Defining Psychology

The word psychology comes from the roots psyche, which means “mind,” and logos,
meaning “knowledge or study.” However, when did you last see or touch a “mind”?
Because the mind can’t be studied directly, psychology is now defined as the scientific
study of behavior and mental processes. What does behavior refer to in the definition of
psychology? Anything you do—eating, emailing, sleeping, talking, or sneezing—is a
behavior. So are snowboarding, gambling, watching television, picking your nose,
learning Spanish, and reading this book. Naturally, we are interested in overt behaviors
(directly observable actions and responses). But psychologists also study covert
behaviors. These are private, internal activities, such as thinking, dreaming,
remembering, and other mental events (Jackson, 2008).So, the term “behavior” refers to
all of a person’s overt actions that others can directly observe. And the term “mental
processes” refers to the private thoughts, emotions, feelings, and motives that others
cannot directly observe.

The nature and scope of psychology

Broadly, all sciences have two branches.

1-Applied phycology

2-Research psychology

Applied phycology
1-Clinical psychology

2-Counseling psychology

3-Educational psychology

4- Forensic psychology

5-Health psychology

6-Industrial and organizational psychology

7-School psychology
Research psychology
1-Abnormal Psychology

2-Biological Psychology

3- Cognitive Psychology

4- Comparative Psychology

5- Developmental Psychology

6- Personality Psychology

7- Quantitative Psychology

8- Social Psychology

Applied psychology
1-CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: Clinical psychologists assess and treat people with
psychological problems. They may act as therapists for people experiencing normal
psychological crises (e.g., grief) or for individuals suffering from chronic psychiatric disorders.
The field of psychology became more recognized during the second half of the 19th century,
although clinical psychology wasn't recognized until the end of the 19th century. It was around
this time that “Lightner Witmer” first helped treat a boy with a learning disability. In 1896,
Witmer opened the first psychology clinic, which catered to children with disabilities. In 1907,
he coined the phrase "clinical psychology" in his new psychology journal, called The Psychology
Clinic. Some clinical psychologists are generalists who work with a wide variety of populations,
while others work with specific groups like children, the elderly, or those with specific disorders
(e.g., schizophrenia). They are trained in universities or professional schools of psychology.
They may be found working in academic settings, hospitals, community health centers, or private
practice.

2- COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY: Counseling psychologists do many of the same things that

clinical psychologists do. However, counseling psychologists tend to focus more on persons with
adjustment problems rather than on persons suffering from severe psychological disorders. .
According to “Gelso” and “Fretz” (2001), there are some central unifying themes among
counseling psychologists. These include a focus on an individual’s strengths, relationships, their
educational and career development, as well as a focus on normal personalities. Counseling
Psychologists help people improve their well-being, reduce and manage stress, and improve
overall functioning in their lives. The interventions used by Counseling Psychologists may be
either brief or long-term in duration.

3-EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: Educational psychology is the combination of two i.e.

Educational and Psychology. So educational psychology is the study of behavior of the teacher,
taught and persons connected to educational environment

Educational psychologists conduct research and develop theories about teaching and learning.
They attempt to understand the basic aspects of learning and then develop materials and
strategies for enhancing the learning process. Their efforts are applied to improve teacher
training and help students learn more efficiently.

4- FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY: Forensic psychologists study of questions and issues relating to

law and the legal system. A forensic psychologist offers an expert psychological opinion in a
way that it impacts one of the adversarial arenas, typically the courts. Forensic psychologists
evaluate various areas, such as expert testimony, jury selection, child testimony, pretrial
publicity, repressed memories, the death penalty, battered woman syndrome, domestic violence,
drug dependence, and sexual disorders. Although many people think of forensic psychologists as
focusing on criminal matters, this is certainly not always the case.

5- HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY:

Health psychologists are concerned with psychology's contributions to the promotion and
maintenance of good health and the prevention and treatment of illness. They recognize the
importance of life style and behavioral factors that contribute to physical disease, the search for
ways to contain health care costs, and potential of health-oriented psychological interventions.
They may design and conduct programs to help individuals stop smoking, lose weight, manage
stress, and stay physically fit. They are employed in hospitals, medical schools, rehabilitation
centers, public health agencies, academic settings, and private practice.

6-INDUSTRIAL/ORGANIZATIONALPSYCHOLOGY:

Industrial/organizational psychologists are primarily concerned with the relationships between

people and their work environments. They may develop new ways to increase productivity or be
involved in personnel selection. They are employed in business, government agencies, and
academic settings.
7-SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY: School psychologists are involved in enhancing the development
of children and adults in educational settings. They assess children's psychoeducational abilities
and recommend actions to facilitate student learning. They are typically trained in Schools of
Education and work in public school systems. They often act as consultants to parents, teachers,
and administrators to optimize the learning environments of specific students.

Research psychology
1-ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

Abnormal psychology is the study of abnormal behavior in order to describe, explain, and
change abnormal patterns of functioning. Abnormal psychology studies the nature of
psychopathology and its causes, and this knowledge is applied in clinical psychology to treating
patients with psychological disorders.

2- BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY

Biological psychology is the scientific study of the biological bases of behavior and mental
states. Because all behavior is controlled by the central nervous system, it is sensible to study
how the brain functions in order to understand behavior. This is the approach taken in behavioral
neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, and neuropsychology.

3- COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

Cognitive psychology studies cognition, the mental processes underlying behavior. It uses
information processing as a framework for understanding the mind. Perception, learning,
problem solving, memory, attention, language and emotion are all well researched areas.

4- COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY

Comparative psychology refers to the study of the behavior and mental life of animals
other than human beings.

5- DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY: Developmental psychologists study how we develop

intellectually, socially, and emotionally over the lifespan. Some of the areas they are interested in
are: Children's peer relations, language comprehension, computational models of cognitive
development, parent-infant interactions, social and communicative behavior in infants, and
language acquisition across languages and cultures. Developmental psychology looks at how
thinking, feeling, and behavior change throughout a person’s life. This field examines change
across three major dimensions: physical development, cognitive development, and socio
emotional development.

6-EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY: This area includes a diverse group of psychologists who

do research in the most basic areas of psychology (e.g., learning, memory, cognition, perception,
motivation, and language). Their research may be conducted with animals instead of humans.
Most of these psychologists work in academic settings.

7-SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: Social psychologists study how our beliefs, feelings, and behaviors
are affected by other persons. Some topics of interest to social psychologists are attitude
formation and change, aggression, prejudice, and interpersonal attraction. Most social
psychologists work in academic settings, but some work in federal agencies and businesses doing
applied research

8-EVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY: Environmental psychologists focus on the relationship

between people and the physical environment they live in. As such, they are interested in the
effects of the physical environment on a person's behavior and mental processes. For example,
they examine how environmental stimuli such as noise, temperature, and weather affect a
person's emotions, cognitive processes, performance, and social interactions; the effects of the
social environment, crowding, personal space; and the psychological effects of environmental
disasters.