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Comparative Study - Developed and Developing Nations - Ok PDF
Comparative Study - Developed and Developing Nations - Ok PDF
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Developing Country
A developing country (or a low and middle-income country (LMIC), less developed country,
less economically developed country (LEDC), or underdeveloped country) is a country with a less
developed industrial base and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries.
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistical composite index of life expectancy,
education, and per capita income indicators. The industry is the production of goods or related
services within an economy.
Developed Country
A developed country, industrialized country, more developed country, or more economically
developed country (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a developed economy and advanced
technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations. Most commonly, the criteria
for evaluating the degree of economic development are gross domestic product (GDP), gross
national product (GNP), per capita income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread
infrastructure and general standard of living. Which criteria are to be used and which countries
can be classified as being developed are subjects of debate.
Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods
and services produced in a period of time, often annually or quarterly. The gross national income
(GNI), previously known as the gross national product (GNP), is the total domestic and foreign
output claimed by residents of a country, consisting of gross domestic product (GDP), plus factor
incomes earned by foreign residents, minus income earned in the domestic economy by non-
residents. Per capita income (PCI) or average income measures the average income earned per
person in a given area in a specified year. It is calculated by dividing the area's total income by its
total population.
Economic In 2017 Cambodia's per capita income Since the 16th century, shipping, fishing,
Developme is $4,022 in PPP and $1,309 in nominal agriculture, trade, and banking have
nt per capita. Cambodia graduated from been leading sectors of the Dutch
the status of a Least Developed Country economy. The Netherlands has a high
to a Lower Middle Income country in level of economic freedom. The
the same year 2016. Most rural Netherlands was ranked the fifth most
households depend on agriculture and competitive economy in the world by
its related sub-sectors. Rice, fish, timber, the Swiss International Institute for
garments and rubber are Cambodia's Management Development in 2017. In
major exports. The International Rice addition, the country was ranked the
Research Institute (IRRI) reintroduced
more than 750 traditional rice varieties second most innovative in the world in
to Cambodia from its rice seed bank in the 2018 Global Innovation Index.
the Philippines.
As of 2016, the key trading partners of
Based on the Economist, IMF: Annual the Netherlands were Germany,
average GDP growth for the period Belgium, the United Kingdom, the United
2001–2010 was 7.7% making it one of the States, France, Italy, China and Russia.
world's top ten countries with the The Netherlands is one of the world's 10
highest annual average GDP growth. leading exporting countries. Foodstuffs
Tourism was Cambodia's fastest form the largest industrial sector. Other
growing industry, with arrivals increasing major industries include chemicals,
from 219,000 in 1997 to over 2 million in metallurgy, machinery, electrical goods,
2007. In 2004, inflation was at 1.7% and trade, services and tourism.
exports at $1.6 billion US$. Oil and
natural gas deposits found beneath The Netherlands ranks 10th in GDP
Cambodia's territorial waters in 2005 (nominal) per capita. In April 2013,
yield great potential but remain mostly unemployment was at 8.2% of the
untapped, due in part to territorial labour force. In October 2018, this was
disputes with Thailand. reduced to 3.7%.
Military The Royal Cambodian Armed Forces The service branches consist of:
Forces (RCAF) is the national military forces of
Royal Netherlands Army
Cambodia. The Supreme Commander-
Royal Netherlands Navy and Marine
in-Chief is HM King Norodom
Corps.
Sihamoni.The armed forces currently
Royal Netherlands Air Force.
operate under the jurisdiction of the
Royal Military Constabulary.
Ministry of National Defence. Under the
constitution the RCAF is officially in
charge to protect the sovereignty and These operate under the auspices of the
territorial integrity of the Kingdom of Royal Netherlands Navy and Marines.
Cambodia. The Royal Cambodian The military ranks of the Dutch armed
Army is the largest force with troops forces have similarities with British and
stationed in each province of the U.S. military ranks. The highest-ranking
country. The Royal Cambodian Navy is officer in the Dutch military is the Chief
the second largest force and operates of Defence.
at sea. The Royal Cambodian Air Force
is the smallest of the military forces and
has 5,000 members. The Air Force
operates in every province which has
an airport.
Tourism Data The tourism industry is the country's Tourism in the Netherlands is a relatively
second-greatest source of hard small sector of the country's economy
currency after the textile industry. Most with a total contribution of 5.4% to gross
visitors arrived through Siem Reap with domestic product and 9.6% to
the remainder through Phnom Penh employment. In 2017 the Netherlands
and other destinations. was visited by 17 million foreign tourists
(with more than 5 million coming from
Most of the tourists were Japanese, Germany), making it the 20th most
Chinese, Filipinos, Americans, South visited country in the world.
Koreans and French, said the report,
adding that the industry earned some
1.4 billion US dollars in 2007, accounting
for almost ten percent of the kingdom's
gross national product. Tourism has
been one of Cambodia's triple pillar
industries. The Angkor Wat historical
park in Siem Reap province, the
beaches in Sihanoukville and the
capital city Phnom Penh are the main
attractions for foreign tourists.
Geographic North Korea, officially the Democratic South Korea, officially the Republic of
al Setting People's Republic of Korea, is a country Korea, is a country in East Asia,
in East Asia constituting the northern constituting the southern part of the
part of the Korean Peninsula, with Korean Peninsula. The name Korea is
Pyongyang the capital and the largest derived from Goguryeo which was one of
city in the country. To the north and the great powers in East Asia during its
northwest, the country is bordered by time. South Korea lies in the north
China and by Russia along the Amnok temperate zone and has a
(known as the Yalu in Chinese) and predominantly mountainous terrain. It
Tumen rivers; it is bordered to the south comprises an estimated 51.4 million
by South Korea residents distributed over 100,363 km2.
The capital and largest city is Seoul, with
North Korea experiences a combination a population of 10 million.South Korea
of continental climate and an oceanic occupies the southern portion of the
climate, but most of the country Korean Peninsula, which extends some
experiences a humid continental 1,100 km (680 mi) from the Asian
climate within the Köppen climate mainland. This mountainous peninsula is
classification scheme. Winters bring flanked by the Yellow Sea to the west,
clear weather interspersed with snow and the Sea of Japan to the east. Its
storms as a result of northern and southern tip lies on the Korea Strait and
northwestern winds that blow from the East China Sea. Its total area is
Siberia. Summer tends to be by far the 100,032 square kilometres
hottest, most humid, and rainiest time of (38,622.57 sq mi).
year because of the southern and
southeastern monsoon winds that carry Jeju-do is about 100 kilometres (62 miles)
moist air from the Pacific Ocean. off the southern coast of South Korea. It is
Approximately 60 percent of all the country's largest island, with an area
precipitation occurs from June to of 1,845 square kilometres. South Korea
September. Spring and autumn are has four distinct seasons; spring, summer,
transitional seasons between summer autumn and winter. Spring usually lasts
and winter. from late March to early May, summer
from mid-May to early September,
autumn from mid-September to early
November, and winter from mid-
November to mid-March.
Administrativ The administrative divisions of North The major administrative divisions in South
e System Korea are organized into three Korea are eight provinces, one special
hierarchical levels. These divisions were self-governing province, six metropolitan
discovered in 2002. At the highest level cities (self-governing cities that are not
are nine provinces, two directly part of any province), one special city
governed cities, and three special and one metropolitan autonomous city.
administrative divisions. The second-
The Executive and Legislative branches
level divisions are cities, counties, wards,
and districts. These are further operate primarily at the national level,
subdivided into third-level entities: although various ministries in the
towns, neighborhoods, villages, and executive branch also carry out local
workers' districts. functions. Local governments are semi-
autonomous and contain executive and
The three-level administrative system
legislative bodies of their own. The judicial
used in North Korea was first
branch operates at both the national
inaugurated by Kim Il-sung in 1952, as
and local levels. The South Korean
part of a massive restructuring of local
government's structure is determined by
government. Previously, the country
the Constitution of the Republic of Korea.
had used a multi-level system similar to
This document has been revised several
that still used in South Korea.
times since its first promulgation in 1948
(for details, see History of South Korea).
According to the Constitution of North
However, it has retained many broad
Korea there are officially three main
characteristics; with the exception of the
branches of government. The first of
short-lived Second Republic of South
these is the State Affairs Commission of
Korea, the country has always had a
North Korea, which acts as "the supreme
presidential system with a relatively
national guidance organ of state
independent chief executive.
sovereignty". Its role is to deliberate and
decide the work on defense building of
the State, including major policies of the
As with most stable three-branch systems,
State.
a careful system of checks and balances
Legislative power is held by the is in place. For instance, the judges of the
unicameral Supreme People's Assembly Constitutional Court are partially
(SPA). Its 687 members are elected appointed by the executive, and
every five years by universal suffrage. partially by the legislature. Likewise, when
Supreme People's Assembly sessions are a resolution of impeachment is passed by
convened by the SPA Presidium, whose the legislature, it is sent to the judiciary for
president (Kim Yong-nam since 1998) a final decision.
represents the state in relations with
foreign countries. Deputies formally
elect the President, the vice-presidents
and members of the Presidium and take
part in the constitutionally appointed
activities of the legislature.
Economic The economy of North Korea is a The economy of South Korea is the 4th
Developme centrally planned system, where the largest in Asia and the 11th largest in the
nt role of market allocation schemes is world. It is a mixed economy dominated
limited, though increasing. As of 2015 by family-owned conglomerates called
North Korea continues its basic chaebols; however, the dominance of
adherence to a centrally planned the chaebol is unlikely to last and
command economy. There has been engenders risk of slowing down the
some economic liberalisation, transformation of Korean economy for
particularly after Kim Jong-un assumed the benefit of future generations. South
the leadership in 2012, but reports Korea is known for its spectacular rise
conflict over particular legislation and from one of the poorest countries in the
enactment.China is North Korea's world to a developed, high-income
largest trading partner. country in just a few generations. This
economic growth is called by some a
miracle, and described as the Miracle on
the Han River, which has brought South
Korea to the ranks of elite countries. South
Korea still remains one of the fastest
growing developed countries in the world
following the Great Recession. It is
included in the group of Next Eleven
countries that will dominate the global
economy in the middle of the 21st
century.In 1980, the South Korean GDP
per capita was $2,300, about one-third of
nearby developed Asian economies.
Since then, South Korea has advanced
into a developed economy to eventually
attain a GDP per capita of $30,000 in
2010, almost thirteen times the figure thirty
years ago.
Education Students in North Korea are taught the South Korea is one of the top-performing
System communist ideology and also the countries in reading literacy,
greatness of their leaders such as Kim mathematics and sciences.The country is
Jong II and Kim II Sung through well known for its obsession with
education. The subjects taught are also education, which has come to be called
directed towards science and "education fever". the 2014 national
technology so as to enable students to rankings of students’ math and science
be the future technicians, scientists, and scores by the Organisation for Economic
workers that the government can rely Co-operation and Development (OECD),
on to achieve the country’s goals. South Korea ranked second place
Korean education is made up of kyoyuk worldwide, after Singapore.
which is basically technical skills and
Higher education is an overwhelmingly
scientific knowledge. It also consists
serious issue in South Korea society, where
kyoyang which is indoctrination. Both of
it is viewed as one of the fundamental
these act as the means of transforming
cornerstones of South Korean life.
the citizens into reliable communists.
Education is regarded with a high priority
The countries education system is made for South Korean families as success in
up of three kinds of schools. The main is education is necessary for improving
the general school system. The other one's socioeconomic position in South
two schools are schools for continuing Korean society. Academic success is
education and schools for special often a source of pride for families and
purposes. within South Korean society at large.
South Koreans view education as the
The general school system is what is
main propeller of social mobility for
referred to as school systems in other
themselves and their family as a gateway
nations across the globe. It is referred to
to the South Korean middle class.
as general school system so as to Graduating from a top university is the
differentiate it from the other types of ultimate marker of prestige, high
schools mentioned above. Elementary socioeconomic status, promising
(primary) school also referred to as marriage prospects, and a respectable
people’s school or Inmin hakkyo, starts career path.An average South Korean
at age six and it takes a total of four child's life revolves around education as
years to finish. The next stage is pressure to succeed academically is
secondary school which is higher middle deeply ingrained in South Korean
school or Kodung chunghakkyo in North children from an early age. Those who
Korea. This offers students a total of six lack a formal university education often
years of learning and it has two main face social prejudice.
levels: the lower-level middle school
which is attended by students aged
between 10-13 years and it goes for four
years; and the higher-level high school
that is completed in two years and it is
attended by students aged between
14-15 years.After completing secondary
schools, recommended students can
proceed and take up higher education.
Universities where students learn for four
to six years depending on the course
selectedhttps://www.studycountry.com
/guide/KP-education.htm
Military The Korean People's Army is an The Republic of Korea Armed Forces are
Forces institution of the Workers' Party of Korea, the armed forces of South Korea.
and constitutes the de facto military Created in 1948 following the division of
forces of North Korea. Under the Songun Korea, the ROK Armed Forces is one of
policy, it is the central institution of North the largest standing armed forces in the
Korean community. Kim Jong-un is its world with a reported personnel strength
Supreme Commander and the of 3,725,000 in 2016 (625,000 active and
Chairman of the Central Military 3,100,000 reserve).
Commission. The KPA consists of five
branches: Ground Force, the Navy, the
Air Force, the Strategic Rocket Forces, The ROK Armed Forces consists of the:
and the Special Operation Force.
ROK Army
As of 2016, with 5,889,000 paramilitary ROK Navy
personnel, it is the largest paramilitary ROK Marine Corps
organization on Earth. This number ROK Air Force
serves as 25% of the North Korean In addition, reserve elements consist of
population. the:
Columbia USA
Geographic Colombia, officially the Republic of The United States of America (USA),
al Setting Colombia is a sovereign state largely commonly known as the United States
situated in the northwest of South (U.S. or US) or America, is a country
America, with territories in Central composed of 50 states, a federal district,
America. Colombia shares a border to five major self-governing territories, and
the northwest with Panama, to the east various possessions. At 9.8 million km2, the
with Venezuela and Brazil and to the United States is the world's third or fourth
south with Ecuador and Peru. It shares its largest country by total area and slightly
maritime limits with Costa Rica, smaller than the entire continent of
Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, Haiti Europe. With a population of over 327
and the Dominican Republic. Colombia million people, the U.S. is the third most
is a unitary, constitutional republic populous country. The capital is
comprising thirty-two departments, with Washington, D.C., and the largest city by
the capital in Bogota. population is New York. Forty-eight states
and the capital's federal district are
The climate of Colombia is
contiguous in North America between
characterized for being tropical
Canada and Mexico. .
presenting variations within six natural
regions and depending on the altitude,
temperature, humidity, winds and
rainfall. The diversity of climate zones in
Colombia is characterized for having
tropical rainforests, savannas, steppes,
deserts and mountain climate.
Administrativ In accordance with the principle of The Federal Government of the United
e System separation of powers, government is States (U.S. Federal Government) is the
divided into three branches: the national government of the United States,
executive branch, the legislative a federal republic in North America,
branch and the judicial branch. composed of 50 states, a federal district,
five major self-governing territories, and
As the head of the executive branch, several island possessions. The federal
the President of Colombia serves as government is composed of three distinct
both head of state and head of branches: legislative, executive, and
government, followed by the Vice judicial, whose powers are vested by the
President and the Council of Ministers. U.S. Constitution in the Congress, the
The president is elected by popular vote President, and the federal courts,
to serve four-year term (In 2015. At the respectively.
provincial level executive power is
vested in department governors,
municipal mayors and local
administrators for smaller administrative
subdivisions, All regional elections are
held one year and five months after the
presidential election.
Economic Colombia is Latin America's fourth The economy of the United States is a
developme largest and Middle America's second highly developed mixed economy. It is
nt largest economy measured by gross the world's largest economy by nominal
domestic product. GDP and the second-largest by
purchasing power parity (PPP). It also has
Petroleum is Colombia's main export,
the world's seventh-highest per capita
making over 45% of Colombia's exports.
GDP (nominal) and the eleventh-highest
Manufacturing makes up nearly 12% of
per capita GDP (PPP) in 2016. The US has
Colombia's exports, and grows at a rate
a highly diversified, world-leading
of over 10% a year. Colombia has the
industrial sector It is also a high-
fastest growing information technology
technology innovator with the second-
industry in the world and has the longest
largest industrial output in the world. The
fibre optic network in Latin America.
U.S. dollar is the currency most used in
Colombia also has one of the largest
international transactions and is the
shipbuilding industries in the world
world's foremost reserve currency,
outside Asia.
backed by its science and technology, its
military, the full faith of the U.S.
government to reimburse its debts, its
central role in a range of international
institutions since World War II, and the
petrodollar system.Several countries use it
as their official currency, and in many
others, it is the de facto currency. Its
largest trading partners are China,
Canada, Mexico, Japan, Germany,
South Korea, United Kingdom, France,
India, and Taiwan.
Education The educational model of Colombia Education in the United States is provided
System resembles that of the Netherlands. by public, private and home schools.
Colombia works with a primary and a State governments set overall
secondary school. In 1886 in the law is educational standards, often mandate
included that education is regulated by standardized tests for K–12 public school
the Ministry of Education. There is also a systems and supervise, usually through a
law that 10% of the budget of the board of regents, state colleges, and
government must be spent on universities. Funding comes from the
education. The language of instruction state, local, and federal government.
is Spanish. There are schools in which Private schools are generally free to
instruction is in English, German or determine their own curriculum and
French, but these are private schools staffing policies, with voluntary
and must be paid for. Most Colombians accreditation available through
can't pay that much. independent regional accreditation
authorities, although some state
regulation can apply.
Textbooks are not issued by the school
By state law, education is compulsory
or put on loan by the school. People
over an age range starting between five
must buy their own books. At the time a
and eight and ending somewhere
school has a particular method (book) it
between ages sixteen and eighteen,
is used for about 3 years. Books are
depending on the state. This requirement
available in local bookstores.
can be satisfied in public schools, state-
certified private schools, or an approved
home school program. In most schools,
In Colombia the primary and secondary compulsory education is divided into
education use a uniform. This is so that three levels: elementary school, middle or
all children have the same clothes. So junior high school, and high school. Post-
you cannot identify if someone is from a secondary education, divided into
family wich is rich or poor. college, as the first tertiary degree, and
http://www.colombiainfo.org/en- graduate school.
us/colombia/education.aspx
Military The Military Forces of Colombia are the The United States Armed Forces are the
Forces unified armed forces of the Republic of military forces of the United States of
Colombia. The Colombian military is the America. It consists of the Army, Marine
second largest in the Western Corps, Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard.
Hemisphere in terms of active The President of the United States is the
personnel, behind the United States Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Armed
Armed Forces. The President of Forces. The U.S. Armed Forces are one of
Colombia is the military's commander in the largest militaries in terms of the
chief. The Colombian military consists of number of personnel. The U.S. Air Force is
the National Army of Colombia, the world's largest air force, the U.S. Navy
Colombian Navy, Colombian Air Force is the world's largest navy by tonnage,
and the Colombian Naval Infantry. and the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Marine
Although the National Police of Corps combined are the world's second
Colombia is technically not part of the largest air arm. In terms of size, the U.S.
military, it is controlled and administered Coast Guard is the world's 12th largest
by the Ministry of Defense. naval force.
Military Forces:
Colombian Army
Tourism Colombia has major attractions for a Tourism in the United States is a large
Data tourist destination, such as Cartagena industry that serves millions of
and its historic surroundings, which are international and domestic tourists yearly.
on the UNESCO World Heritage List; the Foreigners visit the U.S. to see natural
insular department of San Andrés, wonders, cities, historic landmarks, and
Providencia y Santa Catalina; and entertainment venues. Americans seek
Santa Marta and the surrounding area. similar attractions, as well as recreation
The coffee region is also a very popular and vacation areas.
destination, especially the city of
Tourists spend more money in the United
Armenia and its surroundings. Fairly
States than any other country, while
recently, Bogotá, the nation's capital,
attracting the second-highest number of
has become Colombia's major tourist
tourists after France. Today, there exists
destination because of its improved
a wide range of tourist attractions in the
museums and entertainment facilities
United States such as amusement parks,
and its major urban renovations,
festivals, gambling, golf courses, historical
including the rehabilitation of public
buildings and landmarks, hotels,
areas, the development of parks, and
museums, galleries, outdoor recreation,
the creation of an extensive network of
spas, restaurants and sports
cycling routes. With its very rich and
varied geography, which includes the
Amazon and Andean regions, the
llanos, the Caribbean and Pacific
coasts, and the deserts of La Guajira,
and its unique biodiversity, Colombia
also has major potential for ecotourism.