Learning Modules in GECART FINAL1.1 1 1 PDF

Art Appreciation Learning Modules
PREFACE
The art of appreciation begins with self-appreciation, and a person who feels
appreciated will always do more than what is expected. When Leo Tolstoy said that the
idea of beauty is the fundamental idea of everything; in the world we see only
distortions of the fundamental idea, but art by imagination, may lift itself to height of
this idea. Art is therefore akin to creation.
Art appreciation is an art survey course designed to increase knowledge and

appreciation of the different forms of art. The course aims to provide the students the
opportunity to observe, participate in, and otherwise experience works of art in order to
appreciate their role and purpose in life.
These learning modules will begin with the preliminaries on what art is, what
its nature and assumptions, what it normally amounts to, and its functions. Students will
also be exposed to various works of art, ranging from the classical art forms to modern
installations, performance art, etc.
Toward the middle, students will focus on interpreting and evaluating works of
art within formal, cultural, and historical contexts, as well as exploring a survey view
of art history from prehistoric to contemporary, including a deeper look at global
artworks. Students will also participate in a variety of art applications to experience and
better understand the process of creating art.
This course includes a broad series of lessons and activities that offer a variety
of modalities for ultimate student engagement and content retention. Each module
contains a series of lessons that include pretest, learning objectives, introduction of
content, and repeated opportunity to practice that content, formative assessments, and
art portfolio at the end of the course.
Finally, these learning modules in GECART wish to contribute to the holistic

development of each Filipino learner, and that creating, experiencing, and even talking
about art is a celebration of humanity. It is a celebration of creation for pleasure. It is a
celebration of human emotion. It is a celebration of shared human experience. Welcome
to your “Soul-Making Journey.”
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PRETEST
Name: Date:
Course/Year & Section: Score:
Instructions: Write the letter of your answer on the space provided before each
number. You are given 40 minutes to accomplish the task. 1 pt. per item = 40 pts)
1. What is referred to as the knowledge and understanding of the universal and

timeless qualities that identify all great art?
A. humanities B. art appreciation C. aesthetic value
D. science
2. In Western arts, what classification of art that primarily concerns with

functionality and usefulness of human-made objects?
A. major art B. performing arts C. minor art
D. visual arts
3. Which is NOT true about the Western concept of art?

A. Art for elistists are meant for the lower social class.
B. Only schooled people are artists.
C. Major arts are made by artists and primarily concerned with the form of
beauty.
D. Crafts are made by artisans and concerned with functionality and usefulness.
4. What period of colonization in which our identity destroyed by colonizers:

Westernization of Filipino Culture making us alienated from our own?
A. Pre-Colonial B. Colonial C. Post-Colonial D. All of
these
5. Which does NOT belong to Maranao art?

A. Okir B. Torogan C. Tinalak D.
Sarimanok
6. It is a traditional Filipino dramatization of the life and times of Jesus Christ.

Done in singing (pasyon) and recitation, it is presented in the public squares in
many towns, in houses and streets during the season of Lent.
A. Moro Moro B. Zarzuela C. Pabasa D.
Senakulo
7. He was a Filipino painter, sculptor and a politcal activist of the Philippine

Revolution during the late 19th century. He became one of the first recognized
Philippine artists.
A. Fernando Amorsolo B. Juan Luna C. Felix Hidalgo D.
Damian Domingo
8.He was known as the “Father of Philippine Painting”
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A. Fernando Amorsolo B. Juan Luna C. Felix Hidalgo D.

Damian Domingo
9. They are considered to be the building blocks of all art.

A. Principles of Art C. Elements of Art
B. B. Classifications of Art D. None of these
10. What is this element of art that refers to the surface and quality of object
either real or made to be appeared real?
A. texture B. style C. rhythm D.
medium
II. Match the artists in column A with their corresponding artworks in column
B. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided before each
number.
A. B.
11. Leonardo Da Vinci a. Chair with a Pipe
12. Michelangelo b. Vitruvian Man
13. Rembrandt c. Ceiling of Sistine Chapel
14. Salvador Dali d. The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp/Turf,
15. Harmen Stymwyck e. Tipos del Pais
16. Damian Domingo f. Spoliarium
17. Pablo Picasso g. Virgines Cristiana espuestas al population
18. Vincent Vangogh h. Planting Rice
19. Fernando Amorsolo i. The Vanities of Human Life
20. Juan Luna j. The Weeping Woman
k. The Persistence of Memory
21. What particular period describes all arts and crafts created by societies who
had abandoned the semi-nomadic lifestyle of hunting and gathering food in
favor of farming and animal husbandry.
A. Neolithic B. Paleolithic C. Mesolithic D. Bronze
Age
22. Historians have identified three distinct civilizations to identify the people
in Bronze Age. These overlap in time but share common characteristics.
Which artwork was made in the Helladic civilization?
A. Snake Goddess B. Bull-shaped Rhyton C. Delos Head D.
Decorated Vase
23. Which is NOT true about Roman art?
B. They use concrete materials for buildings and limestone and marble for
design.
C. Romans are more idealistic and somehow extravagant on their approach to
sculpture.
D. Painting was a popular art on the ancient Rome.
E. Romans discovered the round temple and the curved arch.
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24. In Architecture, the Greeks developed three styles or orders of columns

namely Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. Which one best describes the Doric
style?
B. It is most easily recognized by the simple circular capitals at the top
of columns
C. Volutes (scroll-like ornaments)
D. The capital or top part of its column has lavish ornamentation carved to
resemble leaves and flowers.
E. It is notable for its graceful proportions, giving a more slender and elegant
profile.
25. It is a period of art in which techniques were integrated from classical, early
Christian, and “barbarian”.
E. Romanticism B. Stone Age C. Medieval D.
Renaissance
26. Who wrote the book “Art as Experience”?
A. John Dewey B. Sigmund Freud C. Henri Matisse D. Gustav
Klimt
27. Who does not belong to the group of Impressionist?
A. Manet B. Monet C. Renoir D. Matisse
28. Who does not belong to the group of classical masters?
A. Da Vinci B. Donatello C. Raphael D. Van
Gogh
29. The following painters are considered modern artist, except?
A. Michelangelo B. Picasso C. Miro
D. Pollock
30. Who is considered as the leader of Pop Art?
A. Warhol B. Picasso C. Miro D.
Dali
31. Art perspective developed by Pablo Picasso and George Braque, where
organic forms were broken down into a series of geometric shapes and
reassembled in an abstract form.
A. Fauvism B. Cubism C. Dada
D. Impressionism
32. Labelled as the ‘wild beast’ trend in art because it uses wild colors and
depictions of primitive objects and people.
A. Expressionism B. Impressionism C. Fauvism
D. Modernism
33. A time of revolution in philosophy, science, mathematics and dramatic
changes in art representation.
A. Renaissance Period B. Classical Period C. Medieval Period
D. Pre-historic
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34. Which among the Early Renaissance artist developed a style that used
perspective in a way that created an illusion of three dimensions, a
significant change from a medieval flat style of painting.
A. Masaccio B. Brunelleschi C. Donatello
D. Giotto
35. Which does NOT belong to the characteristics of Baroque art?

A. Elevating religious concept to its highest expression.
B. The main theme in baroque style was the triumph of faith and around it all.
C. There was a continuation of Classicism and naturalism of the Renaissance.
D. Movement is emphasized and it is also fairly asymmetrical.
36. Art is a mere copy of reality and not the representation of reality.
A. Imitationism theory B. Formalism theory C. Representationism
theory D. Idealism
37. In order to see the reality, one has to escape from the cave in order to have
a grasp of reality one has to get out from the cave and see things as they in
order to gain knowledge.
A. Escapism theory B. Impressionist theory C. Imitationism theory
D. Representationism
38. Artistic success is achieved through the exact creation of an image.

A. Copy-paste B. Expressionist theory C. Imitationism theory
D. Formalism theory
39Art is a representation of events, people or things.

A. Expressionism theory B. Impressionism theory C. Representationism
D. Naturalism
40. An art is an art if it is about something.

A. Modernism theory B. Impressionist theory
C. Imitationism D. Representationism
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MODULE 1
What is Art: Nature and Assumptions of Art
Lesson Objectives
By the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. determine the role of humanities and arts in man’s attempt at fully realizing his end;
2. clarify misconceptions of art;
3. characterize the assumptions of art;
4. engage better with personal experiences of and in art.
Introduction
Art is something that is perennially around us. Some people may deny having to do
with the arts but it is indisputable that life presents us with many forms of and opportunities for
communion with arts. A college student choosing what shirt to wear together with his checkered
pair of pants, a teacher marveling at the intricate design of a medieval cathedral during his
fieldtrip, and a market vendor cheering for her bet in a singing competition on a noontime TV
program all manifest concerns for values that are undeniably, despite tangentially, artistic. In
this lesson, you will learn the different meanings of art, its nature and assumptions.
Sto. Tomas de Villanueva Church, Miag-ao, Iloilo

(http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/baroquechurches.htm)
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YOUR TEXT: Let’s Get Down to Business!

Read the following text carefully.
What is Art?
The word “Art” comes from the Latin word, Ars, which means a “craft or
specialized form of skill, like carpentry or smithying or surgery.” In the past, we did
not have any conceived notion of art in the same way that we do now. Art, in the modern
times, serves as a form of expression and communication that is essential to share
thoughts, ideas, emotions, opinions, and beliefs that would help awaken consciousness
and awareness of audiences toward situations and issues.
Art is the ability to create things that evoke a response from people. The ability
to create, also known as creativity, “is the process of having original ideas which have
value. Creative work or activity obviously implies making or producing something.”
(Robinson, 2009)
A Wheatfield, with
Cypresses
From 1888 until his

death in 1890, Dutch
artist Vincent van
Gogh painted his most
important works. In
these paintings, mostly
landscapes such as A
Wheatfield, with
Cypresses (1889).
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009.
To count as creative, however, something more than merely making or

producing must be involved. The work must be the personal achievement of the person
we are calling creative. We do not normally consider forgers, plagiarists or copiers of
other people’s work to be creative. Creative work must be, in some way, novel, original,
different or distinctive from anything previously created in that field. This can be true
of thing appearing in the world for the first time as of new combinations of existing
elements. It can also be an extension or elaboration of what exist or is known already.
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For example, the actor creates, using works and structures of playwright; a performing
musician creates, using the work of a composer and so on. The term ‘creative work’ is
only applied to the products of conscious and deliberate activity rather than those of
chance, luck or serendipity. (Brinson, 1982)
Art encompasses materials, methods and processes such as performing, writing,

composing, drawing, painting, sculpting, and the use of other media. Art also refers to
completed works such as a painting, a piece of music, a statue, a print, a novel, and
others.
Venus of Willendorf
This so-called Venus figurine from the area of

Willendorf, Austria, is one of the earliest known
examples of sculpture, dating from about 23,000 bc. It is
believed the Venus may be a fertility symbol, which
would explain the exaggerated female anatomy.
Kabuki Theater
Kabuki theater is noted for its brightly colored sets, stylized gestures, and lively music and dance.
Kabuki is the most popular form of traditional Japanese theater.
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Villegas (2008) therefore encapsulates the definitions of Art that refers to

ability, process, product.
The scope of Art expression is so immense that we could never tell how it would
influence and touch individual lives. Maybe, for one person, Art is just a hobby and
leisure, but for other, it is already their way of life – they feel the drive to burn candles,
exhaust time, and shell out money or energy in producing their masterpieces. In
whatever way, Art pats our existence, it is an honest outlet of our creativity, sensitivity
and sensibility. These outlets lead to appreciating ones work of art.
Further, Ariola (2008) said that “Art appreciation is the ability to interpret or
understand man-made arts and enjoy them either through actual and work experience
with art tools and materials or possession of these works for one’s admiration and
satisfaction. Art appreciation therefore deals with learning or understanding and
creating arts and enjoying them”.
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Assumptions of Art
“Art is universal, art is not nature and art involves experience” (Dudley and Faricy,
1969).
Perez (2013) stated the following Art Assumptions:
1. Art is Universal
Art knows no limit. It transcends cultures, races, and civilizations. It reaches

the farthest and the most isolated spots in the universe. As long as human beings exist,
art is feasible, alive and dynamic.
1.1 Art as means of Communication
Regardless of where people live,

they share common means of
expressing their thoughts and feelings,
i.e., through Arts, like music, dances,
literary pieces, decorative arts,
paintings and drawings, sculptures, etc.
these forms of art are utilized to
establish and strengthen
communication. Hence, Arts in any Liberty Leading the People
French romantic painter Eugène Delacroix
form communicates different feelings was inspired to paint Liberty Leading the
People after the Revolution of 1830.
and emotions – happiness, loneliness,
pride, rage, revolt, etc.
1.2 Art is Timeless

Mona Lisa
Art is timeless because it goes
Mona Lisa
beyond the time of our own existence. It (1503-
1506),
is present in every corner of the world to painted by
the Italian
serve basic needs of mankind, from artist
Leonardo da
ancient times to modern world. Art Vinci.
started since the birth of man’s life; thus, Microsoft ® Encarta
® 2009.
it would continue to live in accord with .
man’s existence. It continually evolves

in our society.
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1.3 Art addresses Human Needs

Art is universal because it addresses needs of people from all over the world.
“Art is there to serve our human fundamental needs” (Ortiz, et.al., 1976,6.) through
directly functional and indirectly functional arts, we are provided with a variety of
offerings – comfort, entertainment and education, which would somehow lead us to
self-fulfillment and satisfaction.
Monet’s Water
Lilies
From about 1895

on, French
painter Claude
Monet frequently
painted the lily
pond in his
garden at
Giverny, a village
near Paris.
Microsoft ® Encarta ®
2009.
2. Art is not Nature

Art is not nature because art is man-made. It is a creation of man that may
reflect a profound skillfulness and craftmanship. It undergoes process and planning:
a result of study and research.
Art is artificial because it is just an imitation or even an appropriation of
reality or nature. It is a representation of ideas, thoughts, feelings, and emotions that
are communicated in creative ways. It undergoes a transformation from its basic raw
form into a masterpiece. Further, arts are made by artists to adore and acknowledge
the wonders of life, the awe of God’s creation and the commemoration of our
experiences.
There’s always something in nature that we cannot get and transform into art.
when an artist attempts to paint a mountain, still, he/she cannot make real one. We
can paint a real-like flower but we cannot produce a real flower. Art can never be
natural because nature is evanescent in constant transformation of change, and yet
art is permanent: it does not change by itself, unless manipulated by its creator, man.
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The Persistence
of Memory
Salvador Dalí’s
painting The
Persistence of
Memory (1931)
ranks as one of
the most famous
paintings of the
20th century.
2009.
3. Art involves Experience

Art is a representation of our experiences. It demands involvement. The only
way to find conviction and affirmation in Art is through immersion to the Arts. We
can only appreciate if we spend time to look at it, listen to it, touch it, and feel its
presence.
The meaning of Art waits to be unfolded; its rawness triggers perception, wit,
and spirituality of the audiences. Making art is not a contest or a competition; it may
utilize to strengthen one’s identity, not just to showcase talents, to share stories and
unfurl anonymities. Further, Art is utilized either to influence and convince, or to
destroy and unshape one’s belief.
Picasso's Guernica
Spanish artist Pablo Picasso painted Guernica in 1937 in reaction to the German bombing
of the Spanish town of the same name. Picasso took only two months to complete his huge
oil painting, which depicted the anguish and suffering caused by the bombing.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009
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Functions and Philosophical Perspectives on Art
Lesson Objectives
1. distinguish between directly functional and indirectly functional art;
2. explain and discuss the basic philosophical perspectives in art;
3. realize the function of some art forms in daily life; and
4. apply concepts and theories on beauty and aesthetics in real life scenarios;
Introduction
Greek philosopher Aristotle claimed that every particular substance in the world
has an end, or telos in Greek, which translates inti “purpose.” Every substance, defined
as a formed matter, moves according to a fixed path towards its aim. A seed is bound
to become a full-grown plant. A cocoon can look forward to flying high when it morphs
into a butterfly. A baby will eventually turn into grown man or woman.
This telos, according to Aristotle, is intricately linked with functions. For a thing
to reach its purpose, it also has to fulfill its function. Man, in Aristotle’s view of reality,
is bound to achieve a life of fulfillment and happiness, or in Greek, eudaimonia. All
men move toward this final end. However, happiness, the supposed end of man, is
linked with his function, which is being rational.
Moreover, the telos and function of a thing are both related to a thing’s identity.
What makes a table a table is the fact that it does perform its function and thereby,
reaching its telos. If a table does not have a surface on which we can put on our books
or our plates and glasses, then it ceases to be a table. The same goes for the human
being.
Does art necessarily have an end? When an artist creates a work of art, does he
have an end in mind? What function does an artwork perform? Does it have many
purposes? Do all artworks have function? Does the function make an object a work of
art? this lesson is an attempt to clarify these questions.
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Functions of Art
Art can be generally classified into two; the directly functional and indirectly
functional art.
Functional art refers to art that we use in our daily lives such as tools,
architectural structures, roads, bridges, buildings, furniture, kitchen utensils, coins,
bills, dress, weapons, etc.
On the other hand, indirectly functional art refers to the arts that are “perceived
through the senses” such as fine arts, painting, music, sculpture, dance, literary piece,
theatrical performances, music and the like. We do not use these arts literally to live
and survive, but they accompany us in expressing ourselves. We have utilized indirectly
functional art not just to communicate but to advance our society, to preserve and
document relevant events and details of our culture. This art is basically used to inform,
educate and entertain people. It is there to transform us into better human beings.
Both directly functional art and indirectly functional art cross each path and tend
to change roles or fuse purposes. There are also functional artworks that the sole
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purpose is for function, either decorative or for a specific purpose, but the designs
incorporated made the decorative art transcends from its basic form to a highly artistic
form of art.
The example on the right illustrates how the directly functional and indirectly
functional arts cross boundaries. In figure 3.1, a chair was used by the artist as a canvass.
The artist transforms the function of a chair into a symbolic object, a representation of
something which eventually becomes a medium to symbolize seat of power,
knowledge, education, statuses, etc.
photo source:
wikepedia.org
A collection of different kinds of chair can be utilized as a representation of a

concept. A chair can be an artifact or a historical documentation and a societal
presentation of people in a particular time or era. It can even be evaluated to comment
for political issues aside from its basic form which is to seat upon, a place where one
can rest, reflect and re-collect. A comfortable and durable chair could be a witness of
our dreams and history.
Shown is an example of glasswares that are transformed from their basic

function to a significant one. A bottle is one of the important inventions of man to store
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food or any stuff to preserve and sustain its freshness for better use. However, the
bottles here are used as alternatives for creating musical sound-designed to be used as
wind instrument or percussion.
Roman Glassware
These examples of early Roman glassware date from the 1st and 2nd centuries, when
colorless glass had become more popular than opaque and colored styles. The four pieces
on the left are burial pieces; the piece on the right was probably used as a jug for water or
wine. Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009.
What made Art relevant is its grasp towards the needs of the humankind. Art
“serves basic human needs”. To fully understand this, we will look in the purpose of
Art. according to Ariola artistic functions can be classified into four: aesthetic,
utilitarian, social and cultural.
3.1 Aesthetic function
An artwork functions aesthetically when it becomes instrumental for man to be

cognizant of the beauty of nature and where the real feelings of joy and appreciation to
nature’s beauty are manifested through appreciation and enjoyment when in contact
with the artwork.
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Renoir’s Luncheon of the Boating Party

The painting Luncheon of the Boating Party (1881), by French artist Pierre Auguste Renoir,
depicts a group of friends enjoying a meal at a cafe along the River Seine, outside Paris
3.2 Utilitarian function
Art is serving this function when it is utilized to give comfort, convenience, and
happiness to human beings. It is used to serve basic needs such as food, shelter,
clothing, medicine, comfortable environment, transportation, entertainment,
communication, and expression, and other important things that make man live with
happiness and ease.
photo source: sothebys.com
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3.3 Social Function
When the art bridges connection among people, it serves a social function. Art
here encourages good relationship-unity and cooperation are being facilitated and
established. With this, people become more understanding and sympathetic that would
somehow create a better society.
photo source: flickr.com
3.3 Cultural Function
Art serves as an aperture towards skills, knowledge, attitudes, customs, and

traditions of different groups of people. The art helps, preserves, share, and transmits
culture of people from one generation to another.
Conclusion
Art is both directly an indirectly functional. Functional arts provide us with ease
and comfort in living with our everyday lives. This form of arts directly serves human
basic needs such as tools, architectural structures, furniture, kitchen utensils, clothes,
weapons, etc. While, non-functional arts are basically used to inform, educate, and
entertain people. These are perceived through the senses such as painting, sculpture,
music, literary pieces, dance, theatrical performance, etc.
Art serves several functions. In terms of functions it is differentiated by the

degree of our exposure towards these arts. We utilize Art for personal purposes. We
utilize Art to go beyond from the comfort space, and to affect and persuade other
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individuals. We utilize Art for physical purposes such us tools – these tools define man.
Thus, Art is utilized to improve our way of life.
Task 3. Complete Me!
Activity:
1. Check the appropriate column/s to identify the function or purpose of each Art
expression. Give a statement to explain your answer/s on the last column.
Table 1
Artforms Personal Functions Physical Explanation
Social
Architecture
Film
Dance
Prose
Poetry
Theater Arts
Painting
Sculpture
Animation
Photography
Other Forms
Art has remained relevant in our daily lives because most of it has played some
form of function for man. Since the dawn of the civilization, art has been at the forefront
of giving color to man’s existence.
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Subject and Content
Learning Objectives:

1. differentiate representational art and non-representational art;
2. discuss the difference between an artwork’s subject and its content;
3. identify the subject matter and content of specific examples of art; and
4. enumerate the sources of the subjects of some of the most recognizable works of art
in Philippine art history.
Introduction
The primary source stage of engaging with art is its perception. Looking at art
is much like any instance of taking in information or stimulus that originates from the
world around us. For most art forms, the beginning of engagement is through looking
at the artwork. The eyes play a big role in mechanically making a vision possible.
However, like any tool, it is but one component. What makes the difference is the
awareness in the process of looking where subjectivity is essential in navigating through
the artwork.
In this lesson, subject and content will be discussed.
Your Initial Task. Take a Glance of It!

Look at the painting below by Steenweck, “The Vanities of Human Life” 1645.
List down everything that you see within the four corners of the work. List as many as
you can in three minutes. Use the space below for your answer.
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Task 2. Get to Know Me Better!
Based on your answers in Task 1, write an assumption about what the painting
means in the space below.
The message noted viewers to refrain when placing an excessive amount of value on money, material
possessions, and life's pleasures because these things could obstruct their way to happiness.

Subject and Content
Subject in art generally refers to the thing, object, person, landscape, event, etc.
depicted by the artist in his/her artwork. It serves as the window of the artwork. Through
the subject, the audience will be informed of what the artwork is all about.
Impression: Sunrise
This painting by Claude Monet inspired the name of the late-19th-century French art
movement, impressionism.
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Anything under the heat of the sun-from the largest mountain to the smallest
details of anything on earth, and even the things that the human eyes could not see can
be magnified and used as a subject in art.
Not only concrete objects in the real world but also anything in the realms of
imagination can be used as a subject in art. The river or stream of consciousness will
never run dry. The light may be too fast, the moment may be so brief but still artists are
able to capture them in their very own ways and styles.
Black and
White
Black and
White (1948) by
American
abstract
expressionist
Jackson
Pollock is
painted in the
style,
sometimes
called action
painting, for
which he
became
famous.
Microsoft ® Encarta
® 2009
There may be times that an artist is shut, exhausted and tired; yet, this
experience could possibly become the subject itself – depicting exhaustion and fatigue
in the artwork. Hence, experiencing is a strong drive for artist in choosing a subject.
An artwork that has a subject is classified as a representational art. It is also

known us objective art because you can easily objectify the subject. On the other hand,
it is also known as non-objective art because it doesn’t represent anything.
Paintings, sculptures, photography, graphic arts, dance, theater, literature are

generally classified as representational arts. Though, sometimes paintings and
sculptures do not have subjects, more so with dance, theater and literature, which do
not depict clear subjects/representations but have themes, would help the audience
clarify their meanings and intentions.
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On the other hand, artworks have content which refers to the meaning of the
artwork. The other term for content is the theme which bears the essence or substance
of a thing or an object.
1. Kinds and Sources of Subject
The kinds of subject enumerated below are explored and prevalent in any form
of art expression, either in visual, auditory, or combined arts. Nature (landscapes,
seascapes, and other parts of nature), still life, animals, portraits/human figures, history
and legends, religion and mythology, and dreams and fantasies.
1.1 Nature
This subject deals with the physical environment-the natural world. Landscapes
are parts of nature. They include mountains, hills, plateaus, valleys, islands, etc. It can
be natural or artificial. A natural landscape is a land formation that is never modified
and distorted, while it becomes artificial when there is human intervention-when man
tends to alter the natural land formation (with rocks and plants) through “landscaping”
such as that of the hotel entrance, inland resorts, parks, and even in backyards.
The Bridge at
Moret-sur-Loing
French landscapist
Alfred Sisley
painted in an
impressionist
style, applying
clear, bright colors
in short, visible
brushstrokes.
Sisley's paintings
are distinguished
by their serenity
and their focus on
the effects of light
and atmosphere.
2009
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1.2 Animals
This is another kind of subject that is commonly used in any Art forms, not only
it is prevalent today but also during the Medieval period when early Christians used
animal symbols such as peacock and fish to identify themselves as Christian believers.
photo source: wikepedia.org
1.3 Portrait or Human Figures
A whole human figure or just a part of it can represent the self. In using this
kind of subject, the angle, the distance, and the subject or model’s composure are
considered. Portraits and human figures have the same intentions – to capture human
expression. The human body is known as “the measure of all things”. It reflects
proportion, balance coordination, order, and
unity. In addition, studying human anatomy
is considered though it is tedious and
challenging.
Self-Portrait by Rembrandt
This self-portrait by Rembrandt van Rijn was painted

in 1669, the last year of his life.Rembrandt painted a
large number of self-portraits throughout his life; the
later ones in particular are noted for their
psychological depth and the artist’s technical skill in
the use of chiaroscuro (contrasts of light and
shadow).
24 | P a g e
1.4 History and Legends
This is a kind of subject that is inspired by history or legends. Historical events

are real stories while legends are just imaginary accounts. Whether history or legends,
these stories are used in any art form to share and transmit the values that are attached
with them.
photo source: wikepedia.org
1.5 Still Life
Still life refers to in-animating objects

either in a form of a drawing, painting or
photograph. It allows us to look into the beauty of
a certain object and be able to play in its
presentation. Still life painting or drawing is one
way for studying color, compositions, tones and
shadows. The three-dimensional approach adheres
order and balance. It is done usually in-doors so
light source is controlled. In still life, it features the
ability of the artist to play with the characteristics
such as highlights, middle tones, dark tones,
shadow and reflection.
Sunflowers by Vincent van Gogh
Vincent van Gogh painted a series of vibrant still
lifes of sunflowers in vases when he lived in the
south of France toward the end of his life.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. ©
25 | P a g e
1.6 Religion and Mythology
Religious and mythological themes

are subject that are practiced by religious
and tribal groups. Religious or
mythological art as a kind of subject is
usually done by an insider artist or a
devoted member of a religious group. If
not, they are artisans who followed a
traditional practice, belief and customs
which are learned from their forefathers
and handed down from generation to
generation. Religious and tribal symbols photo source: wikepedia.org
can be utilized but neither should be

exaggerated nor distorted for aesthetic photo source: wikepedia.org
purposes.
1.7 Dreams and Fantasies
To dream and to imagine are for

free. Dreams and Fantasies refer to
subjects that are inspired by the
subconscious mind as discovered by
Sigmund Freud. Artworks that are inspired
by dreams and fantasies are called
surrealism. Dreams and Fantasies can be
presented in any style or form. Some
subjects are presented in realistic manner;
however, the imagery is distorted, and the
setting becomes a dream world. Art had
been an effective tool to assist the human
being to explore imagination. It even
assists us to escape from reality.
26 | P a g e
MODULE 2
Artist and Artisan

1. outline the history of the emergence of artists and artisans;
2. identify and define the different individuals and groups who take on varied roles in
thew world of art and culture; and
3. classify the practices of artists and artisan in terms of form, medium, and technique.
Introduction
In the advent of technology, it is remarkable what has now been made possible.
With a click of a button, an array of overwhelming information is made available,
informing every aspect of human life. In the fast-paced and highly complex twenty-first
century, there is real and nagging fear that soon, everything may very well be replaced
by computers and robots that can arguably do things with more precision, at a shorter
amount of time and less capital in the long term. The nihilist notion is contested by what
are arguably the most resilient qualities of man,
which is his creativity and imagination. And as
long as there is a cultivation of both of these
qualities, no robot or artificial intelligence can
replace man just yet.
Van Gogh's Self-Portrait
Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890), Dutch painter who

exemplified the idea of artist as tortured genius. His
paintings are characterized by thick brush strokes,
brilliant colors, and jagged lines, through which Van
Gogh expressed his emotional response to his
subjects rather than providing an accurate
description of them. As a result he became a leader
in the development of expressionism in painting.
27 | P a g e
Your Text. Let’s Get Down to Business!

Artist and Artisan

An artist is generally defined as an art practitioner such as a painter, sculptor,
choreographer, dancer, writer, poet, musicians, etc. who produces or creates indirectly-
functional Arts with aesthetic value using imagination. Thus, they provide us paintings,
sculptures, dances, music, literary pieces, etc. as the means of provoking our thoughts,
ideas, and emotions that are necessary to discover ourselves and our being.
Pablo Picasso
Spanish artist Pablo Picasso experimented with a

variety of styles and techniques and greatly influenced
the course of modern art. He pioneered the movement
known as cubism and invented the artistic technique of
collage. Picasso is widely acknowledged as the
greatest artist of the 20th century.
On the other hand, an artisan is a craftsman such as carpenter, carver, plumber,

blacksmith, weaver, embroiderer, etc. who produces directly functional and/or
decorative arts. They help us in meeting our basic
needs such as food, clothing, dwelling, furniture,
kitchen utensils, and everything that makes our life
easy are crafted by artisans.
Japanese Embroidery
This example of Japanese embroidery is from the second

half of the 19th century. The satin fabric is embroidered with
colored silk and silver gilt thread in a classical design. The
stitches used are long and short, satin and stem, with knots
and couched and raised work. The piece is part of the
collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.
28 | P a g e
1.1 Artist
A formal Art study would be an advantage but it is not a requirement to practice

art. Acquiring or learning skills in Art is not just taught and learned in a formal art
school but also acquired informally. You may learn to play the guitar not from a formal
workshop but from the neighborhood. Yet, an artist may learn not entirely from a
schooled perspective but can be developed later in life through curiosity, hobby, or
experiences.
Most artists feel free in making their art. they have the real drive to develop a
particular artwork, most often, regardless of potential market and of how people would
respond to its message-they may love, like, embrace or the other way around. Burton
supported this claim when he said that “an artist will do whatever it takes to make the
work right”. “The result may not be pretty; it may even be painful, but it will be honest”
(2011). He added that indeed, real Art moves people. Hence, Stillmunks said that “the
real artist touches the heart and soul of the viewer… an artist takes something out of
his or her heart and soul and places it on that page, canvas, song, or whatever”
(Burton:2011).
1.2 Artisan
People have different perceptions on the importance of artists and artisans in

our society. They are the same in the sense that they both develop works of Art; hence,
they are also different since they address different needs of human beings.
Like the artists, artisans’ works are also noticed and valued-only in different
ways and levels. The relevance and usefulness of the artisans’ works make them
essential in our everyday living. A great part of our survival greatly depends on the
works that the artisans produce. The utilitarian function of artisans’ works gives us
comfort, convenience, ease and happiness in living everyday lives. From our basic
needs to our wants, artisans are there to facilitate easy living.
Artists and Artisans are the pillars of our society. We need artists as much as we
need artisans. They both serve people for a long time by providing us directly functional
Arts.
29 | P a g e
Being an artist and an artisan, both require skills and technical competence. It
is not important to distinguish which of them we need the most because they serve
society in different ways. The sharing and preservation of culture’s dynamism greatly
depend on them.
30 | P a g e
Elements and Principles of Art
1. enumerate the different elements of visual and auditory art;
2. provide examples of the interrelatedness of some of the elements and principles of
art;
3. explain the relevance of the elements and principles of art; and
4. illustrate examples of hybrid art and dissect what art forms are combined therein.
Introduction
In the lesson on Subject and Content, it was mentioned that arts have a
specialized language. And to be able to understand this language, the familiarity of
some of the elements and principles that make it legible is required. Think of it as the
letters – the stringing of letters to formulate words, and perhaps even the different
pronunciation that assist comprehension.
The next lesson endeavors to take art and break it into its smaller parts. Like a
scientist who takes a splice or a sample and places it under a microscope, this lesson
will allow for a better view, not of the final picture; rather the parts that complete.
Elements of Art: Visual
Taking off from the scientific reference, elements of art are akin to the atoms
that are defined as the units or “building blocks” of matter. Together, in a variety of
combinations and formations, they have the ability to create molecules such as water,
or the more complex sucrose. These formulations are always the same with elements of
art when they are enjoined together, in a variety of ways. In the same line of reasoning
the elements of art are the aspects of an artwork that can be isolated from each othe
31 | P a g e
To enumerate, the elements of art and design are the following: line, shape and form, space, color,
and texture.
1. Line – refers to a point moving at an identifiable path – it has length and direction.
It also has width. It is one-dimensional; however, it has the capacity to either define the
perimeters of the artwork (edges) and/or become a substantial component of the
composition.
Vertical line- basic framework of all forms, power & delimination, strength, stability,
simplicity, and efficiency.
Horizontal line- creates an impression of serenity and perfect stability. Rest, calmness,
peace, and reposed.
Diagonal line- it shows movement and instability. Portrays movement action.
Zigzag line- it shows violence, confusion, and conflict.
Curve line- it shows a gradual change of direction and fluidity. It signifies subtle form.
2 – 3. Shape and Form – These two are related to each other in the sense that they
define the space occupied by the object of art. Shape refers to two dimensions: height
and width, while form refers to three dimensions: height, width, and depth. Two
categories can be used as a broad distinction:
32 | P a g e
a. Geometric – these shapes find origin in

mathematical propositions. As such, its
translation and use are often man-made. These
includes shapes such as squares, triangles,
cubes, circles, spheres, and cones, among
others.
Mondrian, Composition with Red,

Yellow and Blue, 1924
photo source: wikipedia.org
b. Organic – organic shapes are those readily

occurring in nature, often irregular and
asymmetrical. The design of the vase in Figure
is foliage, a sample from a series that made use
of morning glories.
4. Space – related to form and shape is space. It is usually inferred from a sense of
depth, whether real or stimulated. Real space is three-dimensional. Like what has been
previously mentioned, sculptures are a perfect example of artwork that bear this
element.
Two Kinds of Space
a. Positive and negative space – usually

identified with the white space is
negative space. The positive space, on NEGATIVE
SPACE
the other hand, is the space where
shadow is heavily used. POSITIVE
SPACE
33 | P a g e
b. Three-dimensional space – can be stimulated

through a variety of techniques such as shading. An
illusion of three-dimensionality can be achieved in
two-dimension work.
WIDTH
5. Color – it is perhaps one of the elements that

enhances the appeal of an artwork. Its effect has
HEIGHT
range, allowing the viewer to make responses based
on memory, emotion, and instinct, among others. This element is a property of light, as
it is reflected off the object. Color is not an object and without light, one cannot perceive
color.
The Color Wheel corresponds to the first property of color, hue.
a. Hue – this dimension of color gives its name. it can be subdivided into:
 Primary colors – red, yellow, and blue

 Secondary colors – green, orange, and violet
 Tertiary colors – six in total, these hues are achieved when primary and
secondary colors are mixed
b. Value – this refers to the brightness or darkness of color. Often, this is used by artists
to create the illusion of depth and solidity, a particular mood, communicate feeling, or
in establishing a scene (e.g., day and night).
 Light colors – taken as the source of light in the composition
 Dark colors – the lack or even absence of light
34 | P a g e
However, we can identify the color even when a range is presented to us.
Expectations are also established based on the notion that yellow is within the
light value; whereas, violet is in the dark. Each primary color has a range of
values based on the addition and diminishing quantity and quality of light.
 Tint – this is a lighter color than the

normal value (e.g., pink for red)
 Shade – this is a darker color than the
normal value (e.g., maroon for red)
c. Intensity – this is the color’s brightness or

dullness. It is identified as the strength of color,
whether it is vivid or muted. To achieve a
specific intensity of a color, one may add either
gray or its complementary color.
 Bright or warm colors – positive energy

 Dull or cool colors – sedate/soothing, seriousness or calm
To better understand intensity of color, color harmonies are to be considered. In

interior design, we often hear designers refer to Color Schemes—a guide for selecting
not only wall paint but also furniture and décor. However, Color Harmonies are also
integral considerations not only for pictorial arts but also for other art forms.
 Complementary harmonies – involve two colors opposite each other in the

color wheel. Since they are at contrary positions, the reaction is most intense.
The effective use of Red-Green Complimentary

Color Combination is shown in Hernando Ruiz
Ocampo, Passage.
photo source: askart.com
35 | P a g e
 Monochromatic harmonies – the se of one color with its tints and shades.
Shades
Tints
 Analogous harmonies – make use of three or four colors beside each other in
the color wheel.
The effective use of Analogous Color

Combination is shown in Hernando Ruiz
Ocampo, A Sonata for September.
photo source: askart.com
6. Texture
Like space, texture can be either real or implied. This element in an artwork is
experienced through the sense of touch (and sight). This element renders the art object
tactile.
36 | P a g e
a. Textures in the two-dimensional plane – texture can be implied using one

technique or a combination of other elements of art. by creating this visual
quality in the artwork, one can imagine how the surface will feel if it was to be
touched.
photo source: artnet.com
b. Surface texture – refers to the texture of the three-dimensional art object.
Still Life of Flowers
Eighteenth-century Dutch painter Rachel

Ruysch specialized in flower paintings like this
still life. Her lively arrangements of various
flowers in full bloom are often accented by
butterflies and other insects. This undated
painting is at the Johnny Van Haeften Gallery
in London, England.
37 | P a g e
Elements of Art: Auditory
Together with literature, music as an art form is classified as auditory art.

However, some would argue that it is under the broad category of performance art.
Either way, music, much like the visual arts, has its own building blocks or elements.
If there is an important quality that music has, it is having the capacity to

transcend barriers, even that of differences in language or conventions in sound.
Different demographics, groups, and individuals may have specific preferences as to
the genre of music. However, in order to establish this preference, listeners often take
to its elements for its evaluation. Some of the common elements of music are the
following: rhythm, dynamics, melody, harmony, timbre, and texture.
Wiener
Philharmonic
Austria is often
referred to as the
Land of Music.
Many of the
world’s most
influential
classical
musicians,
including Mozart,
Beethoven, and
Haydn, perfected
their craft in
Austria.
2009.
1. Rhythm
Often associated to the terms beat, meter, and tempo, rhythm is the best element
of music that situates it in time. It is the pulse of the music. Beat is the basic unit of
music while tempo refers to its speed (beats/second). Beats can be organized into a
recognizable current pattern, which is called the meter.
Classical terms are used to refer to the variations in tempo, some of which are:
 Largo – slowly and broadly

 Andante – walking pace
 Moderato – at moderate speed
 Allegro – fast
38 | P a g e
 Vivace - lively
 Accelerando – gradually speeding up
 Rallentado – gradually slowing down
 Allargando – getting slower, broadening
 Rubato – literally “robbed time”, rhythm is played freely for expressive effect
2. Dynamics
The element of music that refers to the loudness or quietness of music is

dynamics. Classical terms are used to refer to the different levels pertaining to this:
 Pianissimo [pp] – very quiet

 Piano [p] – quiet
 Mezzo-piano [mp] – moderately quiet
 Mezzo-forte [mf] – moderately loud
 Forte [f] – loud
 Fortissimo [ff] – very loud
When composers indicate an increase, or decrease in loudness, they use the

terms crescendo for the former; and decrescendo or diminuendo for the latter.
3. Melody
Melody refers to the linear presentation (horizontal) of pitch. By horizontal, it

means that in musical notation, it is read in succession from left to right. Pitch is the
highness or lowness of musical sound.
4. Harmony
If melody is horizontal, harmony is vertical. It arises when pitches are combined

to form chords. When several notes are simultaneously played, this refers to a chord.
Harmony can be described in terms of its “harshness”: dissonance is the harsh-

sounding combination while consonance is the smooth-sounding combination.
5. Timbre
Timbre is often likened to the color of music. It is a quality that distinguishes a

voice or an instrument from another. Dependent on the technique, the timbre may give
39 | P a g e
a certain tone or characteristics to music, much like how a painter evokes different
effects or impressions onto the canvas.
6. Texture
The number of melodies, the type of layers, and their relatedness in a

composition is the texture of music. It may be:
 Monophonic – single melodic line

 Polyphonic – two or more melodic lines
 Homophonic – main melody accompanied by chords
Akin to artworks whose style, medium, and technique emphasize some of the
elements in visual arts, a composition and genre of music may emphasize the elements
of music previously outlined. Some elements may even be de-emphasized or omitted
altogether. Like what was mentioned, these elements may be isolated from each other.
However, as visual or musical compositions, the combination of these elements in art
is what we initially engage with.
Most often, elements do not only coexist in the artwork, but are fused together
or overlap with each other. in visual arts, most artworks have overlapping elements.
Principles of Art
To reiterate, the appreciation and engagement of art relies substantially on being

equipped with the appropriate language that allows it to be more comprehensible. If the
elements of art were like the letters (i.e., combining these letters will form words,
phrases, and sentences), then the principles of art would perhaps be the closest to the
rules of grammar and composition. Learning these principles will lessen the
intimidation and might even open vast possibilities for the novice looker to have a more
pleasurable experience of art. These principles will provide explicit ways in which these
elements are used, how they are manipulated, how they interact, and how they inform
the overall composition of the artwork to assist the artist in conveying his attention. It
is the principles of art that influence the effect achieved by the elements, and the
linkages of other principles. These principles are: balance, scale and proportion,
emphasis and contrast, unity and variety, harmony, movement, rhythm, and repetition
and pattern.
40 | P a g e
1. Balance
This principle refers to the distribution of the visual elements in view of their
placement in relation to each other.
There are three forms of balance:
a. Symmetrical – the elements used on one side are reflected to the other. This offers
the most stable visual sense to any artwork.
The effective use of

Symetrical Balance is
shown in Midnight
Meeting by BenCab.
photo source: yuchengcomuseum.org
b. Asymmetrical – the elements are not the same (or of the same weight) on each side,
putting the heaviness on one side.
The effective use of

Symetrical Balance
is shown in Sabel by
BenCab.
photo source: yuchengcomuseum.org
41 | P a g e
c. Radial – there is a central point in the

composition, around which elements and objects
are distributed.
Mandala Art is an
example of radial design.
2. Scale and Proportion
Scale pertains to the size in relation to what is normal for the figure or object in
question.
Sculptures of exaggerate scale are common all over the world as many artists
are taken by the whimsical quality of these objects. One cannot help but smile upon
seeing them in public spaces. In the Philippines, Arturo Luz has created enormous
sculptural versions of the paper clip. For a long time, it occupied a prominent spot at
the entrance of the Ayala Museum as shown below.
Photo Source: phoenixperience.blogspot.com
42 | P a g e
Proportion, on the other hand, is the size of the components, or of objects in

relation to one another when taken as a composition or a unit. This can also refer to
values such as amounts or number of elements or objects in the composition.
One of the most common cannons asserted relates to the proportion of the body.
This varies from one culture or tradition to another. For the Egyptian artists, the human
form follows a square grid and is informed by the palm of the hand as a unit of measure.
To complete a standing human figure, 18 units (squares) are needed from head to foot.
On the other hand, Greeks held that numerical relationships—the golden ratio—was
the key to beauty or to perfection. In the golden ratio, the figure is divided into two
unequal segments wherein the smaller is the same ratio to the largest segment, and that
the longer segment is the same ratio in relation to the whole. In figures, it can be valued
at 1:1.618.
Leonardo da Vinci, “Vitruvian Man” (1940). Pen and ink with wash over metalpoint on paper.
Gallerie dell’ Academia in Venice, Italy
Leonardo da Vinci’s “Vitruvian Man” is an exploration on the ideas of the

Roman architect Vitruvius, in which the human body is an example of a classical
proportion in architecture. For da Vinci, man’s body can be used to better understand
the symmetry that exists in nature and the universe.
43 | P a g e
The Golden Ratio in

Mona Lisa by
Leonardo da Vinci
photo source: 99designs.com
Proportion can be:
a. Natural – relates to the realistic size of the visual elements in the artwork,
especially for figurative artworks. When it is the accuracy in relation to the
real world that the artist is after, this is now referred to as the principle of
scale.
44 | P a g e
b. Exaggerated – refers to the unusual size relations of visual elements, deliberately

exaggerating the immensity or minuteness of an object.
In relation to this, there are notions in scale that differentiate when an element
is smaller than expected (diminutive), and when something appears to be larger than
what is presumed (monumental).
Jeff Koons’ exaggerated steel balloon dog on the roof top of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
(photo source: thirteen.org)
c. Idealized – most common to those that follow canons of perfection, the size-
relations of elements or objects, which achieve the most ideal size-relations.
Idealized propotion
is a must in portrait.
photo source: easydrawingtips.com
45 | P a g e
3-4. Emphasis and Contrast
Emphasis allows the attention of the viewer to a focal point(s), accentuating or

drawing attention to these elements or objects. This can be done through the
manipulation of the elements or through the assistance of other principles, especially
that of contrast.
Rule of Thirds
In a camera grid, the

flower subject was
placed in the focal
point where the line
intersect.
photo
source:ashleyjasmer.wordpress.com
Contrast is the disparity between the elements that figure into the composition.
One object may be made stronger compared to other objects (hence, emphasis). This
can be done in many ways using the elements of art. For instance, space, specifically
the use of negative and positive space, is an example of contrast. Another example is
the use of lines and complementary colors in a work of art.
Contrasting lines
and colors are
imminent in Ang
Kiukok’s Fishermen.
photo source:salcedoactions.com
67 | P a g e
5-6. Unity and Variety
Unless intended to be otherwise, compositions are intended to imbue a sense of

accord or completeness from the artwork. This is unity.
Sunday Afternoon on
the Island of La
Grande Jatte
(1884-1886, Chicago
Art Institute, Chicago)
by French artist
Georges Seurat is an
excellent example of
the technique known as
pointillism—a method in
which tiny dots of color
are placed close
together to create a
richness and vibrancy
not found in traditional
painting techniques.
Variety, on the other hand, is the principle that aims to retain the interest by
allowing patches or areas that both excite and allow the eye to rest.
7. Harmony
Like what is hinted above, the unity and variety is related to the principle of
harmony, in which the elements or objects achieve a sense of flow and
interconnectedness.
Bayanihan,
Carlos “Botong”
Francisco
photo source:
artdelaspilipinas.com
68 | P a g e
8. Movement
This refers to the direction of the viewing eye as it goes through the artwork,
often guided by areas or elements that are emphasized. These focal points can be lines,
edges, shape, and color within the work of art, among others.
Movement is shown in BenCab’s Dance Interpretation, acrylic on canvas, 2007, at the Yuchengco
Museum.
photo source:r3.rapplers.com
9. Rhythm
This is created when an element is repeated, creating implied movement.

Variety of repetition helps invigorate rhythm as depicted in the artwork.
10-11. Repetition and Pattern
Lines, shapes, colors, and other elements may

appear in an artwork in a recurring manner. This is
called repetition. In addition, the image created out of
repetition is called pattern. With repetition, there is a
sense of predictability that is conveyed, which in turn
imbues the feelings of security and calmne
Kente Cloth
To make kente cloth, the Akan people of western Africa
sew long strips of colored fabric together in traditional
patterns. Various colors and patterns in the cloth carry
symbolic meanings. In the 16th century only members
of Akan royalty were allowed to wear kente cloth but
today it is popular among all classes.
69 | P a g e
Yayoi Kusama’s Dots Obsession

is a great example of repetition
and pattern in art.
photo source:artsy.net
Combined or Hybrid Art
Looking at the elements and principles of art previously discussed, it is apparent

that art may be defined under strict lines that separate one art form or style to another.
In a broad sense, it is easy to decipher visual arts from auditory arts. In the same vein,
when looking at more specific art forms, there is a considerable ease when one is
confronted with the challenge of differentiating a painting from a sculpture, a print from
a drawing, or a soundtrack from a poem. However, with the complexity of
contemporary times in which experimentation and innovation are encouraged, the arts
are not exempted from the increasing overlaps, merger, and fusion of different aspects
of art production and their resultant consumption.
In contemporary art, these developments were mirrored in the multifaceted

nature of artworks that were created. It is not surprising that themes, subjects, and the
problematique addressed shaped and produced new kinds of articulation in which two
or more art forms and styles are combined. Some examples of combined arts include
dance, theater, installation art, film, video art, documentary, photography, puppetry,
design, and other forms of production.
70 | P a g e
Ai Wei Wei’s Bang

Installation at
Venice Art in
2013.
photo source:designboom.com
These combined art forms are interesting specimens that can be studied to
understand what art forms and styles have been combined, and furthermore, what skills,
techniques, or creative processes can be put together to produce interesting and
innovative compositions. In combined arts, improvisation is often tapped in addition to
practical and logical considerations of creating an artwork.
Another movement that is reminiscent of the motivations of the Renaissance,

and whose emergence is hinged on the frontiers of science and technology, is called
hybrid arts. Referencing and tapping into the fields of robotics, artificial intelligence,
biotechnology, natural and computer sciences, telecommunications, information,
digital and interface technologies (software programs, speech and face recognition,
social media and online platforms, among many other emergent developments), artists
whose works tread under this movement disrupt the norms in terms of what is
considered as art, and even the way people envisage artistic production.
Rickard’s Corn Blue Room
Tuscarora artist Jolene Rickard

contrasts old and new technologies in
her installation Corn Blue Room, first
exhibited at the Canadian Museum of
Civilization in 1998. Ears of corn
bathed in blue light hang at the
center of the installation, surrounded
by photographs and CD-ROM images.
71 | P a g e

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Art Appreciation Learning Modules

Art appreciation is an art survey course designed to increase knowledge and

Finally, these learning modules in GECART wish to contribute to the holistic

1. What is referred to as the knowledge and understanding of the universal and

2. In Western arts, what classification of art that primarily concerns with

3. Which is NOT true about the Western concept of art?

4. What period of colonization in which our identity destroyed by colonizers:

5. Which does NOT belong to Maranao art?

6. It is a traditional Filipino dramatization of the life and times of Jesus Christ.

7. He was a Filipino painter, sculptor and a politcal activist of the Philippine

8.He was known as the “Father of Philippine Painting”

A. Fernando Amorsolo B. Juan Luna C. Felix Hidalgo D.

9. They are considered to be the building blocks of all art.

24. In Architecture, the Greeks developed three styles or orders of columns

35. Which does NOT belong to the characteristics of Baroque art?

38. Artistic success is achieved through the exact creation of an image.

39Art is a representation of events, people or things.

40. An art is an art if it is about something.

What is Art: Nature and Assumptions of Art

Sto. Tomas de Villanueva Church, Miag-ao, Iloilo

YOUR TEXT: Let’s Get Down to Business!

From 1888 until his

Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009.

To count as creative, however, something more than merely making or

Art encompasses materials, methods and processes such as performing, writing,

This so-called Venus figurine from the area of

Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009.

Villegas (2008) therefore encapsulates the definitions of Art that refers to

Art knows no limit. It transcends cultures, races, and civilizations. It reaches

Regardless of where people live,

pride, rage, revolt, etc.

1.2 Art is Timeless

man’s existence. It continually evolves

1.3 Art addresses Human Needs

From about 1895

2. Art is not Nature

3. Art involves Experience

Functions and Philosophical Perspectives on Art

YOUR TEXT: Let’s Get Down to Business!

A collection of different kinds of chair can be utilized as a representation of a

Shown is an example of glasswares that are transformed from their basic

3.1 Aesthetic function

An artwork functions aesthetically when it becomes instrumental for man to be

Renoir’s Luncheon of the Boating Party

3.2 Utilitarian function

photo source: sothebys.com

3.3 Social Function

photo source: flickr.com

3.3 Cultural Function

Art serves as an aperture towards skills, knowledge, attitudes, customs, and

Art serves several functions. In terms of functions it is differentiated by the

Task 3. Complete Me!

Subject and Content

By the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

Your Initial Task. Take a Glance of It!

Task 2. Get to Know Me Better!

YOUR TEXT: Let’s Get Down to Business!

Subject and Content

An artwork that has a subject is classified as a representational art. It is also

Paintings, sculptures, photography, graphic arts, dance, theater, literature are

1. Kinds and Sources of Subject

photo source: wikepedia.org

1.3 Portrait or Human Figures