Fundamentals of the Human Body

CCST4047

Chapter 2: Structural Organization of the Body

Instructor:
Mr. Tim Cheng (MPhil, BSc HKU)

http://moodle.mayville.k12.wi.us/moodle/pluginfile.php/5225/course/summary/human%20anatomy.gif
 Chapter Outline

1. Describe how scientists study the structure of the

human body

2. Use anatomical regions, directional terms and

body planes

3. Describe the major body cavities and the organs

they contain

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 How scientists study the structure of the human body?
Gross anatomy: study anatomy with naked eye
• direct observation
• dissecting a cadaver (dead human body)

Anatomical/medical imaging refers to several different

technologies that are used to view the human body in order
to diagnose, monitor, or treat medical conditions

Radiology (X-ray)
• Creates shadow images on photographic film
– Computed tomography (CT)

Other medical imaging techniques

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Positron Emission
Tomography (PET), Electrocardiogram (ECG), Echo
(ultrasound)
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http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19237.htm http://mssv.net/2003/06/05/what-are-you-thinking/
http://www.michener.ca/images/iStock_000018331571Medium.jpg http://www.vcu.edu/nucmed/
 Medical Imaging
Microscope is used to be used to observe
small objects
• Light microscope
• Electron microscope (e.g.., scanning
electron microscope [SEM])
• Cytology (examining cells)
• Histology (microscopic anatomy)

MRI Ultrasound CT scan PET scan

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http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19237.htm
http://www.memorylossonline.com/glossary/images/mri.jpg http://www.doctortoday.co.uk/ultrasound.htm
http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/general/images/innovations/innovationsfigure1.jpg http://www.vcu.edu/nucmed/
 Cytology and Histology
Scanning Electron microscope (SEM) for
cytology (study of cell) and histology
Prostate cancer cell
(study of body tissue)
Transmission electron micrograph showing a
prostate cancer cell immediately after exposure
Structure of the bone tissue to ultrasound. Image courtesy of Robyn
Scanning Electron Microscope image of bone Schlicher, Robert Apkarian, and Mark Baran
captured with Auto-Montage software. Image
courtesy of Professor Alan Boyde, Queen Mary
University of London, UK.

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http://www.nibib.nih.gov/HealthEdu/eAdvances/27Mar07
http://www.syncroscopy.com/syncroscopy/moreinfo.asp?page=CR43
 Endoscopy

• Endoscopy is the insertion of a long, thin tube

directly into the body to observe an internal
structure (e.g., the gastrointestinal tract) in detail

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http://drbcshah.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Understanding-Upper-Endoscopy2.jpg https://nci-media.cancer.gov/pdq/media/images/435997-571.jpg
 Electrocardiogram and Encephalogram

• Physiology: study of (human) function

• Use of medical instruments

– An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
records the electrical signal from the
heart to check for different heart
conditions

– An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a
recording of brain activity

– Functional magnetic resonance imaging

(fMRI) is used to demonstrate regional,
time-varying changes in brain
metabolism
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 Chapter Outline

1. Describe how scientists study the structure of the

human body

2. Use anatomical regions, directional terms and

body planes

3. Describe the major body cavities and the organs

they contain

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 It is important to be able to describe
the EXACT “Region” of the human body

Head Region

Neck Region Abdominal and pelvic Regions

Trunk:

Thoracic Region

Abdominal Region

Pelvic region

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http://www.revolutionhealth.com/articles/abdominal-pain/hw139328
http://www.123rf.com/photo_3859547_strong-man-with-naked-chest-in-jeans.html
 Body Regions

Axial Region (Central axis)

• Head
• Neck (Cervical Region)
• Trunk (Torso)

Appendicular Region (r.)

• Upper limbs
• Arm (Brachial region)
• Forearm (Antebrachial region)
• Wrist (Carpal region)
• Hand (Manual region)
• Fingers (Digits)
•Lower limbs
• Thigh (Femoral region)
• Leg (Crual region)
• Ankle (Tarsal region)
• Foot (Pedal region)
• Toes (Digits)

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P.15, Saladin, (2010) Human Anatomy, 3rd Ed (McGrawHill Pub)
 Standard Anatomic Position

A standard position refers to:

• Body erect
• Standing upright with arms at sides, facing forward
and palms forward
• Head and feet pointing forward
It provides a constant reference of body position

Other anatomical positions:

• Supine: body lying face up
• Prone: body lying face down

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http://www.charlydmiller.com/images02/supineprone.gif
P.11, Saladin, (2010) Human Anatomy, 3rd Ed (McGrawHill Pub)
 Anatomical Directional Terms
the mose is melial
1. Right and left .
f

fo the
eyes
2. Medial and lateral
• Medial: toward the midline of the body
• Lateral: away from the midline of the body

3. Superior (above) and inferior (below)

4. Proximal and distal

• Proximal: closer to the point of attachment
• Distal: farther from the point of attachment

5. Anterior and posterior

• = Ventral and dorsal
• Anterior/ventral: toward the front
• Posterior/dorsal: toward the back

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http://nursingcrib.com/wp-content/uploads/Anatomical-Position.gif?9d7bd4
肚臍 下巴

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 肘 手腕

膝蓋 大腿

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 Anatomical Directional Terms

Unilateral: involving one side of the body

Bilateral: involving both side of the body

Unilateral push up

Ipsilateral: on the same side of the body

Contralateral: on opposite sides of the body

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 Anatomical Planes

The following planes can divide the body, or a body part,

into small sections

1.Sagittal plane
• A vertical and longitudinal plane
• Divides the body (or part) into right and left portions
• A mid-sagittal (median) plane – equal halves

2.Frontal (coronal) plane

• Anterior/posterior portions

3.Transverse (horizontal) plane

• Superior/inferior portions
• Cross section
They lie at right angles to each other

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P.12, Saladin, (2010) Human Anatomy, 3rd Ed (McGrawHill Pub)
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P.13, Saladin, (2010) Human Anatomy, 3rd Ed (McGrawHill Pub)
 Chapter Outline

1. Describe how scientists study the structure of the

human body

2. Use anatomical regions, directional terms and

body planes

3. Describe the major body cavities and the organs

they contain

• Ventral body cavity

• Dorsal body cavity

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 Ventral Body Cavity

1. Thoracic cavity
contains smaller cavities include
I. Mediastinum
II. Pericardium
III. Right and Left pleural cavities

2. Abdominopelvic cavity
I. Abdominal cavity
II. Pelvic cavity

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http://www.thirdage.com/files/procedures/regions-of-the-lung7462.jpg
P.17, Saladin, (2010) Human Anatomy, 3rd Ed (McGrawHill Pub)
 Dorsal Body Cavities

1. Cranial cavity
• Enclosed by cranium (a part of skull)
• Contains the brain

2. Vertebral canal (spinal cavity)

• Enclosed by vertebral column
(spine/backbone/vertebrae)
• Contains the spinal cord

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http://www.thirdage.com/files/procedures/regions-of-the-lung7462.jpg
P.17, Saladin, (2010) Human Anatomy, 3rd Ed (McGrawHill Pub)
 Exercise

For any short answer quiz questions, please answer in lower case.

1. The hands are on the _inferior/ distal_ ends of the arms.

2. The nipples are on the _anterior_ side of the body.

3. The __medial___ surfaces of the thigh may touch while walking.

4. A device or instrument called ___endoscope___is a flexible or rigid tube

inserted into the body to view its interior or perform surgical procedures.

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Sagittal section Transverse section Frontal section

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 English Terms of Organ Systems

• Integumentary (external body covering; skin,

sweat glands, oil glands, hair and nails) Combining names of two systems provide
the relationships between two systems
• Skeletal (bones, cartilages and ligaments)
(e.g., cardiopulmonary, musculoskeletal
• Muscular (skeletal muscles) and urogenital systems)
• Nervous (brain, spinal cord and nerves)
• Endocrine (glands and hormones)
• Cardiovascular (heart, blood vessels)
• Lymphatic (bone marrow, lymph nodes,
thymus….)
• Respiratory (lungs, nasal cavity, pharynx,
trachea, bronchi……)
• Digestive (oral cavity, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, liver…)
• Urinary and renal (kidneys, ureters,
bladder….)
• Reproductive (gonads….)

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 END

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