 UN m

Step 6 Since MR BM u MR 2

for enact position of NA

BM u MR

BM u 0 36 fck b w Xu d O 42 Xu t 0.45

fck lbf b w d

yf yd

700 X 106 0 36 X 20 X 400 650 0.42

Xu

Xu to 45 X 20 1207

400 0 65 X 100 0 15 Xu

x 650 0 65 X 100 0 15 Xu

Xu 179 33

100 mm

Df
100 233.33 mm

Df 73

Df Xu
3 Df

Xu limit
3 Dt

Xue Xu limit

for Ast C T

0.36 fac b w Xu 0.45 fu lbf bw

yf
0 87

Fy Ast

0 36 20 400 X 179 33 0.45 X 2011207

400 X O 65 100 0.15 179 33

0 87 X 415 Ast

Ast 3280 mm

Step 7 Ast min y 0.85

bud Fy

Ast min 0.85 400 650

415

Ast min 7532mm

i Ast limit

Ast s men ii 0.04 b w D

for Ast limit

0.36
fckb w b f bw Df

Xu 0.45 fck 0.87

Fy Ast

Ast Ast limit

Ast limit 4500 mm

Assume D 700mm

Ast limit 4500 mm

Ast E mis 0.04 b D 0.04

fI

400

700

11200 mm

Ast I 4500 mm

Ast min 532mm c Ast required

3280 mm

Ast man 4500mm

Question Design the section given below

factored BM of 45 un m M 25

for

Fe 415 50mm

15mm

200mm

50mm I k
40 mm


Equivalent flanged section

t
300mm i

gomm

re

50mm 50mm

360

mm

300 E

100mm

step 1 BMu 45 UN m

Step 2 Xu limit 0.480 0.48 360

172.8mm

Df 50mm

Df 73 50 116.67 mm

73

Xultimit
3 Dt

0.36 fckbwXu d 0.42 Xu t

MR limit
0.45 fck bf bw Dfid

If


X Xu limit

M R limit 82 38 UN m

Step 3 BM u LMR limit singly UI R is

designed

Step 4 Assuming Xu Df 50mm

MR CX LA

0.36 for by Xu l d O 42 X u

0.36 X 25 X 300 X 50 360 0.42 50

45.765 UN m

Step 5 BM u MRI Hence N A lies in the

flange and section is ul r section

rect section

Ast 0 5 fck b d 4 6 B Ma
it

f I

Fy fck by d

4 6 45 106
Ast
I

0 5 X 25 X 300 X 360 1

415 25 X 300 X

3602

Ast 367 mm

Check this area for permissible limit

of design of section such

NOTE Analysis as

I W U Bon inverted

T L T invented L

inverted u are done using the same procedure

General Guidelines of Beam design

NOTE Up tilla now analysis and design of

section being considered now the

were

design of complete beam is analysed

Effective span It is the portion of beam

that effectively participate in bending

Over all

Immmmmmmmm

Clear span

Case I Simply supported beam

e
Le

h s e

b bz

heft min

is le td

ii
bi t let by

Case II Continous beam

A
If support width is less than 42 than
heff is same as that of 5.5 B

b e lo bz e

if bi b a ly ai le d

left
let by

ii by t

B support width is more

Ifmm than or 600

which ever is smaller

Letty

i i
he I

Lc b b

Leff

Leff min

is lo t
d

ai le t
by

C
If beam then
is continous over
is c to
roller
c
rocket
distance between

bearing Leff

the bearing

NOTE Rocket roller bearing transfers
vertical and horizontal load it allows

moment and rotation along one anies

Leff

in

Case 3 Cantilever Beam

e left le t dz

Lc

Case 4 Rigid frame

In this Leff is cle distance between

columns

t t
i

I I

ie Leff

I i t

if I

Leff

is it

2 Longitudinal Reinforcement

Case A Longitudinal Tension R If

Ast min y 0.85

bd fy

To prevent brittle failure and import

ductility

Ast man 49 Gross area

0 04 b D

for Proper compaction of act

Case B Longitudinal Compression R In

Asc min no value

However at least two ban must be provided

Compression zone to impart ductility and

to hold the stirrups

Case C Side face Reinforcement

Cross section

made man MB

M h

3
I

D
t's

8 gas

S3

at te Es

Cracks

Stirrups

Side face rip

Sit 300mm Side view

for D 750 mm 19 gross web area is
O
provided as side face r If on both sides

It must be equally distributed on both

faces with spacing not more than 300 mm

It is provided to take care of shrinkage

of cct along the longitudinal direction

which leads to development of vertical

cracks and lateral buckling

3 Minimum Nominal Cover
Celan Clean covert

nominal cover

Ce Effective coven

eaten

Minimum nominal

cover

is governed

by
following criteria

structural
a
type of

member beam stab

footing column etc Ge

bl Enposure condition

mild moderate extreme severe etc

c fire resistance in terms of hours 30min

4 hrs

Slab mm Beam mmColumn footing

Is 456 40

228 228 558

SP 34 40

4 Man Permissible crack width in RCC

structure

Exposure Condition Man permissible
crack width

Mild exposure cracks 0 3 mm

are not
harmful

Moderate and severe 0 2mm

Cracks are harmful

Very severe and

O I mm

extreme

cracks are not

required

5 Horizontal
of

Spacing Reinforcement

A Minimum horizontal clean spacing

It is kept as man of

Dia
of bar if bars of equal dial

Dia of larger bar if bars

of unequal dial
Nominal size
of coarse agg 5 mm

B Manimum Horizontal Ck spacing

It depends upon grade of steel as follows

Northam

Grade of Man Clc

steel spacing

fed15

Fe 250 300mm Fe 250

fe 415 180mm feb 0.002 t

0.87

Fe 500 150mm Fy

Es
BEE

NOTE Crack width of RCC member depends

upon strain of steel

Shrinkage of act

Higher strain is required in high grade steel to

get desired stress hence this produces wider

cracks than low grade of steel

Commutative

Mu
effect of shrinkage and strain of

steel on crack width can be reduced

reduce Rif
by
for higher

providing

spacing of

grade of steel

bending

i pueto

it is l I l
i
Tension

Rif

Due to shrinkage

I
t

t t

it is
I

loading for man BM

6 Arrangement of
a for man

segging span moment
Loading should be applied on span under

consideration and alternate spans

mmmm mmmm r

b for man hogging support moment

Loading should beapplied on adjacent span

and alternate span

mmmm mmmm mmmm

support under

consideration

c for man hogging span moment
Loading should be applied on adjacent

span and alternate spanS

amma amma amma na

e s
span under

consideration

d forman sagging support moment

Loading should be applied on next to a

dusent span and alternate span

mm mmmm n Amn n

7 Lateral

Stability
A Laterally supported beamatend

Unsupported length min ai Gob

Ii 250 b

B
Laterally supported cantilever at the end

7min a 25 b

Ii 100 b

8 Effect due to shrinkage
A Stress due to shrinkage

Member is free to shrink
Shrinkage with Rif

11 12

I l

I I

1 I smooth

I 1

Concrete Tension Shrinkage without

Steel Compression RIF

Member is not
free to shrink

Concrete Tensile

Steel Tensile

b Deflection due to shrinkage

Due to presence of bottom steel bottom fiber
me

shrinkage less than top fibres this

differential

shrinkage produces downward

deflection

Deflection due to shrinkage can be

eliminated or reduce

by providing equal
percentage of steel top and bottom

on

Shinkage

c Total deflection of beam

A total A to t O t

loading top shrinkage

short term
Gorey
term

long

Short term modules

mas
Long term modules mus

of elasticity is used of elasticity is used

The final deflection due to all types of load

including the effect of temp creep and

ane measured
shrinkage and

from casting level of supports of floor

roof

and other horizontal members should not

normally exceeds

Leff dead t live load creep tem p t

250

shrinkage

This limitation is based on crack limit

which code is
very much concerned of

in order to avoid pshyological fear of collapse

of occupant As the afoot

effect of the
development

of shrinkage

This deflection including the effect of temp

creep shrinkage occurring after erection of

portions and application of finishes should

not normally exceeds or 20mm

bff

whichever is smaller

Casted line

n n

1 e f e

At

gg

It

OT 7
Lego Dead live load Tempt
t

creep shrinkage

at 4 or 20mm live load t

Jeff men
temptcreep t

shrinkage
Portions finishes

OT DL

10 Deflection Control

Enact calculations of deflection and
keeping it within the permissible limit need

lotS of calculation hence Is 456 provides a

simplify approach to keep deflection of the

beam within permissible limit

Left ratio satisfies following conditions

If then the beam is safe in deflection

Support condition values

Cantilever

S S to

Contino us 26

L K Ks Ky Ky value

Left

where ki modification factor

A K i it depend upon

span length

K I
upto 10 m
beyond 10m and is not

10

span applicable for cantilever

B K2 It depends upon of tension RIF

Here the value of K2 is directly read from

the curve given in IS 456

Za

K
X149NImn

Fs

120N mm

Fsa on mm

0.6 I 29 Mmm

Fs 180N mm

0
of Tension RIF 309

As Stress level of steel

0.58 Fy Ast
req

Ast provided

It depend on 9 of compression Rif

C K

15

K3

o
of compressionOr

D Ka It depends upon ratio of web width
to flange width

Ka

08

O7

0 03 1

Web width flange width

NOTE Left K k ks ka values

d Lett

ki ka ka ka values

Higher is the span length more is the

deflection hence less is the value of Ki

More is of tensile R If more is the
difference

mutual I
hence more is the
shrinkage
deflection

I thereby lessen is the value of K2

As of compression Rif increase k increase

i e depth requirement to

satisfy deflection
criteria decreases or higher 4 of compress io

RIF produces less deflection

As ka is higher I rectangular section hence

for

depth requirement to satisfy deflection

criteria is less than flanged section or

flanged section produces more deflection

Higher grade of steel produces more deflection

O 7 02 7 03

Fe 450 0500 7 4415 70250

Fe 415 Bottom line

Fe 500 tension RIF

Length P and

AEE

more deflection

0 002 0 87 Fy

Es

singly RIF beam of

Question 1 Design S s

rectangular section

Steps of Designing of singly Rif rectangular

beam
Step 1 Assume suitable value of by ratio

lateral bucking 0.3 0.7 Un econ o

mical

Assume by 0.5 in problems

Step 2 Assume suitable value of d based upon

deflection criteria

for problem 194 L d c

left

Apply Deflection criteria

K Ka Ka Ka value

left C

where K depends on span length

K2 I because 19 tension RIF is

not known

Kz 1 Section is
singly RIF

Ka 1 Section is rect
Select suitable value of d based on above

2
criteria and calculate b d ID accordingly

Since leff is not known so I ctor or Letoc can

be used at the place of leff in above

calculations for preliminary design

Step 3 Calculate effective span

Step a Calculate dead load and design BM

Step 5 Calculated required for balance section

BM u M R limit

BM u Q limit b d

d BM u

i Q limit b

d calculate hence should be less than d

assumed in step 2 and increase it by 59

approx to make section Rif or otherwise

selected suitably higher than calculated

here and repeat all the steps

Step 6 Since section provided is under Rif

area

of steel is given by

Ast 0.5 Fck b d I l 4 6 BM u

Fy fck b d

Step 7 Ast calculated above must be within

Permissible limit

Step 8 Provide side face RIF is required

Step 9 Apply check for deflection

Question Design supported singly RIF beam

of rectangular section spanning over

clean span of 11m and resting on 400 mm

thick wall on side and 600 mm on another

side It is subjected to superimposed L L of

30 KNIM Use M 30 Fe 500 rate of act and

steel respectively Consider severe exposure to

the beam section

Assume by

Answer Step 1 0.5

2 Effective depth d e
Step
ly

ly

11 103 6020
leff Let
di

t

4021

11500 mm

115,80 C
d C 11500

10

766 67 L d C 1150 mm

b L ki ka ka ka value
left

for simply supported beam 20 value

left

KI 0.869

Hey I

K2 I Assume
for singly RIF beam

Kz 1

Ka I for rect section

11 5 103 C XI XI XI X 20

left d Y

d 662 mm

Provide d 850mm

b 0 5d 0 5 X 850 425 mm

D 650 45 25

920

Step 3 Leff min a lot d

ii let by
bi

11 X 103 850

11850mm

11500 mm

Leff 11500mm

Step 4

LL 30 kN m

DL 0.425 X 0.92 X 1 25

9.775 RN Im

Total load 9.775 30 39.775 UN m

factored BM t 39.775 11 5 X 1.5

Ng

BM 986 3 KN Im

Step 5 d required for balance section

BM u MR limit

BM u Qlimit bd

986 3 106 0.133 bd

d 762.65

drequired 762.645mm L d assumed 850mm

0.5 Fck b d 4.6 BM u

Step 6 Ast I I

Fck bd 2

Fy

0.5 30 425 X 1 4.6 986.3

500 85021 X106

30 425 X

8502

Ast 3117.07 mm

Step 7 Permissible limit for RIF

Ast min 7 0.85 b d 0.85 425 850

500

by

Ast min 7 614 125 mm

b Ast min Ast 0.414

tf

limiting Amit

0.414 X X 0.46 850 423

38

Hence Astrequired 3117mm

Providing 4 at 320 Ast provided 3216 mm

Step 8 Since D 750mm Side face RIF is also

provided

Ast 0.19 b D

X 425 X 920

391 mm

Atleast 2 bars on each side face are required

to satisfy man spacing criteria 300mm provide

2 120 on each side face

Deflection Check

Step 9

Ki 1,0
0.87

K2 It depends on 4 of tensile Rif

Pt Agt x 100 3216 X 100

425 920

0.8229
Is Fy Astreq 0.58

0 58 500 3117

3216

Ast provided

281N mm

from curve K2 0.95

NO 4 IS 456 43 1

Ka 1

Ki ka ka ka value
leg

11.5 103 0.87 X 0.95 1 1 20

850

13.522 16.53

4 120

920

mm

4 320

e s

425 MM

material

for element I
only vertical equilibrium is

represented

for element no 2

is represented
only horizontal equilibrium

for element no 3 rotational

equilibrium is represented
for rotational equilibrium

2 22

Since 2 22 2 can be
calculated with the help

of 22 as follows

for horizontal equilibrium of element 2

E f it 0

C C2 22 b d x One

v Sf at section

any

22 V
Ay A Area of hatched portion

I are
b distance
y hatched CG of

of

portion fromNA

L moment of inertia of section

b width of the section at level

Z G Cz

bd x

M m

Ma M dm

My

My

C T dA

Mi
y da

62

MY

Mt dm

L
y

C2 E dA

Mtd M y da

Net total unbalanced force
Cz C

dm d A

Ca C MyydA y

My d A

dMy da

G G f
dy y
da

dy ly

E day Ayy YAY

doggy

for rectangular section

z u x lb f y y E Y

z
Vfb f y b
I

Is f yy

At I
dz 2 0

At 0 2 1.5

y 32 1.56 Lang

Shean stress variation over

rectangular

section of reinforced

Concrete below NA is cracked and below

tension R If there is no material available

to bear the unbalanced force Tensile force

hence

T 72 0

It signifies shear stress at section x x

is zero

Cct below NA is cracked and entire

unbalanced force due to bending will be

taken by steel only hence diff of Ta and T

below NA and above the CG of tensile RI f

remains constant
Thereby shear variation over rectangular

section of Rcc cracked beam subjected to
sagging BM is parabolic from top upto con

of tension ban the NA and remains constant

upto ca of tensile Rif

Types of Crack

Consider a small element along the length of

the beam subjected to shear and bending

r or r A

try EY

tony

tan 20 22
X nyEy

for our case a 6

Zx

Ty O
y
2

ok 52

E I E 22

Tensive

Et 22
L
9

E t

52
E 22 Compressive
E

t t

FBDOofi e
BM
2
bending moment is zero

1
If 6 2 62 Z
0

the support forMi

WE

tan 20 a 20 90 0 45

This that near

means

simply supported beam where BM is zero
Tr FBD of 3

and at na
of any sectionF the principal

tension is equal to shear stress and is

inclined
as 95 from the horizontal

1 This is known as

diagonal tension As cat is

weak in tension the ut near the support

2 cracks at 45 with horizontal i.e

perpendicular

to
diagonal tension

This type of 3crack is termed as Shean

crack or web shear crack

Me beam should be
To avoid this shearmecrack

RI f across the crack ieMealong the principle

Me Me
tension

me

The other principal stress is inclined at 135

me is compressive that is termed as

and

Me

diagonal compression

ME act being stronger in compression does

The

not required special reference in this case

BEtension and compression does

The diagonal

not required special reference in this case

The diagonal tension and compression near
ME

the support are as follows

2 When Bending stress r is man and shear

stress T is
zero

T or G
I 2 E

E 02

r r 62 0 Beation Boy

tan 20 0

20 180

90 O

i e Principal plane is perpendicular to beam

anies hence principal tensile stress acts in

horizontal direction and cracks will be

developed in vertical direction these cracks

being developed due to fleur al stress are

termed flexural crack

as

My

Heats

3 from above discussion it can be inferred

that the element in between the two limits

consider above Elements at NA at support

a

b Element at bottom fiber

at mid
spanMewould be subjected to

both bending and shear stresses hence

for these elements cracks will be

MMmax MEdevelop
at angle of 45 to 90 and the cracks will

change from vertical direction at point of
zero shear to direction inclined at angle of

45 at point bending stress are zero me

Me

cross section Flexural Tfess

stress

The cracks being develop in this

case are

termed as
fleur al shear crack

NOTE It is should be noted that it is flenural

cracks are formed first

due to

usually
increase shear stress at the tip of the

crack this flexural crack extends into

diagonal tension crack

Different type of failure

Diagonal Tension failure

It occurs under large shear force and less

8m

Such cracks are normally at 45 with

horizontal

2 flew at Shean failure

It occurs under large bending moment and

less shear force

It occurs normally at an angle 90 with

horizontal

When fleur al crack occurs in combination

with a diagonal tension

Diagonal Comparison failure

It occurs under large shear force

It is characterized with crushing of cat
normally occurs in beam whichI are Rif

It

heavily against shear

I am

Shear Transfer Mechanism

oh

oh

man

FE.gg

Vez shear resistance by un cracked portion

of act

Vs Shear resistance by shear RIF

Vay Vertical component of agg interlocking

Vd dowel force in tension RIF

Vu Vez Us Way t Vd

x x x

20 409 35 504 20 409

The relative proportion of various

mechanism

components depends on several factors

a Loadingstage

b Extent of cracking

Type of agg used ima

d Geometrical proportions

Type of material used

Prior of fleur al cracks all shear is resisted

by un cracked portion of at Vez

At commencement of flenunal cracks
aggregate interlocking ray and dowel

action Vd also develops

At the diagonal tension cracking resistance

by shear Rif also develops hence all four

mechanism enit at this stage

Increase in longitudinal Rif not only

increase dowel action but also controls
the proportion of flexural cracks and

contribute to increase in depth of NA Vez

and inter particle loading

NOTE The dowel action refers to shear

a

strength complementary mechanism

attributed to Rif cracked concrete

This shear load transfer mechanism occurs

when flenural cracks grows and cut across

longitudinal Rif providing an increase in

mechanical shear strength then the crack

width transfer the shear stress to the

reinforcement

cracked act have more shear

strong

As a result a local bending and shear at

Rif are observed

case

Combined effect of Vez way and Vd of these
3 components is shear resistance section

of

without shear RIF

Its value is Zebd where Ze design shear

strengthI of act corresponding to grade of act

and 9 of steel longitudinal tension R If

Meat

Pf Agt x 100 M 20 M 25 M 30 Ze

0.15 0.28 0.29 0.29 design

of

0.25 0.36 0.36 0.36 shear

2 8 0.82 0.88 0.91 ect

2.75 0.82 0.90 0.34

3 0.8 0.42 0.96

NOTE The beneficial effect of dowel action

control of crack propagation and increase

in depth of uncrackedictincompression
Case does not goes on increase indefinately with

increase in 9 tensile Rif

Here Ast Area of tension RIF which continue

atleast one effective depth on either side of

the section beinguensiderenceptofsuppout

where full area of tension Rif maybe

considered

provided sufficient increase is available

m MMA

At see 2 2

Ast 4 160

At see l I

Ast 2 160

When longitudinal RIF bars are not required

to resist moment are sometimes
they

curtailed or bent
mas

up

If the bars curtailed they create

are
complicated stresses at the point of

curtailment

thereby reducing the shear strength

and shear capacity of section therefore

while using the Zc table longitudinal

any
bar which are terminated within a distance

d of the section under consideration shell
not be used for calculation of Ast

Actual Shear Stress Distribution

for design purpose nominal shear stress zu

is used design shear

Zu Vu factored shear
crackforce
Ya 2 nominal shear

stress

b width

d eff depth
The above relationship is valid for beam

of

constant depth

for beams of varying depth it is computed

p

as follows

ME

Case1 Bending moment and depth are

increasing

in same direction

At any given section

Applied BM

Resistance
of section

MuTO SO X LA

LA d O 42 Xu

LA d

Mu T cos P x d

T Mu
d cos P

from vertical equilibrium
2

W X V Tsin P
WI o

v Vu tan P

My w unit length

Here nominal shear stress

Zu My

Transverse

Yd

Reinforcement

Z Ve tan P Vax I Vez
v My
F

van

bd T

NOTE Here P is the

BRM top and

angle between

bottom fiber

Longitudinal Reinforcement

Case 2 When Bm and depth are increasing

in opposite direction

Nominal shear stress Zu

Yd

Zu Vu t Matan P

bd

Hence
for beam of

varying depth

Vu
My tamp

Zu

bd

sign convention 1 BM ve

d t

BM T

NOTE Under no circumstances with even

shear Rif shell the nominal shear stress
in beamenceedmanvalueofsheau stress

a man

Znominal Zman

Zelman depends upon grade of act

Grade of MI5

20 25 30 35 40 and

act above

Zc man 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7 4.0

Ifshall2 exceeds 2then either the section
man

redesigned by increasing the depth or
by using higher grade of act

In case of solid slab Zu 710.5 2 man

Here 2 man 0.631 Fck

Here 2d is man permissible shear stress
man

in cct or man shear capacity of section with

shear RIF

As load increases on beam Zu also increases

This Zr produces tension on diagonal plane

and compression on the other diagonal plane

Diagonal tension is taken by shear Rif and

diagonal compression is taken by oct

for 2v 2d act under diagonal
compression

man

gets crushed hence in no case zu should

be more than Zeman

Vertical RIF against shear is more effective

than inclined stirrups because it takes care

of reversal of stress

Red Reinforcement

Black Cracks

Inclined stirrups

In general is more effective than vertical

stirrups but in stress reversal inclined stirrup

are not effective

Critical Section for shear

It is that section where chance of failure due

to shear i man

As per codal provision when the reaction in

the direction of the applied shear introduces
compression into the end region of member the

shear force computed at a distance of e d

from the face of the support must be used for

the design of the section located at a distance

less than d from the face of the support

In all the other

critical section for the
cases

shear is taken at the face of the support

If heavy load within distance of 2d
comes
from the faceof the support than also critical

section for shear is taken at the face of the

support

me or

Design Section for shear

I

Step 1 calculate design factored ultimate

i at critical section

shear force

Step 2 1 nominal shear stress
Calculate

Zu Vu My tan P

e n I bd

where
R Zu E LcL man 7
then section is redesigned d4

If 2 2 man

Step 3 Take the value of Ze from table

Mungin

given
IS 456 corresponding to the
grade of

concrete and of tensile Rif

Zc is modified as 8 Zc for member subjected
for anial compression

I mint I I t 3 Pr

gsoft

t Ck Ag

11
1 5

E is modified as KZ for slab thickness

K D E Iso mm

43
1 6 0 002 D 150mm DC30mm

D 7 300 Mm

1
Step 4 If Zr

Ze

Then nominal shear Rif is provided in

primary member and no shear Rif is provided

in member of minor importance

0.4
Ay7

0 87 Fy

7 0.4 bd
Fy Asr g

0 87

mama

Asv 2
204 Asu 4 202

b If 21 Zu Ze

Then nominal shear stirrups is provided in all

types of member

Asv z 0 4

bsu 0 87

Fy
0 87
fy Asu

7 0 4 bd
d

NOTE from previous two cases it is concluded

even shear Rif is
if Zu Ze minmember

provided for primary and minor

members as the case be as

may
If sale guard against any sudden failure

of member on it imparts ductility to the
section prevent horizontal cracks in
if

member due to shrinkage and crack

It provides confinement to act

It inhances the performance of member

subjected to torsion

It inhances dowel action of longitudinal

tensile RI f

It controls the propagation of diagonal

cracks changes the pattern of cracking

before failure

2c then shear reinforcement is

C
If 2v

designed Zv 2 man

for resisting of shear force given by

Zu Za bd

1 Mhm

Step Shear Rif is provided by following 3

ways
a Vertical stirrups

b Inclined stirrups

c bent
up bars with vertical stirrups

d Vertical stirrups

1 Vertical Stirrups

Vertical stirrups are consider to be the most

effective in enhancing the shear resistance of

beam as apart from intercepting the cracks

it contributes to the dowel action of

longitudinal

R If

Closed stirrups are better because it resist
torsion and also helps in confining the

compression Rif in doubly r If section and

reduce the chances of bucking of compression

R f

Vertical stirrups are best suited for load

reversal

No of shear r If in one
crack length Ns d
dj

su

ta
Total force provided shear R If

Bbq
7 by

0 87 Fy Asu X d

Design shear Ya
su

force
Fy Asr dActual
0 87 diagram

V us

su shear force

diagram

b Inclined stirrups

These are most effective Rif

for reducing

the width of inclined crack

It can be provided in member having anial

tension resulting in full depth of inclined

crack

It is ineffective in case of load reversal

No of inclined RIF in I crack

Crack length d d at o cot x

d co to t cot d

No
of inclined RIF in crack length

d at o t cot a

Shear force resisted inclined Rif

f
by
0 87 Fy Asr d Cueto that a

su

n la f Cosa

a f

fsin a
Component of shear resistance of inclined RIF

in direction of shear force fsin a

0 87
Fy Asr d at o t lot x sin a

Sv

I sin 25

0 87
Fy Asr ds a cos

a
angle of inclined stirrups with longitudinal

RIF of beam is generally taken as 45

Small value of a a a 5 will increase the

chances of slippage of inclined stirrups along

an hence a
the beam anies

95

c Bent up bars

Bent bars are the main tensile Rif bend

up

at an appropriate location

Bent up bars do not enhance dowel action

and it is always provided in combination

with vertical stirrups

ma

la f cosa no bentup bar after at

Fain

for single ban or single group of parallel bars

all bend at same location the shear force

provided by bent up bar is

V us 0 87 Fy ds sin 2

for a series of bentup bars at different

location the man shear force that can be

resisted will be
0 87
Fy Asg d sin a cos 2

us

Contribution of bent up bars min 2524 bd

man shear

force that
can be resisted

by

bent up bars
Any shear beyond the acceptable contribution

of bentup ban is to be resisted by vertical

stirrups

Case I Case II

Vu 400 kN 400 KN

Vc 60 KN GO UN

Shear force taken by shear RIF

340 KN 340 KN
Capacity of bentup ban 500 kN 80 UN

Shean force taken by

170 KN 260 KN

stirrups

Fy is not assumed to be more than

NOTE

415 N mm irrespective of

grade of

steel in order to impose the control over the

crack width

Fe 250 Fy 250 N mm
2

Fe 415 415 N mm
Fy I

Fe 500 415 N mm

Step 6 Man Permissible spacing of stirrups

as per step 5
0.4
Ay

Sv E mon 087 FY

0.75 d and d for vertical

and inclined stirrups

300 mm

Question Design four legged vertical stirrups

the section given below which is

for to

subjected ultimate shear force 1100 UN

500 mm

e

a

Answer Ze 1100
Y

500 X

5 250
Step 1 Vu 1100 kN

ipo

4 250
2 1100 103

Step zu

Yg

500
2
1400 in
X X
I
loam

1 57 N mm

2cm x 0.631 Fck 0 631 530 3.456 N mm

Zu Zeman

hence safe in diagonal compression

Step 3 Pf x 100 2 X 2512 100

Agt

500 X 1400

Pf 1.472

M 30 Ze 0.75 N mm

Step 4

2cL Zu Zeman

so shear Rif is to be provided and design

Zu Za bd

for

1 57 0.75 X 500 X 1400

574 K N

Step

5 Assume 4 legged 8 mm diagonal

vertical stirrups

V us 0 87Fy x Asu x d

su

ups 2

574 0 87 X 415 X 4 x 8 X 1400

Su Tg
stirrups stirrups

BENDAHARA
Su 177 mm

ed

Step 6 177 mm

I 0.4

Ab
0 87

Fy

Su 087 Fy Asu

Sv E m in O4 b EB

0.75 d 0.75 X 1400

1050 mm

300 mm

Providing 4 legged 8mm of vertical stirrups

at 175 mm

Question Design shear Rif

for section given

below which
Sr SV is
subjected to working shear
force of 250 UN Assume 2 bans used for

bent up bar

Answer Step 1 Vu 375 UN

2 Zu 375 103 2.08 N mpp

step
Y

300 600

Zeman 0 631 Fck 0.631 TO

2.81 N mm

Zu Zeman hence in safe diagonal

compression

Step 3 Pf

X 100 2 212012

Aq 4

300 X 600

0.35

M 20
staesfaf
Barto Pf 0.35
sua

Zo INE0 4

momma

Step 4 Zc Zr Zeman
to be designed
so section ismo
for shear

Rif

Zu Za b d

mom

300 X
2.08 0 4 600 10 3

302 4 K N

Step 5 Shear capacity of bent up bar

V us 0 87
Fy Asr s in a

O 87 415 X 2X 20 sin 45

2g

Ju

Vus 160 4 K N

Bent up bars are always provided with

vertical stirrups and is designed for man of

Zu bd

220

zu za bd Capacity of bent up bars

4 151 2 KN

3022

Man

302 160.2 142 K N
I

Shear to be resisted by vertical stirrups

I 51 2 K N

Assuming 2 legged 8 0 vertical stirrups

FSinn

Vus 0.87
Fy Asu

151 2 103 0.87 415 X 2X X 82 X 600

3 Su

Su 144 mm

Step 6 149

3 0.4

Ay 0 87
Fy

su s min su s zoa mm

0.75 d 0.75 X 600

450 mm

300 mm

Provide 2 legged vertical stirrups at 140mm

Question Design shear Rif in terms of

inclined stirrups

for
supported
a
singly
beam of following properties having

factored shear force of 100 kN

Fou 20m Pa

a
415 m Pa
Fy

Barroom oar Atm

Answer StepNo1 bent
Vu 100
up bar kN Madrona
agree

44

250mm

step 2 Zr a

Yg a

100 X 103

250 X 400 400

mm

Zu I N mm

Z man 0.631 Fck 4 250

0.63 Tie

Zman 2.82N mm

Zeman Am

Zu

Hence safe in diagonal compression

Step 3 Pf 2512 100 100

4X4

250 400

1.963 BE BE

M 20 20 0.78 N mm or

Step 4 Zc Zu Zeman

Hence shear Rif is to be provided and

designed for zu za bd

1 0.78 25 400 103

22 KN

Step 5 Assume 2 45

2 legged 8mm dia inclined shear stirrups

are provided

V us 0.87 Fy Asuds s in a cos 2

Azz

22 103 0 87 X 415 X 2 X 2 sin

482 X

599

45 t WS 45

Sv 934

Step 6 934

7 0.4

Abs
I 0 87

Su f Fy

g g gg

d 400 mm

300 MM

Provide 2 legged inclined stirrups of 8mm

of at 300 mm Ck

Question Design the beam for flexural

and shear considering critical section

of the face of support and also check for

Ast min and Ast man and Given M 20

Fe 415 b 350 mm

imatiisinin

89m

empt

3m

we

Answer Step 1

factored load z

Wu ax1.5 30 45 kN m D

factored BM d

WALZ 45 32

2 2

u v

202.5 kn m BE

Step 2 Mu limit 0.138 Fck bd

d 800 20 8 202

Overall Nominal S RIF MR f

depth cover

d 762mm

Mu limit 0.138fckbd

0.138 X 20 X 300 7622 10 6

480.7 kN M

Hence this section is design as singly Rls section
0.5 Fck bd I

Ast 1 4.6 BM u

Fy fck b d
762

0.5 200
É

415
30011 1 4 106

300

Ast 793 57mm

Ast

Step 0.85
my

Fy

Ast min 0 85 300 762

415

468 2 mm

Ast Ast min

Ast t min Ast limit 0.914 Xulimit

Ig

2189 mm

0.04 b D 9600 mm

Ast E 2189 mm

Provide 4 160 Ast 800 mm

Shear Design
Step 1 factored Vu

1.5 30 45 kN m

factored shear force Vu wxl

45 3

135 KN

step 2 Zu Vu My
tan B

bd
103 X 106 tan B

135 202.5

762

762 X 300

135 202.5 800 350 X 103

0.762 3 103

300 X 762

Zu 0.416
0.631 JFK

2 man 0.631520

2 82 N mm

Zu Zeman Hence it is safe in

diagonal compression

Step 3

Pf X 100 4 211612 100

Agt 4

300 762

0 35

Zc 0 41 N mm

Since Zu Za Provide min shear RIF

Provide 2 legged 8mm dia vertical stirrups

Step 4 I 0 4 S V E 0 87Fy Asr

Ayy 0 87 Fy O 4b

Su I 0 87 X 415

O 4 X

Sv 303 mm

Step 5 Sv E m in 303 OK
mm

0.75 d 0.75 162

571 5 mm

300 mm

Provide 2 legged 3mm dia vertical stirrups

at 300 mm

Question Design shear Rif for the beam of

given properties Assume 2 320 bar

are curtailed before critical section M 30

Fe 500 Wu 60 K N Im Leff 11 5m support

width is 500mm and 600 mm

ME

L 5020 800 1050 mm

Vu Wuzeff Wu Xn

60411.5 X 1.05

Vu 282 UN

Step

2 Zu Ya

282 103 0 88 N mm
2

400 800

Zc man 0.631 Fck

3 45 N mm 2

Zu Zeman Hence safe

Step 3

Pf X 100 2 325 1X
4

Agg q

X 162 100

400 X 800

564

Zc MA
0 51 N mm

Step 4 2cL Zu Zeman

Hence section is to be designed for

shear Assume 2 legged 8mm of vertical

stirrups

Step 5 Vas Zu Za bd

O 88 0 51 400 800 10

118 4 KN
0.87 Fy Asr
g

us

118 4 X103 0 87 415 X 2X X 82 X 800

4 Su

Su 246

Step 6 Su min 245 2 mm

Asv 7 0 4

bsv 0 87
Fy

Sv E 226 85 mm

0.75 d 0.75 X 800

600 mm

soo mm

Provide 2 legged and 8mm 0 vertical

stirrups at 220 M Clc

Bond and Detailing
Sufficient bond is required between RIF and

act to prevent relative moment and proper

detailing of Rif is required for full

utilization

of member

Strength without any premature failure

following types of bond are observed in

RCC member

a flexural bond

b Anchorage bond

A fleur al Bond

It develops due to variation of BM

along

the length of the RIF

X L
L

At sect I

M T

M TX LA 1

At section 2 2 Mt dm Tde LA
from 1 and 2

11

dm dex LA

from horizontal equilibrium Efn o

T Tt de z nxa0 dx 0

de 2h20 da

2h70 da 2nA OLA

dump
dy

2nA OLA

nap LA

Value of calculated above should be less

than permissible bond strength of act
Grade of Cct M20 M25 M 30m35 M40

Design bond 1.9

1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7

strength

Above values are corresponding to plain bar

under tension
Above values are increased by 60 for

H Y SD bar

2 2 22

Plain bar HY SD bar

Above values are increased by 259 for

bars under compression

Question for

M 30 at what is the value
of 2 bd if fe 415 is used in it in comp

Z bd 1 5 X 1 6 X 1 25 3 N mm

3
2 bd 0 16
fck

NOTE Variation of the bond stress as
per

code
IS

a a a a a

Ill LILL

Mt

q In actual

NOTE In case of bond failure the most

economical to make it is by

wayno safe
of small dia bars

providing more

instead of less no of bars at large dia

for same amount of steel

B Anchorage bond

This bond stress develops around the bar

to provide proper anchorage so that RIF
attains its desired stress

In the above case L is provided for

anchorage

of R If only so bond stress around the

RIF in this length is called Anchorage bond

and there is no bond due to the variation

in the BM

NOTE The basic requirement of the RCC

structure is that the steel and
surrounding

at acts together and there shall be

no relative movement between steel and act

The grip
of kif and act due to adhesion

shrinkage creep bearing on accounts of

ribs on deformed bars is termed as bond

Development length

As per Is 456 bond stresses are assumed to

be uniform along the length of RIF The

calculated tension and compression in

section
any

bar at cross shall be developed

any
on each side of the section by appropriate

development length and anchorage or

combination of both

Hence minimum length of Rif bar required

to be embedded in cct for development of

permissible stress in RIF O 87Fy is termed

as development length

At critical stage Efx o

f Zbd 90 2d 0

NO fst Zbda Old 2 2bd

4
him

tst 0

Ld Ld s f

42 b d

0.87 Fy 0

42 bd BAE a

NOTE for bars in compression

Ld 0.87 Fy 0

42 bd x1 25 0.81017ft

Ldc 0 8 Ldt

Development length for bars in compression

BE ME length
0.8 Development Mom
of bars in tension

2 On Same lines
of HYSD bars

Development length 0.625 X

plain bars
for for same
fy
for ma me act
different grade of and steel
development

length is as
follows

Grade of Bars in Bars in

steel tension compression

M 20 M 25 M 20 M 25

Fe 250

390 370BET 320

Fe 415 470 41 0 380 330

Fe 500

570 430 460 400

Development length of Hy SD ban is higher than

as of mild steel irrespective of dia of bar

Ld is increased due to bundling of the bars

No of bars boundled increase in Ld

1 109

2 209

3 309

NOTE The bond between steel and act is

mainly due to

1Mechanical Resistance

2Pure adhesive resistance

3 frictional resistance

failure of bond takes place by a following

mechanism
of adhesion between bar and act

1 Breakup

of act in front of ribs of bar

2 Crushing

reels
EEIEI.IE

3 Longitudinal split of act along the Rif

Cross section

B and strength can be enhanced by

of

the following method

any

grade of Cct

1 Higher

2 Deforced bars instead

of plain bar

3 Increasing smaller dia bans

4 More nominal cover

5Reduced spacing of stirrups

Ways to provide Anchorage

By Providing Development length

In no case distance between section of

permissible stress of steel and its end

should be less than e Ld

By providing bend or Hook

When the required straight development

length or anchorage length can not be

provided due to limited space of that case

st hooks or bends are provided

To find the full development length

The common type of anchorage provided are

U type hook and I type hook The hook and

band shell confirm to 152502

The anchorage value of band shell be

taken as 4 times of the dia of the bar for

each 45 bend subjected to man of 16 times
the dia of bars

The anchorage value of a standard U

type hook shall be equal to 16 times the

dia of bar and L type bend is 8 time
the dia of bar

a standard 90 band I type bend

equivalent anchorage

b Standard U type hook

3 Anchoring bars in tension
Deformed bars may be used without an

anchorage provided that the development

length criteria is satisfied

b Hooks should normally be provided for

plain bar in tension

4 Anchoring bars in compression

The anchorage length of straight bar in

compression shall be equal to the

development length of the bars in

compression

The projected length of hook bend and

straight length beyond bend if provided

forbar in compression shall be

a

considered for development length

c C

2 3

a

5 Anchoring bars in shear
at Inclined bar

The development length shell be

as
for

bars in tension this length shell be

measured as under
In the tension zone from the end of the

sloping or inclined portion of bar in the
compression zone from the mid depth of

the beam

7 I

TMt dM

by stirrups

for secondary R If such as stirrups in beam

or transverse lies in column complete

development length and anchorage shall

be edeemed to have provided when the bar

Ed

ng 2
is at least bent through an angle of at least

I round a bar of at least its own dia

NAME

and is continued beyond the end of the
for a length of at least 2

curve

80 060

o o o o o

ATTRACT

o o o o o o

I 2 3

1 90 135 180

2 8 01 60 40

MY

Ibd

6
By providing Mechanical Anchorage

Splicing
Joining bars of standard length to get

bars of desired length is called splicing

It can be done by following methods

1
Lapping tap length

four bar dia

greater than 32mm

lapping is not desirable

following lap length must be

ensure for

splicing

a Bending tension lap length

man Ld

0
30

b Direct tension lap length

man 2 Ld

300

e Compression lap length man Ld
24 0

NOTE For bars of unequal dia lap length

is calculated corresponding to smaller

dia of bat

2
Welding

It is not preferable for smaller dia bans

because it effects the strength of the
steel

Welding is economical for large di a bar

mm

becauseMMlap length is comparatively

high in this case mmmmm

3 Coupling
splicing can also be carried out with the

help of couples E

allll

e couples

NOTE Not more than 509 Rif should be
spliced at one location they must be

staggered by distance more than I 3

times the lap length

t

I 7 13b 2

NOTE Splicing is not recommended at the

location where BM is more than 50 of
section

the capacity of the

mmmi

I
m

1 I 2 I 1 I 3 I
1 isplicing

No zonk

t t

t t t

t t t

Im MIR

BM u

Mz M
My M

2 2

Curtailment of flenural Reinforcement

Whenever
pg Mor FEIBOBtNN
BM theoretically some

E Ebd
Rif can be curtailed off but we

generally
F
af cut the bars at theortical ayy

do not cut
off point we extend the bars to actual cut

off point ACP to avoid

1 Stress concentration due to increase stress

in longitudinal bar because of shear RIF

2 Slight deviation or in in bending

accuracy
moment calculation

3 To avoid sudden diagonal

failure due to

shear

Distance between theoretical cut off point

and ACP should not be less than e d or

120 whichever is greater encept end of
simple support an cantilever

fleur at Rif should not be terminated in

tension zone unless any one of the
following

condition is satisfied

a The shear force at cut of

point ACP

should not exceed of shear capacity
of section

b If S f is more than 43rd of shear

capacity at actual cut off point then

encess shear stirrups are provided

along the terminated bar for a distance

of 0.75 d from ACP

efor 36 mm or smaller dia bars the

continuing bar should provide at least

double the area required for f tenure of
cut off point ACP and Sf should not be

more than of the shear capacity

Positive tension Reinforcement

Tension Positive

fleural

RI f
Negative

Compression

Positive tension RIF

At least of positive tensionRif at

simple support and 4th positive tension

RIF at continous support should be

extended
along the same force of member

into the support for a distance of not less

than Ld

my

At simple support and at point of

waytension Rif should be
inflection Positive
limitedBf

to dia such that following

condition must be satisfied
I

Id development length

Mi Mor of section at mid of simple
support and point of inflention resp

Shear force at mid of simple support
and point of inflention respectively

to Sum of anchorage beyond the centre

of support including equivalent

im

anchorage

Ms
20 for MY

value of bend or hook and8 40 for SD

ftp.y.yyyk

mechanical anchorage

for point of inflection d or 120 which ever

I i

greater

NOTE flexural bond stress

Z V

NAO LA

Anchorage bond stress 2 Fst Ast

na OL

Fst 0.87
Fy L Ld

2 0.87 Fy Ast 11

Nao Ld

from 1 and 11 V 0 87
Fy Ast

N 20 LA n a 0 Ld

0 87 Ast X LA

Fy
v

Ld Mi

the design bond stress is not be exceeded

If

then the ratio Mi must be equal or

greater

than Ld
Additional Fosin the

zone length Lo
anchorage

bars compression

has been added to ratio of My Hence

Ld I t Lo
Mi

It canalso be referred that flexural bond

stress is man at the section wherebars
Sf inis
hence the check tension
bond
for flexural

large zone

becomes at the section where

necessary
Sf is man and BM is

zero

The location of such sections are

a At mid

of simple support

b Point of contraf tenure

The code further recommends that the

value of My be increased by 307

may

when the end of Rif confined by

compressive

reaction

Ld I 1 3
Mi t Lo

confined of end of Rif by conf

reaction

MM
Beam supported on a wall

Ld 7 t Lo

Mi

no confinement of end of Rif

by comp reaction

Beam supported on roller

Beam supported on e

a beam

Ld D t Lo Ld D Mi Lo

Mi t

Tensile reaction Tensile Reaction

Negative Tension RIF

Atleast t of total Rif provided for

negative moment of support should be

extended upto distance not less than d
a
120 Le E Le I clean span

oh oh
whichever

is man at point of inflation

Mm

Mm

mm

Question Apply the check for bond on
simply supported properties in a

beam of following Assume 2 320 are

curtailed before support severe

exposure

Answer Ld 0 87
Fy 0

42 bd

801m

O 87 X 500 X 32 4 320

1 16 0

4 X1 5 X 1 6

Ld 1450 mm 00000

m moment of section of noo mm

mid of simple support with 2 320 1

16 0

for depth of NA C T

O 36 b Xu 0 87 Fy Ast

fck

0 36 30 400 Xu 0 87 X 500 X 2 32 t

2g 1672

Xu 182 2 mm

M CX LA 0.36 fck b Xu d O 42 Xu

0.36 X 30 400 X 182 2 800 0 92 X 182 2

X 10 6 Mt

M 569 46 U N m

V 60 11.5 345 KN

Wayoff 2

Ld I

l Lo 1 3 X 369 45 Lo

311 345

Lo 3 695.75
Negative value of lo signifies no

requirement

of extension of Rl f beyond the centre

of support in addition to above criteria RIF

must be extended into the support for a

distance not less than Ld

483 33 mm
LL

14530

Moment and shear coefficient for conti
nous beam and slab

Unless more enact analysis are done for

beams of uniform Cls with support

substantially uniformally distributed

load over the 3 or more spans which do

not differ by more than 159 of the longest

The BM and Sf used in their design

may

be obtained using the moment and Sf coeff
as given by Is code

Bending moment coff

Type of Span

moment support moment

load Near mi At middle At support At other

Idle of of interi next to the interior

end span span end support support

or

DL

t t t t

t t

t t at at

BM Wu D Leff't W
I

ur Leff

BM 2 Wu D Leff Wu l Leff

to at

BM z Wun Leff't42 Wu Leff

W ur
BMa
42Wun Leff qt Leff

If the span

NOTE the two sides of
on
different or l Lane diff

support are
support moment is calculated from the

two sides and the avg value is taken for

design

At support neat At all other

Type of At end

load support to the end interfer

support supports

Outer Inner

side side
DL and 0.6

0.4 0.55 0.5

imposed

load

fined

Lol 0.45 0.6 0.6 0.6

imposed

load

Sf 0.4 Wu Leff 0.45 NUL Leff
th

Sf 0.6 Wud Leff 0.6 Wut Leff

Sf 0.55 Wud Leff 0.6 Wu Leff

Sfa 0.5 Was Leff 0.6 Wut Leff

Question Design the beam AB width of

beam 300mm Consider mild

exposure

D 1 8 UN L 1 16 kN
M m

Answer Support width bibs 300mm

16 67 7 b

41 542103

b c
Leff min Lot d

4g

Le t
bi by

step 1 Assumed b

Let by by 5 103 3020 3

Leff

5300 mm

Step

2
Y
Leff 5.3m
Wu L 1 5 X 16 24 kN M

WUD 1 5 X8 12 kN Im

Wud Leff
BM at
to at Wucleff

support

X 12 X 5.32 5.32

I at X 24 X

108 61 K N

BM at mid

span Wun Leff't Wulleff

X 12 5.32 X 24 X 5 32

L 12

77 25 kN M

Step

3 Mu limit BM w

108 6 UN 0 138 bd 2
fck

108 61 106

0.138 20 300

362.17 mm

Consider eff depth 1.05 362.17

380 mm

Here d b hence Assumption for Leff

is valid

D 380 20 8 220 Main RIF

Nominal

My

Shear RIF

cover

D 418 mm 420 mm

Step 4

Rif near the support

Msu 0.87 Fy Ast d 0.42 Xu

Here for Xu C T

fck b Xu 0.87 Fy Ast

0 36

Ast 0.5 fckbd 1 4 GB Mu

II

Fck b d

0.5
Fy
20 3001382 1 4.6 108.1 10

415 20 300 3822

952mm

RIF near the mid span

Ast 0.5 4.6 BP

fckbd 1 1

Fy tek bdmammonism

0.5 20 300 1 4.6 77.25 X

415 38211 106

20 300 3822

Ast 633mm

Step 5 Ast min
inflection6.85
fy

Mmmmm
bd

Ast min 0.85 bd

Fy

0.85 300 382

415

234.7 mm

Provide 5 160 Ast 1005.3mm at support

6 120 Ast 678.6mm at mid spa

Ast Emin Ast limit 0.414 Xulimitb
Ey

1097mm

0.04 bd 5040mm

Ast 1097 mm ma

Rif provide at both the location satisfy Rif

criteria

Design for shear

Sf Vu 0.55 WudLeff to 6 War Leff

0.55 X 12 5.3 0.6 24 5.3

111 3 KN

Zu Vu 111 3 X 103 0.96 N mm

bd 300 386

2 man 0.631 Jfk

0.631 520 2.8 N mm

Zu Zeman

Hence
safe in diagonal compression

Pf Agt X 100

5 162 100 0 8689

4

300 386

M 20 Ze 0.59 N mm

Since 272 Shear RIF is design to

carry
shear force Zu Za bd

Zu Za bd

Vus

0.96 0.59 300 X 386 10

us 42 86 KN

Provide legged 8mmol vertical stirrups

us 0 87
Fy Asu

42 86 103 0 87 X 415 X 2 8 X 386

4

D Su

Su 327 mm

Sv E min 327 mm

Abs 3 0.4 SV 302.3

0 87
fy

otros 0.75 d 289 5

300 mm

Provide 2 legged 8 mm 0 vertical stirrups

Mi
spaced at 258 mm Clc

amor

Development length for Moo and fe 415

Ld 47 0

for 0 16 mm Ld 47 16 752 mm

0 for 0 12mm Ld 97 12 564 mm

At POI Ld E Lo

4s Mi

M 0.87
Fy Ast d O 42 Xu

for Xu C T

O 36 fck b Xu 0.87 Fy Ast

me

Xu

t.az the Agt

M 0 87Fy Ast d Fy Ast

ya Fck b

2
0 87 X 415 386 415 X 6 X
j I2

7412

20 X 300

M 83 kN M

l

V shear force at the face of support 111.3UN

83 X 103 744 83

MI 111 3
mm

Ld C Ld t Lo
MI

My

Here instead of finding the Sf at Pos Vi

shear force at the face of support Vi used

to check the development length criteria

Check for deflection

C ki ka k ka values

left

k I

V2

Pt Agg 4100
6 1212 100
41

3001 386

0.586 4

As 0.58 Fy Ast real

Ast pro

0.58 X 415 633

678

on

Fs 224 74 N mm

K2 1 3

1
Kz

Ka I

5 3 103 13.73

Left 386

K Kak Ka value I X 1 3 XI XI X 26

33 8 safe

Leg

Torsion

Torsion on a member depends on of

application way

of force on the member

On several situations beams and slabs are

subjected to torsion in addition to moment

and shear

Load acting normal to the plane of bending

will cause bending and shear however load
acting away from the plane of bending

causes torsion moment

along with bending

moment and shear

The member of circular section made up of
linearly elastic homogenous material

subjected to torsion

Torsion at
2 I GQ

Assumptions
1 Plane section remains plane
after twisting

2 Shear stress variation over cls is linear

with
zero at center and man at farthest

point

3 No normal stress on section

4 Torsion formula is valid

Member circular section made of

or non

linearly elastic homogenous material

subjected

to torsion

Plane section no longer remain plain after

twisting in this case wraping or cracking

of section takes place

Shear stress variation is non linear with man

at mid of longer edge and zero at center

and corner

Normal stress over section is also present
Torsional formula is no longer applicable in

this case

Rec member subjected to torsion

Due to wraping of section and cracking of

act analysis of RCC member of non circular

section subject to torsion becomes

very

complicated

IS 456 suggest a simplify approach based on
theory to design member

SKEW Bending

subjected to torsion by converting torsion

into equivalent shear and equivalent moment

1 Equivalent shear

Vno Vu t 1 6

Ty

Now section is design for equivalent shear

instead of nominal shear

2 Equivalent moment
Mt
Ty B

Case 1 Mt E Mu
Mu t M

Me t
hmu

mum

my

mu
n

Mt Mtt

Let Mu 120 un m Sagging

Me 90 UN M
Me 120 90

210 UN m

Mei 120 90 30 kN m

Designing moment is Me only

Case 2

Me Mr

Mei Mu t Mt

M ez Mt Mr
Emmi if
mu
m

Mt Mt e

Let Mu 90 un m Sag

Mt 120 K N M

Me 90 120 210 UN M

Me2 120 90 30

So design moment in this case are both me

and Me2

Design steps

step 1 Calculate factored shear force BM

TM

Step 2 Calculate Mu limit of given section
Step 3 If Mr E Mu limit then calculate Ast

Ast 0 5 bd 1 4 6 B Mu

Fy I Ack b d

Step 4 Calculate equivalent Sf and equivalent

nominal stress

Zve V u t 1 6 Tu

Zve Zeman
Va

step 5 Calculate from table 19

of 15456

Zc
corresponding to area of steel found in

Step 3

Step 6 If nominal Zve Ze then longitudinal

is provided for Mu only and nominal

shear stirrups is

Abs's
0.4

O 87 Fy

If Zve 72and then longitudinal RIF is designed

for Me Me while shear Rif is to be
designed for zve Zo bd

step 7 Design longitudinal Rif

Me T X LA

Me 0 87 Fy Ast d O 42 Xu Mu limit

for Xu ET
0 36
fck b Xu 0.87 fy Ast

Me2 Tz LA z
Me 2 0 87 Fy Asta d O 42 Xu

Me2 0 87 Fy As a d d

for transverse Rif

8 Design

Step

Assume suitable size of shear stirrups

Only the outer two leggs of the stirrups to

be considered for combined shear due to

tenure and torsion

The inner legs are not effective in case of

torsion and hence shall be ignored

Check the shear RIA for spacing

V use I 0 87Fy Asu d

su

Zve Zo b d E 0 87 Fy Asr
g

B Asu Tu su t Vu su

bi d i lo 87Fy 2 5 d 0 87 Fy

0 87 Fy Asu Vu

di Ty 2 5

Area of two logged stirrups

Asu

b clc distance between corner bars along

the width

d clc distance between corners bar along

the depth

NOTE No restriction the characteristic

on

strength of shear RIF is imposed here unlike

that in the case of pure flexural f y 7

415 N mm

Transverse RIP shell be closed stirrups

placed perpendicular to the anies of the

member

O O g p

O O

2 legged closed 2 legged open

stirrups

stirrups
Spacing between the stirrups shell not

exceed min of

su em

Xi t y

3 00 mm

X Clc distance of the leggs of
shear

stirrups along the shorter dimension

y Yc distance of the leggs of shear stirrups

along the longer dimension

tok

Ite

n i n i n nn i n in i 1

yg

Longitudinal bar shell be placed as

NOTE I

close to the corner as possible and

there should be at least one longitudinal

bar at each corner of the ties

2 When the cross section dimension of member

exceeds 450mm b D 450mm additional

longitudinal bars are provided along the

2 faces
for track control

Total area of such R If shall not be less

than 0.17 of web area gross cross section
area and shall be distributed

equally

on both the faces at spacing not exceeding

300 mm or web thickness whichever is

less

3
If from designing point of view
RIF is longitudinal

not
required comp side

on

hanger bars are provided to hold shear

RIF having area not more than 0 2

of

web area

Question A rectangular beam section of

size 230 mm width and 400 mm over

all depth is RIF with 2 no s of 10mm dia

at top and 16 mm 0 bars at bottom being

tension Rif it is subjected to factored

shear force 18 un as torsional moment 1.2

un m and bending moment 18 kn m

Check the section

for torsional RIF M 20

f e 415

Answer Vu 18 KN

Mu 18 UN M Tu 1 2 KN m

d 400 30 162 Assuming clean cover
of

30m

d 362mm

Vue Vu t 1.6 18 1.6 1.2

Ty

10 3

230

26.35 KN

of steel Agt X 100

4 1612 100

230 362

0.724

Le 0.55N mm

Zve 26.35 103 0.316 N mm

230 X 362

Zve Ze
Only min shear RIF is provided

Provide 2 legged 8mm 0 stirrups
Asv 2X TX 82

100.53

7 0.4 100 53

Ayy 0.87 230 Su 70.87 415

Fy

Sv E 395mm

395mm

Sr Emin 0.75 d 0.75 362

271 5 M

300 mm

Provide 2 legged 8mm 0 stirrups having Clc

spacing of 270 mm

Question Design the RIF for a beam of

rectangular cross section having

following data b 300mm D 850 mm

M 26 Fe 250 BM u 200 kN M d 800

MM Tu 50 UN M Vu 100 UN

Answer Vue Vu t 1 6
Ty

100 1 6 X 50 366 67 UN

O 3

Mu limit 0.148 fck b d
Q limit bd

0.148 20 X 300 X 80012 X 10

568 32 kN M

Mu Mu limit
Ast 0.5 tub d 4.6 Me
it

Fy b d Fck

O 5 20 300 800 I I 4.6 X 200 X 106

250 300 X 8002 20

Ast 1228 62 mm

Pt X1 00 1228.62 X 100

Asg 300 800

0.5

M 20 Ze 0 48N mm

Ve Vu t 1.6
Ty

366.67 KN 2Ve
Y X 100

1.52 N mm

Zeman 2.8 N mm

2cL Zve Zeman

Hence it is safe in diagonal compression

Designing is done for both longitudinal

and shear RIA

Mt

it

Ty B

212.74 200 KN

Me Mr Me

200 112.74

312 74 Mu limit 568.32 UN m

Section is under RIF

Ast 0.5 Feu Dd I I 4.6 Mei

Fy for bd 2

0 5 X 20 X 300 800 1 4 G X 312 74 106
I

250 20 300 X 8002

2008 32 mm
Ast

Provide 2 28 0 and 2 250

Provide 2 legged 8mm vertical

stirrups and two 16 0 bars as hanger bar

Check area of hanger bars 2 1072

4

157 mm
29 bd

0 300 850 510 mm

980

b 300 2 36 21228 b 214 mm

d 800 30 8 102 757 mm

X 196 2X 282 2X

82

232 mm

y 757 282
It I

784 mm

Al O 87
Fy Asr Z Z ve 2d bd

dy

Pt X 100 X 100 0 924

Agt 3381g

M 20 2C 0 6 N mm

0 87 X 250 X 2X 2 812 X 7 1 52 0 6

9
899

300 800

S v f 80 mm

B O 87 Fy Asu dig t V2.5

O 87 X 256 X 2X X 757 100 10

7482 50,9606

2 5

Su 63 88 mm

Provide 2 legged 80 vertical stirrups at

spacing of 60 mm act

a s s min

254

mm

Provide 2 legged 80 vertical stirrups at 60mm

act since D 850mm 7 4 50 mm

Provide side face Rif or 7 web area

X 300 X 450

255 mm

Provide 4 bars of 10mm 0 on each face

Question Design a rectangular RCC beam

data b 300mm

for850mm d 800mm
following

D Mu 200 UN m

Vu 100 KN Tu 45 UN m fck 20m Pa

Fy 413m Pa

Answer Tu 95 kN m
2

Mu limit 0.138 fck b d 0.138 20 X

300 8002

529 92 kN M

Step 2 Mu Mu limit

0.5 X 20 800 300 1 4.6 200 106

11 8002 3000 X

740 mm

Pt Agt X 100 0.34

M 20 7 0.38 N mm

Step Vue Vat 1.6 X 100 1.6

Ty

8.53

606 6 UN

Zve 606.6 103 2.53 N mm

Ugg 300 800

Ze Zve Zeman
Hence it is safe in diagonal comp and it is

design for long and transverse

Step Me It
B 214.22 un m
Ty

Me Mut M t 200 214.22 414.22 kN m

Mez Mt Mu 214.22 200 14 22 un m

Ast 0 5 fck bd l 1 4.6 Me

Fy Fck b d

Ast 1678 33 mm

Provide 2 280 1 250 Ast 722mm

Me 2 0.87 Fy Asta d d

14.22 106 0.87 415 Asta 800 50

Asta 52 51

Provide 2 100 Asta 157 mm

Step Provide 2 legged 10mm 0 stirrups

Asv 2X a X 100 157 mm

Cve Zo bd

a 0.87 Fy Asu
g

Su 87 mm

b 0.87 Fy Asu 2 Zve Zo bd

g

Su 87 mm
Fy Asu 9

e 0.87
Ty

V2.3

Su 88.70 mm

b 300 2 30 2X 282 10 2 206

b 300 2 30 10 2 2 11 210

2

MAI

Provide 0.17 b b of side face Rif same as

previous

Question Design a beam for following

moment Sf Torsion moment acting

at a certain location

BM 200 UN M TM 48 KN M

Sf 120 KN Use M 25 Fe 415

Eff cover 50mm b 400 mm

Answer Step 1 Mu 200 1.5 300 un m

Vu 120 1.5 180 U N

Tu 48 1 5 726 N M

me it
Ty B

Assume D 500mm

Mt
77

1 5900

Mt 95 3 UN m

Me 395.3 kN m

Step 2 Mu limit L limit bd

0.138 fck b d

Me Mu limit

395.3 106 0.138 25 400 X d2

d 535 mm 450mm
Redesign Assumed 550

D 550 50 600mm

Me 300 1
6880

71.3

Me 405 88

d 542 mm 2550mm

Hence consider d 550mm

Step 3 We Vat 1.67 468 KN

Zve 468 X 103 2 1272 N mm

400 550

Zeman 3 IN

mm2ZveLZcman

Safe in diagonal comp
Ast 0.5 fck bd

Step 4 4.6 300 106

IT Fck b d

1
Fy

A 1740 mm Pt Agt 7.90

M 25 Y Ze 0.58 N mm

Zve Zc

Hence section is to be designed for both

longitudinal and transverse Rif

Step 5 Mu 300 UN M MET 105 KN M

Me

Me Mu t Mt 405 UN m

Mu limit 0.138 bd 417 45 UN m

fck

Me Mu limit

Ast 0 5 fck bd I I 4.6 AMe

Fy fck b d 2
As

2519 5 mm

Provide 2 320 2 25 0

Provide 2 legged 10mmol vertical stirrups

As ve tension Rif and 2 100 bar as inner

bars

al 0.87 Fy Asu 7 Eve Zo bd

g

Pt

X 100 2590 X 100 1 1779

Agt 400 X 550

M 25 Ze 0.68 N mm 2
7

0 8 415 X 2X 7 X 1012 X 550 7 2.12 0.68

4 SV 400 X 800

S v E 98 mm

b O 87 Fy Asr
g 1.3

Ty

b 400 30 2 2 2 10 288

32

na

d 550 30 10 5 505

0.87 415 X 2X 10 X 72 t
4

591 18
bLD ME

180 X 103

2 5

Sv 89.3 mm

Xi 216 5 mm
at Y

Provide 2 legged 10mm 0 stirrups at spacing

of 85mm Clc

Provide side
Step 7 face Rif equally on

both sides having area 40.1 M b D

SLAB ripped

It is a structural member at which one

dimension is small as compared to

very

other two dimension and is

primarily

subjected to bending

me

Slab can be classified on the basis of following

A On the basis

ofshape

Rectangular

Circular

Triangular

Any other shape

B Based on bending
Me behaviour

One way slab me

or Two
way slab

e On the basis of type of construction

Slab Solid slab

a

flat slabme

Slab with opening

Waffled slab

D On the basis of type of loading

Subjected to point load

a
Subjected to VDLMY

NOTE Analysis and design of solid

rectangular

one and two slabs

way way

subjected to VDL will be considered

1 One Slab inone direction

is way If bending
Me
significant than other
orthogonal
verydirection

then slab is termed as

one
way slab

A Rectangular slab supported from opposite

egg

asman

Vu Mu Tu

NOTE Rectangular
me slab supported from
opposite edges is always one way

irrespective of dimension

B Rectangular slab supported from all

four edges

s man

i s s s i i n i n i n

sman

A rectangular slab supported from all four

sides is considered as one
way it aspect

ratio is more than 2

Aspect ratio Longer effective span

shorter effective span

Ly

AR 2

Ln

NOTE Aspect ratio is valid only for

rectangular

slab supported from all 4 sides

Two
wayisslab

Ifbending comparable in two orthogonal

direction then such slab are called as two

slabs

way
A rectangular slab is classified as two way

slab based on

following condition

a Aspect ratio

b Supporting condition

If Aspect ratio 2 and rectangular slab is
supported from all sides than only rectangular

slab are classified as 2

way slab

g X Ln

Ly
I

s man

i i i r e s s

Aspect ratio 2

im
an
Ly
XSÉAAud

Flat Slab IF 5
It is the slab that directly rest on column

Sometimes drop panels or column capital

are also used to prevent punching

failure
of these slabs as its behaviour i as of two

slab

way
Its thickness is invariably higher than

thickness of slab in slab beam system

steel it is provided due to following

reasons

for better asthetic

b for better dispersion of light

for ease in providing Ac ducts fire fighting

duct electrical ducts

d for lesser story height

NOTE Flat slabs uneconomical and
are can
be possible
for medium spans only

because in large span deflection is

companitively more

Min thickness of these slabs is 125 mm

Critical failure is punching shear failure

two way shear failure

Critical section for punching shear failure

is at distance from face of the

off

column I drop panel

Codat Propulsions of solid slab
A Nominal Cover

Minimum 20mm which can be reduced

upto 15mm for mild exposure and bar

dia of 12mm or less

B Reinforcement
Compression Rif is required only in

exceptional condition

In case of slab shear RIF are generally

not provided if the shear criteria is not

satisfy the thickness of slab is increased

Temperature and shrinkage Rif are inversly

provided in the transverse direction to

main RIF
Distribution bars are always placed above

the main Rif in case of one slab to

way
ensure higher effective depth

In case of two slab both the Rif ie along

longer direction and shorter direction are

main RIF How even higher load transfer

is along the shorter span and the RIF

to the shorter span is kept near to

along

the tension face to insure higher

effective depth for larger BM

Man dia of RIF bar

should not enceeds

th the total
I thickness slab

of

of

Q man D8

Min dia of main bar is 10mm for Fe 256

and 8mm for HY SD not a Is code

provision
Min dia of distribution steel is 6mm for

both Fe 250 and HIS D

No man RIF criteria for slab is given in

IS Code However we shall consider the

rlf of beam in case of slab also

man

Min ri f to be provided
0 15 9 of
gross area for Fe 250

0.129 of Gross area for HY SD

This min value is valid for both orthogonal

direction

Man spacing of main bars should not be

more than 3d or 300 mm whichever is

less
Man spacing of secondary distribution 1

transverse RI f should not be more than

5d oh 300 mm whichever is less

c Shean Design

Shear strength of act without shear Rif

shell be taken as k Ze

Lc is a function of grade of act and 7

tension RIF and K is a function of overall
depth of slab

To safeguard against diagonal compression

failure 2 v40.5 Zeman and for safety

against shear

Zu E U Ze

D Check for Development Length

Slabs are checked for development length

same as that of beam

E Deflection Control
Ifallrectangular 2
way slab is supported from

four sides with shorter span upto 3.5m

and loading upto 3 UN m then

be than
Ley

ratio should less

following values

Support Conditions fe 250

415

Simply supported

35 28 0.8 35

Contino us 40 32 0 8 X 40

Hence for Fe 250 35 for Fe 415

Leff

28

Leff
D Leff

35

D Leff

28

from above calculation it is clear that depth

required to satisfy deflection criteria is
for HYSD than mild steel mild
ie HYSD

more

produce more deflection than steel
If rectangular slab is supported from all

4 sides than shorter

span is always use

in BM calculation and all the above

calculation

In way slab

Design of one
Step 1 Assume suitable value of d or leff

for preliminary design left Ki ka

ka ka values
a

K depends on span length

K2 9 of tension r I f

Kz I singly RI f ka 1 Reet
Step 2 Calculate D by assuming suitable

cover or compute effective

span length
Step 3 Calculate dead load and design

BM Use BM continous beam

for

Step 4 calculate d required balanced
for

section

BM u Mu limit A limit b d

Here b Im 1000 mm

Provide d more than calculated above

Step 5 Compute RIF for under Rif section

Ast 0.5 Fck bd I I 4.6 B M

Fy Fck b d 2

B 1000 mm

Ast should not be less than m in Rif

Provide distribution Rif

Step 6 Check the slab for shear bond

Step 7 Typical Detailing

Question A root has a clean span of 8m x 3m

It is supported on all sides on a

brick wall of width 230mm The super

imposed load on the slab is 5 u n mm

Moo Fe 415 Design the slab and show the

typical r if detail

Answer step 1

lot d 3m

Left min
Let
bit by

N u

Assume bed 130mm

Le Let b
th t

leff by

8 t 0 23 8 23 In 3 0 23 3 23 mm

ly AR 2 5572

LY 83 2233

Hence slab can be design as one

2 from deflection criteria

way
Step

Leff C K Kak ka values

I X 1.2 X1 X1 X 20 d In

ly 20 X 1 2

d 134.58 mm

Assume d 150mm 230 mm

I Leff Lot d

Ix 3 0.15 3 15 m 8 0.15 8.15 m

AR
ly
2.58 72

My 831,5

Hence slab shell be designed as one slab

way

Step 3 Considering mild exposure condition

and main bar of 10mm nominal cover

15 MM

Also consider surface finishes of 40mm

D 150 15 170 mm

102

Total depth including finishes 170 40

210 mm

Step 4 DL 1 1 0.4 25

DL 5.256N m

LL 5K N MZ 40min'ntihumnef
Ig

TL 10.5 kN m2

BM u 1.5W Leff 1.5

10.85
3.152

19.06 KN M

step 5 BM u Mu limit Qlimitbd 0.138Pa

19.06 106 0.138 20 100 bd2

Step 6 d 83.12

Ast 0.5 20 1000 15011 1 4.6 19896 X

415

20 103 1502

Ast 371.17mm

Ast min 0.12 bD 0.12 1000 170

100 100

204 mm

Provide 10mm 0nF bar spacing of rif

1000
Af

371.17 211.6mm
Ast 102

Considering 507

Cuntailmentofrifnean supports provide

10mm 0

spacingeming

3d 3 150 450 mm

Stept Provide distribution

rlfo.iq

204mm

1000

Spacing 204

296mm

812

Spacing min 50 5 150 450mm

300mm

Provide 8mmol distribution

Rifat 295mmol
Step 8 Shean Design

d de

fu 2.62

Vu 1.5 10.5 2.62

2 I

12 3.15 s

1.5112 20.63 UN

Zu 20.63 103 0.137 N m

Y 1000 150

0.52cm an 0.5 2.81 1.4 N mm

Zu 20.52cm an

Pt Agt X 100 1000 X Z X 14012 100

I

200

1000 150

0.139

M 20 Ze 0.28N mm

K 1.6 0.002 D

1.6 0.002 170

1.26

KZ 1.26 0.28 0.353 N mm

Zu 0.137 L K Zc 0.353

Check for bond

Ld I 1.3 Mu to Ld 470 97 10

Vu 470

Vu WuLeff MU TX LA

0.87 Fy Ast d

1.5 10.5 3.15 0.42 Xu

2 for XuGT

24.81 KN 0.36 fab Xu 0.87

Fy Ast

Mu 0.87 Fy Ast d Fyast

ME Fckb

1 3 Mu 0.87 3712.17 X 415

Vu

I 3 9.78 103

150 415 371 17

24 81 2 20 103

512.45 mm Mu 9.78 KN m

Since Ld C 1.3 Mu

Vu

There is

need of
no

anchorage to

Question Design the slab given below live

load 6 UN m2
floor finish 65 mm

thick unit wt of floor finish 22 un m3

M 20 Fe 415
grade of steel mild exposure

and slab is continue over 4 equal span

4 12

a e

Answer

C K Kak ka value

Leff

Leff 4 0 2 4 2 Leff 2 1210 2 12 2

YX
103 333 33 mm 200mm

4g

Assuming d a

NOTE IS 456 does not provide Leff all

conditions
for

support types Considering
simply supported as similar supporting

condition for the present case

value 201226 23

ka value

K kz kz L I X 1 2 X1 X

Left 4.2 23

d 152 17 m

d 160mm

Since d a

Leff 4 0 16 4 16

D d t ce

tf

160 t 112 15 180 MM

AR 12 0 16 2.92 Hence it
Gf

4 to 16

can be designed as one slab

LL GUN M Z D L 0.18 X IX 25 4 5 U N Im
way

Ff load 0 065 X 1 22 1 43 U N Im

Total DL 4.5 1.43 5 93 UN m2

factored LL Wu 1.5 6 9 UN m2

factored DL WWD 1.5 5.93 8.9 KN Im

Step 4 B Mu

Was Leff't to Wu Leff

X 8.9 4.162 X 9 X 4.162

110

28.41 un m

sagging
2 2
BM u I WUD Leff Wu Leff

I
X 9 X 9.162

X 8.9 4.162

91

32.71 UN

Step 5 B Mu Mu limit Q limit bd 0.138

fck bd

2
32.71 106 0.138 20 1000 X d

d 108.86mm 2160 mm

Step 6 Ast't 0.5 Fck bd

I

I 4.6 B Ma

Fck b d

Fy
20 103 160

0.5 1 4.6 32.71 106

Ily

415 20 103 1602

528.226 mm
Ast 0.5 20 103 160 4.6 32.71 106
It

415 20 103 1602

615 mm

Astm in 0 12 bD X 103 180

0,18

216 mm

61 5 7 21 6 mm

Since difference between Asit and Ast is not
both
very significant Provide Ast

Assuming 0 10 mm Spacing b

no of bats

b 1000 127 7m

Ast 615
2

Ast F 10

Check spacing Emin 3d

300 mm

Provide 10mm 0 bar at 125mm
Step 7 Distribution steel RIF Astmin

0.129 bD

216 mm

Assume 8 mm 0 bar spacing 1000

216

N 82

232.7 mm

Check spacing Emin 5d 800mm

300 mm

Provide 8mm at 120mm Clc

Two way Slab

way slab involves significant curvature

Two

along the two principal orthogonal direction

it
g

AR r E 2
by

In's
I's

man

goin

1 Ortho
tropically RIF slab

If different amount of Rif provided in In

and
ly direction properties Nlf in X and

Y direction are constant hence Mor is

different in In and by direction

I sotropically RIF slab 2way

If some amount self is provided in In and
direction Rif in x and y

lydirection areproperties

constant and same Hence

moment of resistance is same in In and

ly

direction

NOTE In Effective span in shorter direction

Effective in longer

ly span span

moment develops in two

way slab

Twisting
and it is significant a points along the

diagonal due to this the corners of two

way
slab lift up
if these are not restrain

Design of two way slab

If the moment is calculated then the design

can be done same as one slab

way

RIF is designed for man BM in orthogonal
direction

Slab is governing in deflection criteria hence

thickness i calculated from deflection

criteria

Types of two way slab

Rectangular 2 way slab supported from all

sides
I

N
X

UN Non

Restrained Corner are not

corners are allowed be lifted

allowed to be
lifted

1 Procedure Simply supported
Is Code

unstrained slab

BM coeff for slab spanning in two direction

at two direction at

right angles simply
supported on 4 sides and do not have

adequate provision to resist torsion at

corner and to prevent the corner from

lifting
The BM per unit width

man
In

Mn Ln w
both In

2
Ly ly

My

This analysis on Rankine Gras h

is based

off elastic theory

In this analysis the effect of torsion has

been neglected and the deflections are
equated from both the sides

Moment calculated using these coefficient

In and ly are on higher sides

W Wnt Wy

In 358
WY Oy 35g Wyly

ET

on dy

384 WET Wyly

384 384 ET

Waln 4 2
Wyly

Wn

Ny heh

W
Ny Y

Wy

Wy

MA

Wy Citra W

Tra

Wy

Wn
Ira ft

Wn Wr 4

I 24

Mn 29 Wla
ly

Wngln Yy 8 i try

Ma Ya W In Here Ln v4

8 1 24

My Wyly Ira I ly

in
Ira j ly x

My

Ina
I I

Wenz

Ly

My
Here y

Ly 8 1 24

NOTE

1
If 2 2

What
Mn
2x My L W In

Mu 4

My

so slab is considered one slab for v72

way

4 Value of an and ay for rectangular

simply supported slab from all four

sides with

corners allow to be lift can
be referred from

table no 27 of 15 456

3 In is always higher than so r If

ay

corresponding to mn is provided in

bottom most layer

2 Is Code Procedure for Uniformly loaded

Restrained Rectangular slab In elastic

Theory

The corners areheld down and torsion

Rif is given I provided to take care of

crackers

In case of restrained slab corners are
prevented from lifting all the four sides

of the rectangular restrained slab are

assumed to be supported tied down

rigidly against vertical be
translation

lifting the edge may either

continous fined or discontinue simply

supported with 9 different possible

combination

1 Interior panel

2 One short edge discontinous

One
long edge discontinous

Two adjacent edge discontinues

5 Two shortedgediscontinous

6 Two long edge discontinous

7 Three edge discontinue one long

edge discontinous

Threeedgediscontinousoneshortedge

discontinous

9 All edge discontinous

in III IV

II I Il

IV 111 N

in

ly

VII V V11 VIII VI VII

FIE

n n

for each case we will have moment
coeff
for mid span and at edge for restrained

slab Ln and were modified

by Marcus

Ly
and these values are given in table 26 of

IS 456 2000

Corrections applied for prevention of

were
lifting of corners and torsional effect

However In and in table 26 of

ay
IS 456 200 are not
given
based on marcus

theory but based

are
n
on yield line theory

Design step of 2 way Restrained slab

Step 1 for each of the case calculate

moment coeff for mid span at edge

D7125mm

Ee ly Em

Mi

In
FFslab

it

My My

Ma

M
maggots

m

NOTE Out of all design moment Mat Mn

t
My My Mn is always manimum

Slab is divided into middle strip

Step 2

and edge strip along both the edge

Reinforcement calculate corresponding to

t
design bending moment Mnt Mnt my

My is provided in middle strip only

Edge strip is provided with nominal r if

only

e ly s ly

Edge strip
Ilg ly 8 yay

In 3am Middle Edge Middle Edge in

strip strip strip

if Edge strip

If slab is restrained from

Step 3 lifting of

corners than torsion Rifis provided to

prevent the cracking Due to high values

of torsion at discontinous edges

a At two adjacent discontinous edges 757
of man positive Rif 0.75 A stat is

provided in two layers for a distance of

0.2 In in both direction

b At one discontinous edge 509 of above

values 0.376 A stat is provided in two

layers in both the direction
e At continous
edge no torsion Rif is required

mama

Step 4 Check the slab for shear and

development length

NOTE Slab is generally

safe in shear as it
is not a governing design
consideration

in Bawall supported N f act slab

subjected to uniformly distribution load

With two
way action the

magnitude of

shear stress are likely to be even lesser

than one action

way
The distribution of shear force at various

edge of a two slab is complicated in

way

general

However the code simplifies the process by

assuming the load on the supporting

edges as follows

Vu d

Wr
Iz

2 Wv k d
Yu

for safe shear criteria Zu C ka

An average value of effective depth

dntdy

can be consider
for calculation

If critical section for shear is at face of

the support

Vo Zv Wu In

Wu
ly

If average shear stress along the shorter

side is to be computed

Zu Load on triangular Portion

ang Total Resisting area
along the

shorter edge
Wv
th 4

Wr en

La d 4d

for referance design which is done

for
man shear stress its value is taken as

Wv la

3d

This designing is based on yield line theory

It is an inelastic method of analysis

by

which ultimate load capacity

carrying
of the slab is calculated

Plastic hinge in slab is in the form of line

hinge corresponding to widest crack

pattern This is also termed as yield line

yielde man BM

Plan
i

lined hingewidest crack

section Y

Guidelines to draw yield line

a It must be
straight line

b It terminates at slab boundary or

intersects other yield line

c Yeild line act as a anies

of rotation

d Each segment
of slab act as rigid body

after the formation of yield line

Question Design a two slab a rom

for

5.5 4
way
m dear the super

of size if

imposed load is 5 U N Im Use mis min

and fed 15
Edges simply supported corner non held

down

b Edges simply supported corner held down

Answer Assume bed

n 4 0 15 4 15 m

5 5 0.15 5 65 m

ly
8 5 1 36 2 Two

Lyn 54.6
slab
way

step 2 Ind C ki ka ka ka values

d 7 In

Min 2bar

Lab ki ka ka ka distribution
value

bar

4 15 X 103

I XI G X I X I X 20

d 7 129 68

Fat

du 130m
dy

D 130 15 102 150 mm

since b d

YÉ

BE 4.13

In go.EE
4 0.13 m

5 5 0.13 5 16 mO O
ly O O

3722
lyO 1
th

5416

O 00 O 7 tea

Step 3 Ln 0.0972 0,9

Ly 0.052
Dead 1g

load 0.15 25 3.75 KN m2

Id

Live load 5 UN Im

Total load 8.75 KN m2

km UN

factored load Wv 1.5 8.75 13.125 Im

Step 4 Mn Lnwr In

Md
footzygygge

t 0 0472 X 13 125 X 4.132

Mn 21 76 UN m2
My L y Wv 122

0.052 X 13.125 X 4.13 2

11 64 UN m
Step 5 Mx A limit b d

Mulimiting
15 X 103 x d

21.76 106 0.138

d 102 52 mm

Step 6 Asta 0.5 Fck b d 1 4.6 Mn

Fy Fck b d

O 5 15 103 130 4 6 21.76 106

415 11 15 X 103 1302

Ast u

521.7 mm

dial 0mm

Assume

spacing b

No of bars
Absen 19.78 2410
g

Ast

150 53 mm

Provide 10mm bars at 150mm Cle

A 0 5 Fck b d I 4.6
it

sty My

Fy Fck bd

0.5 15 103 130 1 4 6 11.64 106

y

415 15 103 1302

262.82 mm

Check Ast min 0.129 BD

X 1000 150 180 mm

Off

Assume 0 10 mm Spacing 1000

262 82

1072

298 83 mm

Provide 10mm bar at 295mm Cle

Check I min 3d 3 130 390 mm

spacing

300mm

Curtail alternate bars and extend it over the
supports for O I tally from the face of

supports in either direction

Step 7 Check for shear

Vu Wv 0.5 In d

13.125 0.5 4.13 0.12

10.132

Vu 25 46 KN

Zu 25.46 X 103 0.195 N mm

Vg

103 X 130

Pt Ast X 100 0.5 X R X 102 1000 0 201

bd 4 150

Ze 0.32 N m2 K 1.6 0.002 D

K 1.3

K2 1.3 0.32 0.416

Zu kZc

Shear along longer span ii also to be checked

Step 8 Check for development length

Xu ET

0.36 fck b Xu 0.87 A sty

0.36 15 103 Xu
Fy415
0.87 x

1 10419g

Xu 17.8mm

Mi 0.87
Fy Ast d O 42 Xu

1000
M 0.87
XfyX 24102 X 120 0.42 17.8

295

M 10.81 UN M

V 85.6 UN M

1 1.3 10.81 X 103 548 6 mm

311 25 6

Ld 580 58 10 580mm

Ld I l 3pm to

Provide 90 bend to 80

580 E 548.6 8 10 628.6 mm

Same check is to be applied for longer edge

on

May

me

Mt

Mt

Mt

Mt Mt

b step 1 Let acd

In 4 0.15 4.15 m

F
ly 5.5
5.65
0.15 5.65 m
1.3622
ly

4 15

Ki Kak Ka values
I

d In 4150

K k Kaka value IX 1.6 1 1 20

d 7129.68mm

d 130mm

so a d In 4130mm ly 5630mm
r 5630 1.36
by

4130

Ln 0.082 44 0.056

Mn La Wv 122 0.082 13.125 14.1312
18.53 UN m2

0.056 13.125 14.1372 12.936 6N

My m

Step 3 Mn Mulimit Qrimit bd

18.53 106 0.138 15 1000 X d

d 44.54 mm

Provide d 130mm

D 130 15 102 150mm

Step 4 Ast at

0.5 Fck b da I 4 6 Mn

Fy fck b d

O 5 15 X 103 1 4 6 18 5 106
1301

415 15 103 1302

434 3 mm

Provide 10mm 0 bars

spacing 1000 x xx 102 180 mm 3dm

434 3 4 300

A 0 5 15 103 1 4.6 12.536 106

sty 415
12011 15 103 1202

312 mm

Provide 10mm dia bars

xxx 102 251 mm

spacing 18,9 4
3oodymm

Minimum RIF 0.124 bD 180 mm

Provide 8mm dia bar with spacing
1000 x ax 82 279

279 mm 5dm or 5dg

180 4 300 mm

Corners torsion r If 0.75 Ast n

0.75 434.4 325 8 mm

Use 8mm 0 bars with spacing

1000 282 150 mm

325.8

Compression Members

Compression member is a structural member

which is primarily subjected to anial

compression

its orientation is vertical it is termed as

Ifcolumn

or strut

Column is a compression member effective

length of which is more than 3 times the

least lateral dimension if effective length

is less than 3 times the least lateral

dimension it is termed as Pedestrial

Classification of column
Classification of column can be done by

any of the following

I Based on type of steel

1 Tied column

2
Spirally Helically RIF column

Composite Column

2 Based on type of loading

1 Concentrically loaded column

Load is placed at ca of section

2 Ani
ally loaded column

Load is placed at an eccentricity within
of 59 of lateral dimension

3 Ani al load with unianial moment

Load is placed at an eccentricity about
a anies

4 Ani al load with bianial moment

Load is placed at an eccentricity about

both anies

2 5
Anially loaded column with unianial

loading
Ani

1 4 3 6
ally loaded column with

bianial moment

3 On the basis Slenderness Ratio

of

Column can be classified into the following

two types depending on whether slenderness

effect are considered as insignificant or

significant

1 Short column

2 Slender or
long column

Slenderness is a geometrical property of

a compression member which is related

to the ratio of its effective length to its

lateral dimension
This ratio is called slenderness ratio also

provides a major of tendency to failure

of the column by elasticity instability
bulking in the plane in which the

ratio is computed
Column with low s r i.e
relatively short

column falls by crushing instead of
buckling wheareas column with high

SR fails by buckling large lateral

deflection

a
D b

Since Inn

Iyy
Xanies is considered as

major anies and y anies

t is minor anies

I SR Leff

1 Lateral Dimension

Xu Leffn by Leffy

D b

for Leffn Leff

y Leff

Aman by Leff

b
A type of column

man

Pedestal

Mn3 2 Short column

712 Long column

Calculation of Effective length Leff

It is the distance between point

of

contraf tenure or point of zero moment

It can also be termed as length of the

column that effectively participates in

buckling

Leff Kl

k Effective length ratio

I unsupported length
length is clear distance between

Unsupported
omg

floor and underside of the shallower

themm

beam framing into the column in each

direction at the next higher level

In unsupported
length when

considered about

n ans

ly unsupported length when considered

about anies

In
y

Mancini luz

The effective length of column be

determined
may

Degree of end Represen TheorticalRecomm

restrained of talion ended

Leff

compression

Leff

member

1 Effectively held

i

in position and my 0.51 0.651

restrained
1
against rotation

at both the end

as
Effectively held

in position at
both the ends 0.71

0.81
and restrained

against rotation

at one end

3Effectively held

in position at
both the ends left

L L

but not restrain

against rotation.ir

it
4 Effectively held

in position and

restrained atone L 1.2L
end at other

restrained again

strotation but i

not held in

position 1

Effectively held

in position and

restrained again I I

strotation at

one end partially 1 se

restrained again

strotation but

not held in positions

6
Effectively held

in position at
I
one end but not

2L 2L

restrained
against 00

og

rotation and

at the other end

oiiii

restrained
against

rotation but

not held in position no

7 Effectively

held in position

and restrained
against rotation

21 2L

atone end but

not held in post

tionnor restrained

against rotation

at other end

NOTE l When the relative transverse

displacement

between the upper and lower

end of the column is prevented the frame

is said to be balanced against side

sway
2
Generally buildings with shear wall

Mason walls lateral bracing are

any
considered as braced frames

3 When the relative transverse displacement

between the upper and lower end of

column is not prevented the frame is

said to be unbraced against side sway

NOTE Leff may also be different about diff

anies as it unsupported can also be diff

about diff anies

Question Calculate the

Leff for an

electric pole carrying

wire in one direction

at top and embedded

in large size foundation at bottom

Answer

Codal Provision

1 Man permissible length

Laterally restrained at ends

Lunsupported 60 b
Laterally not restrained at ends

a

100 b 2

Lunsupported

It is ensured to avoid bulking failure

2 Minimum Eccentricity
Eccentricity not arising out of structural

analysis calculation but due to following

may act over the column

reasons

a lateral load not considered in design

b Live load placement not considered in

design

c Accidental lateral Eccentric loads

d Error in construction misalignment

e Slenderness effect under estimated in

design

too unsupported yo
in

en m

man 20 mm

418

eymin too Bo

man strip
20 mm
NOTE for non
rectangular and non circular

Cls

em in man

To

20 M M

Le is the eff length of column in the

plan considered

3 Longitudinal Rif

Cls area of longitudinal Rif shell not be

lessthan 0.59 and more than 67 of gross

cross section area

The men r If is provided to take care of

creep effect and unsupported loading

the column has larger Cls area than

Ifthat

required to support the load the

mind of r If shall be based on 4s

area required to resist the load and not

based on actual area provided
Min no of
longitudinal bans provided in a

column is a in rectangular column and

6 in circular column or column with

spiral Rif

for non rectangular as we need to provide

at least e r If bar at each corner

8 o o O

O O

Longitudinal bar shell not be less than

12mm in dia to avoid the buckling of

longitudinal RIF
Spacing of longitudinal Rif bar measured

along the periphery of the column shell

not exceed 300 mm

300 mm

O g O

O O n

O o
300 mm

In ME Mein which longitudinal

case of pedestal

Rif is not taken into account in strength

calculation nominal R If not less than 0.159

shall be
of the cross section area ME BEprovided

Pedestal is provided to increase the length

available for developing stress in column Rif

Decrease the shear force and BM in the

fooling

mm me at 12

my

ME

at

my

4 Cover to main R If

Min clear cover of 40mm on bar dia which
greater is provided

ever is
However the cover can be reduced to 25mm

Madu

in small size column D E 200 mm and Rl f

bas do not exceed 12 mm

5 Transverse RIP
General all longitudinal Rif in

a
compression

member must be enclosed within

transverse Rif compressing either lateral

ties with internal angle not exceeding

135You spirals

O O
Fis

o 0

This is required as

a It is required to prevent premature

bucking of bars

b To confine the ut to the core thus
improving

ductility and strength

MMM

c To hold the

longitudinal bar in position

during construction

d To provide resistance against shear and

torsion

They should provide adequate lateral
support to each longitudinal ban thereby

prevent their outward moment

The dia of the bar is governed

by the

requirement of stiffness rather than

strength and so is independent of grade

of steel

The pitch Ck spacing along the

longitudinal

anies of column of the ties should

be small enough to reduce adequately

unsupported length of each column

longitudinal bar

lot o long man

6mm

Pls E D least lateral dimension

160 long min

300 mm

Arrangement of Transverse R If

If the longitudinal ban are not spaced

1
at more than 75mm on either side

transverse r If need only to go around

the corners and alternate bars to provide

effective lateral support

21 Ifthe longitudinal bar are spaced at a

distance more than 75 mm and

longitudinal

bar effectively tied in two direction
are spaced at a distance not more than

48 times the dia of lateral ties 4801 t1 then

the additional longitudinal bar in between

these bar can be tied in one direction by

open ties

3 If the above two criteria are not satisfied

then provided at least two side support to

each longitudinal ban through closed tie

Spiral Helical Rif

6
ductile and

Rif column are more

spirally
its load
carrying capacity is 59 higher

than column with lateral ties

Cat of r f column is
subjected to
spirally

trianial compression

A column is considered as spirally Rif if
following condition is satisfied

Volume of spiral RIF Ag

Volume of core pitch fye

pea
Ag Gross area of column

Ac Area of core

Dc D 2 dear cover

D

Ag F

Ac De

P a Dc Os

Volume of spiral

TO s X h Dc Os
ME

Volume of core
per pitch

DE P
g

man

long
many

me as 6 mm
spacing Emin
7

or P

spacing P 7 man 25 mm
30 S

Designing of Column

11 Assumption 1 5
of limit state of collapse
of f tenure are applicable for compressionI

member also

2 for anially loaded column man com pre

ssive strain in all fibres is limited to 0.002

for column subjected to anial load with

bending and entire section is under
compression man strain in cct is limited

to 0.0035 0.75 X compression strain of least

compressed fiber

mm
n

0.002
I

section

strain dia

un

Designing of concentrically Loaded

short column Pu
f

un

O O

i i x
o o

O O

i y

mama

a

mm 0.002
i

E u

Pu Pet Ps

Pu Ultimate load carrying capacity of

column

Pc load to be carried by act

Ps load to be carried by steel

Pu Fc Act FSCASC

Pu Fe Ag Asc Fsc Asc

Pu fi Ag Asc
was Fsc Fc
At strain E 0 002

Fe 0 45 Fck

Fsc 0 87 Fy Fe 250

Fsc 0.79 Fy 415

Pu 0 45 Fen Ag 0.75 Fy O 45 Fk Asc

for spiral R If

Pu 1.05 0.045 FckAg 0.75 Fy 0.45Fck

Asc

Question A Rec short column of size 950 x

450mm is reinforced with 4 200 of

Fe 915 Calculate concentric working

load carrying capacity of column by

ignoring reduction of act area due to

presence of steel M 20

Answer Put 0.45 FckAg 0.75 Fy 0.45 fac Asc

0.45 X 20 X 450 450 0.75 X 415
2072

0.45 X 20 4 X

Pu 2202 K N

P Pyo Pug 1468 KN

22,92

I at ofanially loaded short

Designing
column

Load carrying capacity of anially
MS loaded

column is obtained by reducing load

earring capacity of concentrically

loaded columnMD 109 to account

byloaded within 54
approx

for eccentricity of of

lateral dimension

Pu 0 4 fck Act 0 67 Fy Asc

Pu 0.4 Fck Ag O 67 Fy 0.4 Fck Asc

for spiral RIF Pu

1 05 Pu

Question Design Rec column of size 450

a
X 600 mm for anial load

of 2000

UN under service load condition

unsupported length of column is 3m Use

M 20 and Fe 415

600 mm

ne

Answer L 30

450

M 20 Fe 415

Service loading 2000 UN

Let column be braced column

Leff L 3m r

X Leff 3000

y 450

Least lateral dimension

6 67 L 12mummy
Muhammad

Xu Leff
3000 5 412

600

Hence the column is short column

em min 26mm

too Boo 3888 698

Man

20

em min 26 mm 0.05 D 0.05 600 30 mm

450

ey min ly 40 3888 30

many 21 m

20 M

5
Ey min 20mm 225

0 05 b 0.05 X 450 22

Hence column can be design as short anially

loaded column

Pu 0.4 FckAy O 67 Fy 0.45 Fck Asc

2000 X 1.5 103 0.4 20 600 450 Asc 0.67

X 415 Asc

Asc 3110 53 mm

Asc 0.8 Ag 968 600 450

2160
Provide 4 25mmol and

4 20mm 0

Asc 3220
Asc man 69 Ag X 450 60
F 16200mm

Asc min Asc Provided Asc

Lateral lies 0 t 4 0 long man 2,5

6 25mm

6mm

Provides ties of 8mm

Spacing s t least lateral dimension 450mm

160 min 16 20 320 mm

300 mm

Provide 8mm dia lateral ties at 300mm Clc

25 ex 450 2 40 8
252 3 29 mm

Sc n 164 5 mm 300

48 0 t 48 X 8 384 mm 2 Sen

2 Sc 600 2 40 8 225 479 mm

y

Sc 239 5 mm 300 mm

480 t 48 8 384 2 2
Scy

Question Design column of length 3.5
a RCC

m an ultimate load of 1750

carrying
UN Use M 20 and Fe415 Design a tied

column

Answer Assume column to be braced

Leff L

Leff 3 5 m

Assuming the column to be off square section

section is consider to be rectangular

NOTE
If

in that case 1 3
By

12 D 292 mm
Leff

for anially loaded column

em in 3.5 103
too 33 34

500

many

20 mm

a 3 5 X 103 I 0 05 X D E 5 Mo D
3

500

D 3 4 20 m

b 20 I 0 05 D D 7 4 00

NOTE Minimum
size of anially loaded

square column 400mm

Provide a square column of size 420 420 m

Pu 0 4 fu Act O 67 Fy Asc

1750 103 0.4 X 20 X 420 X 420 As c t 0.67

X 415 X Asc

Asc 1254 mm

As cm in X 4202 1411 2

0,882 0,88

NOTE Pu 0.4 Fck Act O 67
FyAsc

dy 420 2140 8 126

dy 308 m m

154 mm 2300 mm
dy

3028

480 48 X 8 364 mm

Oy 48 t

Design off for a spiral column

Question
500 mm dia subjected to 1500
of

un
of factored load The unsupported
length of the column is 3.4 m and it is

braced against side sway Take M 25

and Fe 450

Answer

Leff 3 4m

6 8 412 Hence short

Left

3,80

column

em in 3 4 X 103 500
many got

Bo 500 30

23 4

1 20 mm

em in 23 4 mm

0 05 X 500 25

em in 25 mm Hence column is
anally

loaded

Pu 1 05 0 4fu Act 0 67 Fy Asc

1500 103 0510.4 X 25 X 5002 As c

it
1
F

0.67 X 415 Asc

1428571 429 19634 10 A set 0.67 415 Asc

Asc 1995 6mm
2500 103 1.05 20 4 X 25 X 5002 Asc

0.67 415 Asc f

2

Asc 1557 38 mm

Asc min 0.89 Ag x a X

9.8

50,02 1m55

Provide 8 0 bars Asc
16 mm 1608 man
Design ofspiral Rif

0s 4 0 long

man 4 mm

18

6m 6mm

P H Doc 500 2 40 70 mm

75mm
P 30s
f

3 8 24 mm

25 mm

Provide 8mm spiral at pitch in between

25 70 mm

for column to be spiral r If

volume spiral if 0.36 I
Age
Ffg

Volume of core

T X8 X N 420 6
I 50012

4 an ax

7 0.36 2

420 xp 1420

X
at

P E 52 mm

Provide spiral r f of 8mm dia at 50mm

Short column subjected to anial load

with unianial Mmoment M

mu Pu

when

ev Mu

Pu 1

I

t

ly

Step 1 Load carrying capacity of section

means man applied load must be

equal to resistance of section

Pu Pur Mu MUR eu EUR

Step 2 To calculate Pur and err failure

criteria should be known

15456 provide failure criteria for column

subjected to anial load with unianial

moment as given below also mentioned

in Assumption no 3

D O I
D
nty

go

OAOB DEOL

O 0 AO OC

AB EC

X Y

O O 0.002 0.0035 0.002

N

n
Gy

0.092

A go

Pigot
point from 1
and

E y Z

Bre D
se D
If

n n

for different values of E different strain
profiles are observed thus it is possible

that the column fails with multiple load

combination of Pu and Mu
Step 3 Resistance of sections corresponding

to failure profile is calculated as follows

Xu E Esci and tsz stress block di a

Ascq Fsu Mur e Purget

from here it can be concluded that different
position of Xu represents different load

carrying capacity of section Pu Mu

In the above sequence Pu and Mu cannot

be represented in terms of Xu bause Fsc
and Esc are not interrelated by

any

mathematical function

Pu Mu f Xu

because fsc f Esc

Step 9 To overcome above problems

capacity

of section Pur Mur is calculated

corresponding to different positions of

NA and these values are represented

in the form of curve graph termed as

interaction curve

To draw the previous interaction curve

data required is

1 Grade of Cct

2 Grade of steel

3 Section
size b and D
4 Shape of section
rectangular and

circular

5 d ratio

6
Arrangement of Rif

7 Area of longitudinal steel 89 of

longitudinal steel l t 4 of longitudinal

steel is change then similar interaction

curves are obtained
Step 5 Above interaction

diagram can
limited load combination of Pu

carry

and Mu

Since load combination could be infinite

sodimensionless interaction diagram is

plotted to cater infinite load combination

NOTE Any load combination with

falling

in interaction curve is s f e too the

section

To draw dimensionless interaction curve

following parameters are required

1 Grade of steel

of section

2 Shape

3 ratio
d

4 Arrangement of RIF

5 M of reinforcement

Interaction curve SP 16

v
r

Rectangular circular

2 face 4 face

N N r

Fe 250 Fe 415 f e 500

0 05 0 1 0 15 0.2

The point i'corresponding to condition of

anial load with e o concentric loading

and Mu 0

for this case of Pure anial loading

Pu 0.45 Fck Act 0 75 Fy Asc

The point 2 corresponding to condition

anial loading with min eccentricity

emin 57 lateral dimension

Pu 0.4 fu Act 0 67 Fy Asc

The point 3 corresponding a general case

with NA outside the section e ed Xu D

The point 4 corresponding to the

condition where e e i.e Xu D

for e c e p the entire section would in

with 0.0022 Ez

compression and Xu D

0 0035 3u

for ed section would be in compression

e

of one side and in tension at other side

Xu E D

0.002 0 87
FyEs
Point corresponding to the balanced

failure condition with e ab and Xu Xulimit

The design str values for this balanced
failure condition are denoted as Pub and

Mub

for Puc Pub Ce eb the mode of failure is

called tension failure

The outermost longitudinal bars in the

tension side of the neutral anies first

undergo yielding and successive inner

rows on the tension side of the neutral

also yield in tension increase in

anies

strain
may

Eventually collapse occurs when the concrete

at highly compressed edge gets crushed

Pu the mode failure
Ifis termed as
Pub i e e c eb

compression failure

tension side does

Hence
yielding of steel in man

not takes place and failure occurs at

the ultimate limit state by crushing
ID of

act at highly compressed edge

The compression Rif or not yield

may may
depending on the grade of steel and it

prominantely to the highly compressed

edge

Point 7 corresponding to pure bending

case e a Pu o The resulting ultimate
resistance is denoted by Mu

moment of
and the corresponding neutral anies depth

takes an a min value i e Xu Xu limit

This case is same as that of doubly R If

section

of Anially loaded column with

Design

cranial moment
Step 1 Calculate design anial load and uni

ani al moment Pu and Mu

Step 2 Assume any suitable L D ratio
dj

arrangement of Rif fck and fy Mu

is provided

Step 3 Calculate Pu and

Fck b b
Fck bd

step 4 Select suitable interaction chart from

SP 16 corresponding to shape of section

arrangement of RIA grade of steel and
ratio
g

Take value of ptg from selected interaction

Mu

chart corresponding to flip and Fck b d

NOTE If not able to find any suitable point

on interaction chart then revise data in

step 2

Step 5 Calculate area of longitudinal Rif

from Pt

FCK

Step 6 Compute no of bars by assuming

suitable size

Step 7 Provide transverse RIF

Question Design the RIF of RCC short column

of section size 400 x 600mm It is

subjected to factored anial load of
1400 UN and moment
of 280 un m about

anies M 20 Fe 415 effective cover

major

is Gomm

Answer Step 1 Pu 1400

kN Mu 280 un m

step 2 b 400 mm D 600 mm

0 1

880

Assume RIF on all face fac 20

fy 415
Step 3 Pu 1400 103

0 29

FCK LD 20 X 400 600

Mu 280 X 10 6 0 1

FCKX D2 20 X 400 6002

Step 4 Use code sp 16

Rectangular 4 face Fe 413 11 0.1

and from chant no 44

0 06
It

Step 5 Pt O 06 X fck 0.06 20 1.24

X 100 1 2

Asg

As c 0.012 X 400 600 2880 Mm

Provide 8 22mm 0 bars Asc 3041mm

Asc min 87

Asc man 64 Ay 80 X 900 X 600 14400mm

As cm in Asc req Ascprovided

Asc man
Step 6 Provide transverse Rif

man 5 5 mm

long 2,2

max 6mm

dimension noo mm

of 160thateral
long min
16 22 352 mm

Provide 8mm 0 at 300mm Cle

Short column subjected to anial load

with bianial moment

The interaction diameter

or bianial bending is a en i

3D Point t
s
for circular column biania

i ey

bending simp lies into a
case of unianial

bending due to symmetry

about any anies

But for non symmetrical column like

rectangular cross section the NA is

not to resultant anies

parallel

generally
of bending and is determined by hit and

trail method

The column subjected to anial compression

and bianial bending be designed

by
may

following anequation

Mun Muy I l

MUNI MUY l

Mun and Muy are moment about X and

Y anies due to design load

Mun and Muy man unianial moment
capacity for an anial load of Pu bending

about X and Y an's resp

an is constant related to Pa as follows

r s

If Pp 0 2 0 8 values of an varies

1 2
linearly from

If Pa 0 2 Xx n I and Ppu 7 0 8

an 0 2

i t

t t

Long Slender column

Long column are also designed as short

column with some conditional moment

to account for slenderness of column

Due to slenderness member be

may
subjected to additional moment Pve

Is 456 provides standard

expression

for this additional

n moment t

e
man gyp Leff n

eL s p

z

2000 Lefty

shortinimiisubjected

Now this column is designed

spacings

as

tie ie pitch Manganates main bar to Pr

Mnt Mun My Muy

foundation

foundation is

a structural element below
ground level that transverse the load

of
superstructure to the soil

safely

foundation can be classified as follows

foundation

Shallow Deep
Isolated

Well

Combined Pile

strap

strip

Raft IM at

Description of different typeAt of footing
1 Isolated footing

If one footing is for one

column wall than it is termed as

isolated footing It be square

may
circular in plan and of

rectangular
uniform thickness stepped or sloped in

elevation

tht

2 Combined footing

It is provided in following two cases
If column are closely spaced and their

isolated footing are overlapping then

combined footing is preferable

P I Pa P Pz

IgD2

EyDE

placed at land boundary

2
If column are

than it its isolated footing is combined

with isolated footing at other column to

get desired pressure distribution for

economical design

NOTE for uniform pressure on soil below

footing resultant of all loads must

pass through ca of plan area of footing

CG

of footing

Ca of

t EE E
t

Mfing

YT

Pitch P

NOTE If P Pa Ex P Pa

If sad
two unequally

É É

loaded columns are
supported by a footing

and length of footing is

restricted then trapezoidal

footing is provided for uniform pressure

distribution

3 Strip footing

L 5B

Provided to take care

of different

settlement

4 Strap footing

MM

DEETNAMESEEAE

oh

It controls the differental settlement by

making the two footing as a single unit and

If

distributes the BM

x
pfAfMM beam

Generally strap is not design to

transfer any vertical load directly to the

soil

5 Raft footing

when the load is very heavy and the

bearing

capacity is less we provide raft footing

or mate footing

Generally when the plan of isolated

area

footing or combined footing excess 704 of

plan area of building we provide raft
footing

In case of raft differential settlement is

less

Criteria for design

1 Depth of footing
All foundation should be located a

minimum depth of 0.5m below thee

ground

surface

The depth isprimarily governed by

availability of bearing capacity

minimum seasonal variation like
swelling and shrinkage of soil

for a preliminary estimate minimum

depth of foundation is given by Rankin es

formula I s in 0
2
Df

G I 0 sin

q gross safe bearing capacity

ataman

unit weight soil 0.75 X 415

r
of
Fx5dyytftpoxyso
450 t

O angle of internal
X Ily X 4 X 202
friction

2 Minimum AMANN
Clear cover of
to all MAMAp

50mm is provided622031

r If in foundation

X 50 mm
x e x

3 Minimum Thickness

Thickness at edge of footing is 150 mm for

footing of soil and 300mm footing on pile

to ensure rigidity of footing

4 Critical Section of bending
Critical Section for bending for isolated

concrete footing which supports column

pedestal or wall shell be
a At the face

of column pedestral on wall

for footing supporting concrete column

at wall on at pedestal
b Half
way between the centre line and

edge of wall for footing supporting

ma
smoggy wall

ya g

of

t Column pedestal wall

T T T t t t t at

5 Critical section
for shear

In case of footing shear govern the thick

ness of footing

The type of shear considered are one

way and two way shear Punching shear

a At a distance d from the face of
column when the footing

wall or

supported on soil

b At a distance of from the face of wall

column if footing is on pile

or

Critical section for shear due to

compression

confinement

Zu nominal shear stress

m in one shear
way

condition

Zu WB d
g

Bd

T T T TT É Tt

DIE B

e

L
s

Two shear or punching shear shall

way
be checked around the column on a

perimeter half the effective depth of

footing slab away from the face of

column

Zu two

way

WILB at d Dtd

2 at d bt d Id

Two
way shear

capacity Ks Ze
0 25 Fck

Zc

Ks 5 P

Go I

min

p shorter dimensionsat

column

Longer dimension of C

for the purpose of calculating stresses in

footing which support a circular or

octagonal at column or pedestal the face

of column or pedestal shell be taken as

the side of square inscribed within the

perimeter of circular octagonal column

or or

pedestal

6 Bond

critical section for checking development
length of R If in the footing is at the face

of the column and pedestral or Rec wall

7 Tensile R f

Tensile RIF is provided

in the footing slab

similar to that of

solid slab

In one bending
waymain

condition RI f

is provided in the

direction of bending

and nominal Rif is provided in the transverse

direction for differential settlement creep

and shrinkage

In Rif footing slab ref is

distributed

one

way the full length

uniformally across

of the footing as in case of wall footing

and in the transverse direction

distribution Rif is provided

In case of two
way RIF

square footing slab

If extended in each

direction shell be

distributed uniform

ally

across the full length

and width of the footing

n a

dad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O

NOTE Consider d for calculation of Ast

M O 87 Fy Ast d O 42 Xu

In two Rif rectangular footing slab

way

RIF in the longer direction is distributed

uniformally across the full width and

in the shorter direction total length is

divided into central band of width B

and edge band

RI f in central bond is given as
Ast short 2

13 I

longer dimension of footing

13

shorter dimension of footing

Ast short RIF along the width

Ast in remaining two edge strip Ast short

Ast S
p't I

8Transfer of load at the base of column

Permissible
bearing of act in following is

given by
Fck

Gbr 0.45 4 2
I Ai

Ah

A Man supporting area

of footing
geometrically

similar and concentric

with loaded area

footing

Al

Column Az

In case of stopped sloped footing the

on

area A shall be taken as below

All forces and moments acting at the base
of the column must be transferred to the

pedestal to the footing

Compression forces in cct are transferred

through direct bearing while tension
forces are through developed Rif

The permissible bearing stresses on full

area of cct shall be taken as rb 0.45

Fck

At the junction of column and footing in

the column side the permissible bearing

stress is taken as 0.45 Fck as A Az

the permissible beaning stress in cct

Ifeither MAKin column onM in the

M
footing is

exceeded extra R If iMA to resist

provided MY

the additional forces

The additional Rif is either in the form
of long Rif of column on additional

dowel bars

Dowel bars be provided either

alone

or
may
in combination with the longitudinal

bar of column

Sufficient development length shall be

available for transferring the additional

load both above and below the junction
of column and footing

If pedestal is provided then sufficient

development length shall be available

beyond the junction of column and

pedestal

Stress nature Ld

0.87 Fy Tension 470

0 87 Fy Comp 0.8 X 47 0

0 67 Comp O 8 X 47 0 0.67 Fy

Fy 0 87
Fy

28 9

Mr

Minimum area of longitude D deal

a coven

n at rl for dowel Ld Om Ot

Combination
ME
of A Junction
column bake and m Df Ld i Amd Mor

a Mubarak
o o o o o t o o o

dowels shall be 0.57

of supported column on pedestal

Minimum of 4 bars shall be provided

column ban and do well

The dowel ban dia shall not exceed the

dia of column by more than 3mm

Column bare of dia greater than 36mm in
compression can only be dowelled with

bare of smaller dia with equivalent

area the dowel shall extend into the

column at a distanced equal to the

development

of column bar and into the

footing a distance equal to

development

An of
length dowel ban M

9 Plain concrete footing
Ma

When the column is lightly loaded without

any ban in tension and

the base are of
footing is relatively eur

low something plain

be provided
footing can Afg Pur
of

age

Also bearing stress criteria shall satisfy

at the column and footing junction

tan 4 7 0 9 100 9 a t I

i fck
ga bearing pressure in soil under

service load

wwware

Design steps of rectangular isolated

footing of inform thickness subjected to

anial load
Step 1 Take working load

Step 2 Take safe bearing capacity SBC

of soil

Step 3 Take self weight of footing and

backfill as 109 oft anial working

load based on experienced

Pt

NOTE When gross SBC Pt is given increase

service load pt
of column by 109 and

when net SBC is given increase service

load by 57 to calculate footing area PurEur

Mur

NOTE To calculate the footing area

consider the service load in column
but to design the structural component

like footing thickness r If consider factored

load

Step 4 Calculate Plan area req for footing

Area P t o ip

SBC

step 5Provide dimension of footing in
such a way that overhang on both

sides of column should be approx equal

Aprovided 3 Arequired
Step 6 Calculate factored net upward

pressure

W 1 5 Wnet 1 5 P

A provided

section i e find

Step 7 Design for one

way

the thickness d required to prevent the

one shear failure

way
NOTE For preliminary design consider K l

and P 0 15 0 34 0 29 for

calculation of 2C

Step 8 Design for punching two way shear
NOTE If footing
fail in punching shear

then depth is sufficiently increased

and only this step is repeated

Step 9 Design for bending

Step 10 Check for bond

step 11 Check for transfer of load from

column to footing

Question Design a isolated square footing

for column of size 450mm x 450 mm

reinforced with 8 no of 23mm dia bars

and carrying a service load of 2300 kN

The gross bearing capacity of soff is 300

un m at a depth of 1.5 m below the

ground surface M 20 Fe415 for footing and

M25 Fe 415 for column Also check the load

transitor at the junction of column and

footing
tbd

Answer Step 1 P 2300 KN

step 2 Cross SBC m
Step 3 Load 2300 300411mi

1.1 450mmx

column
2530 KN
M 25 fed's

8 250

Step 4 Area I I p

Gross SBC

M 20 Fe415

1 I X 2300

300

Area 8.43 m

Step 5 Provide square footing BE 8.43 m2

B 2.9m

Consider size of square footing as 3m x 3m

Step 6 Net upward Pressure 2300 1.5

3 3

383.33 UN m

Step 7 Design for

shear shear

one
way for no

failure E

Zu U Ze

Assume Pt 0.24 M 20 7 20 0.32 N m2

Assuming overall thickness greater than 300mm

K l
6

Zu 383.33 3 103 X 1275 d x 103 10

3 103 x d

0.38311275 d I 1 0.32

d 7695mm

3000mm

Step 8 Check for two way

shear Ed
y
p

Zutwoway 450mm

383.33530002 30m08

450 0

4 450 d xd

Permissible two shear

way
St P

ks min 0.5
9

0.5 450 1.5 Ks L

450

2 0.25 0.25520 1.12 N m

Ks Ze 1.12N m

383.33130002 450 0

I 1.12

41450 d d

d 7624.64mm D 7000 50 202 20

Provided too mm

D 780

Step 9 Calculation of Rif Bm at critical

section

383 33 X 3 X 1.2752

2 mm

450mme

934 kN M
2
d

Mu him 0 138 Fab 1275mm

O 138 X 20 3 X 103

X 7002 10 6
pI

4057 2 kN

t t t t

Mu Mu limit
L e 13808 s

Ast 0.5 Fck bd I I 4.6 Mu

Fy Fck b d

2

Ast 3847.66mm

Pt Agt X 100 3847 66 0 1834

700 X 3000

The Rif required is less than that assumed for

calculation of Zc and to take the thickness of

slab as 700mm steel provided would be 0.29
Ast 0.2 bd 0 2 3 103 4200 mm 2

100 100

Assume 0 200 mm Ast T

2,012

No of bars

14m

3000 2 50 2 20

Spacing 2

221 MM

spacing I 3d 2100mm

min 300

3809mm
Step 10 check for

bond 288

Ld 470 47 20 mm I
I

940 mm I

Ld I 1275mm
Step 11 check for load

transfer at junctions

ofcolumn and footing

Load to be transfer from m

column to footing

2300 1 5 3450 kN 275mm

Permissible beaning in

at 0.45 fac

Th e
Ld I Ld

O 45 Fck 0.45 X 25

11 25 N mm

Permissible bearing in cct on footing side

O 45 X 20 30002

4502

0.45 20 X 2 18 N m2

for forcetransfer the governing side is column

side man load that can be transferred

11 25 4502 10

through bearing

2278 K N

Additional load that leads to be transfer

through development length

3950 2278 1172 UN

Id available d
Oy

700 220 690 mm

To transfer 0.6 Fy in comp Ld req

47 0 X 0 8 X 0 67 Fy
0 87

Fy

47 25 0 8 X 0 67 415

0.87 415

724 mm

Stress that can be developed in 690mm length

O 67 Fy X 690 0 64

72 4
Fy

0 64 X 415

265 N mm

Load that can be transferred in 8 no of

column bans 8 X 2512 265

1040 65 K N

force that needs to be transferred through

additional dowel bars 1172 1040 65

Bf 131 K N

Provides 2 no of 25mm dia additional dowel

Total bars 8 2 10 4

Load that can be transferred into additional

dowel bars 1040 55 2 260 kN

Percentage of r IF 10 x

2512

4502

2 4 2 70 5 9

Design of combined footing

The Plan dimensions of the two column

may be selected to satisfy

combined footing

following two requirement

1 Base area of footing A Total service load

ga

2 The line of action of resultant of the column

load must pass through CG of the following

The footing
may be rectangular on

trapezoidal

in shape depending on relative
magnitude of loads on the two column

which the footing supports
When the enterica column which has

limitation

for space for an independent isolated

footing carriers lighter load x a

trapezoidal footing

rectangular footing on a

with reduced width under the entenion

column is provided

On the other hand when enteron column

carries heavier load x Sz then

wider end of the trapezoidal footing

should be located under the interior

column

In case of rectangular footing the

requirement

of resultant of force passing

through ca of loaded area results in the

length of footing L equals to 1 2 Eta

here edge distance ca be fined

may

with reference to property line

Load Transfer Mechanism

As in the case of isolated footings the

factored net soil pressure q is computed

as the resultant

factored load divide by

base area provided and the pressure is

assumed to be uniformly distributed

The base slab
of the combined footing is

subjected to two way bending and one

as well as 2
way shear

way

In general the width of the footing is much

less than the length with result that

flexural behaviour is predominantly one

way

for the purpose of design a simplified

load transfer mechanism be assumed

may

as follows

1 In this footing is treated a uniformly

loaded wide longitudinal beam of width

B supported two column strips which

inturn act as transverse beam cantilever

from the column

The width
of each column strip may be
taken
approx as width of column plus

0.75 d on either side of column

The thickness of footing is generally
governed by shear consideration

The distribution of longitudinal shear

force and BM may be easily determined by

treating the footing slab as being simply

supported on two column strips with over
hang beyond each column strip

footing Foundation

footing

footing foundation

footing foundation

footing

footing

footing

The flexural ref in the longitudinal direction
is designed by Bmt at face of column and

BM between column

The flexural r If in transverse direction in

column strip is designed for the BM t at

the section in line with face of the column
considering the column strip as a beam with

uniformly distributed factored load on the

column mmmm

Development length should be satisfied by

flexural R If criteria
The column strip should be checked for one

way shear at a distance equal to effective
depth of transverse r if from the face of

the column

Question Design a combined footing for the

columns C and C2 4 400 X 400mm
4 25 0 dia bars Cz 500mm X 500 mm

g.amman

4 250 bars Supporting anial load 0
oilman

900 KN and 1600 UN resp under service

aLandBoundary

dead and live load The column G is an

anterior column whose enterior face is flush

with the property line The Clc distance

Fi

between C and Cz is 4.5m The allowable
soil pressure at the base Uniform the footing

of Pressure1.5m

Non uniform distribution

below
Pressure distributionlevel is 240 un m2
the ground Assume

Fe415 grade steel in both footing and

of

column and m 30 Mao grade of act in

column and footing resp

Answer Step 1 Total service load P Pa

900 1600 2500 UN

Assuming 10 159 of service load as the wt

of combined footing and backfill

Area P t 0.158 2500 1 0.15

SBC 240

11 98

Step 2 Total factored load 11.96

Pu Pu Pu 2 1.51600 1600

3750 KN Pi P2

for T EMC 0 C G

I P S X R

Pop
1600 1.5

3750 a S

X 2.88

I 2.88m 712 2.25 m

4.2

Provide rectangular footing of size as follow

2 Ita 2 2.88 0.2 6.16 m

B 7 An 11.98 1.95 m

6 16

Provide b 2mm
Step 3 Net factored upward press

Pu

que A provided

3750 2

qu 304 36 kN m

6 16 2

Step 4 Check for shear

A One
way shear Critical section is at a

distance of ed from inside faceof the
column C2

Vu PU 2 qub 1460 0.25 d

1600 X 1 5 304 38 1.710 t d x 2

2400 304 38 1 710 t d x 2

Zu 2400 304 38 X2 1 710 t d x

V3 106 X 103

2 Xd

Assume overall depth D 300mm

K l

NOTE for combined footing 9 of steel

Pt 0 15 0 5 4

Assume Pt 0 37 M 20 Zc 0.48 N mm

for safety in one way shear Z C kZc

2400 304 38 1 710 d X 109 I X 0 48

2 Xd

or
d 7 866 mm

Two
way shear

B
Critical section is at distance d 12 from

face of column

Zu two way 1350 304 4 400 d 400 d 12

21400 ad 400 2
dz d

Ks 5 P 0.5
488
1.5

fo

Ks 1

Ze 0 25 JFK 0 25 X 520 1 118 N Im m

for safety
pen in two shearZu two way KZ

1350 304 4 400 d

way 400 t d 12

I X 1 118

1200 2d d

d 7 402 mm

Zutwo way 2400 304 500 d

4 x 500 d d

Ks I

2c 1 118 N m2

2

2400 304.4 500 d I 1.118

4 500 d d

d 7 806mm

Consider overall D 870 50 20 202

950 mm

Hence assumed value of k was correct

Check q 900 16.00 24 0.95 18 0.55

6 16 X2

235.6 KN M L 240 UN m

9
Step 5 Design of longitudinal Hf

Critical section Bmt is at face of Cz

2 for
quad

B Mt

3 2

304.4 2 1460 250 X 10

445.67 UN m

Aset 0.5 fabd I I 4.6 X Bmt

Fy for bd

t
Ast

1445 5mm

Ast min 0 X 2 103 950 2280

AstC Astmin Hence Astmin

provide
2
Assume 0 16 Ast I6 201 06
9

No of bars 2280 12

201 06

200 2 50 2 x 170 CIC

Spacing 162 1

Required development length 470

47 16 752mm

which is available on the side of Cz close

to edge of footing

Now for BM negative

BM ve i man at a point where Sf is zero

Let Sf is zero at distance of X from properly

line

qua Pu O X 2.21 m

Pq 1389

BMC 609 2 2112 1350 2 21 0 2

2 S

I 226 KN M

Ast 4106 mm Astm in 2280

Pt Apt X 100 ME
24184 X 100

0 24 9 L O 54

Ast provided 0 59 me0 15082 X 870 X 103

8700 mm

49 go Kulm 207

Assume 20 mm 0 bar Ast T

314 mm
of bar

No 28

8370,1

2 103 2

Spacing between bars 50 202 X 2

27

70 mm
Provide 28 bars of 20mm 0 at 70 mm Clc

970

Development length required

ME
47 20 940 mm

which is available on either side of critical

section transverse beam under column C

factored load per unit length of beam

13520 675 KN Im

ME

Projection of beam beyond

BE

G 2000 400 800

800mm

Bmt at the jdk column

face of 2m
82

675 0 216 UN m

Width of transverse beam at 0.7a5

at 0.75 d

400 Assumed dia

0.751870 162
1621

of R

1040.5 mm

Ast 0.5
fab d 1 4.6 216 106
20 1040 52 6541

Fy

713 mm

Provide Astmin 1040 930

0.18

1186.17 mm

Assume 16 mm 0 bars Ast 1 200 mm

7,162

No of bar 1186 17 6

200

Spacing of bars

1040.5 50 162 2

Provide 6 no
of 16mmol bar at 190mm Cle

194.9

Required development length 470

47 16 752mm

which is nearly equal to available length

Transverse beam under column

Cz

factored load per unit length

24020 1200

Projection beyond column force a Id

20002
500 0.75 m

BM 1200 X 0.752 337 5 kN m

Width of beam 500 1.5 854 1781 mm

Ast 441 21 mm
2
Astmin 0 12 BD 2030 mm

Assume 16mm of bars Ast 200 mm

No of bays 20238 11

Spacing 170mm

Ld req 470 752 mm Ld available 750 50

Provide end anchorage by 90 bend for both

the beams no check is required for shear as
critical section is out of footing

Transfer of load at column bar

a Column C

Limiting bearing stress 0.45 fck Al

Az

At column face 0.45 fck 0 45 X 30 13 5

A A N mm

z

At footing face 0 45 fck 0.45 20

9 N mm 2

A A 2 400 mm 2
Limiting bearing stress 9 NI mm

Load that can be resisted 9 4002 10

1440 IN

Hence full load is resisted by act itself

b Column C2

At column face 0.45 Fck 13 5 N mm

At footing face 0.45 is

fact

3 2 500 1210

A 1750 750 500 x 10

A2 0 52 7505

9 7 20
2

0 Mm th

imma

At footing 0.45
fck X

18 N mm
O 45 X 20 X 2

Limiting bearing stress 13.5 N Im

Load that can be resisted 13.5 5002 10 3

3375 KN 72400 KN

Beam Slab Combined footing

In case of relatively large footing providing

a
uniform large thickness for the entire

footing results in uneconomical design

In suchedgestrip it
case be economical
more edge
cghatrate to

may strip
develop I design a beam slab footing in

which the footing consists of a base slab

stiffened byspan

means
of central longitudinal

beam interconnecting the column

span

Designing

The base slab behaves like one slab

beams and
way
bends

supported by the trans
ly under the uniform soil pressure acting

vers

below it an

The load transfer from slab are resisted

by
longitudinal beam

The size of beam is

generally governed by

one
way shear at a distance of d from
face of column or pedestal

for effective load transfer the width of the beam

should be equal to the column on ped es trial

The base slab may be tappered if the span

width is large for economy
The thickness of slab be checked for one

way

shear at a distance d from the face of

beam

Question A combined footing is to be provided

for twoat column

size 300 300 mm

spaced 3m cranial load on each of
the column is 350 kN The width of footing

is fined at 1.4

A foundation beam 800mm is

of 400 mm x

provided along the length

Design the foundation slab using M25 Fe 500

Assume the thickness of slab varies from

250 mm 150 mm Also show the Rif detail in

cross section of footing slab Use limit

state of design
Bearing capacity of soil is 100

un Im

Answer Load on each column P P2 350 KN

Assume self wt of footing and back fill to

be 159 of total column load

Area Pt 0.5 P 350 X 2X 1 15 8 05

req S BC 100

8 5.75m

Length required 45

for uniform
pressure distribution below the

footing resultant of load must pass from CG
of footing

I 2 1 375 m
I

5.725 32

Step 2 Net factored upward Pr

350 X 2X 1 5

8 05

130 4 KN I m

Consider Im width of
footing slab

BM at face of beam Mu

Gu X I X 22

130 43 X 0 52

I 6 3 UN M

Ast 0 5fac bd l I 4.6 Mu

Fy e Fck bd

Here d 250 50
202 190 m

Ast 242.88 m
Astmin 0 12 BD 0 X103 250 300 m
ff

Provide Astmin 300m

Let dia of ban 20mm Ast 741072 78 54mm

No of bars 300

76.54

5.75 50 2
102 X2

Spacing

256 mm

4 5.75 1

Provide 10mm dia bar at 256mm Clc

Also provide same in transverse direction

Step 4 Check for shear

Critical section ii at distance of d from
face of beam 2 0.5 0.19 0.31 m

Vu qu X 14 130.43 X1 X 0.31 40.43 KN
Overall depth at critical section 212mm

d 212 60 152 mm

Zu 40.43 103 266 N mm

Ya

103 X 152

for Pt 0.12 M 25 22 0.37 N mm

Zu Zc

Safe in shear

I 1 25540

at

Tom m

1 0 0 0 O 10 0 0 0

ME ME

ME

BE

j Ok

Be

ME

mm

MBE

1004700

314 mm

12 0.5 0.5

mm

so

no

OK

MME

X 10

i OK

al Z

maguey

B2

mammary

a 7 Faz

es

mi boot

marmmmded

m2

MMM
Mmm

Pu o

AM Mmm

4501

Mmm

my

ME

ME

MEE ME

MEE

MEE

ME MA

Legator

Ca

Da

BB

make

Column C

Limiting bearing stress

0 as fck A
Az

at column face

0 45 fck 0 45 X 30

13 5 N mm
tEBia

at footing face 0.45

fu 0.45 X 20 9N

mm

9 n mm 2

Limiting bearing

stress

Load that can be resisted

9 4002 10 3

1440 UN

Hence full load is resisted by concrete itself

b Column Cz

At footing face
JE

0 45 fac

Al

750 750 500 X 10 372

A2 0 52 Foozizi

I 3 72

fogta

a 0
5xg2ox

I 8D mm

es

Limited bearing stress 13 5 NI mm

Load that can be resisted 13.5 5002 10 3

3375KN 2500W

FRrRFNS__yygyy

KASEY

Pu Puz

maMy 4150

longitudinal section

Plan

Mt

or

ME

me

me Me

made

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

IES

Question no 1 The critical section for two

way shear of footing is at the

a face of the column

b Distance d from the column face

Distance d 12 from the column face

d Distance 2d from the column face

2003

Solution e

for two hear of footing the

ways
critical section is taken at the distance

d 12 the face of column

away from

Cl 31 6 and Cl 34 2 4 15 456 2000

Question no 2 In the case of isolated square

concrete footing match the locations

at which the stress resultants are to be

checked where d is effective depth
of footing

and select the correct answer using the code

given below


Stress Resultant Location

A Bending moment 1 At face of column

B One shear
way 2 at d 12 from face

of column

C Punching shear 3 At d from face of

column

Codes

A B C

a I 2 3

b 3 I 2

C 2 I 3

d I 3 2

2006

solution

Question no 3 Consider the

following

statement

The design depth of the footing for an isolated

column is governed

by
1 Mani mum bending moment

2 Mani mum shear force

3 Punching shear

Which of the above statements are correct

a I and 2
only b I and 3 only

c I 2 and 3 d I and 3 only

2014

Solution d

Analysis of Prestress Concrete Members

Pre stress at is basically act in which

internal stresses of suitable magnitude and

distribution are introduced so that stress

resulting from enternal load are counteracted

to a desire degree
A prestressed act is different from
conventional

Rif cement at due to a application of

initial load on it prior to its use

P P

E É

is s i n in i n

At
t

t l

Max
MD

so É

Rtg

one

IA MI LY B

for ex

Fe 25

ff 10

In final stress diagram stress at top and

bottom of act are within permissible limits

same amount is applied on section with
If out

pre stressing force the stress at

bottom fiber exceeds the permissible limits

It means member is made safe by

pre

stressing

NOTE for concrete internal stresses are

induced due to following reasons

1 tensile strength of act is less and hence

cracks may develop at early stages of

loading in fleur at member such as

beam and slab

It enhanced band shear torsional resistance

of act

In pipes and liquid storage tank the hoop

tensile stresses can be effectively contracted

by prestressing

Types of Prestressing

Prestressing can be classified on the basis

of following

1 Sources of Pre
stressing force

1 Hydraulic Prestressing

This is the simplest type of

pre stressing

producing large pre stressing force

The hydraulic jack used for the tensioning

of tendons comprises of calibrated pressure

gauges which indicate the magnitude of Ps

force

2 Mechanical Prestressing

In this type of prestressing the devices includ

wt with or without lever transmission

gears

pully blocks screw jack etc

It is used for mass scale production

3 Electrical Prestressing
In this type of

prestressing the steel wires

are
electrically heated and anchored
beforeorplacing act in the mouldsThis is also

termed as thermoelectric prestressing

4 Chemical Pre

stressing

In this case expanding cement is used which as

is composed of 75 of portland cement 159

HAC and 104 gypsum

In this case since expansion of the cat is

restrained by high tension wire compressive

stresses are induced in it

This system is also known as Self Prestressing

2
Application of Prestressing force
1 Enter n al Pre

stressing

When the prestressing is achieved by element

located outside the cat it is termed as

external Prestressing

The tendons can lie outside the member or

inside the hollow space of the member in

this case

Cable 1
I

lying out a

side the at my

Hollow amides

2 Internal Prestressing

When the prestressing is achieved by the

element located inside the act memberalby

embedded tendonsI it is termed as internal

prestressing

Most of the application of prestressing are

internal prestressing

3 Direction of Prestressing force

1 Linear Masha
Dir Prestressing

When the prestressed member are straight or

flat in the direction

of prestressing the Ps

is called linear Prestressing

Prestressing of beams piles pole slab

2 Circular Prestressing

When the prestressed member are curved in the

direction of prestressing it is called circular

pre stressing

for ex Pipes tanks etc

4 Extent of Prestressing

1 full Prestressing
When the level of
prestressing is such that no

tensile stress is allowed in act under service

load it is called full Prestressing on I

Type

Prestressing

2 Limited Prestressing

When the level of Pre stressing is such that the

tensile stress under service load is within

the cracking stress of act It is termed as

limited Prestressing Type II Prestressing

3 Partial Prestressing

when the level of stressing is such thatg

pre

Due to service load are

the tensile stresses Dd

within the allowable limit it is termed as

Partial on Type II Prestressing

5
Ma Anis of Prestressing

1 Unianial Prestressing Tendons are parallel

to one an's

2 Bi anial Two au's

3 Multianial More than 2 anies

6 Time
of Prestressing

BBE

1 Pre Tensioning

The tension is applied to the tendons

ma before

the costing of act

The precompression is transmitted from

steel to act in this through bond between

steel and act over the transmission length near

the end

Moulds are kept on the casting bed and

wires are inserted through the moulds

Wires are fined at position and tension from

the ends

Cct is casted in mould and wires are kept in

direct contact with act

At is allowed to getsufficient strength

Now wire are cut at ends of each mould

and prestressing force is transferred to

act by bond action

This method is termed as long line hoyer

method

It is generally used for small repeatitive type

of work

Ex Railway sleepers electric poles

Moulds

Wires

i i i i sp

Casting
Bed

Rigid support

Various stages involved in Pretensioning

1 Anchoring
of tendons
am against the end

support

2 Placing ofjack
Applying tension to the tendons

3
Casting of act

4
5
Cutting of the tendons

Here I no anchoring devices are required but

prestress bed is required and there is

waiting period in this case for prestressed

bed to be reused

This method requires following devices

1 Pre

stressing bed

2 End Abutment

3 Shuttering MouldS

4 Anchoring device

5 Jack

6 Harping device

2 PostTensioning

The tension is applied to the tendons

man
after

the hardening of cat

The pre compressive forces in this case is

transmitted by bearing acting

Ct is casted in desired shape and size with

the duct inside the member at desired

location

Duct may be Pvc or steel as it is flexible so

it can be provided in

any shape

Cct is allowed to get sufficient strength

Now cables are provided in ducts and

tension from the ends

NOTE Cable can be provided either before or

after the concreting

Tensioning u done either from one end on from

both the end

After tensioning cables are anchored by any

Lee Mccall system

Magnet Blato n

suitable mechanism

After anchoring Icables are cut and prestress

ing force is transferred on the member

Remaining space of duct can be filled with

mortar of
very high workability in this

case it is termed as bounded pre stressing

Grout

Duct

we n P

I 1

Cable Tendon

It is suitable for heavy cast in situ members

of bridge griders

The waiting period in this case is compariti

less
rely

Here transfer of prestress is independent of

transmission length It is comparatively

complex and costly than pre tensioning as

it requires anchorage grouting devices

Various systems ofpost tensioning are as

follows

Post Types of Range of Cable Type of

tensioning tendons force duct anchorage

system

Freyssi Wire and Medium Circular Conical

nent strands large

Gifford Wires Small Circular split

Udall medium conical

Lee Bars at Small to Circular Nut and

Mccall
Me endsI it is large bolt action

threaded

Magnet Wires 8 Small to Rectangu wedge

am

Blaton large tar

for prestressing high strength steel and act

is required as

1 In prestressed there are losses on account

of short term effect Ex Elastic shortening

friction loss Anchorage loss and also long

term effect Ex Creep shrinkage relaxation

steel

of

2 Due to all those effects the total loss of

strain in steel is approx 8 10 9 that would

result in loss of stress of 8 10 4 x 2 105

160 N mm

3 Hence conventional steel is used Fe 250

if

Fe 415 Fe 500 man stresses would be loss

4 In this case prestress around 1200 2000

N Imm is requiredin which losses are of

order of 200 NImm 2 High strength

concrete offers high resistance to tension

shear bond and bearing

In case of pre tensioned members tensile

stress in steel of very high magnitude should

be transferred to act as prestressed through

In case of post tensioned members it isbonding

transferred by bearing
High strength at is less liable to shrink and

has high modulus of elasticity and smaller

creep strain as a result loss of prestress in

steel is reduced

a dimension

Use of high strength at result in reduction

of

cross section of prestressed act and hence

also reduced wt of the structure

As per IS 1393 2012 Min grade of cat

Pre tensioning M 40 Post M 30

Advantages of Prestressed
1 Section remains un cracked

of service load

hence durability of steel increases

2 full section of act is utilized

3 Shear resistance increases

4 Improved performance under dynamic and

fatigue loading
High span to depth ratio is possible in this

case
40 45
I

Drawback

1 Prestressing need skilled technology

2 Use
of high strength material is costly
5There is additional cost of equipment

4 Strict
quality control and inspection is

required

Analysis of the Prestress

NOTE Analysis of prestress is done

by us m for

design we can either use wsm or Lsm

Assumption in the analysis of Prestress

1 Cct is assumed to be homogenous and elastic

I
2 for both steel and act hookes law is valid in

working stress range

3 Plane section before bending remains after

bending

4 Stress in Prestressing cables does not change

along the length of the cable

5 Variation of stress in prestressing cable due

to external loading is neglected

Be a Pa

PEI

MM

not

Increase of stress

Change in length of pre stress Zeo

Change in strain 2e o

Change in stress X E
24

NOTE Here analysis

of prestress means
calculation stress in the member

due to
of
combined

effect of prestress
force and external load and also to ensure

that stresses are within the permissible

limit

for analysis of prestress 3 approaches are

available

a Stress concept

b Load balancing concept

c P line c line on thrust line concept

A Stress Concept In this approach based on

stress concept the stress at the external

fibers of the cross section are calculated

due to prestressing force and external

loading

Generally the cable profile placed at some

eccentricity which offers the advantage of

using cable profile at some eccentricity to

reduce to the external moment on to balanceit

Alternatively by using the prestressing cable

at some eccentricityg the amount of pre

stressing force is reduced

we use anial prestressing to counter the

If
tension developeddue to external loading the

magnitude of ani al prestress force required

will be more

NOTE Wire Strand tendon cable

Increasing order of dia

Case I Concentrically placed cable

x
mmmm

mmmm

X xe

It Lt
tf

4Mt

MD ML

f p
t t

x LY
TAKE
b

Iggy
MEYb
2

P Prestressing force

Area of 4s
A
MD Mc Momentdue todead

Stress at top fibre

load and live load

FfIf Pa t
MEY
t t
MEY t I M O I of Us

stress at bottom WTF KE Distanceoftop

Yt Yb

Fb Pa MEYBb
t t b I bottom fibre from

EE
MEY
EE centroidal axis

e eccentricityof cable

Case II Cable placed at constant eccentricity

get

A X x A

PE.tt II Yt MELt

MMAAMM L

iii i

Mu

Mo

i lg

p Pe t
s nYb
ML
f Peya Mgb I

FfA Py Pey t t
Mey t t Mey t
pg ME I of
Fb Pey b b b
ME MEY
GE MY
IE
NOTE Accounting
of area of cable in premo
Bati
stress pin calculating area central
at cross section the stressing cable shall
pre
be accounted to in the following manner
a In case of
pre tensioned member where
prestressing cable are of small area the
modular ratio shall be adopted for
calculating centroid and mot
b In case of post tensioned member the
modular ratio concept is used for
bounded
cable and for unbounded cable the
duct area is subtracted
P Pe t Ps Fc Act Fs As
Ec
ME Es
ME

FE FI Fs FL Fc
Here EE M
Mm Modular ratio

As MM M fc
P Fc Act mmMfc As Fc Act Fe mm
MA s
M X As is equivalent area of cct
Here mm
 B

As so
O

M 1 As
B
ne
M
MM DAS D N
DD
Q
As fz g g
n

12
t
p
Aeg Act M 1
Mm As BD LM
Mm 1 As
Aequi BD Da M 1
mm Asn

I BD.DZ M 1
mm Asn
BD M
MM D As
BCD XP
I
one
3 BIB M 1
Mm As
EPI
D
Izz Icu Ay O
Izz Ill Ay
Mateys
 BE BD
E
I 22
tag
BD3
3

Question A pretensioned act beam of

rectangular
cross section
of size 150 x
300 mm is prestressed by a wires of 5
mm da stress in wire are located so mm
from the soffit of the beam find the stress
developed at soffit of beam due to
prestressing only
1
By considering nominal Cls
els and m 6
By considering equivalent
Answer B 150 d 300 MM
mm
4 wire 50
e 150
n

P t
a
E
Pe
I time Mmm
t
M game
Pla
 I D 1200 X4 10 3
745
94.2 KN
A 150 300 4.5 104 mm
I 150 3002 108mm
BE 12
3.375 X

Gb 94.2 103 94.2 103

Pey 4 5 104 100151
3 375 108
Tb 6.282N Mms
Of 2.09

b BD M 1 As
Aeg
Mmm

50 300 6 1 4 512
4
a 4.5 104 392 7mm
I 150 300 3020 392.7 50
II
4.5 109 392.7
I 149.13mm
M 1
mm As
2 15001300 149.1313 150 149.133 5 X
3 3
5 2
47 149.13 5012
 I 3 41 X 108mm 4
b t b 39.2 103
Leg Pey
4 5 104 392.7
94 2 103 199.13 50 X 149 13
3 41 X 108
Eb 6 15 N mm2

Question find the prestressing forcerequired

to avoid tension at soffit at mid span of
the beam considering concentric prestressing
b If cable is placed at an eccentricity of 65mm
at the mid span find the prestressing force
required to just avoid tension at250
the soffit at
mid span ne
mmimikommmm
8m 375
V

Answer a L 1 4.25 UN IM
D L 0.25 X 0.375 X1 X 24
2.25 U N Im e p
T L 4 25 2 25 6.5 kN Im
B M at mid span WE
 6
58
82 52 kN m

rb MD ML 0
PA I
Yb
P 52 106 X 3725 X 250 375 832 UN

250 X 3753
12
s b MD
b
f t
Pey b
t
I
ly b 0

t P X 65 3725 5.2 108 375

250 2
37
250 3753 250 X 3753
12 12

P 407 8 KN

Analysis of stresses at various stages of

Prestressing
Analysis of prestress beam is carried out in
two stages
a At the time of transfer of
prestressing force
in cct
b At service load condition during live load
application
In case of pretensionedmember at transfer
stage we do not consider Dl effect as the
member is kept on the prestressing bed
during stress transform
However in case of posttensioned member the
that nedd to considered during the
transfer stage are DL and prestressing
force without losses
Ye MIYE

MM
M t
i
e P
P Pe it
a
e Py t
t

for post tensioned Pegg MDL Ideal

BE diagram
member At transfer stress at
stage 3 of
transverse stage
At service load condition various forces
considered are dead load live load and
prestress force after loss in post tensioned
and pretensioned members
 MPEYe MIT Yt
Mr
D Mb
as h up
mgym
Mr

e
e nPe t t
n D Ma
MMr
Nt Pep typ
I
NOTE Load factor
against cracking
Load that will cause cracking
Load acting at present

Question A rectangular s s prestressed at

beam of Cls area 200mm X 300 mm
is prestressed by 15 no 5 mm dia bans
located at 65mm from soffit and 3 no
of 5 mm di a bar at 25 mm from top
Assuming effective stress in steel wire
as 890 m Pa Calculate the
following
a calculate the stress in cct at extreme
fibres at mid span due to prestressing
force and DL over a span of 6m
b If a VDL
of Gun Im is imposed on the beam
find the man compressive steel in cot
c
If the modules
Ah
of rupture of Cct is 6.5 mpa
Estimate load factor against cracking
assuming a LL of 6 an Im
minimalism em
1a Gm 300 o
3mm at
dia
5mm mom

e
g 9mm
15 no at gm
6
Answer a DL 200 300 10 X1 X 24
I 44 UN m
BM 1.44 X 62 6.48 UN m
DL Wage 8
e Pz

E MD
EE
P
2 16m Pa
Pi Pa
ra
MIYA PigYA
PrezYA
I
3
P 840 15 X N X 5,2 X10 247.4 UN
7 726m Pa
P2 840 3 9 10 3 49.5 UN
5,7
GA 247.4 6.48 106 300
49.51103
200 X 300 2
200 X 3003
12

247.4 103 85 49.5 103 150 257300

3020
2
200 3003 200 X 3003
12 12

GA 4.95 2.16 7 2.062 2.16 N mm

FB 4.95 2.16 7 2.062 7.726 N mm
b BM LL 27 kN m
WIL
6286
27 106 9 N m2
62 X 300
200 3003 2
12

GB
c
TA 2.16 9 11 16N mm
7.726 9
Let load
1.274 N mm
factor against cracking
la B
I
ben
n Cracking load
Present load
CL n Present load
Gn kN m
 L2 6 X6
2 11 16m
MMM
Pa
BM LL
Wig ng
27 N K N Im
Gu 9n N mm 2
My

7 726 92 6.5 m Pa
1 274man

load factor n 1 6

Design of Prestress Concrete beam

Design of prestress at beam means
determination
of cls of beam prestressing force
and eccentricity of prestressing force required
for a given loading and permissible stress
condition
If the permissible stress in tension is te and
permissible stress in compression in Fc
Zt Absolute
MALAWI
MMMMM
value then
ogdoadMmm
ax
B
MD
My
r
D
a
t
e
p H
Transfestage
 s fe
f Peg
ME
t
11
to
2
Pa Peg MI Efc
e B fo
a

Mr
ML
A
MD
I a
y

e
np
v

2b ERYYÉge ft

At Service Efc
Rap EP My Myt
stage t t
a
4
My Efft
m Mo
nap
type My
y p
t in
R Rap
type
at
RIta nap Rpg
t Ifa
MI
E Mff
re Fe
sa

My
I n t
Mig nfft tfc
at ga

i D
 l E
At 7
21 R MDMi ML v
f tf c
R fMe
Il N
N
2b 7 I N MD
DM ML
Me V1
Rfc t ft
from eg Iu and u we can obtain the cross
section size of the beam and higher of the
value is adopted for calculating prestress
force and eccentricity all four equation
and be used but however equation
can
1 tensile stress at
topland in equation 10
tensile stress at bottom gives the higher
value of P and e hence these two equation
are used

Question A post tensioned beam of

rectangular
cross section
of width 240 mm width
is to be designed for a LL of 25 UN I m
uniformally distributed on a effective span
of 12m stress in cct must not exceed 17mPa
in compression and 1 4 m Pa in tension Loss
of prestressed shell be assumed as 159
I Calculate the min possible depth
of beam
2 for the section designed above Calculate the
 minprestressing force and the corresponding
eccentricity Assumethe beam to be
simply supported
Mp WDgI 2Y0XDXIXZY
6 122
Answer b 240mm X10
8
SectionmodulusZf I
R MD ML
f tfc
0.1036 Dknm
attop Mff ME Wight
24OD2 1 0.85 1030 106 450 106
25XI
6 0.15 1.4 17
o
24613 0.0150 450 106 450 KNM
17.21
6 884 10 502 0.0155 450
D 217.89 D 6536897.153
D 7797.15mm
section modulus
at bottom2b l R MD ML v
Rfc tff
29052 1 0.851.10360 4503 106
6 0.85 1.4 17
D 854.84mm Hence Adopt D 855mm
stressottop
at transfer f Pez
t MIt Efff
M
stage 103 Pe X 103 0.1036 8554106
240
855 240 8552 240 8552
6 6
stress at bottom at service I 1.4 A
stage hat
n
ME ME RE Eff Ppt 10
P
O 85 XMP3 O 1036 X 855XL 4 50 XP
2
240 X 855 240 X 855 240 X 8552My
0.8512 106 6 6
240 8552 I 1.4 B
6
Solving A B P I
615 KN
e 220 MM

Load Balancing Concept

A
Ma
L
am as
MD
a n

ta
P
ybe
n

B
Ga
I th Pee I ME MI
G Mz th I ME AI MI
In the load balancing concept eccentricity
of the cable profile is converted to an
 external loading and then stress are
calculated due to the concentric pre
stressing force and equivalent moment

The curved profile on bend profile of the

cable leads to the external
loading
parabolic
cable profile events VDL and sharp
angle in the cable events concentrated
load
The various typeof cable profile and
equivalent
loading is shown as follows
I
Case Is If I f

i p
peg f I
Im
4
Q
e
ie s a

r d 2psin O
tan 0
i

i
Ez Zee

If O is small
I 2psino on sing 0
p
 f are v

s e
p p

Case It
i
r I sp

e
I
as
so

I t
f
e s
f aplete

O Sino tan D et e 2 e tell

112 L

P t r
P
e
p p

apleted
I
Case III
E 7
t
p p
e
p p

s
i
s
i sa de
a a

O sino tano Psino Psino

eq Pe
ay Pea
a

Case II
t
e s

NP
I p
e

9 mmmm

Parabolic curve we 8Pe

12
Case I
A
Pet
eI e
e
ummmm
we
8Pleft
NOTE Justification for Parabolic Profile
This parabolic cable profile actually acts
like the cable in suspension bridge which
has property that at every point on it BM
is
zero
me
a

pr Psino
a Pain o
P
or immminwimmmm
get y Pcos o
e
Puso 0.9A
i
i
Bo
i Y
C I
Efy 0Wet 2psin O
BMD 0
Psin Pcos o e we 0
oh I 4
Pe We 0
Wet E
Pe We
Wege 81
Equation of parabolic profile
BM e O
Psin On Pcos MAN
cos O
Oy I
Wezln Py O
Wax
I n
y Wezln Went Welp
l n e n
Y 8g Z deny
slope at any point dy 4g
l 2n

for example slope at point A X 0 4

NOTE I Cable profile shall be same as the
BM profile to take the man advantage
of prestressing force
2 The cable profile that exactly balances
the dead load and live load is called
as MIT PROFILE i.e M
CONCORDAT M Pe
O
3 Due to concordatAntcable
profile the
entire beam is subjected to direct normal
compressive prestress of PIA
4 In case of concordat Mtcable profile the
second
any effect like increase in BM
due to deflection is zero

Question find the stresses at top point at

mid span and at quarter span for
the given prestress member using
1 Stress concert
arm IA
2 Load balancing p1500 B
I P
concept size
r

400 mm X 750
sooty
L L 15 UN Im
mm
I 1
EÉMno
i
e
BM
 Answer I
Using stress concept
DL 0.4 0.75 X 1 24 7.2 kN M
LL 15 UN m
TL 22.2 KN M
A
My
Mh
as
MD JM
if Ipe
E

stress at point A mid span

M L 22 2 82 177 6 kN M
Wg 8
3
Pe 1500 200 10 300 UN m
ra
Ffop tht
I Myth Pez

1500 103 133.2 106 225 X 106

400 750 400 7502 400 7502
6 6
TB 2.552 N mm
tf
2
Using load balancing concept
Since BMD is profile external loading
We 8 Pe
12
 3
8 1500 200 10
82
37.5 UN M
DL LL 22.2 KN M B A
ME go
mmezsuimmnmn eis.mn
Mn
AA
Wig
12 15.38
82 122.4 n n m
At midspan top fibre
A 1500 103 122 9 106
My 400 750 400 7502
6
GA 1.736 Nlm
at arspbre
qufte.to
Stress at Point B
Mn 8 My
22
Why Why 152.3

am 91 8
Mn UN m
RB 1500 103 91.8 106
F My 400 750 400 7502
6
2 552 N mm 2
GB

Question find the cable profile for the

cantilever beam subjected IT
uniformally distributed loading w exe doo such
that cable profile exactly balance external
loading
Answer d we
mmmm mmmmm
R L 9

BMD

Welf
Be BM diagram is parabolic cable profile will
As BNIBAgGoooaMD
also be parabolic

É
É

1
for concordant profile
M Pe 0
M Pe
Wex I
I Py
 When X L e
we x
y Pe
I
Att
Wepn 212
2
292 I Y
ex
Y L2

Question A cat beam with a single over

hang is simply supported at A and B
over a span of 8 m and the overhang B C
is 2m The beam is of rectangular section
300 900 mm and supports a UD L 3.52
of
un Im over the entire length in addition to
its self wt Determine the profile of
pre
stressing cable with an effective force of
500 un which balances the dead and live
load of the beam Also draw the profile
along the length of the beam
Answer Ye
I.am iEnkMmmemmmzm
p 8m t
RA RB
 300 n

900 max
it uh t
n

YE
DL 0.3 X 0.9 X1 X 24 6 42 KN
TL 3.52 6.42 10 UN m
Reaction
10
RA X 10 8 82 IO X 2 0
22
RA 37.9 KN RB 62.5 kN ma
M
MB 10 2 2 20 UN m
2
for concordant profile M Pe B O B
EB My
ep 20 103 40 mm
500

My 37.5N 37 5N 522
101
for moment to be man dmx D
dx
37 5 10X 0 X 3.75 m
2
M3 75 37.5 3.75 5 3.75 70.3125 un m
 M Pe 0
ed anax 70 31 X 103 140 62 mm
My 500
Since bending moment profile is parabolic
cable profile would also be parabolic
I I
l

Em
140
in
52mm
L
I 1

At D pB
3 Pressure line concept or throst
na line
concept
Ifdah any given cross section of prestressed at
beamI the combined effect of stressing
pre
force and externally applied load results
in a distribution of act stress such that can
be integrated to a single force the locus
of point of application of this resultant
force in any structure is called Pressure
thrust on c line
BNANELLI__dNg_
immunminentm ____eeog
_______

E L 7
 r s
te
thrust
notlinea Actual cable profile
P e

Dtl
r
mas th p
e
e
e
p pe
B

ra
I Peg
a In tfth Mp e

I Beno
t

OB
In EgAs MyM
f EM F e

stress due to
F If that loading which is
equivalent

applied at an ecce
Here e e
Mp
M Moment due to be and LL at particularsection
e eccentricity at same concern section

Alternatively the thrust line can be located

by calculating the shift from the enisting
cable profile location the shift is equal to
MIP towards the centroid line
Shift of C line from actual cable profile
a e te
p
All the shifted points when joined we get the
th rusted line
Ifc cable profile is below centroidat line
line shift
Ifc cable profile is above centroidat line
line shift

NOTE
1 S BM and hogging BM c ve
tre
agg
2 Positive of e means P line is above NA
3 ve of e means P line is below NA
4 e of cable line is the is it below NA
5
If shift is positive it is above cable line
6
If shift is negative it is below cable line
7
If Pe M i.e when the effect of external
loading is exactly balanced by cable
profile the thrust line will become
horizontal
at ca such that e 0 a e and
there would be constant stress of Pa
through out the span
8 The variation of the thrust line along
the span would be found from the relation
as e Mp e

1
If parabolic and e is constant
M is
variation of thrust line would be parabolic
M is and is also parabolic
2
If
variation
parabolic
thrust
e
line would be
of
parabolic
provided e
Mp

M is linear and e is constant

3
If
variation thrust line would be linear
of
The concept of finding of the stress using
peak
P line concept is called strength concept
or internal couple concept
resisting
when
sum
using P line concept to find out
stress enternal load is not taken into
account because it has already being
accounted for e
On the other Mudd
line while using load
balancing concept eccentricity of capable
PAWNEE
profile is not taken into account as it has
already accounted for external loading
Question Calculate stress at top point of
mid span and BOBBETT
greater span using c
line concept
m

Size 400mm
X 750mm

e
8m
2
M A X8 177 6 U N M
YI 22.2g
MB Why Wax 222.2
8 2 24
133 2 KN M
Shift at point A a 177.6 103
Mp 1500
118.4 mm
e te e 118.4 200 81.6 mm
my
B A

P line a
isis
Cable profile
stress at point A a Pa Pg
A
1500 1500 81 6 103
400 750 400 7502
6
TAT 1.736 N mm

TAB 8.264 N mm
C 1.736 8.264 X 1.736
L n

mmmm
750 400 375
y
C 1500 UN
I
s
 I 2b at 375 P
Y Atb Type

1.736 12.264 8.264

7530
1.736 8.264
I 456.1mm
M P L.A or C LA
3
1500 200 81.6 X 10
M 177 GUN M
Shift at point B a
Mp me
133.2 103 88.8 mm
1500
e te
My
e
Mp
e 88.8 150

e 61.2mm
1600
ME 15001 61.2 x103
Be
Pat Pye
400 750 400 7502
6
TBA 2.552 N mm
EBB 7.448 N mm

Foz
C 2.552 17.448 X 3,75m

1
 750 X 400 150 mm
C 1500 UN 315m
Pe
f
x 436 2mm tumor
u

M C LA Oh P LA
1500 X 150 61 2 X 10 3

Baas
M 133 2 UN M

NOTE The thrust line concept leads to the

to the following understanding
The change in the external moment in
elastic of stressed conch beam
range pre
results in shifts of the pressure line rather
than change in resultant force in beam
This is in contrast to RCC beam section where
an increase in external moment leads to
corresponding increase in tensile and comp
forces but change in LA is more or less
same negligible

carrying mechanism is
oa Hence load

comprised of a constant force with the

changing LA in case of prestressed cot
and is of changing force with constant Meager
i arm
q
in case of RC act
However a prestressed act member is
cracked it behaves like Rec member

Question A prestressed act beam of section

120 mm wide by 300 mm deep is used
over an effective
span of 6m to support
VDL of 4 UN Im which includes self wt
a so

of the beam The beam is prestressed by

a straight cable
carrying a force of 180
un and located eccentricity
of 50mm
Determine the location of the thrust
line in the beam and plot its position at
quarter and midspan section
Answer ammmmamthma
38m P 180 UN
e 50mm
At mid span
M 12 4 62 18 UN M
Wg 8
C line x 103
Shift of a
Mp
100 m m
e 100 50 50 mm
At quarter span
9
Y
X
Y 64 g
13 5 U N m
Shift of C line
a 13 5 X 103 75 m
Mp 180
e 75 50 25 m

a C line

1.5m
v
7
V
OmmXmm
a
V
NA
2 3m A e 50 mm
a

cable profile

Deflection Calculation in Prestress beam

To calculate deflection of a prestressedbeam
we convert all the eccentricities of
pre
stressing force into equivalent loading using
load balancing concept and find out the
deflection using the principle of superposition
P
mmmimmmmmmm
T
n
ei
i
1
e2
i

mmmbmmImmmm
p f y e P

4 P e tea e

Effect of loading stress in tension

on
beam is
If P be the prestressing force The
subjected to hogging BM Pe beam will
therefore deflect and slope of each end due
to this deflection is computed which when
superimposed with the slope due to external
load gives the resultant slope and stress

ft
ft .emmmm
a
e P
P s r a e p MiPe
g
 no
t
I0 O

02 02
7

Deflected shape due Deflected shape due

to external moment to prestressedforce
0 0 02 2413 M Pe
ME

Jo o c

w
i

a p
 P iÉp ÉÉÉ e
p
s e0

Change in length of tendon Zeo

Strain 240
Increase in stress in tendon Zed X Es

Ze Es W L3
L 24 E I PI
Question A prestressed at beam of size 300 x
400 mm is prestressed
by steel tendons
of area 100mm and prestress of 1200 NI mm
find out increase of stress due to line load
of 8 UNIm over2 a span of 6m Es 210 UN Imm
Ee 30 UN Imm e 60 mm

Answer A 100 mm
P 1200 100 120 kN
 400 mmmitmmm
ate
DL 0.4 x 0 3 24
2 88 U N Im
I 300 X 4003
300 12
16 X 108
6
103 X 2X 60 210 8 63 10
6000 24 X 30 300 X 4003
12
3
1200 102 10 X 6 103
ME
2X 30 X 300 X 4002
12
2
4 41 N mm
increase in stress 4286 100 0.3679

Kern Point
Kern Distance is the eccentricity of the
resultant prestressing force over the section
corresponding to which stress in one extreme
fiber is just zero
When the resultant compression is located
within the specific zone of a section of a
 beamI tensile stresses are not generated This
zone is termed as kern zone
for a section Isymmetric about vertical anies
su
the kern zone is within the levels of upper
and lower keun point
when the resultant compression under
service load is located at upper kern point
the stress at the bottom fiber mad
and edge is
I
zeno similarly when c is located at bottom
Kean pointI the stress at the top on upper
edge is zero
The levels of upper and lower kern points
from C G defines the Kean zone

D t
n t
Ck c Lt
o e

Based on the stress concept the stresses at

bottom and top edges corresponding to pre
stressing force at upper keun and lower
p
kern point is equated to zero
P a n

kf me
C
a
e
r a
Ly
Kb
Yb
E II
n
M P All

for case I for case II

0 P D
I t
PE Ybottom
Ag Pa
KEY f
PUthe
f yb 0 Kb 8
BA
Ar YAtf
Ky
a
r from here it be concluded
can
YB Kern distance depends upon
section properties
r radius of gyration

Cracking moment using Kean point

The kern points can be used to determine the
cracking moment
The cracking moment is slightly greater
than moment causing zeno stresses at
 bottom I top
for eq p is located above Kf ft to cause a
tensile stress forg at the bottom
This incremental moment is given by for I
Yb
for
nos
My Dm
Ty Ly

Ba P t t
ee
iz
Met

rn it
e
Cuffed
r
o
for for
Mcr P LA Or C LA
Mer P lect e P Rf oz e P Ky C t
At J P o z
Mor P e
Kf
At t
for Ty
t
Mt Yb
P 2 I
Mor
Y
te
fer y y
A
 P
Ey
te
for Gb
Mcr for I t Pe
Pay
Yb
NOTE I for fully prestressed member Type
1 tension is not allowed using service
conditions stressingForce
tension is allowed at transfer Ppp
P always
Iflies within the kern
zone
2 The limiting zone is defined as the zone
for placing the car of steel of tendons
such that P always lies within kern zone
There will be no tension in member

3for limited prestressed member Type 2 and

Type 3 tension is allowed at transfer and
under service condition

4 The limiting zone is defined as zone

steel that
for
placing the ca
of such tensile
stresses in the extreme edges are within
allowable value
 Limiting zonefor a simply supported beam
having u DL over it is a follows
t t t x x x x n t t t t

locus of
emin

locus of eman
zone
Limiting
Question for post tensionedbeam with flanged
section as shown AT the profile of ca of
steel is parabolic with no eccentricity at
the ends The live load moment due to servic
load of midspan is 648 un m the prestress
after transfer P is 1600 UN Assume 154
loss at service M30 grade of act is used
compute
a Keun level
b Cracking moment
c location of
pressure line at mid span at
transfer and at service
d Stresses at top and bottom fibers at
transfer and at service
Compare the stress with following allowable
values 18N mm f 1.5N mm
fc
t t t t t t t t t t t t
et

I 18m
f
groomm
v
ITI 250mm 500mm
Answer A 500
2005
105mm I

Az 600 150 9 109

2
Az 50000 1000
mm
A 2.44105mm 150
mm
e

Corofect from Base

105 700 9 1044
ftp.oox150
3
4 X500
b
104250100100
500 5200 11111 200
2 4 105
150mm
583.33mm 250mm
Yb
416.67mm
YfIt 583.33 433.33
150
Cos of midspan e
I 500 6003 150 2001583.33 50072
12 massages
 MI about CG E
003 500 200 X 900 583 333
I 5007221.036 1010 mm
13 250 2003 250 200 583.35 10012

PP
12
1.84 109 mm 9
583 33 1005

IWTIONISXISOM'HT
AÉ0
22003 Y 250 200 x
12 150 6003 150 600 583.33 50072
2501
12
3.32 109 mm 9
I I 12 13 I 2.552 104 mm 4
I Art 2.552 1010
In
r
2.4 X 105
2 326 183m
22 326 1832 182.28 mm
Kfa Yb 583.33

Kb 22 326.1832 253.346
Yt 1000 583.33

b Mcr for I t PI t Pe
A
Yb Yb
0.7
for fck 0.7150 3.83 N mm
Mc 3.83 2.552 1010 1600 2.552 1010
583 33 2.4 105 583.33
0.85 1600 433.3
Mcr 1005 UN M
6
WAL 24 2 4 105 1 10 5.76 kN m
 2
MD W 12 5.78 X 8 233 3 kN m
Dj 8
Live load moment corresponding to cracking
233 3
1005
771 72 7 648 kN m
Hence section is un cracked

e Shift of pressure line from cable line of

transfer e
Mp

a D 233 3 X 103 145 mm

Mp
1000
e te a e a e 145 433 3
287 48 mm
Shift of pressure line from cable line at mid
at service stage a MD ML
span p
233 3 64 8 X 103 648 mm
0 8 X 1 600
e a e 648 433 3 214 71 mm

d i At transfer stage
re t
Pa Pelzye
 1600 X103 1600 X 287.487 416 67 X103
2 4 105 2 552 X 1010
rt O 84 N mm
RB
f Peggb
m

1600 X103 1600 287.48 583.33 X103

2 4 105 2 552 X 1010

GB 17.18 N mm

2 At service stage
n
re
f n
Pejyt
0.85 X 1600 x103
f
1600 214.7 416.61x
2 4 X 105 2.25 X 1010
rt 10.43 N mm
Ob Pa t Pe Yb

0 85 X 214.7 583.3
160012.1 2 552 X 1010

rb IN mm

Losses in prestress
In prestressed at the most important variable
is prestressing
force
 It observed that the
prestressing force
reduces with time and does not remains
constant
This reduction of prestressing force takes place
due to several type of losses
These losses are broadly classified into 2

Losses in Prestress

u n

Immediate loss Time dependent and

short term long term
Elastic shortening Creep loss
friction loss shrinkage loss
or
Anchorage slip loss Relanation loss
Various losses observed in pretension and post
tension members are as follows

Pretension member Posttensioned member

1 Elastic shortening 1 No elastic shortening
2 Creep loss it cable are
loss Afp
3 Shrinkage loss stretched and anchor
4 Relaxation loss ed simultaneously
Elastic shortening loss
 if streethed and
anchored succesively
2 friction loss
3 Anchorage slip loss
a Creep loss
5
Shrinkage loss
6 Relaxation loss

NOTE 1 Total loss of prestressing of pre

tensioned member is invariably higher
than as of post tensioned member but no
of losses in post tension is more than pre
tension member
2 for design
purpose 209 and 259 of initial
prestress is considered as total loss for post
tensioned and pre tensioned member resp

1 Elastic shortening loss

a Pre tensioned member
When cables are cut pre stressing force is
transferred to the member and act under
goes immediate shortening due to prestress
force
Due to the bonding between steel and act
elastic shortening will also accuse in s tell
leading to strain loss and the strain loss
would lead to stress loss
Fe E e the y
t
i
a

t e EAM
e
i
i e

i E
Loss of strain of cable comp strain of act
dat
to
Loss of strain in cable loss of strain in
cable X Es
Loss of stress in cable Ad Es ME
tf
Mm

M
mm Modular ratio
Fc Average stress in act at the level of pre
stressing cable
b Post tensioned member
If all the bars are stretched
t and anchored
simultaneously there will be no elastic
shortening loss because recording of pre
stress force is done before the anchor
just
wig and bars are stretched by taking erection
from the act member only hence at the time
of recording of prestress elastic shortening
in act would have already occurred
are stretched and anchored
If barselastic
successively
shortening loss will occur
When cable 1 is stretched
t no loss in cable 1
t
when cable 2 is stretched no loss in 2 but
loss in cable one would be observed
When cable 3 is stretched no loss in cable 3
would be observed but loss in cable 2 and I
is observed
O3 D2 t l
a e

7 EW
1

EFFETE 2

t t r s
ve
D C B A
 for calculation of fo the following procedure
iadopted
1 Generally the effect of DL is not considered
for calculating fo because the DL will
reduce the value of and hence overall
fo
elastic shortening loss so to be conservative
side Mo is neglected
2 112
a

p Ie g p p

42
I Fa 2 Pa t
Pei
Pe 2
Fang Pa
I

b
P
t t e
p
e

I 2
 Fe Pa Fez Peg

fearg ta
me tfatca
2
i 2
c

i
je 00
2

Fez Pet
Itfo 1A Pa
2

NOTE While calculating fo we use initial pre

stress force without any loss and the
area of the section to be taken as b xd

Question find the Y loss in elastic shortening

when the cables are stretched
t and
anchored successively size 100mm x 300
mm Initial prestress 1200 m Pa
A of each cable 200 mm
50mm Parabolic
s 2 Parabolic
agg mum3 Straightg

Answer for cable 1

t
When cable 1 is stretched no loss will
take place
t
Case 2 When Cable 2 is stretched
A loss in cable 2 is
B loss in cable 1
zero
3
P Ps MrA 1200 200 X 10 240 kN
fed PA 240 X 103
100 X 300

Fckd 8 N mm
I 2

P
D
a p D
P
A e s A t

I 2 PIA
 fu Pa Pepe fat Peg

é 103
t 240
B
My
300
502
PA PeYbb 100 3003
Pef
I 12

10 67 N mm
for
fearg It
at feat 3 at
for a
tea
8 2 10 67 8 9.78 N mm
3
Case 3 When cable 3 i stretched
Loss in cable 3 0
My Yt 2 1

é a
I y
g
I 1 2

My Yb
for Cable 1 fu
rat
f Peg
 240 502
1034001300 100 X 3003
12

5.33m Pa
É fog pp t
Peg
1
et 290 103 1001 t
Yegor 300
d
502
PIA Myb I 100 X 3003
12

10.67 N mm

f 3 ofta Itta
ffang fed
8 89 N mm
Loss of prestress in Cable 1 mfc
to ang
6 8.89 53.34
Total loss in Cable 1 58 67 53.34 112 N mm
loss X 100 9.334
13
for cable 2 Fca
L PEX y
240 103 8 N1mm
100 X 300
 FCB 10 67 N mm
they
fcang f
tagca t Fa Fa 9.78 N mm

Loss of prestress in cable 2 Mfcang

G X 9.78 58.68 N mm
9 loss 58 68 X 100 I 200
4 889

Total lostIn cable1 58 67 53 34 112 N Imm2

300 loss in cable 1 112 120018.33
Question

200
x

M
fi Piti it is

z 3 Post tensioned beam

Area of each bar 50mm
Prestress 1200 N mm M 6
Compute a loss of prestress when all bars are
stretched simultaneously
b When bars are stretched one by one

Answer a 0
b Case 1 when cable one is stretched
no loss
Case 2 when cable 2 is stretched
a Loss in cable 2 0
b Loss in cable 1
3
P Ps a 1200 5 X 10 600 UN
Fea
I Peg
600 X 103 t 502
30 x zoo 300 X 2003 1
12

H
t
v

e
P
i n
g
1.75 M Pa
f
metCA
Loss of prestress Mfc A 6 1.75
2
10 5 N mm
e Cable 3 is stretched
1 Loss in cable 3 0
2 Loss in cable 2 10 5 N mm
3 Loss in cable 1 10 5 N mm
Total loss on prestress force in cable 1
10.5 10.5 50 1050 N
 Total loss of prestress force in cable 2 525 N
total loss of prestress in cable I on
Loss in 1st cable 1050 N 509 of loss in first
cable 1050 0 5 525

Avg loss pen cable 507 loss in 1st cable

525
Aug loss per cable x No of cable
525 3 1575 KN

NOTE When the no of cables are large loss

of prestressing force is calculated
exactly in the first cable and 509 it is
taken as the avg loss pen cable
Hence total loss Avg loss pen cable x no of
cables

ii Loss of prestress due to friction

The friction generated at the interface of
act and steel during the stretching
t of a
curved tendon in a post tension member
leads to a drop in the prestress along the
member from the stretching end
 r P T P

in nine en

Y v r
p OPi p OP2
OP MN i OP2 M N t N 2
The loss due to friction does not occur in pre
tensioned members because there is no act
t
during the stretching of tendons
The friction is generated due to the
curvature of the tendons and vertical
component of prestressing force
In addition to friction the stretching
t has to
the WOBBLE Eff E El of the tendon
overcome
The wobble refers to the change in the
position of the tendon along the duct
It is the unintended small curvature in
the cable
 It occurs in both straight and curved cable
The wobble is converted into equivalent
loading and for that the friction losses
are computed
However the wobble effect has curvature
varying frequently and it is difficult to
compute the frictional losses at every
point Hence it is computed as loss per unit
length by using wobble correction factor

p
IItiin.EE
force in cable at
Igj sun

distance x'from jacking

a
end after frictional loss is given by
Px Po e no thx

to
J
PX
Io
e 7
x
Po Prestressing force at jacking end
µ I coefficient of friction in the curve
K wobble correction factor
x Distance from jacking end where prestress
force is computed
commutative angle in radian through
O Damn
which the tangent to the cable profile
has turned between any two points
under consideration
for simplicity in calculation the above
expression can be expanded by using Taylor
series
ex I txt t t
y y
no tux
Px Po e
Px Po l mo Kx
neglecting higher
teams
ThusI for a tendon with single curvature the
variation of prestressing force is
exponential
which on simplification by taking
assumptions is converted to linear
variation
Por
I

Px

assumed
actual exponential
x

Hence loss of prestress force due to friction

op Po P x
mo th x
OP Po Po e
kx
Po l e not
op Po Po l M O K X
Po mo t u x
Here k varies between 0.0018 Mr to 0.005 per
m length of tendon depending
upon type of
tendon
µ depends upon type of interface between
tendon and duct and varies between 0.25
 0 55

Type of Interface u
for steel moving on 0 55
smooth act
for steel moving on 0 30
steel fined to duct
for steel moving on 0 25
lead
I

u canbe reduced by using lubrication like

1 Grease 2
Graphite 3 Paraffin oil
Values of O'and X
for different cable
profile
Mr

point T
t
man
of loss tomb
A
L
i Jacking done for one end X l 0 24
4 0
8 Zee 4
 P
I

e Y Point of man loss

ii Jacking done from both the end
X a a 0
L P E 2g 21

a Po
Ma
i
É Ta
Point na
e g
of a d
a
man
zig
1 a
loss

iii Jacking done from one end

X 1 O 22
4 L X
y ee

4 9 L 2x
dy E
At X O 2 9 at X L L Yee
 0
81
in
Jacking done from both end
X 0 2
L 4g

Por sp

I
y Point of man

d Jacking
Mouton
loss
loss
done from Point of
man

one end X l 0 24
d
ane na sp f
T
guys 0
28
as as

02

By
49
782
2278
511879
to Toto
yip
O O to 2 Oz 02 03 to a Oa to s

NOTE l Loss due to friction

by curvature
effect can also be analysed using
load balancing concept
2 Due to the curvature of profile an
external load moment reaction is
developed over the cot which is further
applied by cct over the steel in opposite
direction but equal in magnitude
3 Due to which friction on cable is developed
that causes the loss of prestress
r 4

N NI N3
it
In InEgg
r
u v u

OP MN MN2 M Nz t MNN
M I N IN a Nz t Nn
t
aP
MN
for different cable profile value of N is
given by
 t
1 a N 2Psina 2Psina
Man
P N ape
Pip I 219 2
eat UP MN MADE
T
C s
IN
L

2
P NI Na Psina
Mam
Lk AIEA tana
Pgp kae Je ma
e
Peg
BE
a
I Ni Na OP MN MN2
MIN Nz
op µ 2Pe
h
3 e q
My
n sp
P op W 8Pe
12
muumuu

OP MN MCWL L
M8Pq M8PE
Question Compute the friction losses in
each cable shows size 100 300
mm Post tensioned beam jacking is
done from one end only
Area of each cable 200 mm
Prestressing stress is 1200m Pa
µ 0 35 K 0 0015 m

50mm
a E mm

50 mm
3

10 m

Answer for cable 1

3
OP Po MO t ux Po 1200 X 200 10
240 U N
0 22 2 4 et er 4 50 50 X2
l 10 X 103
O O8
OP 240 0 35 X 0 08 0 0015 X 10 10 32 UN
for Cable 2
op Po MO tux
0 22 8 50 0 04
84 10 103
UP 240 0 35 X 0.04 0 0015 10
OP 6.96 UN
for Cable 3
0 0 DP 240 0 015 X 10
B GN

Question
e
200 Anchor end
n a
p
Jacking
t
end
400 150mm
top F
e 7
v lo m
Circular cable profile
Area of cable 800 mm
Prestress at anchored end 840m Pa
find the initial prestress at the jacking end
considering friction loss only
µ 0 61 K O 0030 m
B Loss of prestress due to Anchorage slip
In post tensioned member when the pre
stress is transferred to the act the wedges
slip through a little distance before they
get properly seated into the act
The anchorage block also moves before it
settles on the act
There is loss of prestress due to consequent
reduction in the length of tension
The total Anchorage slip depends on the
type of anchorage
In absenced
ha of any data following values
can be assumed
H Anchorage system Anchorage slip o
a 12 5 mm 0 strands 4 mm
Freyssinet
b 12 8 mm 0 strands 6 mm
11
Magnet Beaton 8mm
Since loss of stress is caused by definite
total amount of shortening the Y loss is
higher for shorter member than long er
member
while prestressing a short member mama due
care should be taken to allow for the
loss of stress due to anchorage slip which
 forms a major portion of the total loss
Loss due to Anchorage slip Es
E
D Anchorage slip mm

Question A post tensioned cable of beam 10m

long is initially tensioned to stress of
1000 NI mm at one end
if the tendons
have curvature of slope I in 24 at each
end with an area of Goo mm Calculate
the loss of prestress due to friction
µ 0 55 K 0.0015 Im During anchoring
if there is a slip of 3mm at the joking
mangy
end Calculate the final force in the
cable and the Y loss of prestress due to
friction and slip Es 40 u n I mm
Answer Loss due to friction
a Pf Po no tux
0 22 2 0 083
214
OPf 1000 O 55 X 0 083 0 0015 X 10
GI N I mm 2
Loss due to anchorage slip Es
q x

X 40 X 103
10 3103

Dfg 63 N mm
loss in prestress 616630 x 100 12.4

final force in the cable 11000 61 63 X

600 X 10 3
525 6 KN

4 Loss
of prestress due to creep of concrete
Creep is the property of act by which is
continous to deforms with time under
sustain loading
Creep coeff LO Creep Strain
MAE

Elastic strain EEpg

Mr OMa
Ec E For
ME
Ee t c

Ec
teBE
Creep strain steel creep strain in ict mama
Ecr
Loss of prestress due to creep meEcr Es
a Pcr Ofc Es Mfc
OMam
Ec
Loss of prestress due to creep Loss of
pre
stress due to elastic shortening of catXO
fe is ang stress in at due to pre
Here at
stress at level of tendon S

Value of o depends on edge of act as follow

Age of loading O
7 2.2
day 1 6
28
day
I 1 l
yeah
Intermediate values of creep coeff may be
interpolated by assuming that creep
co
eff decreases linearly with log of time
in day lo t
g
5 Shrinkage
The shrinkage of the act in prestressed
members results in shortening of tensioned
wires and hence loss of stress takes place
in it
In case of pretensioned members generally
moist curing is done in order to prevent
the shrinkage untill the time of transfer
 Total shrinkage strain is larger in
pre
tensioned members after transfer of pre
stress in comparison to post tensioned
members where a portion of shrinkage
will have already taken place by the time
transfer of stress is carried out
Loss of prestress due to shrinkage
a Ps d Es
Es
Strain due to shrinkage
1 Pre tensioned member Es 3 10 9
2 Post tensioned member Es 2 10 9

log 7 2

6 Loss due to Relaxation of steel

If steel is kept under permanent strain
stress in steel will
go on reducing with
time untill stress become constant
Rel a nation of steel as per initial prestress
is as follows
Initial Prestress Normal relaxation
0.5
fp O
O 6f
p 34
0.7 f
p 59
0 8f 89
p
fp characteristic strength of prestress
steel
Initial prestress in steel is never taken greater
than 0 8 fp
for design purpose loss of prestress due to
relaxation of steel can be taken to be 59
It is always calculated in teams of initial
prestress

NOTE Magnitude of diff loss of prestress are

as follows
Type of loss Pretensioned Post tensioned
Elastic 3 1
shorting
Miyagi
Cct
ng
ofconct
7 6
Shrinkage o o

Creep 6 o 5 o
Relaxation 2 3
steel
Total loss 189 159

Question pretensioned beam 225 300 mm

If
is prestressed by 12 wires of 5m dia
The initial prestressing is 1100 an
m Pa the
 mom and rel a nation of steel
grade of act is Mao
is 59 Es 2X 105 MPa O 1 6 The prestress
ing wire are at constant eccentricity of 50mm
Calculate the total loss in prestress

Answer a Elastic shortening loss Mm

Mfcang
Fang I Peg 17 1100 12 74
X 52 103 259.18
e fear g 259 18 103 225 KN
300
v
e
p
502
3,21
225

fearg 5 12 NI mm
M
ram 2X 105 6 32
Eq 5000 To
Elastic shortening loss Me
Mfcang
6 32 X 5 1 2
32 38 N mm
Stress remaining
after short term loss
1100 32 38
1067 32 M Pa
Long team loss
b Creep loss Mfc
mm
ang
x o
6 32 X 5 12 x 1067 32 X 1 6
1100
50 25 N mm

e
Shrinkage loss Es Es
3 X 10 4 2 105 60 N mm

d Relation
mammonloss
500 x
1100 55 NI mm

Total loss 197toNI mm

loss of prestress 19,7
my x 100 mama
189

Question In a post tensioned beam initial

prestressing force of 1400 un is
transferred at the end of 28 days the
cable profile is parabolic with

eccentricity
at centre as 520mm and at the
both the ends on zeno using the
following
data find the total loss in the prestress
Span of beam 16m K 0.0015 Im
X X area 2 42 X 105 mm 4
 Es2.1 X 105mPa
µ 0 25
Ec 0 382 105 m Pa
Area of cable 13.85 mm

Answer a Elastic shortening loss 0

b friction loss o Pf Po no tux
Assuming jacking from one end
L 16 M O 22 2
X
44
8 X 520 0.26
16 X 103
a
Pf 1400 0 25 X 0 26 0.0015 X 16
124 6 KN

e Anchorage slip loss Es

I
2.5 X 2 1 X 105 32.81 N mm
16 x 103
Prestress force remaining short term
after 3
losses 1400 O 124 6 32 81 X 1385 X 10
1229 96 UN
 P
Long term losses p p
1 Creep loss
a Pc war XO
Mfcarg i
M
mom Es
Ee y
2.1 X 105 5.49 2
0.382 105
Fe 1229 16 X 103 5 08N
Py 2 42 105
mm

Fez
Pat Peng

1229.96 106 2.412 55.32

105 04
11.35 N mm
Fang ta Fez fee
3
5.08 11.35 5.08
3
9.26 N mm
OPC 5.49 9.26 1.6 81.37 N mm

e
Shrinkage4 loss ops Es Es
2 10 2 105 28.43 N mm
log 10 28 2
d Relaxation of steel 54 of Po
70 UN
54,1880

Total long term loss

81 37 28.97 X 13 85 X 10 6 70
222 08 UN
Total loss 170 04 222 2 392 24 UN
3946204 28 024

Miscellaneous Topics

1 Codal Provision of IS 1343 2012

Mammo
30 are are the min grade of act
and Mao
for post tension and pre tensioned member
for prestress at resp
Tensile strength of act 0.7 Jfk
Modulus of elasticity of act is 5000 Fck
Min clean cover required is 20mm and it is
increased corresponding to
exposure
condition as given in 456 200
As q
MAN
Spacingis
a Pre tension ed member
s man S 3 x dia of wire
I nominal size of not
c at 5 mm

b Post tensioned member

for group of cables
s man 40 mm
nominal size of coarse
5 mm
agg

Dia of duct is 2.5 3 times the dia of cable

Longitudinal Mig
RI f Fe 250 Fe 415 Fe 500
a Min 0 29 and 0.159
of gross area for
mild steel and HYs D resp including
are aof prestressing wire
b for D 500 mm O I of gross web area
ng
is provided on side face Of equally
distributed on both facing with spacing
not more than 200 mm
e Man tensile stress of wire
just beyond0.76
anchorage should not be more than
times the ultimate stress
d Man bearing stress of act is 0.48 bck
I
 subject to man of 0.8 fck
e Man upward deflection due to prestressing
is
SAIt
left
300
Left
250 stats
Bff u Leff
300
On the basis of cracking section is divided
into three
Case 1 No tensile stress over section
Case IT Tensile stress is permitted but it
should be within permissible limit
and not more than 3N mm
Case 11 Cracks are allowed but it should
not effect the appearance member
This is also called as Partial Pre
stressing

Shear in prestress concrete beam

Shear capacity of un cracked prestress act
section without shear Rif is calculated as
follows
Vc 0 67 bD Ff
at t O 8 f cpit
ft
b width of member
D overall depth
of member
 ft Principle tensile strength of act under
dig shear
ft 0 24 Jfk
fcp compressive stress in centroidal fiber due
to prestressing
f e p Pp

t
0oz
o

PA
NOTE Shear capacity of PSC is generally more
than Rec due to application of pre
compressive forces over it that increase
the confinement of act hence increases
its shear strength
Question Calculate the sum of DL and LL
that can be carried by beam as
given without any shear failure Assume
section is uncracked and critical section
is at the face of support Mao
ammo
prestressing
force 180 UN Size 120 X 300 mm
e
120

300
I
t

too mm
I
e

r
e
lo m

Answer Shear capacity at the support

fI
f 0 24
Jfk
0 24 530
1 31 N mm
FCA
am 180 X 1000 5 N mm
120 X 300
Vc 0 67 b D ft t 0.8 p ft
f
O 67 X 120 X 300 1 3142 0 8 X 9 X 1.314
Vc 63 67 UN
Ef 0
y
 Psin o vC o
WI Psin O
Vc PO u v
Wal

Assuming jacking is done

from both ends
O
4g WI
v P
WI Ie
63 67 10 180 X4 X 100
2 10 X103
Total 14 18 K N I M
load
Transfer of Prestress in pre tensioned
member
In pretensioned system when the wire is
released from its temporary anchorage on
the pre stressing bed I the end of the wire
swells as a result of the
recovery of the
lateral contraction and develops the WEDGE
HOYER EFFECT
The swelling of wire is only for few thousand
of millimeters but it produces considerable
 radial pressure on the act

P ta
I i i i i I I P

t
IT I ITransstress
verse comp

Hence the distance from end of pretension

member beyond which desired stress are
developed in prestressed wire is termed as
transmission length
Variation of stress in steel and act and
bond stress in transmission length is as
follows
In absence of values transmission length can
be taken as follows
1 Plain and intended wire 1000
2Crimped wires 650
3 Strands 300
 OAP P
0.7 P MEB
DNB LT Transmission
was
Og p
length
Y Y
Bond
O A a M stress
G

Distance from end

Variation of stress it steel and concrete

It is recommended that one half of the L
shall oven hang the support in simply
supported mm at beams and the whole of
M should extend beyond support in case
Lt
of fined end

Anchorage zone stress in Post tensioned

member
In the anchorage
zone or the end blocks
of post tensioned prestressed act
memberssthe state of complex stress
d d d
Compressive stress path
compressive stress Path
i i s

i
_EEpyy path

E É
a

Tensile stress Path

if
 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

IES

Question no 1 which of the following

statements
correct with reference
are
to ensuring minimum shrinkage of
prestressed concrete
1 The water cement ratio and proportion of
cement paste should be kept minimum to
reduce shrinkage
2
Aggregates of larger size well graded for
minimum void need a smaller amount of
cement paste and attendant shrinkage
will be smaller
3 Harder and denser aggregates of low water
absorptions and high modulus of
elasticity will exhibit small shrinkage
a I and 2 b I and 3 only
only
c 2 and 3 only d 1 2 and 3
2019

Solution d
Concrete with aggregates that are hard
dense and have low water absorption and
high modulus of elasticity will have low
creep and shrinkage
These aggregate will generally not allow
the change in volume due to higher
rigidity
Also as cement paste and water cement
ratio i responsible for creep and shrinkage
keeping minimum water cement ratio Langer
aggregate minimum water cement ratio
Langer aggregates size will lead to less
Shrikage
Loss
Question no 2
of prestress is not
directly related to
a
creep of concrete
b
shrinkage of concrete
c
grade of concrete
d steel tendons from concrete
slipping of
2021

Solution d
Slipping of steel tendons from concrete
 is not considered as it is assumed that there
will be perfect band between steel and
concrete

Question no3 which one of the

following
statements is the disadvantage of post
tensioning method
a The loss of prestress is less as compared
to pretensioning system
b Post tensioning method is costly as compared
to
pre tensioning method
e Post tensioning can be done in factories and
at the site also
d Post tensioning method i used for large
spans and heavily loaded structures
2021

Solution b

GATE

Question no 1 A uniformly distributed load

intensity w acting on a simply
supported
prestressed concrete beam of span L
producing a bending moment M at mid span
is to be balanced by a parabolic tendon with
zero eccentricity at ends and eccentricity e at
mid span The prestressing forcerequired depends
on
a w and e b W and L
c L and e d M and e
One mark question

Solution d
mmmm mmmm

0 I 70
ge
i is
g

mmmmm
Pcoso
Paso a

Tretter
8 Pcos o e n

12
free body diagram at mid span
 M PecosO
Pcosor Wd
e

for Jug counteract the effect of external

M Pecos O
P M
e cos o

Hence prestressing
force P depends upon M and e

Question no 2 A rectangular simply supported pre

stressed concrete beam of span L is subjectedto
a
prestressing forceof parting centrally at and sections
and the prestress tendons are parabolically
draped with maximum eccentricity of e man at the
mid span section The uniformly distributed up war
load w on the beam due to prestressing will be
a 16 Pe man L b 4 Pe man L2
c 12 P e
man
a
d 8 P e man I L
2 marks
ques
Solution d
The parabolic curve profile actually
acts like a cable in the suspension bridge The
cable has the property that at every point of it
 p p
t s

yep
e s
e

the BM is
zero

RH
immannmi Oman
O RH

Rv we
2

BM at C 0
Ru x
1 Rn x eman t w
E
2

Rn X e man t
WI X
k Wgl

W 12
Ry
Seman
Pcos a we
8 em an

W 8 Pe o
mangos
for small value of O cos 0 1
Hence
w 8 Pe man
12

Question no 3 An I shaped prestressed

concrete beam spanning 30m has an
effective prestress of 3000 un at an
eccentricity
of 75 mm at midspan cross section
Calculate the stresses at midspan in the
extreme fibres
Given the following data
Area of cross section 0 42 m
Moment of Inertia O 1433 m 9
Height ofthe beam 1600 m
Car of the section from the bottom 890 mm
2top 0 202 m3
2 bottom O 161 m3
concrete 25 kn Im 3
Density of
5 marks question

Solution
Dead load of the beam wd A X Ve
0 42 X 25
 10.5 kN m
BM at midspan due to dead load Md
12 10.5 302
Wdf 8

1181.25 UNM
Effective prestress P 3000 kN
Eccentricity e 75mm

Stress at top
Pa Peg Md
21e
3000 103 3000 103 75 1181.25 106
0.42 106 0.202 X 109 0.202 109
11.87 N mm

stress at bottom
Pa Pze Md
2b
3000 103 3000 103 75 1181.25 108
0.42 106 0.161 X 109 0.161 109
1.203 N mm