PHYSICAL SCIENCE

There are 94 natural elements, and 24 synthetic elemeents in

FIRST SEMESTER the periodic table.

FORMATION OF HEAVY & LIGHT ELEMENTS

Bigbang- a theory that states the Earth is continuously THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
expanding or called as “inflation”.
ATOMIC THEORY
HIS THEORY:
ORIGIN OF ELEMENTS: All atoms are:
1. Bigbang or Primordial Nucleosynthesis DEMOCRITUS 1. small, hard particles.
- Greek philosopher 2. made of a single material formed into
- the origin of the light elements. who proposed the different shapes and sizes.
existence of atom. 3. always moving, and form different
5 elements that formed materials by joining together.
during the Bigbang:
a. Hydrogen ARISTOTLE HIS THEORY:
-He did not think
b. Helium there was a limit to 1. He thought all substances are made
c. Lithium the number of times up of 4 elements:
matter could be
d. Beryllium divided. a. Earth c. Air
b. Water d. Fire
e. Deuterium

JOHN DALTON HIS THEORY:

2. Stellar Nucleosynthesis -a British Chemist. 1. All substances are made of atoms
that cannot be destroyed, created or
-the origin of the heavy elements, caused by a dying dead star. Proposed the divided.
“SOLID SPHERE 2. Atoms join with other atoms to make
2 elements that formed new substances.
MODEL” or
during the Stellar: “BOWLING BALL 3. Atoms of the same element are exactly
MODEL” alike, and atoms of different elements are
a. Iron different in mass and size.
b. Silicon
J.J. THOMSON HIS THEORY:
English Chemist and 1. Atoms contain negatively charged
physicist; discovered particles called electrons and positively
TERMS TO REMEMBER: the first sub-atomic charged matter
particle; electrons 2. He created a model to describe his
Nucleosynthesis- creation/ production of elements.
which he called theory.
Nuclear Fusion- proton and neutron are combined because “corpuscles” “PLUM PUDDING MODEL”
of high temperature (process of light elements).
Nuclear Fission- pre-existing element + newly formed
element are combined because of high temperature (process of HIS THEORY:
ERNEST 1. Small dense positively charged particle
heavy elements). RUTHERFORD present in nucleus is called a proton.
Supernova- explosion of dying dead stars; happens when a New Zealand 2. Electrons travel around the nucleus,
physicist; discovered but their exact places cannot be
star meets its lifespan.
the nucleus. described.
“NUCLEAR MODEL”
SYNTHESIS OF NEW ELEMENTS
Periodic Table of Elements- shows the tabular arrangement HIS THEORY:
of elements. NIELS BOHR 1. Electrons travel around the nucleus in
Danish physicist; definite paths and fixed distances.
ELEMENTS IN PERIODIC TABLE discovered the 2. Electrons can jump from one level to a
energy levels. path in another level.
 NUCLIDE- atomic species characterized by the specific “PLANETARY MODEL”
constitution of its nucleus.
 GROUP (FAMILY)- exhibit related physical and HIS THEORY:
chemical properties. ERWIN 1. The exact path of electrons cannot
 PERIOD- order of elements in increasing atomic number. SCHRODINGER be predicted.
Austrian physicist; 2. The region referred to as the electron
SYNTHETIC ELEMENTS
developed the cloud, is an area where electrons are
- A chemical element that does not occur naturally on electron cloud likely be found.
Earth. model. “ELECTRON CLOUD MODEL”

CYCLOTRON- machine to make synthetic elements.

HIS THEORY:
ERNEST LAWRENCE- made the cyclotron. JAMES CHADWICK 1. Neutrons have no electrical charge.
English physicist; 2. Neutrons have a mass nearly equal
DMITRI MENDELEEV- one who created the periodic table.
discovered neutrons. to the mass of a proton.
3. Unit of measurement for sub-atomic
HENRY MOSELEY- He helped Mendeleev arrange the periodic
particles is the atomic mass unit (amu).
table.
X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY- used to detect and count the
protons in an element.
TRANSURANIUM- other term for synthetic elements.
 POLARITY OF MOLECULES PHYSICAL SCIENCE
-sharing and transferring of electrons.
SECOND SEMESTER
2 Types of Polarity:
BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULE- intake of food converts into
1. Covalent Bond- sharing of electrons. energy.

a. Polar Covalent Bond- unequal sharing of MACROMOLECULE- supermolecule

electrons. FOUR CLASSES OF
b. Non-polar Covalent Bond- equal sharing of BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULE:
electrons.
CARBOHYDRATES- Sugar (“saccharides”, “saccharum”)
Best example of NPCB- Diatomic Molecule
Monomers: GLUCOSE ATOMS in Carbs: C, H, O
2. Ionic Bond- transfer of electrons. SIMPLE SUGAR COMPLEX SUGAR
TYPE OF BOND ELECTRONEGATIVITY a. Monosaccharide a. Polysaccharide
DIFFERENCE b. Disaccharide
NON-POLAR 0-0.4
COVALENT BOND
POLAR COVALENT 0.5-1.9
BOND SIMPLE SUGAR:
IONIC BOND 2.0-4.0
MONOSACCHARIDE DISACCHARIDE
= 1 Sugar =2 Sugar
OCTET RULE- elements should have 8 electrons; except for Combined with: Glycosidic Bond
Hydrogen, which has to have 2 electrons. 1. GLUCOSE (Blood Sugar) 1. MALTOSE (Beer)
Source: Dextrose
SOLUBILITY- refers to the ability of a solute to dissolve in a 2. GALACTOSE (Dairy 2. SUCROSE [Glucose+Fructose]
certain amount of solvent. Products or Milk) (Table Sugar)
MISCIBILITY- ability of two liquids to mix in all proportions. 3. FRUCTOSE (Fruits and 3. LACTOSE [Fructose+Galactose]
Honey) (Dairy Products)
BOILING POINT- a certain chemical that reached a
temperature; liquid becomes gas
COMPLEX SUGAR:
MELTING POINT- solid to liquid state
POLYSACCHARIDE
=250-400 Sugar
MOLECULES AND INTERMOLECULAR FORCES 1. STARCH 3. CHITIN
2. CELLULOSE 4. PLANT CELL
Molecules- is formed when two or more atoms join together
chemically; made of two atoms of the same element. Starch and Cellulose are for storage purposes.

Diatomic Molecules- made of two atoms of the same element

Examples: NUCLEIC ACID- plays an essential role in the storage, transfer
and expression of genetic information.
 Hydrogen- H2
Monomers: NUCLEOTIDES
Intermolecular Forces- the attractive forces between
molecules, between ions, or between ions and molecules. TWO TYPES OF THREE PARTS OF
NUCLEIC ACID NUCLEOTIDE
Intramolecular Forces- force that hold atoms together in a
1. Nitrogenous Base
molecule.
DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid 2. Five-Carbon Carbohydrate
JOHANNES DIDERIK VAN DER WAALS 3. Phosphate Group
RNA- Ribonucleic Acid
His thesis, “van der waals” noted the non-ideality of real gases a. rRNA
and attributed it to the existence of intermolecular forces. b. tRNA
c. mRNA

TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

PROTEINS- responsible for growth repair, making antibodies,
1. Dipole-Dipole Forces- attractive forces between polar enzymes and non-steroid/steroid hormones.
molecules.
Monomers: AMINO ACIDS ATOMS in Protein: C, H, O, N
1.1 Hydrogen Bonding- a special case of dipole-dipole
forces, and only exists between hydrogen atoms bonded to F, EXAMPLES OF PROTEINS:
Combined through: PEPTIDE BOND
N, or O, and F, N, and O atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms. It is
the strongest force. 1. Keratin- hair, skin, nails
2. Fibroin/Silk Protein- silk
2. Ion-Dipole Forces- attractive forces between ion and polar 3. Collagen- skin, bones, tissues
molecules. 4. Enzymes- catalyzes reaction (breakdown of food)
 Lipase- digestion of fats
3. London/van der Waals Forces- also known as Dispersion  Pepsin- breakdown of proteins to peptide
Forces. Interactions involving induced dipoles. It is also the  Sucrase- sugar & starches breakdown/digestion
weakest intermolecular force. 5. Myoglobin- carries/store oxygen
 Hemoglobin- red blood cells
6. Antibodies- part of the immune system

WEAK IMMUNE SYSTEM=UNHEALTHY LIFESTYLE

LIPIDS/FATS
Monomer: GLYCEROL/Fatty Acid
LIPIDS ARE
DEFINITIONS FOUND IN: EXAMPLES:
Waterproofing
-produce waxy
1. They insulate the coating to keep
body for a normal Plants- Seeds from drying out.
body temperature. (Dagta in plants;
Tagalog)

Steroids
1. Sex Streoids
(Testosterone,
2. They cushion the Animals- Estrogen)
internal organs for Connective Tissue, 2. Anabolic
protection. Adipose Tissue Steroids (Builds
muscle)
3. Cholesterol
(Fats)

3. They produce
hormones called
steroids.

4. They waterproof
surfaces of animals,
plants and fruits.