1 - NWM Introduction and Basics PDF

Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Data Communications
and
NM Overview
Network Management: Principles and Practice 1-1

© Mani Subramanian 2000
Chapter 1
Outline
• Analogy of telephone network
• Data and telecommunication network
• Distributed computing environment
• Internet
• Protocols and standards
• IT management
• Network and system management
• Current status and future of network management
Notes

Chapter 1
Telephone Network
• Characteristics:
• Reliable - does what is expected of it
• Dependable - always there when you need
it (remember 911?)
• Good quality (connection) - hearing each
other well
• Reasons:
• Good planning, design, and implementation
• Good operation and management of
network
Notes

Chapter 1
Telephone Network Model

To other
Regional centers
Sectional centers
Regional Center Regional Center Primary centers
Class 1 switch Class 1 switch Toll centers
End offices
To other
Sectional Center Sectional Center Primary centers
Class 2 switch Class 2 switch Toll centers
End offices
Primary Center Primary Center To other

Class 3 switch Class 3 switch Class 4 toll points
End offices
Toll Center Toll Center

Class 4 switch Class 4 switch
End Office End Office

Class 5 switch Class 5 switch
Legend:
Loop
Direct Trunk
Toll-Connecting Trunk
Toll Trunk
Voice Voice
Figure 1.1 Telephone Network Model
Notes
•Tele-end (Loop),2 end offices(direct trunk),end-toll(toll c
•Notice the hierarchy of switches
• Primary and secondary routes programmed
• Automatic routing
• Where is the most likely failure?
• Use of Operations Systems to ensure QoS
Chapter 1
rations Systems / NOC(N/W Op Cent

• Monitor telephone network parameters
• S/N ratio, transmission loss, call blockage, etc.
• Real-time management of network
• Trunk (logical entity between switches) maintenance
system measures loss and S/N. Trunks not meeting
QoS are removed before customer notices poor
quality
• Traffic measurement systems measure call blockage.
Additional switch planned to keep the call blockage
below acceptable level
• Operations systems are distributed at central offices
• Network management done centrally from Network
Operations Center (NOC)
Notes

Chapter 1
Data and Telecommunication Network

Data communication network
Terminal Terminal
Host
Modem Modem Modem
Loop Loop Loop
Voice
Voice
Telecommunication network
Figure 1.3 Data and Telecommunication Networks
Notes
•Circuit switched vs packet switched vs message switch
•Computer data is carried over long distance by
telephone (telecommunication network)
• Output of telephone is analog and output of
computers is digital
• Modem is used to “modulate” and “demodulate”
computer data to analog format and back
• Clear distinction between the two networks is
getting fuzzier with modern multimedia networks
Chapter 1
DCE with LAN

DCE.. Distributed Computing Environment
Workstation Host Workstation
Ethernet
Workstation
Host
(a) Hosts and Workstations on Local LAN
Notes
• Driving technologies for DCE:
• Desktop processor
• LAN
• LAN - WAN network

Chapter 1
LAN-WAN Network
LAN A LAN B
Bridge / Bridge /
Router Router
Bridge /
Router
LAN C
WAN
communication link
Notes
• Major impacts of DCE:
• No more monopolistic service provider
• No centralized IT controller
• Hosts doing specialized function
• Client/Server architecture formed the core
of DCE network

Chapter 1
Client/Server Model
Request
Control
transfer
Client Server
Control
transfer
Response
Figure 1.7 Simple Client-Server Model
Notes
• Post office analogy; clerk the server, and the
customer the client
• Client always initiates requests
• Server always responds
• Notice that control is handed over to the receiving
entity.

Chapter 1
Client/Server Examples
Client A Client Z
Server
(a) Se rve r with M ultiple Clients
Client
(joe.stone)
to sally.jones@dest.com
Bridge
Domain
Mail server Name
Server
(b) Dual Role of Clie nt-Serv er
Figure 1.8 Clie nt-Se rve r in Distribute d Computing Environment
Notes

Chapter 1
TCP/IP Based Networks

• TCP/IP is a suite of protocols
• Internet is based on TCP/IP
• IP is Internet protocol at the network layer level
• TCP is connection-oriented transport protocol
and ensures end-to-end connection
• UDP is connectionless transport protocol and
provides datagram service
• Internet e-mail and much of the network mgmt.
messages are based on UDP/IP
• ICMP part of TCP/IP suite
Notes

Chapter 1
Internet Configuration
Workstation
Mail Server
(Joe)
Workstation
LAN A LAN B
Bridge / Bridge /
Router Router
Domain
Name Bridge /
Server Router
LAN C
Gateway
WAN
Gateway
LAN X
Bridge /
Router
Bridge /
Bridge / Router
Router
LAN Y LAN Z
Workstation
PC (Sally) Mail Server
Figure 1.9 Internet Configuration
Notes
• Walk through the scenario of e-mail from Joe to Sally

Chapter 1
Architecture, Protocols and Standards
• Communication architecture
• Modeling of communication systems, comprising
• functional components and
• operations interfaces between them
• Communication protocols
• Operational procedures
• intra- and inter-modules
• Communication standards
• Agreement between manufacturers on protocols
of communication equipment on
• physical characteristics and
• operational procedures
Notes
• Examples: (Students to call out)

Chapter 1
Communication Architecture
User A User Z
Peer-Protocol Interface
Application Layers Application Layers
Transport Layers Transport Layers
Physical Medium
(a) Direct Communication between End Systems
System A Intermediate system System Z
User A User Z
Peer-Protocol Interface
Application Layers Application Layers
Transport Layer
Transport Layers Transport Layers
Conversion
Physical Medium Physical Medium
(b) Communication between End Systems via an Intermediate System
Figure 1.11 Basic Communication Architecture
Notes
• Inter-layer interface: user and service provider
• Peer-layer protocol interface
• Analogy of hearing-impaired student
• Role of intermediate systems
• Gateway: Router with protocol conversion as
gateway to an autonomous network or subnet

Chapter 1
OSI Reference Model

Us er / Application program
Layer 7 Application
Layer 6 Presentation
Layer 5 Ses sion
Layer 4 Transport
Layer 3 Network
Layer 2 Data link
Layer 1 Physical
Physical medium
Figure 1.12 OSI Protocol Layers
Notes
• Importance of the knowledge of layer structure
in NM

Chapter 1
OSI Layers and Services

Layer Layer Name Salient services provided by the layer
No.
1 Physical -Transfers to and gathers from the physical medium raw
bit data
-Handles physical and electrical interfaces to the
transmission medium
2 Data link -Consists of two sublayers: Logical link control (LLC) and
Media access control (MAC)
-LLC: Formats the data to go on the medium; performs
error control and flow control
-MAC: Controls data transfer to and from LAN; resolves
conflicts with other data on LAN
3 Network Forms the switching / routing layer of the network
4 Transport -Multiplexing and de-multiplexing of messages from
applications
-Acts as a transparent layer to applications and thus
isolates them from the transport system layers
-Makes and breaks connections for connection-oriented
communications
-Flow control of data in both directions
5 Session -Establishes and clears sessions for applications, and
thus minimizes loss of data during large data exchange
6 Presentation -Provides a set of standard protocols so that the display
would be transparent to syntax of the application
-Data encryption and decryption
7 Application -Provides application specific protocols for each specific
application and each specific transport protocol system
Notes
• Importance of services offered by different layers
and the protocol conversion at different layers in NM

Chapter 1
PDU Communication Model

End System A End System Z
Us er A UD Us er Z
Application (A) PCI UD Application
Presentation (P) PCI (A) PDU Presentation
Ses sion (S) PCI (P) PDU Ses sion
Transport (T) PCI (S) PDU Transport
Network (N) PCI (T) PDU Network
Data link (D) PCI (N) PDU Data link
Physical Physical
(D)PDU Data stream
Physical Medium
Figure 1.14 PDU Communication M odel between End Systems
Notes
• What is the relevance of PDU model in NM?

Chapter 1
Gateway
DTE-A A N Z
DTE-N1 N1 N2
A-N-Z Standard Network

N-N1-N2-N3 Subnetwork under Node N
N3
(a) Network configuration
System A Gateway System N Subnet system N1
Transport Transport Transport
SNICP SNICP SNICP
SNDCP SNDCP SNDCP-SN

SNDCP-SN
SNDAP SNDAP SNDAP-SN SNDAP-SN
Data link Data link Data link-SN Data link-SN
Physical Physical Physical-SN Physical-SN
Network Medium Subnetwork Medium

(b) Protocol Communication
Figure 1.17 Gateway Communication to Proprietary Subnetwork
Notes
•Sub N/W independent convergence prot
•Sub N/W dependent convergence prot
•Sub N/W dependent Adapter/Access Protocol
•cc:mail from a station in Novel IPX network to
an Internet©station with SMTP
Mani Subramanian 2000 e-mail
Chapter 1
SNA, OSI, and Internet

SNA OSI INTERNET
End User Application Application
Presentation Services Presentation Application Specific

Protocols
Data Flow Control Session
Transmission Control Transport

Transport Connection- Connection-
less: UDP oriented: TCP
SNICP
Network
IP
Path Control Network SNDCP
SNDAP
Data Link Data Link

Not Specified
Physical Physical
Figure 1.18 Comparison of OSI, Internet, and SNA Protocol Layer M odels
Notes
• Similarity between SNA and OSI
• Simplicity of Internet; specifies only layers 3 and 4
• Integrated application layers over Internet
• Commonality of layers 1 and 2 - IEEE standard

Chapter 1
Application Protocols
OSI User Internet User
Terminal
VT TELNET
Application
FTAM FTP File Transfer
Mail / Message
MOTIS SMTP
Transfer
Management
CMIP SNMP
Application
Presentation Layer Transport Layer
Figure 1.19 Application Specific Protocols in ISO and Internet Models
Notes
Internet user OSI user
Telnet Virtual Terminal
File Transfer Protocol File Transfer Access & Mgmt
Simple Mail Transfer Message-oriented Text

Protocol Interchange Standard
Simple Network Common Management

Management Protocol Information Protocol

Chapter 1
Common Network Problems

• Loss of connectivity
• Duplicate IP address
• Intermittent problems
• Network configuration issues
• Non-problems
• Performance problems
Notes

Chapter 1
Challenges of IT Managers
• Reliability
• Non-real time problems
• Rapid technological advance
• Managing client/server environment
• Scalability
• Troubleshooting tools and systems
• Trouble prediction
• Standardization of operations - NMS helps
• Centralized management vs “sneaker-net”
Notes

Chapter 1
Network Management
Network
Management
Network Network Network

Provisioning Operations Maintenance
Planning Fault Management / Service Restoration Fault Management
Design Configuration Management Trouble Ticket

Administration
Performance Management / Traffic Management
Network Installation
Security Management
Network Repairs
Accounting Management
Facilities Installation
Reports Management & Maintenance
Routine Network
Inventory Management Tests
Data Gathering & Analyses
Figure 1.21 Network Management Functional Groupings
Notes
• OAM&P
• Operations
• Administration
• Maintenance
• Provisioning

Chapter 1
NM Functional Flow Chart

Network
Users
Management Configuration Data

Decision
TT Restoration
New Performance & Traffic Data
Technology
Engineering Group Operations Group I & M Group

NOC
- Network Planning & -Network Installation &
Design - Network Operations Maintenance
Fault TT
Installation
Figure 1.22. Network Management Functional Flow Chart
Notes

Chapter 1
NM Components
NMS
Network Network
Agent Agent
Network Network
Objects Objects
Figure 1.24 Network Management Components
Notes

Chapter 1
Interoperability
NMS Messages NMS
Vendor A Services & Protocols Vendor B
Network Network Network Network

Agent Agent Agent Agent
Network Network Network Network

Objects Objects Objects Objects
Application
Services
Objects Objects
Management
Vendor A Vendor B
Protocol
Objects Objects
Transport
Protocols
(b) Services and Protocols
Figure 1.23 Network Management Dumbbell Architecture
Notes
• Message exchange between NMSs managing
different domains

Chapter 1
Status and Future Trends

• Status:
• SNMP management
• Limited CMIP management
• Operations systems
• Polled systems
• Future trends:
• Object-oriented approach
• Service and policy management
• Business management
• Web-based management
Notes

Telecom Network Management
TNM Overview
(Lecture Week-1)
Telecom Evolution History

 Telephone Voice networks (Started 1876)
– The original 7 RBOCs Bell Operating Companies (BOCs).
– were formed from the 1984 breakup of AT&T.
– Radio networks (Started 1906)
– CATV / Cable TV networks (Started 1948)
 Computer Data networks (Started 1969, PCs in 1983)
– 1969: first ARPAnet (Advanced Research Projects Agency)
node operational. 1970: ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii.
1972: ARPAnet first e-mail program.
– 1983 - TCP/IP replaces ARPANET at U.S. Dept. of Defense,
effective base for Internet.
– LAN, MAN, WAN etc after 1983. 1989 - SNMP status as the de
facto TCP/IP network management framework.
– 1982: SMTP e-mail protocol defined, 1983: DNS defined for
name-to-IP-address translation, 1985: FTP protocol defined,
– Early 1990s: Web HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee, 1994: Mosaic,
later Netscape, late 1990’s: commercialization of the Web
 Internet (ISPs started in 1995)
– In 1991, NSF lifts restrictions on commercial use of NSFnet
(decommissioned in1995)
1
Computers 1940s-1950s
First Computer Network - ARPANET
By the end of 1969 there were four nodes

on the "ARPA NETWORK",. These were:
• University of California Los Angeles
(UCLA)
• University of California Santa Barbara
(UCSB)
• University of Utah
• Stanford Research Institute (SRI)
2
Network Management
Network management refers to the

activities, methods, procedures, and
tools that pertain to the operation,
administration, maintenance, and
provisioning (OAM&P) of networked
systems.
(Reference: A. Clemm: Network Management Fundamentals. Cisco Press,

2006)
Aftab Hussain CIIT Abbottabad
TMN Network Management (OAM&P)

Operation deals with keeping the network (and the services that the network
provides) up and running smoothly. It includes monitoring the network to spot
problems as soon as possible, ideally before users are affected.
Administration deals with keeping track of resources in the network and how
they are assigned. It includes all the "housekeeping" that is necessary to keep
the network under control.
Maintenance is concerned with performing repairs and upgrades - for

example, when equipment must be replaced, when a router needs a patch for
an operating system image, when a new switch is added to a network.
Maintenance also involves corrective and preventive measures to make the
managed network run "better", such as adjusting device configuration
parameters.
Provisioning is concerned with configuring resources in the network to

support a given service. For example, this might include setting up the network
so that a new customer can receive voice service.
(Reference: A. Clemm: Network Management Fundamentals. Cisco Press, 2006)
3
Management Functions and Domains
A common way of characterizing network management functions
is FCAPS - Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance and
Security. It is ISO Architecture for Network Management. The five
functional areas form the basis of all network management
systems for both data or telecommunications.
Functions
Fault
Management Domains/Layers
Configuration
Management
Accounting
Management
Performance
Management
Security
Management
Management Layers / Domains
4
Fault Management
• Problem identification
• Problem isolation
• Analysis procedures & tools
• Problem resolution
Configuration Management
To monitor network and system configuration

information so that the effects on network
operation of various versions of hardware and
software elements can be tracked and managed.
The goals of configuration management include:
– Gather and store configurations from network

devices (this can be done locally or remotely).
– Monitor, log and detect changes
– Asset tracking
– License management
– Release management
5
Accounting Management
• System usage
• Disk usage
• Link utilization
• CPU time
• License metering
Performance Management
To measure and make available various aspects of
network performance for network performance
monitoring and optimization. The network
performance variables include network throughput,
user response times, and line utilization.
– Traffic analysis
– Baseline performance
– Trending performance
– Capacity planning & system sizing
– Application Performance
6
Security Management
To control access to network resources so that the
network cannot be sabotaged and sensitive
information can only be accessed by those with
authorization.
– Security Policy definition

– Security Policy enforcement
• Authentication & authorization
• Access control
– Detection of policy violation
– Response
Network Management
7
Polling and Event Reporting
• Polling : Manager generates the requests

periodically.The initiative is with the
manager.
• Event Reporting : The initiative is with the

agent.
Network Monitoring Parameters
• Availability
• Response time / RTT
• Accuracy
• Throughput
• Utilization
• Arrival rate
• Latency / Delay
• Bandwidth
• Loss
• Path / Routing
8
Network Management System
A network management system (NMS) is a collection of tools for
network monitoring and control.
Network Management Station (NMS) is a server that runs the network

management application. It is the primary recipient that network elements
communicate with to relay the management and control information; it also
provides the methods and means to analyze and report significant information.
Network Monitoring & Control

Network Monitoring is observing and analyzing
the status and behavior of the
– End Systems
– Intermediate Systems
– Sub-networks
Network Control is concerned with modifying

parameters in, and causing actions to be taken
by, the end systems, intermediate systems, and
sub-networks that make up the configuration to
be managed.
9
Network Monitoring Information
• Static : e.g. identification of a port on a

router.
• Dynamic : e.g. transmission of a packet

on the network.
• Statistical : e.g. number of packets

transmitted per unit of time by an end
system.
OSI Network Management Model
Network Management
Organization Information Communication Functional

Model Model Model Model
10
OSI Network Management Model
Organization Model Two-Tier

Three-Tier
Manager-of-Managers (MoM)
Information Model Management Information Trees
SMI/MIB, OID, ASN.1, GDMO
Communication Model SNMP PDUs, CMIP/CMIS
Functional Model FCAPS
Management Communication Transfer Protocols
Manager Operations / Requests / Responses Agent

Applications Traps / Notifications Applications
Manager Agent
SNMP (Internet)
Communication Communication
CMIP (OSI)
Module Module
Transport UDP / IP (Internet) Transport

Layers OSI Lower Layer Profiles (OSI) Layers
11
Management Database
• The manager has both the management

database (MDB) and management information
base (MIB).
• The MDB is a real database and contains the

measured or administratively configured values
of the elements of the network. On the other
hand, the MIB is a virtual database and contains
the information necessary for processes to
exchange.
Network Management Organization Model

1. Two Tier
2. Three Tier
3. Manager of Managers (MoM)
12
Two-Tier Network Management Model
The manager manages the managed element. There is a database in the
manager, but not in the agent. The manager queries the agent and receives
management data, processes it and stores it in its database.
MDB Manager
Managed objects
Unmanaged objects
MDB Management Database

Agent process
• Agent built into network element, Example: Managed hub, managed router
• An agent can manage multiple elements, Example: Switched hub, ATM switch
• MDB is a physical database
• Unmanaged objects are network elements that are not managed - both physical
(unmanaged hub) and logical (passive elements)
Three-Tier Network Management Model

In three-tier configuration, the intermediate layer acts as both agent and manager.
As manager, it collects data from the network elements, processes it and stores
the results in its database. As agent, it transmits information to the top-level
manager.
MDB Manager
MDB Agent / Manager
Managed objects
MDB Management Database
Agent process
• Middle layer plays the dual role

• Agent to the top-level manager
• Manager to the managed objects
• Example of middle level: Remote monitoring agent (RMON)
13
MoM Network Management Model
MoM presents integrated view of domains. Manager of Managers (MoM)
operate, administer, maintain and provision the networks and elements using
‘probes’ to interrogate and interact with the lower level Management Systems.
• Agent NMS manages the domain

• Domain may be geographical, administrative, vendor-specific products, etc.
MoM Network Management Model
14
Geographical MoM
Geographical Manager of Managers (MoM)
15

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Chapter 1

Network Management: Principles and Practice 1-1

Network Management: Principles and Practice 1-2

Network Management: Principles and Practice 1-3

Telephone Network Model

Primary Center Primary Center To other

Toll Center Toll Center

End Office End Office

Figure 1.1 Telephone Network Model

rations Systems / NOC(N/W Op Cent

Network Management: Principles and Practice 1-5

Data and Telecommunication Network

Modem Modem Modem

Loop Loop Loop

Figure 1.3 Data and Telecommunication Networks

DCE with LAN

Workstation Host Workstation

(a) Hosts and Workstations on Local LAN

Network Management: Principles and Practice 1-8

Network Management: Principles and Practice 1-9

Figure 1.7 Simple Client-Server Model

Network Management: Principles and Practice 1-10

Figure 1.8 Clie nt-Se rve r in Distribute d Computing Environment

Network Management: Principles and Practice 1-11

TCP/IP Based Networks

Network Management: Principles and Practice 1-12

PC (Sally) Mail Server

Figure 1.9 Internet Configuration

Network Management: Principles and Practice 1-13

Architecture, Protocols and Standards

Network Management: Principles and Practice 1-14

Application Layers Application Layers

Transport Layers Transport Layers

(a) Direct Communication between End Systems

System A Intermediate system System Z

Application Layers Application Layers

Physical Medium Physical Medium

(b) Communication between End Systems via an Intermediate System

Figure 1.11 Basic Communication Architecture

Network Management: Principles and Practice 1-15

OSI Reference Model

Layer 5 Ses sion

Layer 2 Data link

Figure 1.12 OSI Protocol Layers

Network Management: Principles and Practice 1-16

OSI Layers and Services

Network Management: Principles and Practice 1-17

PDU Communication Model

Application (A) PCI UD Application

Presentation (P) PCI (A) PDU Presentation

Ses sion (S) PCI (P) PDU Ses sion

Transport (T) PCI (S) PDU Transport

Network (N) PCI (T) PDU Network

Data link (D) PCI (N) PDU Data link

Figure 1.14 PDU Communication M odel between End Systems

Network Management: Principles and Practice 1-18

A-N-Z Standard Network

(a) Network configuration

System A Gateway System N Subnet system N1

Transport Transport Transport

SNICP SNICP SNICP

SNDCP SNDCP SNDCP-SN

SNDAP SNDAP SNDAP-SN SNDAP-SN