Gender (140)

1. Gender
o Is the cultural, social and psychological meaning associated with masculinity and
feminity (Spears Brown & Jewell, 2018)
Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, expressions and
identities of girls, women, boys, men, and gender diverse people. It influences
how people perceive themselves and each other, how they act and interact with
people.
2. Gender Identity
o A person’s sense of self as a member of a particular gender.
So yung gender identity ito yung person's sense of being a woman, a man, both,
neither, or anywhere along the gender spectrum. A person's gender identity may
be the same as or different from their birth-assigned sex. Ayon sa nasearch q
meron 6 tyopes of gender which is Female, Male, Intersex eto yung pinanganak
sila ng may kulang or sobra yung reproductive organs nila, sa sex hormones nila
and sa sex chromosomes nila, Trans yung gender nila hindi nagcocorrespond or
nagmamatch sa gender nila by birth, Non-Conforming eto yung mga tao na hindi
sumusunod sa stereotypes, it does not matter if they were borm femal male or
intersex, for them theres no such thing as being masculine of feminine therefore
hindi sila sumusunod sa stereotypes, Personal is more focused on pronouns, yan I
know that this is more usual nowadays, example nito yung mga tao na naglalagay
sa bio nila ng she/her, he/him, thye/them or any. Marami pang types ng gender
identity pero etong mga diniscuss ko is isa sa mga pinakacommon, pero additional
info lang naman to para mas madali nyong maintindihan.

3. Gender Roles
o The expectations associated with being male or female.
Sa word pala sa role meaning ano yung ganap mo, pedeng sa society or kahit in
your own home. Diba girls and women are generally expected to dress in typically
feminine ways and be polite, accommodating, and nurturing. While boys or men
are the one we expect to be the strong one the masculine ones. In the Philippines,
women are still strongly tied to their traditional roles as mother, wife, and
housekeeper. At pag lalaki naman ikaw yung magtratrabaho o kikita ng pera para
sa pamilya mo.
4. Gender Socialization
o Focuses on what young children learn about gender from society, including
parents, peers, media, religious institutions, schools, and public policies.
So anything na makakaapekto sa gender ng children na galing sa societyis
magfafall ditto sa catedory na gender socialization.
 Family Family is the first agent of socialization and enculturation, So ditto kung
paano ka pinalaki or tinuruan ng magulang mo, education Schools often reinforce
the polarization of gender by positioning girls and boys in competitive
arrangements – like a “battle of the sexes” competition., peers As noted earlier,
peer socializations can also serve to reinforce gender norms of a culture. Children
learn at a very young age that there are different expectations for boys and girls.
When children do not conform to the appropriate gender role, they may
experience negative consequences like criticism, bullying or rejection by their
peers. and media In television and movies, women tend to have less significant
roles and are often portrayed as wives or mothers. When women are given a lead
role, they are often one of two extremes: a wholesome, saint-like figure or a
malevolent, hypersexual figure.

Theories of Gender (141)

1. Social Learning Theory

o Argues that behavior is learned through observation, modeling, reinforcement,
and punishment.
if a child observes their parents going to work every day, volunteering at a local
community center and helping their significant other with tasks around the home,
the child is likely to mimic those behaviors. If rewarded, these behaviors become
reinforced and most likely repeated by the individual.

2. Cognitive Social Learning Theory

o Emphasizes reinforcement, punishment, and imitation, but adds cognitive
processes.
people's personalities are influenced by observing others' behavior. For example,
a child at daycare notice that those children who were aswering the teachers
question correctl;y were praised and given stars and those who were not
answering wqere not.

Social learning theory focuses on the idea of reinforcement, while Social

Cognitive Theory emphasizes the role of cognitive processes.

3. Gender Schema Theory

o Children develop their own conceptions of the attributes associated with maleness
or femaleness.

Prior learning experiences. a child who lives in a very traditional culture might
believe that a woman's role is in the caring and raising of children, while a man's
 role is in work and industry. Through these observations, children form schema
related to what men and women can and cannot do. So yung schema para syang
mga personal stereotypes nung bata.

4. Development Inter Group Theory

o Many of our gender stereotypes are so strong because we emphasize gender so
much in culture.

Developmental intergroup theory specifies the mechanisms and rules that govern the
processes by which children single out groups as targets of stereotyping and prejudice.

Transgender Children (142)

What does transgender mean?

- Someone whose gender identity or gender expression does not correspond with their sex
assigned at birth.
- People who are transgender feels like they were born into the wrong body so para mas
amdali nating maintindihan para lang silang nagsuot ng size 5 or size 7 na sapatos when
the size of their feet are 6.

Cisgender Children

- Those whose gender and sex assignment at birth matched.

Gender Dysphoria in Children

- Children are typically diagnosed with gender dysphoria if they have experienced
significant distress for at least six months and at least six of the following: strong desire
to be of the other gender or an insistence that they are the other gender. strong preference
for wearing clothes typical of the opposite gender.
- So ususally ung mga children na nadidiagnose with gender dysphoria sila yung
nagbebecome transgende later on.

Intersex

- Born with either an absence or some combination of male and female reproductive
organs, sex hormones, or sex chromosomes.
- So intersex is more on biologocal.

Intersex Conditions:

• Turner syndrome or the absence of, or an imperfect, second X chromosome

- Only affects females, It can cause a variety of medical and developmental problems,
including short height, failure of the ovaries to develop and heart defects.
 - So question, bakit babae lang naaapektuhan? (Kasi second X chromosome naaapectuhan
pag female XX pag male XY)
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia or a genetic disorder caused by an increased
production of androgens
- Excess amounts of androgens can pose a problem, resulting in such "virilizing effects" as
acne, hirsutism (excess hair growth in "inappropriate" places, like the chin or upper lip)
and thinning of hair on the head (balding), This affects both girls and boys.
• Androgen insensitivity syndrome or when a person has one X and one Y
chromosome, but is resistant to the male hormones or androgens
- People with partial androgen insensitivity (also called Reifenstein syndrome) can
have genitalia that look typically female, genitalia that have both male and female
characteristics, or genitalia that look typically male. They may be raised as males or as
females and may have a male or a female gender identity

How much gender matters for children?

- Starting at birth, children learn the social meanings of gender from adults and their
culture. Gender roles and expectations are especially portrayed in children’s toys, books,
commercials, video games, movies, television shows and music (Khorr, 2017). Therefore,
when children make choices regarding their gender identification, expression, and
behavior that may be contrary to gender stereotypes, it is important that they feel
supported by the caring adults in their lives. This support allows children to feel valued,
resilient, and develop a secure sense of self (American Academy of Pediatricians, 2015).
- Evidence shows that educators need to have gender awareness to be open to girls' and
boys' choices in learning and development, help children explore who they are, and make
connections to people around them, as well as gain self-confidence, well-being, peer
acceptance, and social support

Parenting Styles (143 - 144)

Relationships between parents and children continue to play a significant role in children’s
development during early childhood. As children mature, parent-child relationships naturally
change. Preschool and grade-school children are more capable, have their own preferences, and
sometimes refuse or seek to compromise with parental expectations. This can lead to greater
parent-child conflict, and how conflict is managed by parents further shapes the quality of
parent-child relationships.

So parenting styles change throuout time depending ion the parent as well as the child.

Types of Parenting Styles

1. Authoritative focuses on the level of control/ expectations that parents have regarding
their children and how warm/responsive they are. This model resulted in four parenting
 styles. In general, children develop greater competence and self-confidence when parents
have high, but reasonable expectations for children’s behavior, communicate well with
them, are warm, loving and responsive, and use reasoning, rather than coercion as
preferred responses to children’s misbehavior. Parents allow negotiation where
appropriate, and consequently this type of parenting is considered more democratic.
(Authoritative parents are supportive and show interest in their kids’ activities but are not
overbearing and allow them to make constructive mistakes.) Authoritative. In this
parenting style, the parents are nurturing, responsive, and supportive, yet set firm limits
for their children. They attempt to control children's behavior by explaining rules,
discussing, and reasoning.

2. Authoritarian is the traditional model of parenting in which parents make the rules and
children are expected to be obedient. Baumrind suggests that authoritarian parents tend to
place maturity demands on their children that are unreasonably high and tend to be aloof
and distant. Consequently, children reared in this way may fear rather than respect their
parents and, because their parents do not allow discussion, may take out their frustrations
on safer targets- perhaps as bullies toward peers. (Authoritarian parents place high
demands on children. For example, they may expect children to excel in school,
sports, the arts, and other areas, and lack patience if children fall short. Strict rules:
These parents put strict rules in place and offer little wiggle room.)

3. Permissive parenting involves holding expectations of children that are below what
could be reasonably expected from them. Children are allowed to make their own rules
and determine their own activities. Parents are warm and communicative but provide
little structure for their children. Children fail to learn self-discipline and may feel
somewhat insecure because they do not know the limits.
(Permissive parents might make comments such as “I never say no to my child” or “my
child chooses what they want to do.” Permissive parents struggle to set age appropriate
boundaries and instead shift decision making to children.)

4. Uninvolved parents are disengaged from their children. They do not make demands on
their children and are non-responsive. These children can suffer in school and in their
relationships with their peers (Gecas & Self, 1991).

TABLE
 Note: Keep in mind that most parents do not follow any model completely. Real
people tend to fall somewhere in between these styles. Sometimes parenting styles
change from one child to the next or in times when the parent has more or less time
and energy for parenting. Parenting styles can also be affected by concerns the
parent has in other areas of his or her life. For example, parenting styles tend to
become more authoritarian when parents are tired and perhaps more authoritative
when they are more energetic. Sometimes parents seem to change their parenting
approach when others are around, maybe because they become more self-conscious
as parents or are concerned with giving others the impression that they are a
“tough” parent or an “easy-going” parent. Additionally, parenting styles may
reflect the type of parenting someone saw modeled while growing up.

Culture: The impact of culture and class cannot be ignored when examining parenting styles.
The model of parenting described above assumes that the authoritative style is the best because
this style is designed to help the parent raise a child who is independent, self-reliant and
responsible.

Individualistic cultures - United States (Middle Class) - However, in an economy based on

being mobile in order to find jobs and where one’s earnings are based on education, raising a
child to be independent is very important.

Collectivistic cultures - China or Korea - In societies where family members’ cooperation is

necessary for survival, rearing children who are independent and who strive to be on their own
makes no sense.

Spanking (145)
Spanking is often thought of as a rite of passage for children, and this method of discipline
continues to be endorsed by the majority of parents (Smith, 2012).

Just how effective is spanking, however, and are there any negative consequences?

- Smith (2012) states “many studies have shown that physical punishment, including
spanking, hitting and other means of causing pain, can lead to increased aggression,
antisocial behavior, physical injury and mental health problems for children”.

Now, physical discipline is increasingly being viewed as a violation of children’s human

rights. According to Save the Children (2019), 46 countries have banned the use of physical
punishment, and the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child (2014) called
physical punishment “legalized violence against children” and advocated that physical
punishment be eliminated in all settings.

Many alternatives to spanking are advocated by child development specialists and include:

 Praising and modeling appropriate behavior

 Providing time-outs for inappropriate behavior
 Giving choices
 Helping the child identify emotions and learning to calm down
 Ignoring small annoyances
 Withdrawing privileges