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Chapter 3 Occupational Health and Control

i. Introduction to Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Health

ii. Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation System
iii. Safe Working In A Confined Space
iv. Ergonomics- Manual Handlings, Standing, Seating, VDUs and etc.
v. Stress and Violence at The Workplace
vi. Biological Hazards – Prevention and PPE

Edited by aliasms

Introduction to Industrial Hygiene and Occupational

Health
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

pdf01. Guidelines On Heat Stress Management At pdf01.Guidelines on Aedes Mosquito Control in

Workplace 2016
pdf02. Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health for
Design, Inspection, Testing and Examination of Local
Exhaust Ventilation System, 2008
pdf03. Guidelines for Control of Occupational Noise, 2005
Construction Sites, 2015
pdf02. Guidelines for the Protection of Employees Against
the Effects of Haze at Workplaces, 2013
pdf03. Guidelines on Occupational Health Services, 2005
pdf04. Guidelines on Preventing and Responding to Drugs
and Alcohol Problems in the Workplace, 2004
pdf05. Guidelines on First Aid in the Workplace (2nd
Edition), 2004
pdf06. Guidelines on Reproductive Health Policy &
Programmes at the Workplace, 2002
pdf07. Guidelines on Medical Surveillance, 2001
pdf08. Guidance for the Prevention of Stress and Violence
at the Workplace, 2001

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What is Occupational Hygiene?

• The discipline of anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of those environmental

factors or stresses arising in or from the workplace,
• which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort among
workers or among the citizens of the community.”
• Industrial hygienists use environmental monitoring and analytical methods to detect the
extent of worker exposure and employ engineering, work practice controls, and other
methods to control potential health hazards.

Occupational hygiene principles

• Anticipation
• Recognition
• Evaluation
• Control

Anticipation of risk

During design stage of a process/ equipment or

formulation of chemicals or before starting process or
work operations

• Anticipate potential health risks:

– Process characteristics
– Physicochemical properties
– Possible health effects
– Past experiences
– Similarity of the chemical structure to a known hazardous
chemical

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Recognition of hazard

• Identifying the potential hazard that a chemical,

physical or biological agent - or an adverse ergonomic
situation - poses to health.
• Information
• Material- Inventory, CSDS/MSDS, specification
• Process
• Process flow & description
• Plant layout
• Equipment
• Specification

Identification techniques

• Workplace observation
o Source of hazard
o Work practice
o Nature of exposure
o Existing controls
• Feedback
o Management & supervisors
o Workers
o Company doctor/industrial nurse
o Health records
• Poisoning & disease cases
o Occurrence

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Evaluate risks

Evaluation of the extent of exposure to the chemical hazards, physical or biological

agents (or adverse ergonomic situation) in the workplace.
This often involves measurement of the personal exposure of a worker to the
hazard/agent in the workplace, particularly at the relevant interface between the
environment and the body, e.g. breathing zone, hearing zone, and assessment of
the data in terms of recommended occupational exposure limits (OELs), where such
criteria exist.
Estimate exposure
Qualitatively
Quantitative measurement or sampling
Frequency, duration, magnitude
Characterize risk
Apply exposure standards
Acceptable or not
To control or not

Control

Control of the chemical, physical or biological agent - or adverse ergonomic

situation, by procedural, engineering or other means where the evaluation
indicates that this is necessary.

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The Right Thing to Do - What is Industrial Hygiene?

• The Right Thing to Do - What is Industrial Hygiene?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k7GPWBoCa0

• What is Industrial Hygiene

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DOdtRxz6aAU

The Importance of Occupational Hygiene

i. Manage Healthcare Costs

ii. Regain Lost Hours
iii. Effective Employees
iv. Increased Productivity
v. Save Money
vi. Professionalism

http://www.ohsglobal.ca/6-reasons-industrial-
hygiene-in-heavy-industry-is-important/

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The Importance of Occupational Hygiene

1.0 MANAGE HEALTHCARE COSTS

• Can save valuable resources and money in provincial healthcare costs later
down the road
• “These injuries have the highest potential of resulting in both short-term and
long-term disability, and are among the most costly of all injuries from an
economic perspective,” stated the author.
• Insurance premium rates, the volume of injury claims and company healthcare
package offerings are all affected by occupational hygiene. By setting high
standards, industry can reduce risks and improve conditions in the workplace –
and, in turn, benefit in the long run.

http://www.ohsglobal.ca/6-reasons-industrial-hygiene-in-heavy-
industry-is-important/

11

The Importance of Occupational Hygiene

2.0 REGAIN LOST HOURS

 The prevalence of occupational health complications is undeniable. Absenteeism has reported
increases steadily. In British Colombia, actual work time lost for personal reasons was 8.5 days
per employee (2005) and the lost productivity that goes along with it is a major business cost.
 Industries can reduce the number of workers forced to leave their jobs due to injury or illness
by making hygiene a top priority.
 Having employees off the job could lead to a halt in production and the need to allocate
additional resources to hiring, training and monitoring replacements.
 Absenteeism and tardiness can also be lessened for operations with healthy employees.
Obligations that come with injury and illness – including rehabilitation, specialist appointments,
treatments and procedures – can take a person’s time and focus away from his or her job.

http://www.ohsglobal.ca/6-reasons-industrial-
hygiene-in-heavy-industry-is-important/

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The Importance of Occupational Hygiene

3.0 EFFECTIVE EMPLOYEES

• The success of a company starts with its workers. People who have a supportive supervisor,
flexible workplaces, a safe environment and low job stress report greater work-life balance.
• Occupational hygiene helps keep employees physically and mentally healthy, allowing them
the energy and resources to focus on the task at hand.
• Health complications can trigger numerous other distractions – such as stress, fatigue,
inattentiveness and anxiety – making it difficult for a worker to be effective in the workplace.
• Rather than absorbing the costs of having a high turnover rate – such as retraining
expenses and the need to supervise new workers with less experience – it is more
beneficial to invest in long-term employees who can increase productivity over time.

http://www.ohsglobal.ca/6-reasons-industrial-
hygiene-in-heavy-industry-is-important/

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The Importance of Occupational Hygiene

4.0 INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY

 Health and safety in the workplace is one of the primary priorities for employers. Alongside
boosting morale and reducing absenteeism, a healthy and safe workplace is likely to improve
productivity.
 Implementing high safety standards will also lead to employees having better training in
occupational hazards. Such employees will be able to confidently identify and report risks in the
workplace, and, as a result, prevent future injuries. Having workers play a part in overall
workplace hygiene is a productive way to ensure dangerous situations don’t get overlooked or slip
through the cracks.

http://www.ohsglobal.ca/6-reasons-industrial-
hygiene-in-heavy-industry-is-important/

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The Importance of Occupational Hygiene

5.0 SAVE MONEY

• Industries with high hygiene standards can put the money they save from
workplace injuries and illnesses towards organizational improvement and growth.
• Rather than throwing money at preventable situations, companies can take pro-
active measures that benefit their bottom line.

http://www.ohsglobal.ca/6-reasons-industrial-
hygiene-in-heavy-industry-is-important/

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The Importance of Occupational Hygiene

6.0 PROFESSIONALISM
 A company that not only recognizes, but highly values occupational hygiene is going to be one that
is more highly regarded by employees and the public alike.
 Having the reputation as a safe and hygienic workplace is appealing to potential workers seeking
employment with a respectable and professional organization. That sort of distinction has the
power to attract a large number of diverse applicants, allowing companies to be more selective
during the hiring process.
 The credibility that comes with keeping a safe work environment can also lead to a good-standing
with investors, clients and partners.
 Let’s face it — Image can make or break a business, and associating one’s organization with best
practices is the first step in creating an honourable impression.
 The bottom line is that having healthy employees helps boost productivity, morale and efficiency.
That, combined, with a safe and professional reputation can be what sets a company well above
others in its field.

http://www.ohsglobal.ca/6-reasons-industrial-
hygiene-in-heavy-industry-is-important/

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PRINCIPLE OF CONTROL

PATH

Distance
Barrier
Dilution

SOURCE

Elimination
RECEIVER Substitution
Enclosure
Engineering control

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PRINCIPLE OF RISK CONTROL

• Control At Source Rather Than At

Receiver
• Eliminate Or Isolate Rather Than
Minimise
• Control Below Occupational
Exposure Standards
• Control Risk To As Low As
Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)

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HIERARCHY OF CONTROL MEASURES

Hierarchy of Controls

Elimination/Substitution
Requires a 
Most
physical change to 
Effective the workplace

Requires worker or 
employer to do 
something

Requires 
worker to 
wear 
something
Least Effective

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Elimination/ substitution

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Engineering controls

• Control at the source!

• Limits the hazard but doesn’t entirely remove it.

Other Examples:
Mechanical Guards
Wet Methods for Dust
Enclosures/Isolation
Dilution Ventilation

Local Exhaust
Proper equipment
Re-designed Tools

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Engineering controls

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Administrative controls

Aimed at reducing employee exposure to hazards but not removing them!

 Changes in work procedures such as:

 Written safety policies/rules

 Schedule changes, such as:

 Lengthened or Additional Rest Breaks
 Job Rotation
 Adjusting the Work Pace

 Training with the goal of reducing the duration,

frequency and severity of exposure to hazards

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Administrative controls

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Personal Protective Equipment

Control of LAST RESORT!

 Special Clothing
 Eye Protection
 Hearing Protection
 Respiratory Protection

CONTROL IS AT THE WORKER!

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1.Guidelines On Heat Stress Management At Workplace

2016
WHAT IS HEAT STRESS?
• Heat stress is the overall heat load to which an employee may be exposed from the
combined contributions of metabolic heat, environmental factors (i.e. air temperature,
humidity, air movement, and radiant heat), and clothing requirements. Heat stress occurs
when the body’s means of controlling its internal temperature starts to fail.

WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF HEAT STRESS?

• Heat stress can affect individuals in different ways, and some people are more
susceptible to it than others.
• Typical symptoms are:
– An inability to concentrate
– Muscle cramps
– Heat rash
– Severe thirst - a late symptom of heat stress
– Fainting
– Heat exhaustion - fatigue, giddiness, nausea, headache, moist skin
– Heat stroke - hot dry skin, confusion, convulsions and eventual loss of
consciousness. This is the most severe disorder and can result in death if not
detected at an early stage
http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/leg
islation/guidelines/industrial-hygiene-1

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1.Guidelines On Heat Stress Management At

Workplace 2016

27

1.Guidelines On Heat Stress Management At

Workplace 2016

28

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Heat Stress Evaluation And Control

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The hazard of heat stress

https://www.ihsa.ca/Free-Products/Downloads/IHSA013-The-Hazards-of-
Heat-Stress-Poster.aspx

30

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The hazard of heat stress

https://www.ihsa.ca/Free-Products/Downloads/IHSA013-The-Hazards-of-
Heat-Stress-Poster.aspx

31

02. Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health for Design, Inspection,

Testing and Examination of Local Exhaust Ventilation System, 2008

03. Guidelines for Control of Occupational Noise, 2005

32

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Occupational health

What is • Occupational health deals with all aspects of

Occupational health and safety in the workplace and has a
Health? strong focus on primary prevention of hazards.
https://www.youtub • The health of the workers has several
e.com/watch?v=cby determinants, including risk factors at the
xxarv_OI
workplace leading to cancers, accidents,
musculoskeletal diseases, respiratory diseases,
hearing loss, circulatory diseases, stress related
Healthy Working disorders and communicable diseases and
Lives: Occupational others.
Health • Employment and working conditions in the
https://youtu.be/gAr formal or informal economy embrace other
ZMSAnVDw?t=24 important determinants, including, working
hours, salary, workplace policies concerning
maternity leave, health promotion and
protection provisions, etc.

http://www.who.int/topics/occupational_health/en/

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1.0 Guidelines on Aedes Mosquito Control in

Construction Sites, 2015

http://www.fehd.gov.hk/english/pestcontrol/library/pdf_pest_contr
ol/mosquito_construction_contactors.pdf

34

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Guidelines on Mosquito Prevention for

Contractors of Construction Sites

http://www.fehd.gov.hk/english/pestcontrol/library/pdf_pest_contr
ol/mosquito_construction_contactors.pdf

35

2.0 Guidelines for the Protection of Employees Against

the Effects of Haze at Workplaces, 2013

36

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2.0 Guidelines for the Protection of Employees Against

the Effects of Haze at Workplaces, 2013

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3.0 Guidelines on Occupational Health Services, 2005

The objectives of this Guidelines necessary arrangements of Factors to consider.

are:
• To assist employers and
Occupational Health
Practitioners in their
organisations;
• To guide employer and
Occupational Practitioners on
how to form an OHS;
• To encourage all stakeholders
to form an OHS.
MECHANISM ON HOW TO
IMPLEMENT OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH SERVICES.
Responsibility
• Under OSHA 1994, the
responsibility for the provision
of OHS lies with the employer.
The employer has to make the
budgetary (both financial and Each organisation will have to
human resources). decide on how it wishes to organize
its OHS bearing in mind the
Methods of providing following:
Occupational Health Services. a. The nature of its operations,
Each organisation may provide hazards involved and their
OHS by utilising; associated risks
a. In-house resources; b. The number of employees who
b. External resources i.e. are potentially exposed to these
acquiring the services needed hazards
from another unit or persons c. The duration of its operations
entitled; or (e.g. one eight-hour shift or
c. A combination of the above. three eight-hour shifts or two
twelve-hour shifts, etc).

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3.0 Guidelines on Occupational Health Services, 2005

FUNCTIONS OF OCCUPATIONAL – Rehabilitation.

HEALTH SERVICES.
a. Management of workplace
occupational health risks.
– Identification and Assessment of
Workplace Hazards
– Recommendations of occupational
health controls at workplace.
– Risk Communication.
b. Management of Workers’ Health
– Pre-employment medical
examination.
– Pre-placement medical
examination.
– Health surveillance.
– Medical removal.
– Return to work.
– Follow-up of health of the vulnerable
groups.
– Investigation of occupational
poisoning or occupational disease.
– Health promotion.
c. Participating in emergency
response and disaster
management.
d. Provision of clinical services.
e. Record keeping.

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OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PRACTITIONERS

The following are elaboration of training,
accreditation and roles of keys professionals
involved in the provision of Occupational
Health Services:
a. Occupational Health Doctor (OHD).
b. Occupational Health Nurse (OHN).
c. Occupational Hygienist (OHyg).
d. Hygiene Technician.
e. Ergonomist.
f. Safety and Health Officer
a. Occupational Health Doctor (OHD).
• To conduct the pre-placement medical •
examination, medical surveillance and
• other health management activities for
employees as mentions in para 6.2
above;
• • to analyse Occupational Diseases and
Poisoning and co-relate with risk
assessment. Interpret and explain the
results of investigations to the employee
and employer and specify what further
action is necessary;
• • to notify cases of Occupational
diseases and poisoning to DOSH and
employer;
• • to assist in implementation of
occupational health programme in the
workplace;
• • to provide periodic education and
advice to employees and employer on
workplace health and safety issues.
• to assist in audit/evaluation of
occupational health programme in the
workplace;
• and
• • to maintain the medical records of
employees during the course of
employment and post termination.

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OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PRACTITIONERS
b. Occupational Health Nurse (OHN).
• • to manage cases – provide treatment, • to review projects, design and purchase
follow-up and referrals and emergency
care for job related injuries and
illnesses;•
• • to counsel and intervene in crisis –
counselling workers about related illness
and injuries, substance abuse and
emotional problems.
• • to promote health – health education • • to recommend specific
programs that encourage workers to
take responsibility for their own health;
• • to advise employer on legal and
regulatory compliance; and
• • to assist in risk management.e.g.
gathering health and hazard data, and • • to respond to emergencies, to develop
using the data to prevent injury and
illness.
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OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PRACTITIONERS
4.0 Hygiene Technician.
• to conduct employee exposure
monitoring; and
• to conduct the inspection, examination
and testing of local exhaust ventilation
system and other engineering control
equipment as required by the presents
Regulations.
5.0 Ergonomist.
• to identify work-related ergonomic risk
factors in the working environment;
• to assess work processes, tasks,
designs and products, and assign risk
level;
• to give advice to the management on
control measures of ergonomic related
problems based on accepted ergonomic
best practices and with any published
government laws, regulations or
guidelines that related to ergonomics;
• • to give advice to the management on
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c. Occupational Hygienist.
of materials;
• • to identify workplace health hazards
and evaluate its severity;
• • to assess human exposures to
hazards(i.e. noise, heat, mineral dust
etc) by both qualitative and quantitative
methods;
recommendations for effective control of
the risks identified;
• • to communicate risks and control
measures to workers, management, and
others affected; and
Industrial Health programs, to regulate
compliance, etc
how to manage work-related
musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs); and
• to communicate ergonomic solving
process with the OHD, OHN, and the
• management team of a company.
6.0 Safety And Health Officer (SHO).
• to advise the employer on the measures
to be taken in the interests of the safety
and health of the persons employed in
the place of work;
• to inspect the machinery, plant,
equipment, substance, appliances or
process or any description of manual
labour used in the place of work,
• to investigate any case of accident,
near-miss accident, dangerous
occurance, occupational poisoning or
occupational diseases. Duties of SHO
are spelt out in the OSHA (Safety and
Health Officer) Regulations 1997.
21

4.0 Guidelines on Preventing and Responding to Drugs
and Alcohol Problems in the Workplace, 2004
• Drug and alcohol use have been found
to contribute to workplace accidents,
absenteeism, medical claims and
compensation claims. Poor productivity,
high staff turnover and criminal
involvement have been found related to
use of alcohol and drug abuse.
• The purpose of these Guidelines is to
assist employers and employees to
implement effective prevention
responses to drug problems in the
workplace in line with the general duties
under Occupational Safety and Health
Act 1994. In turn, this will make a
significant contribution to making
workplaces safer and more productive
and to the attainment of the national
goal of a drug-free society.
• The aim of any strategy should be to
eliminate drug and alcohol related
problems as far as practicable. This
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05. Guidelines on First Aid in the Workplace (2nd Edition),
2004
First-aid in the workplace includes the
provision of first-aid facilities, services and
personnel required for the initial treatment of
persons suffering from injury or illness at a
workplace. It is the immediate treatment or
care given to a victim of an accident or
sudden illness before qualified health
personnel attend to provide treatment.
The aims of first aid are to:
i. Preserve life;
ii. Prevent illness or injury from becoming • When deciding on the number of first-
worse;
iii. Reduce pain;
iv. Promote recovery; and
v. Care of unconscious.
COMPONENTS OF WORKPLACE FIRST-
AID.
Major Components
There are four major components of
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objective can be achieved through
adopting several approaches. A
comprehensive program might consist of
the following:
i. Risk assessment;
ii. Based on the risk assessment,
developing and communicating a drug
policy and guidelines for all levels of
staff;
iii. Providing high quality staff supervision
and performance management;
iv. Preventing problems through such
steps as providing information and
education;
v. Management of hazards through
introducing procedures to identify and
deal with affected persons at the
workplace; and
vi. Provision in the strategy for the
rehabilitation of affected employees.
workplace first-aid, namely;
i. first-aider
ii. first-aid box
iii. first-aid room
iv. first-aid equipment
Factors to Consider
aiders, first-aid box, first-aid room and
first-aid equipment for the workplace, the
following factors should be considered:
i. type of industry
ii. number of workers
iii. number of work shifts
iv. location of workplace and status of
infrastructure in relation to the
nearest medical clinic or hospital
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First Aiders in the Workplace

Training for Staff become First Aiders

• Recognised Course
• A course on first-aid conducted by institutions listed
in Appendix 1 are recognized by DOSH as meeting
the first-aid training requirement. The course should
have contents listed in Appendix 2.
The Need for Refresher Training
• First-aiders need to undergo a recognized course
(appendix 1) once every three (3) years.
Training Record
• The employers should keep a record of the dates on
which first-aiders obtained their training and the
dates on which they received refresher training.

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First Aiders in the Workplace

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FIRST-AID BOX and FIRST-AID ROOM
1.0 FIRST-AID BOX
Design
• First-aid boxes should be made of sturdy
material and be portable so that it can be
taken to the site of an incident. The boxes
should also be clearly marked.
Location
• Each first-aid box should be placed in a clearly • Appendix 6 is an example of a checklist which
identifiable, well-illuminated and accessible
location. Where a workplace covers a large
area, an adequate number of first-aid boxes
should be provided. The box should be kept
locked and the key thereto kept by responsible •
person available during all working hours
[section 38 (iii) FMA (safety, Health and
Welfare) Regulations].The employees should •
be informed of the location of all first aid
boxes.
Contents.
• First-aid boxes should contain a sufficient
quantity of suitable first-aid materials. They
should not contain oral medication of any kind
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First Aiders in the Workplace
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other than those required for first-aid
treatment.
• It is essential that first-aid boxes be checked
frequently so as to make sure they are fully
equipped and all items are usable. Materials
used should be replaced as soon as possible.
Appendix 4 recommended the contents of a
first-aid box.
can be used for checking the appropriateness
of the contents of the first-aid box.
2.0 FIRST-AID ROOM
A first-aid room should b e provided where
there are more than 150 employees in the
workplace..
The room should be large enough to hold a
couch and still have space for people to move
about. There should be emergency lighting in
the room.
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06. Guidelines on Reproductive Health Policy &

Programmes at the Workplace, 2002

49

07. Guidelines on Medical Surveillance, 2001

• “Medical surveillance” means the

monitoring of a person for the purpose of
identifying changes in health status due to
occupational exposure to chemicals
hazardous to health.
• “Health surveillance” means any
examination and investigations which may
be necessary to detect exposure levels and
early biological effects and responses, and
includes biological monitoring, biological
effect monitoring, medical surveillance,
enquires about symptoms of occupational
poisoning or occupational disease and
review of records and occupational history.

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07. Guidelines on Medical Surveillance, 2001

3.0 THE OBJECTIVES OF THE ii. Biological monitoring and biological

GUIDELINES ON MEDICAL effect monitoring.
SURVEILLANCE iii. Health effects monitoring.
The objective of this GUIDELINES ON iv. Investigation of occupational disease
MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE is to help and poisoning including workplace
occupational health doctors (OHD), inspections.
registered with DOSH to implement the v. Notification of occupational disease
guidelines according to Occupational and poisoning.
Safety and Health (Use and Standard of
Exposure of Chemicals Hazardous to vi. Assist in disability assessment.
Health) Regulations 2000. vii. Return to work examination after
4.0 COMPONENTS OF MEDICAL medical removal protection.
SURVEILLANCE viii. Record keeping and monitoring
The components of Medical Surveillance
Programme include :
i. Pre-employment and pre-placement
medical examination.

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07. Guidelines on Medical Surveillance, 2001

DUTIES OF EMPLOYER the disease or poisoning does not reoccur.
(1) Carry out health surveillance programme as required by the (11) Record Keeping of diseases and accidents.
assessment report under USECHH Regulations. (12) Provide Employee Medical Book.
(2) Health surveillance programme shall be conducted during the DUTIES OF EMPLOYEE
working hours and the costs shall be borne by the employer.
(1) Undergo training on importance of preventing occupational
(3) Appoint an Occupational Health Doctor, (OHD) to conduct poisoning and disease.
occupational medical surveillance programme.
(2) Report early symptoms and signs of disease ( including self
(4) Allow and assist the OHD to visit the workplace to investigate and examination) to the OHD and management.
manage occupational disease and poisoning including access to
(3) Comply and co-operate in the Occupational Medical Surveillance
relevant monitoring and other health related data.
Programme, as required under USECHH.
(5) Co-operate with the OHD in medical removal protection of the
(4) To take proper care of the Employee Record Book and to present
worker.
it to OHD for Occupational Medical Surveillance record purposes.
(6) During the period of medical removal the worker may be allowed
to do other work that will not expose him to the hazardous chemical.
(7) Notify occupational disease and poisoning to DOSH .
(8) Notify the workers concerned regarding monitoring of exposure
levels of chemicals hazardous to health including occupational
disease and poisoning.
(9) Allow the employee access to occupational medical surveillance
records.
(10) Ensure the workplace hygiene is improved, is safe and healthy
and does not place the worker at increased risk of material
impairment to health from exposure to chemical hazardous to health.
before allowing the worker to work in the same place so as to ensure

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08. Guidance for the Prevention of Stress and Violence at

the Workplace, 2001

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