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PTR 6212 PDF
PTR 6212 PDF
PTR 6212 PDF
DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6212
REVIEW
1
Department for Management of Science and
Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang This review aimed at summarizing phytochemical reports and biological activities of
University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Abelmoschus esculentus L. from the database sources. For this, an up‐to‐date search
2
Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang
University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam was made in the PubMed, Science Direct, MedLine, Scopus, and Google Scholar.
Correspondence The findings suggest that A. esculentus contains various nutrients and important phy-
Muhammad Torequl Islam, Department for
tochemicals. It possesses a number of important biological activities, including antiox-
Management of Science and Technology
Development & Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc idant, anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory, antibacterial, anticancer,
Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
antidiabetic, organ protective, and neuropharmacological activities. Moreover, the
Email: muhammad.torequl.islam@tdtu.edu.vn
plant also has lipid‐lowering, trypsin inhibitory, hemagglutinating, antiadhesive, and
antifatigue activities. The fruit and seeds are well tolerated in humans and other ani-
mals. In conclusion, A. esculentus may be one of the best sources of pharmacologically
active lead compounds. More research is necessary on its toxicogenetic effects in
animals.
KEY W ORDS
Phytotherapy Research. 2018;1–9. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ptr © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 1
2 ISLAM
FIGURE 1 Images of different parts of Abelmoschus esculentus ([a] aerial parts, [b] flower & unripe fruits, [c] seeds of unripe fruit, [d] ripe fruits,
[e] mature seeds, [f] roots) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
4 Studies with extracts without phytochemical analysis, but having tolualdehyde (in fruits), α‐terpenylacetate (in seeds), and citral; non-
biological activities; and volatile neutral part contains β‐sitosterol and its 3β‐galactoside (in
seeds) (http://www.mpbd.info/plants/abelmoschus‐esculentus.php).
5 Studies with extracts, with phytochemical analysis, but having no
Ethanolic and aqueous fruit extracts contain carbohydrate, gums
report for biological activities.
and mucilages, proteins, phytosterols, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic
compounds, and volatile oil (Saha, Jain, & Jain, 2011). Zhou et al.
Exclusion criteria:
(2013) have been introduced to two new pentacyclic triterpenes,
(3b,21b)‐19,21‐epoxylup‐20(29)‐en‐3‐yl acetate and (3b)‐9,18‐
1 Duplication of data and titles and/or abstracts not meeting the
dihydroxyolean‐12‐en‐3‐yl acetate from the okra. In another study,
inclusion criteria;
Lin et al. (2014) isolated three new glycosides (Figure 2) from the
2 A. esculentus with other studies uncovering the current topic; and plant. The fruit also contains some important vitamins, these include
3 Studies on other genus or species of the plant. Vit A, B complex (B1, B2, B3, and B9), C, E, and K.
ISLAM 3
FIGURE 2 Flow diagram for the included data. (PM: PubMed, SD: Science Direct, GS: Google Scholar) [Colour figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]
2.3 | Pharmacological activities of A. esculentus levels, and decreased thiobarbituric acid substances levels (Sabitha,
Ramachandran, et al., 2012). Aqueous and methanolic seed extracts
2.3.1 | Antioxidant activity
(250–10,000 μg/ml) was also evident to show antioxidant capacity
The fruit extract is evident to show 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl
(DPPH, ferric reducing, and b‐carotene‐linoleic acid assay; Doreddula
(DPPH) scavenging and ferric reducing capacity (Ansari, Houlihan,
et al., 2014), whereas different fractions of the plant showed antioxi-
Hussain, & Pieroni, 2005), whereas the phenolic compounds
dant ability by lowering malondialdehyde level and increasing SOD
(procycanidin B1 and B2) of seeds and pulp were found to scavenge
and GPx levels (Xia et al., 2015).
DPPH and 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid)
(ABTS) radicals (Khomsug, Thongjaroenbuangam, Pakdeenarong,
Suttajit, & Chantiratikul, 2010). 5,7,3′,4′‐tetrahydroxy‐4″‐O‐methyl 2.3.2 | Anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory
flavonol −3‐O‐β‐D‐ glucopyranoside and 5,7,3′,4′‐tetrahydroxy flavo- effects
nol −3‐O‐[β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 6)]‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside Lectin of okra at 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/kg (i.v.) exerted an inflammatory
(Figure 3) from the Okra fruit was also evident to scavenge DPPH rad- effect in mice (n = 6–10; Soares et al., 2012). In a recent study, the
ical and ferric reducing capacity (Liao, Liu, et al., 2012). Moreover, ethanol extract of okra (500, 250 or 100 mg/kg [p.o.]) was found to
methanol extracts of the flower, fruit, leaf, and seeds were also evi- reduce inflammatory response (scores) in ethanol‐induced acute gas-
dent to show antioxidant capacity in the same test systems (Liao, tric mucosal injury Wistar rats (n = 7; Ortaç et al., 2018).
Dong, et al., 2012). Hydrolysed okra extract and its polysaccharides (25–100 μg/mL)
In a study, the peel and seed powder of the plant at 100 and in rat bone marrow hematopoietic cells increased in mean hemoglobin
200 mg/kg (p.o., up to 28 days) in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced dia- content class II and CD80/86 expression levels, whereas reduced in
betic rats increased liver, kidney and pancreas superoxide dismutase endocytosis activity (Sheu & Lai, 2012). In this study, an increase in
(SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione the secretion of interleukin (IL)‐12 and interferon‐gamma, whereas a
decrease in IL‐10 production was also seen. Crude polysaccharides of transaminase levels, suggesting antidiabetic activity in STZ‐induced
the herb (25–100 mg/kg) significantly increased cell proliferation, diabetic rats up to 28 days (Sabitha, Ramachandran, Naveen, &
nitric oxide production, inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, Panneerselvam, 2011). An excellent review has been done on the anti-
and tumor necrosis factor‐α, IFN‐γ, and IL‐10 secretion in diabetic effects on the nutritional properties of A. esculentus by Amin
RAW264.7 cells (Chen et al., 2016). (2011), where it has been suggested that this medicinal herb may be
a potential source of medicaments for both types of diabetes (e.g.,
2.3.3 | Antibacterial activity insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus and noninsulin‐dependent diabe-
Lyophilized and fresh water extracts of the pods were found to act tes mellitus).
against Rhodococcus erythropolis, Rhodococcus opacus, Mycobacterium Aqueous extract of peel and seed exhibited α‐glucosidase and α‐
sp., Mycobacterium aurum, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, amylase inhibitory effects (in vitro) (Sabitha, Panneerselvam, &
Xanthobacter Py2, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (minimum inhibitory Ramachandran, 2012). Zeng et al. (2015) reported that quercetin‐3‐
concentration: 12.5–80% v/v) (de Carvalho, Cruz, da Fonseca, & O‐sophoroside (i), 5,7,3′,4′‐tetrahydroxy flavonol‐3‐O‐[β‐d‐
Xavier‐Filho, 2011). Lipid fraction, palmitic, and stearic acids were sup- rhamnopyranosil‐(1 → 2)]‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside and isoquercitrin
posed for the responsible activity. In a recent study, gold nanoparticles (Figure 2), isolated from the plant, is responsible to show α‐amylase
synthesised by using pulp extract (10–500 μL) were also found to inhibitory activity. Furthermore, oligomeric proanthocyanidins in
show the significant antibacterial effect against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus unripe okra seeds were also evident to show α‐amylase and α‐glucosi-
cereus, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa dase inhibitory activity (Lu, Demleitner, Song, Rychlik, & Huang, 2016).
decreasing in serum urea nitrogen and blood lactic acid, and increasing gastro‐protection in animals, GIT may link with the antioxidant, anti‐
in hepatic glycogen and muscle glycogen; as well as by retarding the inflammation and antibacterial capacity of the plant.
accumulation of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase in serum, Although, antioxidants are cytoprotective in nature, but at the
and enhancing succinate dehydrogenase, adenosine triphosphate, high concentration/dose, they may act as pro‐oxidants (Islam, 2016).
and adenosine triphosphatase levels in male Kunming mice (n = 30) For example, vitamin C (Islam, 2018) and essential oils or their poly-
(Gao et al., 2018). Postulated mechanism of action in the literatures phenolic components (Islam, 2016) at high concentration/dose can
of some biological activities has been shown in Table 1. exert antioxidative stress in our body. Thus, the anticancer effects of
the plant's part (Okada et al., 2010) or its derived components (Mollick
et al., 2014; Monte et al., 2014) may be due to the presence of strong
2.3.10 | Toxicological reports antioxidants.
Reports on the toxic effects of A. esculentus is inadequate. A study Diabetes is on the rise worldwide. The causes of it are numerous
conducted with aqueous and methanolic seed extracts of the fruit (Langenberg & Lotta, 2018). Oxidative stress and inflammation are
demonstrated that it produced no signs of toxicity or death up to a also two common consequences of diabetes (Ripon, Mahmood,
dose of 2000 mg/kg (p.o.) in Swiss mice (n = 6) for 7 days (Doreddula Chowdhury, & Islam, 2016). The inhibitory effects on various enzymes
et al., 2014). that are related to carbohydrate metabolism, such as amylase and gly-
cosidase (Lu et al., 2016; Sabitha, Panneerselvam, & Ramachandran,
2012; Zeng et al., 2015) along with the antioxidant capacity of this this
3 | DISCUSSION plant, may relate to its antidiabetic property. There are reports
addressing an increasing number of Type 2 diabetes patients with con-
From the ancient plants are the eminent source of nutrients and comitant obesity and hyperlipidemia syndromes (Yu et al., 2018).
organic metabolites for the health and remedies (Mazzei, De Marco, Therefore, the lipid‐lowering capacity of the plant (Ngoc et al., 2008;
Gallo, & Tagarelli, 2018). A. esculentus has been used as a popular veg- Sabitha et al., 2011) may also be a positive indication for the manage-
etable in many countries of the world. It may be due to it is rich in vita- ment of these types of diseases.
mins, minerals, and other essential components of a balanced diet To date, more than 600 neurological problems associated with
(Masuko, 2018). According to the nutritional composition and phyto- nervous system have been identified (Islam, 2017). In this context,
chemical reports A. esculentus contains a number of antioxidant vita- neurological diseases and disorders are one of the most common con-
mins (e.g., vitamins A, C, and E). Moreover, it also contains essential sequences concerning the human pathology in the world. There is a
oil and phenoic compounds (Doreddula et al., 2014; Khomsug et al., growing tendency to use herbal psychoactive drugs as a new trend
2010; Zhou et al., 2013) and antioxidant glycosides (Liao, Liu, & Yuan, among users. These herbal products, mainly coming from Asia and
2012; Zeng et al., 2015) in its various parts. South America where this material has traditionally been used since
There are reports that demonstrate that these types of com- ancient times, recently increased their popularity (Graziano et al.,
pounds are strong antioxidants and can protect animal organs (Islam, 2017). Currently used painkiller agents have various side effects. The
Streck, et al., 2016). Therefore, the free radicals and ROS scavenging, use of herbal medicines may be an alternative way, as these types of
and ferric reducing capacity (Ansari et al., 2005; Doreddula et al., products can protect nerve cells from varieties of neurotoxic sub-
2014; Khomsug et al., 2010; Liao, Liu, & Yuan, 2012) along with the stances (Tan et al., 2009). Chronic or acute exposure of scopolamine
increase in physiological antioxidants (e.g., SOD, CAT, GPx, glutathi- is able to induce neurological disorders, involving cognitive dysfunc-
one) (Sabitha, Ramachandran, Naveen, & Panneerselvam, 2012; Xia tion in experimental animals. It may be due to its capacity to alter neu-
et al., 2015) may be due to the presence of the antioxidant vitamins rological functions and immunoreactivity levels in the hippocampal
and phytochonstituents. subregions (Lee et al., 2018). In this review, A. esculentus was found
Short‐term and low level inflammatory reactions are essential for to exert an antinociceptive effect (Soares et al., 2012) and alter the
various cellular activities. This also acts as a first‐line defense in our scopolamine‐induced symptoms in experimental animals (Doreddula
body (Islam et al., 2016). However, oxidative stress and pathogenic et al., 2014). Furthermore, A. esculentus is also evident to exert a neu-
invasion may cause inflammation in our body (Jin, Liu, Zhang, Nanda, roprotective effect in Swiss mice (Tongjaroenbuangam et al., 2011),
& Li, 2013). Lectin and polysaccharides of A. esculentus have been suggesting a potential target of neuroactive principles in this herb.
found to exert anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in Cancer is a complex disease, characterized by the uncontrolled
animals and their derived cells (Chen et al., 2016; Ortaç et al., 2018; and unscheduled production of immature cells in our body with abnor-
Sheu & Lai, 2012; Soares et al., 2012), whereas lipid fraction, palmitic, mal and/or always harmful biochemical activities. Among the antican-
and stearic acids of the plant are evident to act against a number of cer treatments, using chemotherapeutic agents from various origins is
pathogenic bacteria (de Carvalho et al., 2011; Mollick et al., 2014). one of the best modalities. The use of natural products, especially
H. pylori is one of the major causative pathogens of infection and those from plant origin in this context, is a good target (Vo, Jang, &
inflammation in our gastrointestinal tract (GIT; Lengsfeld et al., 2004). Jeong, 2018). To date, a number of lectins have been identified and
Mucosal injury and edema, hemorrhage, and inflammation in the stom- introduced to their promising anticancer effects (Hong, Park, & Lyu,
ach are also evident to occur in the GIT (Ortaç et al., 2018; Ribeiro 2014; Yau, Dan, Ng, & Ng, 2015; de Oliveira Figueiroa et al., 2017).
et al., 2016). Therefore, the organic extracts (Ortaç et al., 2018) and Although scientific reports on okra's anticancer activity is very poor,
the carbohydrates, especially lectin (Ribeiro et al., 2016) mediated but literature citation report suggests that lectins of okra activated
6 ISLAM
TABLE 1 Biological activities of Abelmoschus esculentus and their possible mechanism of actions observed in literatures
Antibacterial Lyophilized and fresh water extracts of the pods against ‐ (Inhibition area mm : 30–357; MIC range: de Carvalho et al.,
2
(Continues)
ISLAM 7
TABLE 1 (Continued)
Neuropharmacological Extract and its components quercetin and rutin at 15, 30, ↓dexamethasone‐induced neurotoxic Tongjaroenbuangam
40 and 60 mg/kg (p.o.) in dexamethasone‐treated mice effects in animals et al., 2011
(n = 5)
Plant lectin at 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/kg (i.v.) in Swiss mice ↓acetic acid induced writhing in animals Soares et al., 2012
Aqueous and methanolic seed extracts at 200 mg/kg (p.o.) ↓scopolamine‐induced cognitive Doreddula et al.,
for seven days in Swiss mice (n = 6) impairment, stress; ↑cognitive function 2014
Anti‐diabetic effect Mucilages, ethanolic and aqueous fruit extract at 150 and ↑hypoglycemic effect Tomoda et al., 1989;
300 mg/kg (p.o.) in alloxan‐induced diabetes mice (n = 6) Saha et al., 2011
Peel and seed powder of the plant at 100 and 200 mg/kg ↑Hb, TP; ↓HbA1c, SGPT Sabitha et al., 2011
(p.o.) up to 28 days in STZ‐induced diabetic rats
Note. ATP: adenosine triphosphate; ATPase: adenosine triphosphatase; BLA: blood lactic acid; BMHC: bone marrow hematopoietic cells; CAT: catalase;
CCD: cleidocranial dysostosis; CK: creatine kinase; DPPH: 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GSH: reduced glutathione; HbA1c:
glycated hemoglobin; HG: hepatic glycogen; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; IL: interleukin; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; MDA: malondialdehyde;
MG: muscle glycogen; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; NO: necrosis; SDH: succinate dehydrogenase; SGPT: serum glutamic‐pyruvic transaminase;
SOD: superoxide dismutase; STZ: streptozotocin; SUN: serum urea nitrogen; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; TP: total protein.
various caspase cascades in MCF7 and CCD‐1059 sk cells (Monte Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Technology, IPCBEE vol.11
et al., 2014). Moreover, gold nanoparticles synthesized from pulp (2011) © (p. 2011). Singapore: IACSIT Press.
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