FACTORS AFFECTING

RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Learner's Module in Science 10
Fourth Quarter • Weeks 7-8
IRINE C. ORIBILLO
Developer

What I Know
Pre – Test
Note:
1. Read carefully all the instructions given.
2. Try to finish all the expected tasks before moving to the next page.
3. Answer the pre-test first and check your answers against the Key to corrections
on the self-check section of this module. Keep a record of your answer.
Directions: Carefully read, analyze, and answer each item. On your answer sheet,
write the letter of your chosen answer for each question or statement.

1. Which statement about Collision theory is correct?

A. All collisions lead to chemical reactions.
B. Most collisions lead to chemical reactions.
C. Very few reactions involve particle collisions.
D. Effective collisions lead to chemical reactions.
2. Which factor must reactants possess for collisions to be successful?
A. proper orientation only
B. sufficient heat of reaction only
C. sufficient potential energy only
D. sufficient kinetic energy and proper orientation of molecules
3. Consider the following collisions, each occurring at the same temperature: Which
one of the following factors explains why collision A is successful while collision B is
not successful?

A. catalyst B. proper orientation C. concentration D. kinetic energy

4. Fresh fish and meat that are not stored in a refrigerator show signs of spoilage in
less than a day. What has caused this spoilage?
A. catalysts c. temperature changes
B. oxygen in air d. presence of microorganism
5. The rate of reaction increases as the temperature increases. Which of the following
statements provides the best explanation for this?
A. Higher temperature has higher activation energy.
B. At lower temperatures the particles do not collide with each other.
C. Increasing the temperature increases the number of particles, so they collide
more often.
D. At higher temperatures the particles have more energy, move faster, and
collide more often.
6. Reactions eventually stop. What is generally the reason for this?
A. Wrong catalysts was used.
B. The catalyst has been used up.
C. The particles have run out of energy.
D. One or more of the reactants has been used up.
7. In a reaction with hydrochloric acid, why does powdered magnesium reacts faster
than the same mass of magnesium ribbon?
A. The powdered magnesium is hotter than the magnesium ribbon
B. The powdered magnesium contains more atoms than the magnesium ribbon
C. The powdered magnesium has a bigger surface area than the magnesium
ribbon
D. The powdered magnesium has a smaller surface area than the magnesium
ribbon
8. Marble reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce calcium chloride, water, and carbon
dioxide. In which of these mixtures is the rate of reaction likely to be the greatest?
A. 3 g of marble chips in 100 cm3 of hydrochloric acid at 40°C
B. 3 g of marble chips in 100 cm3 of hydrochloric acid at 25°C
C. 3 g of powdered marble in 100 cm3 of hydrochloric acid at 40°C
D. 3 g of powdered marble in 100 cm3 of hydrochloric acid at 25°C
9. Manganese dioxide is a black powder that catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen
peroxide to water and oxygen. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Manganese dioxide will cause production of more water
B. The mass of manganese dioxide will stay the same during the reaction
C. The catalyzed reaction will produce more oxygen than the uncatalyzed
reaction
D. The particles in the catalyzed reaction will have more energy than in the
uncatalyzed reaction
10. Which combination of factors will affect the rate of the following reaction of
Zn +2HCl ZnCl2 +H2?

A. temperature and surface area only

B. temperature and concentration only
C. concentration and surface area only
D. temperature, concentration, and surface area
 What’s In
COLLISION THEORY

What is Collision Theory?

Collision theory explains why different reactions occur at different rates and
suggests ways to change the rate of a reaction. Collision theory states that for a
chemical reaction to occur, the reacting particles must collide with one another. The
rate of the reaction depends on the frequency of collisions. The theory also tells us
that reacting particles often collide without reacting.

For collisions to be successful, reacting particles must:

1. possess a minimum kinetic energy, known as activation energy, to start a chemical

reaction.

• Activation energy is needed to break the bond between reactant molecules to

form new bonds leading to formation of the products. Activation energy is the
energy required to initiate a reaction and force the reactants to form an
activated complex. The activated complex is located at the peak of the energy
diagram for a reaction.

• The figure below shows the Energy of the Activated Complex for the NO–O3 System.
The diagram shows how the energy of this system varies as the reaction proceeds
from reactants to products.

Source:https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Bellarmine_University/BU%3A_Chem_104_(Christianson)/Phase_2%
3A_Understanding_Chemical_Reactions/4%3A_Kinetics%3A_How_Fast_Reactions_Go/4.6%3A_Activation_Ene
rgy_and_Rate
(Accessed: March 29, 2022)
Figure 1
2. be in proper orientation when they collide.
a. Ineffective collision of carbon monoxide and oxygen molecule due to wrong
orientation of colliding molecules

Source: https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/12-5-collision-theory/
(Accessed: March 28, 2022)
Figure 2

b. Effective collision of carbon monoxide and oxygen molecule due to proper

orientation of colliding molecules results to formation of carbon dioxide
molecule

Source: https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/12-5-collision-theory/
(Accessed: March 28, 2022)
Figure 3

What’s New
Activity: Let us experiment!

Direction: Analyze each data given in the different experiments then answer the
questions that follow.
A. Experiment 1: Whole and powdered denture cleaner
Set-up A Set-up B
Materials: Materials:
1. one whole tablet denture cleaner 1. one denture cleaner in powder
2. 100 ml of tap water in a form
transparent cup labeled A 2. 100 ml of tap water in a
3. Timer transparent cup labeled A
3. Timer
Note: The tap water for both set-up is from the same source and collected at the same time.
• Denture cleaner is used to clean dentures when they are out of the mouth. It is
used to control the growth of microorganisms on dentures. It is usually in the
form of tablet and placed in a glass of water with the denture.
• You simultaneously dropped the whole tablet and powdered tablet in cup A and
B containing 100 ml of tap water. You were asked to record the time it takes for
each tablet to stop fizzing. You recorded a shorter time in set-up B and longer
time in set-up A.
Q1: Why is shorter time recorded in set-up B and longer time in set-up A?
Q2: Which factor affecting rate of reaction is shown in the first experiment?
Q3: Explain in your own words the effect of surface area on reaction rate.
B. Experiment 2: Hot and cold water
Set-up A Set-up B
Materials: Materials:
 1. one whole tablet denture cleaner 1. one whole tablet denture cleaner
2. 100 ml of cold water in a transparent 2. 100 ml of hot water in a transparent
cup labeled A cup labeled B
3. Timer 3. Timer
Caution: Hot water may scald your skin. Handle with care.
• You simultaneously dropped the whole tablet of denture cleaner in cup A
containing 100 ml of cold water and cup B containing 100 ml of hot water. You
were asked to record the time it takes for each tablet to stop fizzing. You
recorded a shorter time in set-up B and longer time in set-up A.
Q1: Why is shorter time recorded in set-up B and longer time in set-up A?
Q3: Which factor affecting rate of reaction is shown in the second
experiment?
Q4: What is the effect of temperature on reaction rate?
C. Experiment 3: Magnesium dioxide
Set-up A Set-up B
Materials: Materials:
1. 10 ml hydrogen peroxide in a test tube 1. 10 ml hydrogen peroxide in a test tube
2. Hot water bath 2. Pinch of manganese dioxide

• You placed the first test tube containing 10 ml hydrogen peroxide in a container
of hot water. The second test tube containing 10 ml hydrogen peroxide, you add
a pinch of manganese dioxide. You were asked to note the rate bubbles form
in both test tube. The bubbling indicates a chemical reaction.
• Observation: formation of bubbles is way faster in the second test tube where
manganese dioxide is added that the test tube placed in hot water
Q1: Why is bubbling faster in the second test tube than the first test tube?
Q2: What is the role of the manganese dioxide in the reaction?

D. Experiment 4: Bleach
Set-up A Set-up B Set-up C
Materials: Materials: Materials:
1. 8cmx8cm crepe paper 1. 8cmx8cm crepe paper 1. 8cmx8cm crepe paper
2. 30 ml 100% bleach 2. 30 ml 50% bleach 2. 30 ml 25% bleach
solution solution (half bleach-half solution (1/4 bleach-3/4
3. transparent cup water) water)
3. transparent cup 3. transparent cup
• You placed the 30 ml bleach solution with different concentration in each beaker
then dropped the pieces of crepe paper into the three beakers. You were asked
to observe the discoloration of the 3 papers in the three beakers. From your
observation, the most discolored paper is in the cup containing 100% bleach
solution.
Question 1: Why is discoloration very evident in the cup containing 100%
bleach solution compared to the other two beakers?
Question 2: What is the effect of concentration of reaction on the rates of
chemical reaction?
What Is It
I. FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
 The determination of reaction rates from which rate laws and rate constants are
derived is called Chemical kinetics. For a reaction to occur, a collision must take place.
This collision must be of proper orientation and have sufficient energy to break the
necessary bonds.

There are several factors that influence the rates of chemical reactions. The
four main factors are:

A. Concentration of Reactants
• Increasing the concentration of one or more reactants will often increase
the rate of reaction. This occurs because a higher concentration of a
reactant will lead to more collisions of that reactant in a specific time
period.
• For example, if one in a million particles has sufficient activation
energy, then out of 100 million particles, only 100 will react. However,
if you have 200 million of those particles within the same volume,
then 200 of them react. By doubling the concentration, the rate of
reaction has doubled as well.

B. Physical State of the Reactants and Surface Area

• In a reaction between a solid and a liquid, the surface area of the solid
will ultimately impact how fast the reaction occurs. This is because the
liquid and the solid can bump into each other only at the liquid-solid
interface, which is on the surface of the solid. The solid molecules
trapped within the body of the solid cannot react. Therefore, increasing
the surface area of the solid will expose more solid molecules to the
liquid, which allows for a faster reaction.

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/factors-that-affect-reaction-rate/
(Accessed: April 4, 2022)
Figure 4

C. Temperature
• An increase in temperature typically increases the rate of reaction. An
increase in temperature will raise the average kinetic energy of the
reactant molecules. Therefore, a greater proportion of molecules will
have the minimum energy necessary for an effective collision.
 • The illustration below shows the effect of temperature on the kinetic
energy distribution of molecules in a sample.

https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-middle-school-physical-science-flexbook-
2.0/section/5.27/primary/lesson/chemical-reaction-rate-ms-ps/
Retrieved: March 29, 2022
Figure 5
D. Presence of a Catalyst
• Catalysts are substances that increase reaction rate by lowering the
activation energy needed for the reaction to occur. A catalyst is not
destroyed or changed during a reaction, so it can be used again.
• For example, at ordinary conditions, H2 and O2 do not combine.
However, they do combine in the presence of a small quantity of
platinum, which acts as a catalyst, and the reaction then occurs
rapidly.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/factors-that-affect-reaction-rate/
Retrieved: April 4, 2022
Figure 6
Summary of Factors

• The chart below is a summary of the main factors that influence the reaction
rate.
Factor Effect on Reaction Rate
1. Concentration of • in a solution, increasing the amount of reactants
Reactants increases the reaction rate
2. State of Matter and • gases react more readily than liquids, which react more
Surface Area readily than solids
• increasing the surface area increases reaction rate
3. Temperature • increasing temperature increases reaction rate
4. Catalysts • a catalyst lowers activation energy, increasing reaction
rate

II. APPLICATION OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATE ON FOOD

PRESERVATION, CONTROL OF FIRE, POLLUTION AND CORROSION

A. Food Preservation
Chemical reactions typically occur faster at higher temperatures. Food can spoil
quickly when left on the kitchen counter. However, the lower temperature inside of
a refrigerator slows that process so that the same food remains fresh for days. Gas
burners, hot plates, and ovens are often used in the laboratory to increase the
speed of reactions that proceed slowly at ordinary temperatures. For many
chemical processes, reaction rates are approximately doubled when the
temperature is raised by 10 °C.

B. Pollution and Corrosion

What is acid rain?
Pure water is considered a neutral substance. It has a pH of 7. Clean or
unpolluted, rain is naturally slightly acidic with a pH of 5.6. Acid rain is any
precipitation that has a pH lower than 5.6. Typically, the pH of acid rain is
between 2 and 4.5.
Why does acid precipitation exist?
Many human activities involve burning fossil fuels. For example, coal plants
burn fossil fuels. But gasoline cars burn fossil fuels, too. Why are fossil fuels a
problem? Well, burning fossil fuels releases many gases. Two of these gases
are sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitric oxides (NOx). Natural sources of these
gases exist too, such as volcanoes.
When these gases combine with water and oxygen in the atmosphere, they
produce sulfuric, nitric, and nitrous acids. The chemical reaction of sulfur
dioxide with water and oxygen to form sulfuric acid is shown below.

Chemical reaction of sulfur dioxide with water and oxygen to form sulfuric acid
SO3(g)+H2O(g) H2SO4(aq)

Chemical reaction of nitrogen dioxide with water to form nitric acid and nitrous
acid
NO2 + H2O HNO3 + HNO2
How does acid rain ruin statues and monuments?

The rates of many reactions depend on the concentrations of the reactants.

Rates usually increase when the concentration of one or more of the reactants
increases. For example, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) deteriorates because of its
 reaction with the pollutant sulfur dioxide. The rate of this reaction depends on the
amount of sulfur dioxide in the air.

Statues and monuments are often made from substances

that corrode (break down) when exposed to acid rain. Examples of these
substances include limestone, sandstone, marble, and granite.

When sulfur dioxide (SO 2) in the air mixes with water, it creates sulfuric acid
(H2SO4). When rain falls from the sky onto a limestone (CaCO 3) statue,
a neutralization reaction occurs between sulfuric acid and calcium carbonate.
This reaction creates calcium sulfate (CaSO 4). Calcium sulfate is soluble in
water, which eventually causes the statue to crumble away.

Sulfuric acid reacts with calcium carbonate in a neutralization reaction:

Calcium carbonate + sulfuric acid → calcium sulfate + water + carbon dioxide

CaCO3 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + H2O +CO2

In a polluted atmosphere where the concentration of sulfur dioxide is high,

calcium carbonate deteriorates more rapidly than in less polluted air. Similarly,
phosphorus burns much more rapidly in an atmosphere of pure oxygen than in air,
which is only about 20% oxygen.

C. Control of Fire

The fire tetrahedron identifies the four components needed for burning to take
place. To extinguish a fire, it is largely a matter of depriving the fire of one or
more of these factors, so methods of extinguishing fire can be classified in terms
of removing these factors.

All fires can be extinguished by cooling, smothering, starving or by interrupting

the combustion process to extinguish the fire.
• Cooling: limiting temperature by increasing the rate at which heat is lost
from the burning material
• Smothering: limiting oxygen by preventing air from reaching the seat of the
fire to allow the combustion process to reduce the oxygen content in the
confined atmosphere until it extinguishes itself
• Starving: limiting fuel by removing potential fuel from the vicinity of the fire,
removing the fire from the mass of combustible materials or by dividing the
burning material into smaller fires that can be extinguished more easily
• Interrupting: inhibiting the chemical chain reaction by applying extinguishing
media to the fire that inhibit the chemical chain reaction at the molecular
level)
What’s More
Activity: Let us analyze!
Part A: Direction: Analyze the situation given then answer the questions that follow.
1. There are two glasses of 100 mL water. Glass A has temperature of 70°C and
glass B has a temperature of 20°C. You are asked to put 10 grams of sugar in each
 glass and stir afterwards. In which glass will the sugar granules dissolve faster?
Glass A or glass B? Why? Explain your answer.
2. You placed 1 whole tablet of denture cleaner in 150 mL of 25°C glass of water
and 1 tablet broken into pieces into 150 mL of 25°C glass of water. Will the whole
tablet or the broken pieces of denture cleaner react faster with water? Why? Explain
your answer.
Part B: Direction: Explain how the factors affecting rate of reaction is applied in food
preservation, pollution, corrosion, and control of fire. Focus on the benefits of the
knowledge you learned from the factors affecting rate of reaction as applied in the
following:
Explanation
1. Food preservation
2. Pollution
3. Corrosion
4. Control of fire

What I Have Learned

Activity: Match me!
Direction: Read and analyze each statement then choose the correct word being
described in each statement. Choose your answer from the word bank.
WORD BANK
a. Starving b. Chemical kinetics c. Catalysts d. Collision Theory
e. Activation energy f. Corrosion g. Kinetic energy
h. Acid rain i. neutralization j. cooling

1. This is the study of the rate of chemical reaction.

2. This theory states that for a chemical reaction to occur, the reacting particles must
collide with one another.
3. This is needed to break the bond between reactant molecules to form new bonds
leading to formation of the products. It is the energy required to initiate a chemical
reaction.
4. These are substances that increase reaction rate by lowering the activation
energy needed for the reaction to occur.
5. This property of the reactant will increase by increasing the temperature during a
chemical reaction.
6. It is the process of limiting fuel by removing potential fuel from the vicinity of the
fire, removing the fire from the mass of combustible materials, or dividing the burning
material into smaller fires that can be extinguished more easily.
7. Substances like limestone, sandstone, marble, and granite will undergo this
process because of the exposure to acid rain caused by pollution in the
environment.
8. It is kind of precipitation that has a pH lower than 5.6 and typically, the pH is
between 2 and 4.5.
9. This occurs in reaction between sulfuric acid and calcium carbonate forming
calcium sulfate (CaSO 4).
10. It is the process of limiting temperature by increasing the rate at which heat is
lost from the burning material.
 What I Can Do
Infographics on Pollution
In accordance with the World Health Organization's guidelines, the air quality
in the Philippines in the year 2020 is considered moderately unsafe. The most recent
data indicates the country's annual mean concentration of PM2.5 is 18 µg/m3 which
exceeds the recommended maximum of 10 µg/m3.
Contributors to poor air quality in the Philippines include the apparel and timber
industry, petroleum refining, vehicle emissions, and waste burning. Available data
indicates that Manila has consistently high levels of air pollution.
In 2014, Baguio City topped the list of the World Health Organization (WHO)
Study on Ambient Air Pollution with the most polluted air in the Philippines with
Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM 2.5) at 49 micrograms per cubic meter. The main source of
pollution seems to be coming from vehicular exhausts especially during the holidays
when thousands of cars would ascend from the lowlands.
Direction:
You learned about the different factors affecting rate of chemical reaction.
These factors are applied in food preservation, control of fire, pollution and corrosion.
Complete the infographics on causes of pollution and ways to lessen pollution in the
environment especially in our community in Baguio City and Cordillera region.
Use a separate sheet of paper for your infographic.
Below will be your guide on how to accomplish the infographic:
• Do you know: Write information about what people need to know about
the causes and the effects of pollution especially in the formation of acid
rain. Include the chemical reaction and how human activities increase
the rate of chemical reaction in the formation of pollutants in the
environment.
• What you can do: Enumerate three ways on how people can lessen
pollution.
• Why do we need to: In two to three sentences, explain the benefits of
lessening the pollution in the environment.
• Include illustrations or drawings to make your infographic creative
Sample format of the infographic

What Why do
Did
you can we need
you
do to?
know

Your infographics will be rated through the rubric below:

 Very Needs
Category Outstanding Satisfactory Fair
Satisfactory Improvement
Content 9-10 7-8 5-6 3-4 1-2
Accurate Accurate Accurate Lacking Information is
and detailed and and accurate not accurate
information adequate adequate information and
and information information and inadequate
adequately for almost for some inadequate
supports all topics topics and
purpose of
visual
Focus 5 4 3 2 1
Content and Most Some Few content Content and
visual are content and content and and visual are visual are not
clearly visual are visual are appropriate appropriate
appropriate appropriate appropriate to the topic to the topic
to the topic to the topic to the topic
Visual Outstanding Adequate Mostly Inappropriate Little attempt
Appeal use of color, use of color, adequate use of color, to use of
design and design and use of color, design and color, design
space space design and space and space
space

Post – Assessment
Summative Assessment
PART A
Directions: Carefully read, analyze, and answer each item. Write only the letter of
the best answer for each question or statement. Write your answers on the answer
sheet.
1. For successful collisions to happen, which combination of the factors is required?
I. particles of the reactants collide III. proper orientation
II. possess minimum kinetic energy IV. catalysts are present
A. I only B. II and III only C. I, II and III only D. I, II, III and IV
2. Which of the following will decrease the number of effective collisions during a
chemical reaction?
A. Adding a catalyst C. Decreasing the temperature
B. Increasing the surface area D. Increasing reactant concentrations
3. Increasing the temperature of a reaction increases the reaction rate by:
I. Increasing frequency of collision
II. Increasing kinetic energy
III. Decreasing potential energy
A. I only B. I and II only C. II and III only D. I, II and III
4. One could ___________ to increase the rate of decomposition of CaCO3. The
chemical reaction of the decomposition of CaCO3 is shown below.

A. add CO2 C. increase the temperature.

B. remove CO2 D. decrease the temperature.
5. Consider the chemical reaction of sulfur and oxygen. The chemical reaction is
shown below. How could the rate of reaction be increased?

A. adding a catalyst C. increasing the concentration of S(s)

B. decreasing temperature D. increasing the concentration of SO3(g)
6. Marble reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce calcium chloride, water, and carbon
dioxide. In which of these mixtures is the rate of reaction likely to be the greatest?
A. 5 g of marble chips in 100cm3 of hydrochloric acid at 60°C
B. 5 g of marble chips in 100 cm3 of hydrochloric acid at 45°C
C. 5 g of powdered marble in 100 cm3 of hydrochloric acid at 45°C
D. 5 g of powdered marble in 100 cm3 of hydrochloric acid at 60°C
7. Which of the following explains the increase in the reaction rate by a catalyst?
A. Catalyst decreases the rate of backward reaction so that rate of forward
reaction increases
B. Catalyst provides extra energy to reacting molecules so that they produce
effective collisions
C. Catalyst provides an alternative path of lower activation energy to the
reactants
D. Catalyst increases the number of collisions between the reacting
molecules.
8. Milk is refrigerated to slow the rate of decomposition by bacterial action. The
decrease in reaction rate is due to __________.
A. a decrease in surface area.
B. a decrease in temperature for the reaction.
C. a decrease in the particles possessing sufficient energy.
D. the introduction of an alternate pathway with greater activation energy.
9. Which of the following is the correct way on how to control or extinguish fire?
A. decreasing the rate at which heat is lost
B. adding potential fuel from the vicinity of the fire
C. allowing more air from reaching the seat of the fire
D. inhibiting the chemical chain reaction by applying extinguishing media
10. In a reaction with hydrochloric acid, why does powdered magnesium reacts
faster than the same mass of magnesium ribbon?
A. The powdered magnesium contains more atoms than the magnesium
ribbon.
B. The powdered magnesium is hotter than the magnesium ribbon.
C. The powdered magnesium has a bigger surface area than the magnesium
ribbon.
D. The powdered magnesium has a smaller surface area than the magnesium
ribbon.

PART B
Direction: Read and analyze each statement. Write TRUE if the statement is correct
and FALSE if the statement is wrong. Write your answer on the answer sheet.

1. Increasing the surface area gives a faster reaction because more particles are
exposed to the other reactant.
2. A higher concentration means greater number of possible effective collisions
among molecules resulting to faster rate of reaction.

3. Higher concentration decreases the rate of reaction because there are less
collisions between the reactant particles.

4. The presence of catalyst speeds up the rate of reaction.

5. Increasing the temperature increases the rate of reaction because the particles
move quickly and so collide more often and with greater energy.
ANSWER KEY