NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

HISTORY OF
ARCHITECTURE
IN THE PHILIPPINES
NOTES BY

ZAÑO, FAITH MARY DG.

BS IN ARCHITECTURE
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY- MANILA
TOPIC

PRE-HISTORY
IN THE PHILIPPINES
 COVER NOTE

SCHEDULE

WEEK 2 - THURSDAY
12:OO PM -2:40PM

DATE ATTENDANCE SYNCH/ASYNCH

APRIL 14, ASYNCHR

VIEWED
2022 ONOUS

TOPIC

PRE-HISTORY IN THE PHILIPPINES

NOTES BRIEF

TOPIC HIGHLIGHT

Vernacular Architecture
Five Principal Features of Vernacular Architecture
Austronesian Ancestry
Vernacular Structural Elements
Regional Houses: Batanes, Cordillera,Luzon and Visayas
(Central and Southern), and Mindanao
 PRE-HISTORY

TOPIC HIGHLIGHT

Influences of Geographical, Geological, Climatic, Religious, Socio-

Cultural, Economic, Political and and Historical
Importance of their beliefs in Architectural Planning, Structural
and Construction.
Theories of Austronesian Expansion
Philippine Shelters

ACTIVITY/ASSIGNMENT TO REMEMBER

Influences
Importance of Beliefs in
Architectural Planning,
Structural, and Construction
Pleistocene
Early Philippine Shelters
1. Caves
2. Lean-to-shelters
3. Arboreal Shelters

Notes

Pre-Colonial Architecture in the Philippines contains geographical which

serves as one of main reason of structural differences. While the in
Cordillera Houses most of structural are made of local materials and
considered the geographical. In Pre-history the bahay kubo are also
tackled and disccused.
What is Philippine
Architecture?

Philippine Architecture is an elusive thing, because while it

makes full use of modern technology, it is a residue of different
overlays of foreign influences left in the Philippines over the
centuries: The early Malay Culture and vestiges of earlier Hindi
Influences, the more than 300 years Spanish domination, the
almost 50-year American rule, the Arab and Chinese influences
through commerce and trade over the centuries. What resulted
may have been a hybrid, a totally new configuration, which may
include a remembrance of the past, but transformed or frames
in terms of its significance today.

LEANDRO V. LOCSIN

“ Architecture In the Philippines today is the result of a natural

growth enriched with the absorption of varied influences”
– Ar. Norma Alarcon, FUAP.

“So much of the past has been sacrificed on the altar of industrial growth”
“Art, such as architecture should be immortalized”
– Rolando C. dela Rosa, Rector, UST.
 Weekly
Beliefs to Obtain
Prosperity,
Grocery
Good health,
List
and Protection
from evil spirits
Vegetable DO'S

·The umbilical cord of a child is inserted in

Bread
the staircase so that the stringer would
stringly connect itself to the grief
Frozen Food
·Coins, Wine, Cash and medals are placed
underneath the principal posts for a
Sauces
prosperous life of the house dwellers.
·The main door is placed to the face of the
Snack
east or the rising sun for good luck.

·Chickens and other animals are killed, and

their blood splattered on all foundations and
wall corners to ward off the evil spirits
·Father’s presence is important in the erection of the
first post, or first row od the hollow blocks or concrete
wall. This will make the house solidity strong for the
father is a symbol of strength.
·The longer length of the roof should be placed
parallel to the street to avoid misfortune.

The number od steps in stair must end either or

Oro (gold) or Plata(silver) but not Mata (death).
·Hot pepper placed underneath the house will
drive away evil spirits

·Bamboo materials used for building of the bouse must be

cut during the month of December because they are more
durable and stringer enough to withstand calamities.

·Post should be place one after20the other2022

October in clockwise
direction for a stronger against the typhoon
 Weekly
Beliefs to Obtain
Prosperity,
Grocery
Good health,
List
and Protection
from evil spirits
Vegetable
DON'TS

·The death of anyone of the workers during

Bread
the construction will cause misfortune to the
house owner
Frozen Foodor putting an overhand over an
·Covering
anthill (punso) incurs the wrath of the spirits
Sauces
living in the anthill
·Cutting of old posts when constructing or
Snack
renovation will result to the loss of wealth

·Gates of houses on dead-end street made to

face the street causes an accident to one of
the members of the family.
·Materials once used in a church or from an old house
which experience misfortune will bring bad luck
·The fresh wood used in building of a new house
that still contain tear-like sap is a premonition of
real tears
·Stairs facing the sun will bring bad luck to the
family
Wooden floor slats laid perpendicular to the
stairs cause misfortunes to the house dweller

·The last step of the stair facing the main exit of the house
bring bad luck

·Houses should not be built near the balete tree

A house built over a site of a newly cut tree subjects the

owner of the house experience20 bad luck 2022
October

·House plan that is shaped like a cross will mean bad luck
Philippine Pre=History

Pleistocene Age – April 21, 900 (Laguna copperplate inscription

Theories of Austronesian Expansion

Calory
Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network (NMTC)

PETER S. BELLWOOD
Peter Bellwood's Out of Taiwan
model rests on the theory that
the archaeological continuity of
Neolithic ISEA is the result of the
expansion of a distinct group,
the ancestral ANP, into the
region, and displacing and
replacing previous inhabitants
and cultures.
 EARLY PHILLIPPINE
SHELTERS

Caves
·The cave was the earliest form of a human habitation of the primitives
as defense against intense sun, wind, and rain. The shelters were made
via excavation rather than construction (Lico, 2008)

·Callao ·Talbon ·Angono

Cave Cave Cave
(Pena Bianca, (Lipun Point, (Binanginan,
Cagayan) Quezon, Palawan) Rizal)

CAVES IN THE PHILLIPINES

Caves are important natural resources because of their unique beauty, their
history, and their role in a healthy environment. They play key roles in
groundwater movement, serve as habitat for threatened and endangered
animal species.

Known as the “Cradle of Philippine Civilization,” the Tabon Caves contain

valuable artifacts that depict the lives of the earliest humans to set foot in
Palawan, which includes burial jars, wooden tools, and inscriptions on the
cave walls.
CAVES CALLAO CAVE
PENA BIANCA, CAGAYAN

EXPANSES

Callao Cave is one of 300 limestone caves located in the Barangays of

Magdalo and Quibal in the municipality of Peñablanca, about 24 km (15 mi)
northeast of Tuguegarao City, the capital of Cagayan province within the
Peñablanca Protected Landscape and Seascape in the western foothills of
the Northern Sierra Madre Mountains on Luzon island in the Philippines. The
town Peñablanca's (Spanish: white rocks) name refers to the predominance
of white limestone rock formations in the area. First excavated in 1980 by
Maharlika Cuevas, the seven-chamber show cave is the best known natural
tourist attraction of the Cagayan province and in February 2020 has officially
been recognized as an important cultural property of the Philippines

HIS SITE WAS WHERE THE REMAINS OF THE OLDEST HUMANS IN

THE PHILIPPINES HAVE BEEN DUG UP.
CAVES TABON CAVE
Lipun Point, Quezon, Palawan

EXPANSES

The Tabon Caves, dubbed as the Philippines' Cradle of Civilization, are a

group of caves located on Lipuun Point, north of Quezon municipality, in the
south western part of the province of Palawan on Palawan Island, in the
Philippines. They are part of the Lipuun Point Reservation, which has been
protected by the government of the Philippines as a museum reservation to
protect the caves and immediate vicinity from deforestation and to preserve
the cultural artifacts present there.

THE GREATEST FIND OF WAS THE SKULL CAP OF THE

TABON MAN
CAVES ANGONO CAVE
Binanginan, Rizal

EXPANSES

The Angono Petroglyphs are petroglyphs carved into a rock wall in Angono,
Rizal, Philippines. It consists of 127 human and animal figures engraved on
the rockwall probably carved during the late Neolithic, or before 2000 BC.
They are the oldest known work of art in the Philippines. These inscriptions
clearly show stylized human figures, frogs and lizards, along with other
designs that may have depicted other interesting figures but erosion may
have caused it to become indistinguishable. The engravings are mostly
symbolic representations and are associated with healing and sympathetic
magic. The site is sacred for indigenous Tagalog folk religion and is believed
to be a home for anitos.

SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATIONS AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH

HEALING AND SYMPATHETIC MAGIC
 Lean to Shelters

·Fundamental act of building was practiced by nomads

·Can be carried and transfer from one place to another

Wind, sun, and rain screen anchored by a pole, or a stick

angled on the ground

HAWONG- Pinatubo Aeta

PINANAHANG- Agta (Pampanga and Zambales) and Casiguran Aetas from Aurora
DAIT-DAIT- Mamanua Aeta from Mindanao
 Arborreal Shelters

·TREE HOUSES
Tree houses are usually found in areas where violent intertribal
conflicts and nocturnal raids are frequent (Lico, 2088)

·Build in forked branches

·20 ft, 3- ft, to 60 ft above the ground trees
·Or 15 ft, tp 20 ft high stumps that serves as foundation

Tree dwellers in the Philippines:

·Gaddang and Kalinga of Luzon

·Manobos and Mandaya of Mindanao
·Moros of Lake Lanao
·Negritos of Bukidnon and North- Central Mindanao
·Bagobo of Davao
·Bilaan
·Ilongot
·Arboreal Shelters
 Arborreal Shelters

Tinguian of Palan (Northwest of Abra)

had a separate daytime and nocturnal adobe.

The Day Adobe was a small hut of bamboo and thatch built on the ground
The night Adobe, ALLIGANG, was even smaller and rested on the top of a
tree, 18-24 meters from the ground, safe ground from night time ambush.

ALLIGANG, was
even smaller and
rested on the top
of a tree, 18-24
meters from the
ground, safe
ground from
night time
ambush.
TOPIC

PRE-COLONIAL
IN THE PHILIPPINES
 COVER NOTE

SCHEDULE

WEEK 3 - THURSDAY
12:OO PM -2:40PM

DATE ATTENDANCE SYNCH/ASYNCH

APRIL 21, SYNCHRO

2022 ATTENDED
NOUS

TOPIC

PRE-COLONIAL IN THE PHILIPPINES

NOTES BRIEF

TOPIC HIGHLIGHT

Spread of Islam in the Philippines

How Islam grew in Mindanao
Muslims in Mindanao
Different Austronesian Houses in Mindanao and Sulu
Archipelago
Anatomy of Austronesian Houses
 PRE-COLONIAL

TOPIC HIGHLIGHT

Vernacular Architecture
Five Principal Features of Vernacular Architecture
Austronesian Ancestry
Vernacular Structural Elements
Regional Houses: Batanes, Cordillera,Luzon and Visayas (Central
and Southern), and Mindanao

ACTIVITY/ASSIGNMENT TO REMEMBER

Geographical
Regional Houses have
Upland and Lowland
Houses
Anatomy of Cordillera
Houses
Cordillera Village
Anatomy of Bahay Kubo

Notes

Pre-Colonial Architecture in the Philippines contains geographical which

serves as one of main reason of structural differences. While the in
Cordillera Houses most of structural are made of local materials and
considered the geographical. In Pre-history the bahay kubo are also
tackled and disccused.
Vernacular
Architecture

Vernacular derived from the Latin word vernaculus, meaning

domestic, native, and indigenous
Vernacular known as folk, traditional, popular architecture
Category of architecture based on local needs, construction
materials and reflecting local traditions
Tends to evolve over time to reflect the environmental, cultural,
technological, and historical context in which it exists
Made for protection from animals, tribe, and natural calamities

FIVE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF A VERNACULAR

ARCHITECTURE

1. The builders, whether artisans or those who are planning to live in the
building, are non-professional architect or engineer
2. There is a harmonious adaption, using natural materials, to the geography
3. The actual process of construction involves intuitive thinking, done
without the use of blueprints or any for construction drawings
4. There is a balance between social and economic functionality and
aesthetics features.
5. Architectural patterns and styles are subject toa protracted evolution of a
traditional styles specific to an ethnic domain
Austronesian Ancestry

BALAI/BAHAY
• Southeast Asian type of a domestic architecture
found in non-hispanized, non-Anglo-Saxon
communities in the country
• House / Tahanan/ Tirahan

Architectural Characteristics:
• Raised Pile Foundation
• Elevated Living Floor
• Rectangular Volume
• Voluminous Thatched Roof
 ·FOUNDATION
-Prototypical Bahay Kubo or Austronesian House is a usually
built-in wooden post as its framework

- It has several advantages in a tropical climate. Especially when

settlement pattern is mainly concentrated in coastal, riverside,
and lakeshore.
VERNACULAR STRUCTURAL ELEMEMTS

·VOLUMINOUS THATCHED ROOF

-The most distinctive feature of an Austronesian vernacular
architectural form is extended line of roof, often with outward
sloping gables forming elegant saddleback curves.

- Cases seen as pyramidal

- Grasses and palm leaves are the most widely used traditional
materials

·CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
- Post and lintel method of a construction

- Assembled without nails

- Walls and floors do not constitute as parts of the main load-

bearing elements but may brace the construction as a whole.

- Framing system consist of a vertical studs slotted into

horizontal still
BATANES
Upland and Lowland houses have acquired distinct architectural features
because of the differences of the environmental conditions and site contexts.

They are vernacular architecture of lime, stone, wood and thatch. They are designed
to adapt to extreme conditions of a region that is dominated by the unpredictable
climate. The people realize that their unique ways provide the special quality that
ensures the perpetuation of Batanes as a living cultural landscape.
BATANES
BATANES
BATANES
 BATANES

- The thatch house of the Ivatans of Batanes. It is

a type of house with a timber framed structure
which uses reeds and cogon as materials for its
walls and roof.
 BATANES

JINJIN / BAHAY A JINJIN

The thatch house of the Ivatans of Batanes. It is a type of house with

a timber framed structure which uses reeds and cogon as materials
for its walls and roof.

KAMADID

Enclosing’s lower portion is built of wood

RAHAUNG

Used as a working area: a place for storage for fishing equipment.

The structure does not have any wall enclosure, exposing posts that
support roof.
 MAYTUAB /
SINDUMPARAN
 MAYTUAB /
SINDUMPARAN

CORDILLERA

• Upland and Lowland houses have acquired distinct

architectural features because of the differences of the
environmental conditions and site contexts.

NORTHERN STRAIN
Consists of houses made
by the ISNEG and KALINGA
ISNEG with rectangular
plan covered by high
gabled roof
Kalinga having octagonal
plan and three divided
flooring
Roof Framing is
independent of the floor
framework

SOUTHERN STRAIN
Consists of houses madeby
the IGUGAI,
BONTOC,IBALOI and
KANKANAY
With square plan covered
by high gabled roof
Windowless
Low walls and roof, which
keep the inhabitant warm
Raised 0.90m above the
ground.
 APAYAO
- It is the traditional type of house in Apayao with and
elevated rectangular one-room structure and protected
by a high-pitc thatch roof that resembles a pointed
barrel vault

- Features:

Removable wall panel

which can be opened during the hot days and
turned back as a wall during cold days

Removable and Washable floor mats

placed above a closely-spaced wood floor that
allows natural ventilation through its floor

Notes

The native house is constructed out of bamboo tied

together, with a thatched roof using dried grass.
Nipa huts were once the native houses of the
indigenous people of the Philippines before the
Spaniards arrived, and are still used today,
especially in rural areas.
APAYAO
KALINGA (FORUY)
-Foruy is the traditional house of the Kalingas, It is
comprised of an elevated rectangular, one-room house
of timber and thick roofing made from 8-10 layers of cut
bamboo laid one above the outer

- Features:

Removable wall panel

which can be opened during the hot days and
turned back as a wall during cold days

Elevated floor along the perimeter of

the wall
-that can be used both for seating and sleeping
purposes

Notes

The traditional Kalinga house is a structure that is

created with the use of very organic and all natural
building materials that are the only things where
available at that time, no use of technology being
made and build by the hands of the people before
us.
KALINGA (FORUY)
KALINGA (FORUY)
 KALINGA
(BINAYON/FINARYON)

What is Binayon house?

Kalinga octagonal (binayon) house was a traditional house of Philippine
located in the centre of cordillera region, Kalinga, in settlement along the
Chico river. The house house was belong to the rich and it had been
suggest that it was the older type

- The traditional house of the Kalinga’s with octagonal plan

 AFUNG
(BONTOC HOUSE)

-The traditional type house in Bontoc, Mountain Province,

Philippines
-The AFUNG is one of the houses in the cordillera that is
built directly on the ground.
-Its ground space serves as the main living and working
areas.
-The AFUNG is comprised of perimeter wooden walls
enclosed in an open living space, and central granaries. It is
covered by a steep, thick roof that is covering the perimeter
wall.

 AFUNG
(BONTOC HOUSE)
 AFUNG
(BONTOC HOUSE)
BABAREY VILLAGE
- Babarey village is the settlement area in a
Bontoc Community

Babarey consists:
Ator- Men’s meeting place
Pabafunan- boy’s dormitory
Pangis- Girls’s dormitory
Chap-ay- open space with flat stone in circular layout
Akhamang- rice granary
Afung- the bontoc house for married couples and children up to
8 years old.
 KANKANAY AND
IBALOI HOUSE
(BAEY/ BABAYAN)

- BAEY or BABAYAN is an elevated, square, one-room house of the

kankanay and ibaloi with four thick posts supporting a timber upper
floor and steeps hi[ type roof of cagon grass
 -KANKANAY AND
IBALOI HOUSE
(BAEY/ BABAYAN)

- BAEY or BABAYAN is an elevated, square, one-room house of the

kankanay and ibaloi with four thick posts supporting a timber upper
floor and steeps hi[ type roof of cagon grass
 TINOKBO
(SAGADA HOUSE)

TINOKBO is one of the earliest house in

Sagada, windowless with a thick and steep
roof intended to withstand the cold weather
conditions.
Directly built on ground, similar to Bontoc
House.
 -IFUGAO HOUSE
(BALE/FALE)

BALE and FALE is the traditional house of the Ifugao

People. It is an elevated square and windowless one-
room structure dominated by a high, heavy, pyramidal
roof.

The framework of the fale is done using hand-hewn

timber, mortised without nails or a hardware. It can be
disassembled, moved and raised again on a new site
within a day.

- HAGABI is a bench that provides status symbol for the

rich ifigao due to the cost pf its construction and the
ceremonies involved

- KANYAW is part of the Ifugao ritual life, Pig, carabao and

human skulls are proudly displayed.
-IFUGAO HOUSE
(BALE/FALE)

-IFUGAO HOUSE
(BALE/FALE)

 BABLE VILLAGE
- Bable Village is the settlement of the Ifugao community, usually
comprised of the house and granary, built in a cordillera southern
strain area that cannot be irrigated and not following a regular
pattern or straight line.

-BAHAY KUBO

-BAHAY KUBO

-BAHAY KUBO

INLAND COMMUNITY
MANGYAN HOUSE

TAGBANUA HOUSE
TOPIC

ARCHITECTURE IN
MINDANAO
IN THE PHILIPPINES
 COVER NOTE

SCHEDULE

WEEK 4 - THURSDAY
12:OO PM -2:40PM

DATE ATTENDANCE SYNCH/ASYNCH

APRIL 28, SYNCHRO

ATTENDED
2022 NOUS

TOPIC

ARCHITECTURE IN MINDANAO
NOTES BRIEF

TOPIC HIGHLIGHT

Spread of Islam in the Philippines

How Islam grew in Mindanao
Muslims in Mindanao
Different Austronesian Houses in Mindanao and Sulu
Archipelago
Anatomy of Austronesian Houses
 ARCHITECTURE
IN MINDNAO
TOPIC HIGHLIGHT

Spread of Islam in the Philippines

How Islam grew in Mindanao
Muslims in Mindanao
Different Austronesian Houses in Mindanao and Sulu Archipelago
Anatomy of Austronesian Houses

ACTIVITY/ASSIGNMENT TO REMEMBER

Culture of Islam people

invaded the Mindanao
Two Elements of Muslim
Space
Mosque (Parts and Features)
Palace (Parts and Features)
7 Muslims in Mindanao
and its Austronesian Houses
Anatomy of different
Austronesian houses of 7
Muslims in Mindanao

Notes

Architecture in Mindanao are influence by the invaders and it's

geographical. People in Mindanao are usually Muslims. There are 7
Muslims in Mindanao: Yakan, Tausug, Samal and Bajao, Maranao, Iranoi
and Maguindanao, Jama Mapun, and Bagobo
TOPIC

SPANISH-
COLONIAL
IN THE PHILIPPINES
Weekly Planner

SCHEDULE

WEEK 5 - THURSDAY
12:OO PM -2:40PM

DATE ATTENDANCE SYNCH/ASYNCH

MAY 5, ATTENDED SYNCHRO

2022 NOUS

TOPIC

SPANISH-COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
NOTES BRIEF

TOPIC HIGHLIGHT

Spread of Islam in the Philippines

How Islam grew in Mindanao
Muslims in Mindanao
Different Austronesian Houses in Mindanao and Sulu
Archipelago
Anatomy of Austronesian Houses
SPANISH-COLONIAL

TOPIC HIGHLIGHT

Spread of Spanish Invaders

Influences of Spanish
Importance of Law Indies
Influence of Architectural Styles (Church, Residential Buildings
and Public Palaces

ACTIVITY/ASSIGNMENT TO REMEMBER

LAW OF INDIES Culture of Spanish people

and its influences
TURNED IN MAY 12, 2022 Influence in Architectural
Buildings and Infrastructure
SCORE:100/100 Influence in Architectural
Styles
Anatomy of Bahay na Bato
Details of Churches
Importance of Public Places
in Spanish-Colonial: Forts,
Plaza, Churches, and even
Fuente (known as bridge)

Notes

Spanish-Colonial Architecture in the Philippines are one of the

influential because of the hundreds of years they stayed in the
Philippines. Spanish Culture also adopted by the Filipinos. The
Architectural Building and Infrastructure, and the Style serves as
major part of the Filipinos up to now.
TOPIC

POST
COLONIAL
IN THE PHILIPPINES
 POST-COLONIAL

TOPIC HIGHLIGHT

Rising from the ruins: The Philippines and the Philippines

Architecture during Post-War Period
Modernism and International Style
Suburbia and the Bungalow
Space aged design
Tropical Modernism
The Marcos Era: Power through Architecture
List of Filipino Architect and their works in 3rd Generation
Architects

ACTIVITY/ASSIGNMENT TO REMEMBER

Rising from the ruins: The Philippines and

the Philippines Architecture during Post-
War Period
Modernism and International Style
Characteristics of International Bldg.
Suburbia and the Bungalow
Space aged design
Characteristics
Tropical Modernism
The Marcos Era: Power through
Architecture
List of Filipino Architect and their works in
3rd Generation Architects

Notes

Philippine Architecture was dominated by the American style. In this

period the plan for the modern city of Manila was designed with a
large number of art deco buildings, by famous American and
Filipino architects.
 What is Post-
Colonial in the
Philippines?

It was in modernism during the era of post-colonialism, that the sense of freedom
and independence disseminated not only across the city, but the whole country.
This reflected in the modern edifices built after war that symbolised the freedom
from their colonial past. For instance, the Church of Holy Sacrifice (1955) not only
began Locsin’s architectural career but it also accelerated the beginning of
modern architecture in the Philippines. Whereas the Spaniards introduced stone,
the Americans introduced building materials such as reinforced concrete, steel
and glass. These building materials had enabled architects such as Locsin, to
design buildings and create modern architecture that embraces new innovations
and forms. As a result, the first venture into the thin-shell experiments had
created the Church of the Holy Sacrifice (Lico, 2017) – such innovations became
revolutionary, symbolising the post-colonial and modern architecture in the
Philippines as the country saw further constructions in thin-shell experiments.
Reinforced concrete structures and folded plate constructions led to the design
and creation of other churches such as the Church of the Risen Lord, designed by
Cesar Concio, in 1956 and the Church of St. Andrew which is also designed by
Leandro Locsin in 1968.

The use of reinforced concrete, steel and glass, cubic form, geometric shapes,
cartesian grids and the absence of applied decoration were the essential feature
of the modern architecture which links to the statement put forward by Esroy et
al. (2010) that views modernism as ‘opposition to tradition’. This idea of
modernism opposing tradition can be linked to Locsin’s choice reinforced
concrete as a building material. As Forty (2012) claims, “Concrete is modern…it
tells what it means to be modern” suggesting that with Locsin’s use of reinforced
concrete, he is perhaps redefining the architectural landscape of the Philippines
by embracing a building material that defines modernism, opposing the use of
stone that can be seen as a prominent material that symbolises the Spanish
colonial era. By using a construction material that had not been used before in
order to design churches, it also encourages the idea of opposing the Spanish
colonial era.
 What is Post-
Colonial in the
Philippines?

From the pre-Hispanic era through to the post-colonial era, colonialism has impacted
architecture in the Philippines in various ways that is reflected in its built landscape.
Through a visual analysis, studying the historical and architectural progress of the
church from the vernacular to colonial then post-colonial era, presents the
complexities and diversity of each architectural culture of the Philippines, Spain and
America through colonialism – the different cultures breed heterogeneity in the
colonial and post-colonial architecture found in the country. Whether Locsin was
influenced by Western principles, influenced by his faith or simply on the quest to
implement pre-Hispanic elements with modernism, he managed to express and
propose an architectural landscape and built environment that is unique to the
Philippines. As Locsin states,“[The Philippines is] a hybrid culture. This is both our
weakness and our strength” (Paredes-Santillan, 2009). Whether or not the design of a
building is influenced from the West or designed in search for a nation’s identity, it is
accepting that the architecture found in the Philippines differs from Filipino
architecture, which cannot be defined simply considering the impact of colonialism
on the country. The realisation of such hybrid culture, can be perhaps be used as a
tool to further develop the architecture in the Philippines. Although colonialism
occurs when one nation defeats another by conquering its population, exploitation
and the force of language and cultural values upon its people, it is through
colonialism that strengthened the architectural landscape of the country. From the
use of reinforced concrete, through to the spatial concepts of the church that still
exists and is further developing until today. To not reject but rather, to understand
and accept the colonial past of the nation, celebrates the complexities and diversity
of each architectural culture, serving as a reminder that through colonialism,
architecture is a dynamic process rather than as a static object.
 EARLY PHILLIPPINE
SHELTERS

Caves
·The cave was the earliest form of a human habitation of the primitives
as defense against intense sun, wind, and rain. The shelters were made
via excavation rather than construction (Lico, 2008)

·Callao ·Talbon ·Angono

Cave Cave Cave
(Pena Bianca, (Lipun Point, (Binanginan,
Cagayan) Quezon, Palawan) Rizal)

CAVES IN THE PHILLIPINES

Caves are important natural resources because of their unique beauty, their
history, and their role in a healthy environment. They play key roles in
groundwater movement, serve as habitat for threatened and endangered
animal species.

Known as the “Cradle of Philippine Civilization,” the Tabon Caves contain

valuable artifacts that depict the lives of the earliest humans to set foot in
Palawan, which includes burial jars, wooden tools, and inscriptions on the
cave walls.
CAVES ANGONO CAVE
Binanginan, Rizal

EXPANSES

The Angono Petroglyphs are petroglyphs carved into a rock wall in Angono,
Rizal, Philippines. It consists of 127 human and animal figures engraved on
the rockwall probably carved during the late Neolithic, or before 2000 BC.
They are the oldest known work of art in the Philippines. These inscriptions
clearly show stylized human figures, frogs and lizards, along with other
designs that may have depicted other interesting figures but erosion may
have caused it to become indistinguishable. The engravings are mostly
symbolic representations and are associated with healing and sympathetic
magic. The site is sacred for indigenous Tagalog folk religion and is believed
to be a home for anitos.

SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATIONS AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH

HEALING AND SYMPATHETIC MAGIC
 Arborreal Shelters

Tinguian of Palan (Northwest of Abra)

had a separate daytime and nocturnal adobe.

The Day Adobe was a small hut of bamboo and thatch built on the ground
The night Adobe, ALLIGANG, was even smaller and rested on the top of a
tree, 18-24 meters from the ground, safe ground from night time ambush.

ALLIGANG, was
even smaller and
rested on the top
of a tree, 18-24
meters from the
ground, safe
ground from
night time
ambush.
TOPIC

POST
MODERNISM
IN THE PHILIPPINES
POST-MODERNISM

TOPIC HIGHLIGHT

Spread of Spanish Invaders

Influences of Spanish
Importance of Law Indies
Influence of Architectural Styles (Church, Residential Buildings
and Public Palaces

ACTIVITY/ASSIGNMENT TO REMEMBER

LAW OF INDIES Culture of Spanish people

and its influences
TURNED IN MAY 12, 2022 Influence in Architectural
Buildings and Infrastructure
SCORE:100/100 Influence in Architectural
Styles
Anatomy of Bahay na Bato
Details of Churches
Importance of Public Places
in Spanish-Colonial: Forts,
Plaza, Churches, and even
Fuente (known as bridge)

Notes

Spanish-Colonial Architecture in the Philippines are one of the

influential because of the hundreds of years they stayed in the
Philippines. Spanish Culture also adopted by the Filipinos. The
Architectural Building and Infrastructure, and the Style serves as
major part of the Filipinos up to now.
What is Philippine
Architecture?

Philippine Architecture is an elusive thing, because while it

makes full use of modern technology, it is a residue of different
overlays of foreign influences left in the Philippines over the
centuries: The early Malay Culture and vestiges of earlier Hindi
Influences, the more than 300 years Spanish domination, the
almost 50-year American rule, the Arab and Chinese influences
through commerce and trade over the centuries. What resulted
may have been a hybrid, a totally new configuration, which may
include a remembrance of the past, but transformed or frames
in terms of its significance today.

LEANDRO V. LOCSIN

“ Architecture In the Philippines today is the result of a natural

growth enriched with the absorption of varied influences”
– Ar. Norma Alarcon, FUAP.

“So much of the past has been sacrificed on the altar of industrial growth”
“Art, such as architecture should be immortalized”
– Rolando C. dela Rosa, Rector, UST.
 Weekly
Beliefs to Obtain
Prosperity,
Grocery
Good health,
List
and Protection
from evil spirits
Vegetable DO'S

·The umbilical cord of a child is inserted in

Bread
the staircase so that the stringer would
stringly connect itself to the grief
Frozen Food
·Coins, Wine, Cash and medals are placed
underneath the principal posts for a
Sauces
prosperous life of the house dwellers.
·The main door is placed to the face of the
Snack
east or the rising sun for good luck.

·Chickens and other animals are killed, and

their blood splattered on all foundations and
wall corners to ward off the evil spirits
·Father’s presence is important in the erection of the
first post, or first row od the hollow blocks or concrete
wall. This will make the house solidity strong for the
father is a symbol of strength.
·The longer length of the roof should be placed
parallel to the street to avoid misfortune.

The number od steps in stair must end either or

Oro (gold) or Plata(silver) but not Mata (death).
·Hot pepper placed underneath the house will
drive away evil spirits

·Bamboo materials used for building of the bouse must be

cut during the month of December because they are more
durable and stringer enough to withstand calamities.

·Post should be place one after20the other2022

October in clockwise
direction for a stronger against the typhoon
 EARLY PHILLIPPINE
SHELTERS

Caves
·The cave was the earliest form of a human habitation of the primitives
as defense against intense sun, wind, and rain. The shelters were made
via excavation rather than construction (Lico, 2008)

·Callao ·Talbon ·Angono

Cave Cave Cave
(Pena Bianca, (Lipun Point, (Binanginan,
Cagayan) Quezon, Palawan) Rizal)

CAVES IN THE PHILLIPINES

Caves are important natural resources because of their unique beauty, their
history, and their role in a healthy environment. They play key roles in
groundwater movement, serve as habitat for threatened and endangered
animal species.

Known as the “Cradle of Philippine Civilization,” the Tabon Caves contain

valuable artifacts that depict the lives of the earliest humans to set foot in
Palawan, which includes burial jars, wooden tools, and inscriptions on the
cave walls.
CAVES ANGONO CAVE
Binanginan, Rizal

EXPANSES

The Angono Petroglyphs are petroglyphs carved into a rock wall in Angono,
Rizal, Philippines. It consists of 127 human and animal figures engraved on
the rockwall probably carved during the late Neolithic, or before 2000 BC.
They are the oldest known work of art in the Philippines. These inscriptions
clearly show stylized human figures, frogs and lizards, along with other
designs that may have depicted other interesting figures but erosion may
have caused it to become indistinguishable. The engravings are mostly
symbolic representations and are associated with healing and sympathetic
magic. The site is sacred for indigenous Tagalog folk religion and is believed
to be a home for anitos.

SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATIONS AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH

HEALING AND SYMPATHETIC MAGIC
 Arborreal Shelters

Tinguian of Palan (Northwest of Abra)

had a separate daytime and nocturnal adobe.

The Day Adobe was a small hut of bamboo and thatch built on the ground
The night Adobe, ALLIGANG, was even smaller and rested on the top of a
tree, 18-24 meters from the ground, safe ground from night time ambush.

ALLIGANG, was
even smaller and
rested on the top
of a tree, 18-24
meters from the
ground, safe
ground from
night time
ambush.
 TOPIC

CONTEMPORARY
IN THE PHILIPPINES
 CONTEMPORARY

TOPIC HIGHLIGHT

Spread of Spanish Invaders

Influences of Spanish
Importance of Law Indies
Influence of Architectural Styles (Church, Residential Buildings
and Public Palaces

ACTIVITY/ASSIGNMENT TO REMEMBER

LAW OF INDIES Culture of Spanish people

and its influences
TURNED IN MAY 12, 2022 Influence in Architectural
Buildings and Infrastructure
SCORE:100/100 Influence in Architectural
Styles
Anatomy of Bahay na Bato
Details of Churches
Importance of Public Places
in Spanish-Colonial: Forts,
Plaza, Churches, and even
Fuente (known as bridge)

Notes

Spanish-Colonial Architecture in the Philippines are one of the

influential because of the hundreds of years they stayed in the
Philippines. Spanish Culture also adopted by the Filipinos. The
Architectural Building and Infrastructure, and the Style serves as
major part of the Filipinos up to now.
What is Philippine
Architecture?

Philippine Architecture is an elusive thing, because while it

makes full use of modern technology, it is a residue of different
overlays of foreign influences left in the Philippines over the
centuries: The early Malay Culture and vestiges of earlier Hindi
Influences, the more than 300 years Spanish domination, the
almost 50-year American rule, the Arab and Chinese influences
through commerce and trade over the centuries. What resulted
may have been a hybrid, a totally new configuration, which may
include a remembrance of the past, but transformed or frames
in terms of its significance today.

LEANDRO V. LOCSIN

“ Architecture In the Philippines today is the result of a natural

growth enriched with the absorption of varied influences”
– Ar. Norma Alarcon, FUAP.

“So much of the past has been sacrificed on the altar of industrial growth”
“Art, such as architecture should be immortalized”
– Rolando C. dela Rosa, Rector, UST.
 Weekly
Beliefs to Obtain
Prosperity,
Grocery
Good health,
List
and Protection
from evil spirits
Vegetable DO'S

·The umbilical cord of a child is inserted in

Bread
the staircase so that the stringer would
stringly connect itself to the grief
Frozen Food
·Coins, Wine, Cash and medals are placed
underneath the principal posts for a
Sauces
prosperous life of the house dwellers.
·The main door is placed to the face of the
Snack
east or the rising sun for good luck.

·Chickens and other animals are killed, and

their blood splattered on all foundations and
wall corners to ward off the evil spirits
·Father’s presence is important in the erection of the
first post, or first row od the hollow blocks or concrete
wall. This will make the house solidity strong for the
father is a symbol of strength.
·The longer length of the roof should be placed
parallel to the street to avoid misfortune.

The number od steps in stair must end either or

Oro (gold) or Plata(silver) but not Mata (death).
·Hot pepper placed underneath the house will
drive away evil spirits

·Bamboo materials used for building of the bouse must be

cut during the month of December because they are more
durable and stringer enough to withstand calamities.

·Post should be place one after20the other2022

October in clockwise
direction for a stronger against the typhoon
 EARLY PHILLIPPINE
SHELTERS

Caves
·The cave was the earliest form of a human habitation of the primitives
as defense against intense sun, wind, and rain. The shelters were made
via excavation rather than construction (Lico, 2008)

·Callao ·Talbon ·Angono

Cave Cave Cave
(Pena Bianca, (Lipun Point, (Binanginan,
Cagayan) Quezon, Palawan) Rizal)

CAVES IN THE PHILLIPINES

Caves are important natural resources because of their unique beauty, their
history, and their role in a healthy environment. They play key roles in
groundwater movement, serve as habitat for threatened and endangered
animal species.

Known as the “Cradle of Philippine Civilization,” the Tabon Caves contain

valuable artifacts that depict the lives of the earliest humans to set foot in
Palawan, which includes burial jars, wooden tools, and inscriptions on the
cave walls.
CAVES ANGONO CAVE
Binanginan, Rizal

EXPANSES

The Angono Petroglyphs are petroglyphs carved into a rock wall in Angono,
Rizal, Philippines. It consists of 127 human and animal figures engraved on
the rockwall probably carved during the late Neolithic, or before 2000 BC.
They are the oldest known work of art in the Philippines. These inscriptions
clearly show stylized human figures, frogs and lizards, along with other
designs that may have depicted other interesting figures but erosion may
have caused it to become indistinguishable. The engravings are mostly
symbolic representations and are associated with healing and sympathetic
magic. The site is sacred for indigenous Tagalog folk religion and is believed
to be a home for anitos.

SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATIONS AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH

HEALING AND SYMPATHETIC MAGIC
 Arborreal Shelters

Tinguian of Palan (Northwest of Abra)

had a separate daytime and nocturnal adobe.

The Day Adobe was a small hut of bamboo and thatch built on the ground
The night Adobe, ALLIGANG, was even smaller and rested on the top of a
tree, 18-24 meters from the ground, safe ground from night time ambush.

ALLIGANG, was
even smaller and
rested on the top
of a tree, 18-24
meters from the
ground, safe
ground from
night time
ambush.