Chemistry for Engineers 1

Periodic Variations of
Elements
MPS Department  FEU Institute of Technology
 OBJECTIVES

∎ Determine the periodic variations of elements in physical properties.

∎ Differentiate the periodic trends as increasing, or decreasing from left to
right or from top to bottom.
 Periodic Properties of Elements
• Periodic Trends / Periodicity
– specific patterns that are present in the
periodic table that illustrate different aspects
of a certain element.
– Periodic Classification:
•Atomic Radius
•Ionization Energy
•Electron Affinity
•Ionic Size
•Electronegativity
 Atomic Radius
• Atomic Radius
– primarily the radius of an element.
– Trend
•increase from top to bottom along a group or family.
•decrease from left to right across a period.

https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-chemistry-
second-edition/r15/section/9.2/
 Periodicity of Elements
• Ionization Energy, IE
– the energy required to remove an electron
from an atom.
– can be thought of how strongly an atom holds
onto its outermost electron.
– Trend
•decrease from top to bottom in groups and
families.
•gradual increase from left to right (with
some irregularities.
 IONIZATION ENERGY

https://www.mikeblaber.org/oldwine/chm104
5/notes/Periodic/Ionize/Period04.htm
 Electron Affinity
- the amount of energy released or absorbed when
an electron is added to an atom to form a negative
ion.
– a measure of the attraction of an atom for an
electron or the atom’s tendency to form a negative
ion.
Electron Affinity of Helium and Chlorine
He(g) + e- → He-(g) EA = 0 kJ/mol
Cl(g) + e- → Cl-(g) +349 kJ EA = -349 kJ/mol
 Electron Affinity

https://www.mikeblaber.org/oldwine/chm104
5/notes/Periodic/Affinity/Period05.htm
 IONIC SIZE
• Ionic Size
– the size of an atom’s ion.

• Isoelectronic Species
– have the same number of electrons, thus,
they have the same electronic
configurations.
– differs in the nuclear charges.
 IONIC SIZE

https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-
difference-between-the-ionic-radius-and-the-
atomic-radius-of-an-elem
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY
• Electronegativity, EN
– the attractive force of an element for a shared pair of
electrons in a molecule.
– Trend
•non Metals form anion by gaining electron high
electronegativity.
•metals form cation by losing electron low
electronegativity.
•increases from left to right along the period.
•decreases from top to bottom in groups or families.
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Periodic-
chart-of-the-computed-electronegativity-
values-of-103-elements_tbl1_265786241
 Summary of Periodic Trends
From Left to Right From Top to Bottom
Periodic Trend
(Period) (Group)

Atomic Radius* Decrease Increase

Ionization Energy* Gradual Increase** Decrease

Electron Affinity* Increase Decrease

Ionic Size*** - -

Electronegativity* Increase Decrease

THANK YOU…
GOD BLESS…
 REFERENCES
Lawrence S. Brown and Thomas A. Holme (2018),
Chemistry for Engineering Students : Cengage Learning
Roxy Wilson (2018), Solutions to Red Exercises:
Chemistry: The Central Science : United Kingdom:
Pearson
Theodore E. Brown, et. al.(2018), Chemistry: The Central
Science (14th Edition) : United Kingdom: Pearson

https://opentextbc.ca/biology2eopenstax/chapter/atoms-isotopes-
ions-and-molecules-the-building-blocks/
https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/history/about
https://www.slideshare.net/AbdulAlHafizIsmail/lu5-trends-of-
periodic-atomic-properties