ELECTROPHILIC REACTIONS OZONOLYSIS ANTI-MARKOVNIKOV EFFECT

Substitution Reaction Halogenation R1 R3

CH3—CH==CH2
cold conc.
CH3—CH—CH3 R2 O MARKOVNIKOV'S RULE / KHARASH EFFECT/
From unsaturated hydrocarbons + O3 R3

—
1. INITIATION 2. PROPAGATION 3. TERMINATION R1 APNTI-PEROXIDE EFFECT
O—SO3H R2 R4 O— O R3
hv CH3—CH==CH2
H2O
CH3—CH—CH3
R3 “Negative part of the This mechanism proceeds via
CH2==CH2
Pt/Pd/Ni
CH3—CH3 Cl2 Cl + Cl Cl4 + Cl CH3 + HCl Cl + Cl Cl2 H+
addendum gets attached to free radical mechanism

—
H2
CH3 + Cl CH3Cl OH O
the carbon containing lesser

Zn
CH3 + Cl—Cl CH3 + Cl and the minor product via

2O
R4 number of hydrogens”.

H
Markovnikov effect becomes
+ (I) is major product.
R3
major product.
From alkyl halides
From acidic dehydration of alcohols (II) is major product.
Combustion Controlled Oxidation O
Cu/523 K
Zn
CxHy + (x + y/4)O2 xCO2 + CH4 + O2 2CH3OH R4
CH3—CH2—Cl H+ CH3CH3 + Na 10 atoms HO—CH2—CH3
conc. H2SO4
+ H2O
y/2H2O Mo2O3
CH4 + O2 HCHO + H2O
2CH3—Na CH3CH3 From vicinal dihalides
OXIDATION
dry ether
WURTZ RX dil. KMnO4
Isomerization Aromatic Reforming H H CH2==CH2 + H2O CH2— CH2 Asymmetrical alkene
273 K

—
Br—CH2—CH2—Br
Zn + ZnBr2
OH OH Symmetrical Alkene
From carboxylic acids Anhyd. Alcl3 Cr2/O3 H H
2CH3(CH2)4CH3 +
(Kolbe's Electrolytic Method) HCl 10-20 atm
From alkyl halides
773 K POLYMERIZATION CH2==CH2 + HBr BrCH2—CH3 CH3—CH==CH2 + HBr
Zn
CH3—CH2—Cl H+ CH3CH3 + Na alc. KOH
H H
n—
( CH2==CH2—
)
High temp.
—
( CH2— CH2—
)n
Reaction with Steam Pyrolysis CH3—CH2—X + Hx High pressure
H H catalyst (I) CH3CH2BrCH3 (II) CH3CH2CH2Br
C6H12 + H2
2CH3—Na CH3CH3 Ni
WURTZ RX
dry ether CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2 C6H14 773 K C4H8 + C2H6 + H2 From alkynes
AROMATIC REFORMING
C3H4 + C2H4 + CH4 R2 R1
R2C CR1 + H2
Pd/C CH2==CH2 + Br2 CH2—CH2

—
H H
PREPARATION CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Br Br

PREPARATION ADDITION OF HYDROGEN

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES HALIDES
ALKANES ARE
ALKANES
HYTROPHOBIC CnH2n-2
Sawhorse Projection
ALKENES Increase
in branching
Alkenes PHYSICAL HUCKEL'S RULE OF AROMATICITY
leads to
H H
have a short PROPERTIES decrease
Eclipsed Staggered CONFORMERS C C odour in boiling 1. Planarity 2. Delocalisation of
GENERALLS, PHYSICAL H H
NON-POLAR IN point of π-electrons
NATURE PROPERTIES
Newman Projection 3. Presence of (4n + 2)-p electrons
First few Alkenes
H
members are are insoluble
HH in water but
H H gases and

BOILING POINT BOILING POINT H

H
H H
HYDROCARBONS rest are
liquids &
solids.
soluble
non-plar
solvents
CARCINOGENICITY AND TOXICITY

INCREASES WITH DECREASES WITH H H

H
INCREASE IN
INCREASE IN Staggered Eclipsed
BRANCHING

1, 2-benzanthvacene 1, 2-benzpyrene
ARENES Aromatics are toxic in nature
and most of them are classified
ALKYNES HC CH as carcinogens.
CnH2n-2
First few Boiling PREPARATION
members of point of alkene CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
alkynes are increases as
the chain length
gases
increases Decarboxylation of carboxylic acids CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Immiscibel
in water but
PHYSICAL
HC CH COONa + Na2CO3 completely
— NaOH soluble in
PROPERTIES ∆ Electrophilic Addition polar
H2 HCl/CH3COOH Bustitution Reaction
Pt, Pd, Ni H2O Reaction Characteristic
Most of Reduction of Phenol Using Zn Dust smell
Boiling point Br2
them are Hg2+, H+
decreases with
increase in odourless
+ ZnO
the branching
Soluble in except for CH2==C—H —OH Zn
none-polar CH==CH
thyne CH2==CH2
—

CH2==CHCl ∆
—
—

soluents and
Br Br
OH PHYSICAL
insoluble PROPERTIES
in water H2
Conc. HNO3

Anhyd. Alcl3 + CH3Cl

Conc. H2SO4 (323-333 K) Conc. H2SO4 + SO3 ∆ 3Cl2, UV
Anhyd. Alcl3 +
CH2—CH2 CH3COCl 3H2, Ni 500 K Highly
POLYMERISATION
PREPARATION Anhyd. Alcl3 notatile
+ Cl2 in nature
From
Calcium Carbide CaO + 2H2O C2H2 + Ca(OH)2 O Cl
Burn with

—
Cl— Cl

—
—
Iron tube
— ) —HSO3 —CH3 — a sooty
—C—
High temp./
—Cl
Cyclic
From alc. KOH
LINEAR High pressure ( C==C—C==C— —NO2 CH3 — flame
H H H H Cl —
polymerisation
Vicinal dihalides BrCH2—CH2Br CH CH + 2H2O+ KBr Red hot 873 K POLYMERISATION
∆ Cl

—
Cl

anand_mani16 DR. Anand Mani https://www.anandmani.com/ https://discord.io/anandmani t.me/neetplus