Fundamentals of the Human Body

CCST4047

Chapter 1: Human Body

Instructor:
Mr. Tim Cheng (MPhil, BSc HKU)
Email: tim.cheng@hkuspace.hku.hk
Office: 12/F KEC
Telephone: 3762 2294
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 Life and Human Body

We only have one life and one body to care of, and we
better do it right. You never know what tomorrow may
bring and so we better live this life the best we can and
be grateful for everything we have.

Novak Djokovic

Your Body holds deep wisdom. Trust in it. Learn from it.
Nourish it. Watch your life transform and be healthy.

Erin Keane

How does life begin?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5OvgQW6FG4

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 The human body begins to develop from a single cell called _______________.

It spends the next few days traveling down the oviduct (fallopian tube).
During this time, it divides to form a ball of cells called a blastocyst. It is made up of
an inner group of cells with an outer shell.

Embryo is the developing human

during weeks 3–8

Fetus is the developing human

during the time from the end of
the embryonic period (week 9)

The average length of human

gestation is ______________,
from the first day of the woman's
last menstrual period.

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 All major external structures (e.g., limbs) and internal organs (e.g., heart) are
established during the fourth to eighth weeks.
Embryos in the 6th week show spontaneous movements.

This course is to introduce human body

structure (anatomy) and function (physiology)
from an integrative perspective

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 Life Process
• All living organisms have certain characteristics
that distinguish them from non-living things.

• The basic processes of life include organization,

metabolism, responsiveness, movements, and
reproduction.

• In humans, there are additional requirements:

– Growth, differentiation, respiration,
digestion/nutrition, and excretion
– All of these processes are interrelated.
– All body parts work and function together, in
fine-tuned balance, for the well being of the
individual and to maintain life → homeostasis
– Disease e.g., cancer and death represent a
disruption of the balance in these processes
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 Introduction to Human Body

Human beings are arguably the most complex

organisms on this planet.
The human body is a single structure, but it is made
up of billions of smaller structures.

Cells
• A human body contains about 100 trillion (1012)
cells forming a complex multi-cellular structure

• At least 200 different kinds of cells working

together to give life

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 Four General Categories of Specialized Cells
1. Muscle cells (myocytes) 肌肉细胞
– Generate the mechanical activities
– Able to contract and relax that produce force
and movement

2. Neurons (nerve cells) 神經元 Muscle cells & neurons

– Initiate and conduct electrical signals are excitable cells

3. Epithelial cells 上皮細胞

– Form barriers
– Selectively secrete and absorb ions and organic
molecules

4. Connective-tissue cells 結締組織細胞

– Connect, anchor and support the structures of
the body

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 Introduction to Human Body

Tissues
• Tissues are somewhat more complex units
than cells.
• A tissue is an organization of a great many
similar cells with varying amounts and kinds of
nonliving, intercellular substance between
them.

Organs (器官)
• Organs are more complex units than tissues.
• An organ is an organization of several different
kinds of tissues so arranged that together they
can perform a special function.

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 The Four Types of Tissue

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 Introduction to Human Body
Organ Systems

• Organ systems are the most complex of the

component units of the human body.

• An organ system is an organization of varying

numbers and kinds of organs so arranged that
together they can perform complex functions for
the body.

• There are 11 organ systems in the human body

Summary:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_cEDO6LiXk

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 Levels of Structural Organization

Smooth muscle cell

Molecules
2 Cellular level
Cells are made up of molecules Atoms

1 Chemical level
Atoms combine to
Smooth form molecules
muscle
tissue
Heart
3 Tissue level
Cardiovascular
Tissues consist of
system Blood
similar types of
cells vessels
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth Blood
muscle vessel
tissue (organ) 6 Organismal level
Connective The human organism is
tissue made up of many organ
systems
4 Organ level
Organs are made up of 5 Organ system level
different types of tissues Organ systems consist of different organs
that work together closely 13
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 11 Organ Systems in a Human Body
(1) Nervous system

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 (2) Integumentary system

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 (3) Cardiovascular/Circulatory system

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P.9-10, Saladin, (2010) Human Anatomy, 3rd Ed (McGrawHill Pub)
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 (4) Lymphatic system (5) Respiratory system

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P.9-10, Saladin, (2010) Human Anatomy, 3rd Ed (McGrawHill Pub)
 (6) Endocrine system (7) Urinary system

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P.9-10, Saladin, (2010) Human Anatomy, 3rd Ed (McGrawHill Pub)
 (8) Digestive system

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 (9) Reproductive system

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P.9-10, Saladin, (2010) Human Anatomy, 3rd Ed (McGrawHill Pub)
 (10) Skeletal system (11) Muscular system

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P.9-10, Saladin, (2010) Human Anatomy, 3rd Ed (McGrawHill Pub)
 Course Objectives

This course introduces basic human anatomy (structure)

physiology (functions) from an integrative perspective.

It focuses on the importance of how body systems are

organized and coordinated so that homeostasis (a constant
internal body environment) can be maintained.

You will learn the basic organization of the human body in

different levels of complexity (i.e., cells, tissues, organs, and
organ systems).

• study the structure and function of important organ

systems
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http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/cardshowall.php?title=anatomy-physiology_169
 Teachers

Mr. Tim Cheng

(MPhil, Department of Physiology, HKU)
Any queries connected with the course,
please send a message to:

Mr. Tim Cheng

tim.cheng@hkuspace.hku.hk

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 Study Human Anatomy and Physiology
Textbook:
Vander’s Human Physiology, 15th ed.,
McGraw-Hill, 2018, New York.
Expect an integrated approach to
Anatomy and Physiology
Expected Learning Outcomes
• describe the basic terms used in the study of
the human body structure and function
• describe the structural features of cells and
tissues of the major organs
• describe the anatomical organization of the
human organ systems
• describe how organ systems interact so as to
perform various physiological functions
• discuss the importance of the skeletal and
muscular, sensory, cardiovascular,
respiratory, renal, reproductive,
integumentary, and gastrointestinal systems
in the maintenance of homeostasis
• explain how human organ systems can adapt
to various physiological changes.
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 Web Resources
Other references:
Vander's Human Physiology
https://www.mheducation.com/highered/product/vander-s-
Human Anatomy, 4th Edition
human-physiology-widmaier-raff/M9781259903885.html
Saladin, Kenneth S.
McGrawHill Co Inc. (2014) Human Anatomy and Physiology
https://openstax.org/details/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-
human-body-systems
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ap1/
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ap2/
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/vander8e/
https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/
https://study.com/academy/course/anatomy-physiology-
course.html (no need to register)

Human Physiology Online

http://www.prenhall.com/silverthorn/

Cardiovascular Physiology
http://www.cvphysiology.com/

Learning Resources for Medical Student

http://www.cmp.ubu.ac.th/~lrmds/Physiology.htm

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 Coursework and Assessments
A course to be covered in 12/13 weeks

One 3-hour lesson per week Total: 100%

Assessment
Four assignments:
I. A scientific poster 10%
3 x 10%
II. THREE written assignments

One Test (in late March or early April):

20%
MC, Fill-in-the-blank and Short Questions

One End-of-Term Assessment 40%

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 Poster assignment
The purpose

Preparing a scientific poster allows the

Learning “outside-the-classroom” allows presenter
knowledge to be gathered effectively
• to share his/her knowledge
with no restriction
• to develop communication skills
• to make use of IT technology
Acquiring knowledge by one’s own
means requires logical scientific thinking
and judgment

The poster assignment provides a

challenge to students to face a scientific
problem

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 Poster Assignments

A theme will be assigned to each Themes are broad and require you
candidate
to read up to get a general view

Examples are:
Think and decide on the topic
1. Potential Complications* of diabetes (Title of the poster)

2. Diseases Associated with Skeleton Produce an interesting and

stimulating poster
3. The Influence of Environment and
Disease A3 size

*Complications are new secondary or

additional problems that arise after the
original disease has begun. E.g., Heart
failure in diabetic patients
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 Assignments and Submission Dates

Poster 3 Assignments

Announcement of themes: MC and short questions

Week 4
Submission:
Week 6

Assessment (weighting): 10% Assessment (weighting): 3 x 10% = 30%

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 Exercise

_______________ = structure (form) of the body

_______________ is to study the function of the body

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