Astrology and Numerology (PDFDrive)

Revised Edition: 2016
ISBN 978-1-283-50858-2
© All rights reserved.
Published by:
The English Press
48 West 48 Street, Suite 1116,
New York, NY 10036, United States
Email: info@wtbooks.com
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Numerology
Chapter 2 - How to Calculate Name Number in Numerology
Chapter 3 - How to Know What Repeated Numbers in Numerology Mean
Chapter 4 - How to Predict Life's Challenges with Numerology
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Chapter 5 - Numbers in Chinese Culture
Chapter 6 - Magic Square
Chapter 7 - Number of the Beast
Chapter 8 - Numbers in Norse Mythology
Chapter 9 - Numbers in Egyptian Mythology
Chapter 10 - 2012 Phenomenon
________________________WORLD TECHNOLOGIES________________________
Chapter- 1
Numerology
Numerology is any of many systems, traditions or beliefs in a mystical or esoteric

relationship between numbers and physical objects or living things.
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Numerology and numerological divination by systems such as isopsephy were popular
among early mathematicians, such as Pythagoras, but are no longer considered part of
mathematics and are regarded as pseudomathematics by modern scientists. This is similar
to the historical relationships between astrology and astronomy, and between alchemy
and chemistry.
Today, numerology is often associated with the occult, alongside astrology and similar
divinatory arts.
The term can also be used for those who place excess faith in numerical patterns, even if
those people don't practice traditional numerology. For example, in his 1997 book
Numerology: Or What Pythagoras Wrought, mathematician Underwood Dudley uses the
term to discuss practitioners of the Elliott wave principle of stock market analysis.
History
Modern numerology often contains aspects of a variety of ancient cultures and teachers,
including Babylonia, Pythagoras and his followers (Greece, 6th century B.C.),
astrological philosophy from Hellenistic Alexandria, early Christian mysticism, early
Gnostics, the Hebrew system of the Kabbalah, The Indian Vedas, the Chinese "Circle of
the Dead", Egyptian "Book of the Masters of the Secret House" (Ritual of the Dead).
Pythagoras and other philosophers of the time believed that because mathematical
concepts were more "practical" (easier to regulate and classify) than physical ones, they
had greater actuality.
St. Augustine of Hippo (A.D. 354–430) wrote "Numbers are the Universal language
offered by the deity to humans as confirmation of the truth." Similar to Pythagoras, he too
believed that everything had numerical relationships and it was up to the mind to seek
and investigate the secrets of these relationships or have them revealed by divine grace.
In 325 A.D., following the First Council of Nicaea, departures from the beliefs of the
state Church were classified as civil violations within the Roman Empire. Numerology
had not found favor with the Christian authority of the day and was assigned to the field
of unapproved beliefs along with astrology and other forms of divination and "magic".
Despite this religious purging, the spiritual significance assigned to the heretofore
"sacred" numbers had not disappeared; several numbers, such as the "Jesus number" have
been commented and analyzed by Dorotheus of Gaza and numerology still is used at least
in conservative Greek Orthodox circles. as well as other.
Numerology is prominent throughout Sir Thomas Browne's 1658 literary Discourse The
Garden of Cyrus. Throughout its pages the author attempts to demonstrate that the
number five and the related Quincunx pattern can be found throughout the arts, in design,
and in nature - particularly botany.
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Modern numerology has various antecedents. Ruth A. Drayer's book, Numerology, The
Power in Numbers (Square One Publishers) says that around the turn of the century (from
1800 to 1900 A.D.) Mrs. L. Dow Balliett combined Pythagoras' work with Biblical
reference. Then on Oct 23, 1972, Balliett's student, Dr. Juno Jordan, changed
Numerology further and helped it to become the system known today under the title
"Pythagorean", although Pythagoras himself had nothing to do with the system.
Methods
Number definitions
There are no set definitions for the meaning of specific digits. Common examples
include:
1. Individual. Aggressor. Yang.

2. Balance. Union. Receptive. Yin.
3. Communication/interaction. Neutrality.
4. Creation.
5. Action. Restlessness.
6. Reaction/flux. Responsibility.
7. Thought/consciousness.
8. Power/sacrifice.
9. Highest level of change.
Alphabetic systems
There are many numerology systems which assign numerical value to the letters of an
alphabet. Examples include the Abjad numerals in Arabic, the Hebrew numerals,
Armenian numerals, and Greek numerals. The practice within Jewish tradition of
assigning mystical meaning to words based on their numerical values, and on connections
between words of equal value, is known as gematria.
1= a, j, s; 2= b, k, t; 3= c, l, u; 4= d, m, v; 5= e, n, w; 6= f, o, x; 7= g, p, y; 8= h, q, z; 9= i,
r
...and are then summed.
Examples:
• 3,489 → 3 + 4 + 8 + 9 = 24 → 2 + 4 = 6
• Hello → 8 + 5 + 3 + 3 + 6 = 25 → 2 + 5 = 7
A quicker way to arrive at a single-digit summation (the digital root) is simply to take the
value modulo 9, substituting a 0 result with 9 itself.
Different methods of calculation exist, including Chaldean, Pythagorean, Hebraic, Helyn
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Hitchcock's method, Phonetic, Japanese, Arabic and Indian.
The examples above are calculated using decimal (base 10) arithmetic. Other number
systems exist, such as binary, octal, hexadecimal and vigesimal; summing digits in these
bases yields different results. The first example, shown above, appears thus when
rendered in octal (base 8):
• 3,48910 = 66418 → 6 + 6 + 4 + 1 = 218 → 2 + 1 = 38 = 310
Pythagorean system
Pythagoras was never involved in the numerology systems known nowadays. He was
actually a philosopher who contributed with the concept of numbers as symbols rather
than mere numerals, but numerology as we know it is a system based on Gematria, which
is one of the Cabbalistic disciplines. Through Gematria one can get the number of each
word or name, since the Hebrew alphabet has the same symbols for both letters and
numbers. Western numerology is but a way to adapt the principles of Gematria into the
Latin alphabet so as to get the numbers of words and names as well.
Chinese numerology
Some Chinese assign a different set of meanings to the numbers and certain number
combinations are considered luckier than others. In general, even numbers are considered
lucky, since it is believed that good luck comes in pairs.
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), and its associated fields such as acupuncture, base
their "science" on “mystical numerical associations”, such as the “12 vessels circulating
blood and air corresponding to the 12 rivers flowing toward the Central Kindgom; and
365 parts of the body, one for each day of the year” being the basis of locating
acupuncture points.
Chinese number definitions
Cantonese frequently assign the following definitions, which may differ in other Chinese
languages:
1. 一 [jɐ́t] — sure
2. 二 — easy 易
3. 三 — live 生
4. 四 [sēi] — considered unlucky since 4 is a homophone with the word for death or
suffering 死 [sěi], yet in the Shanghainese, it is a homophone of water (水) and is
considered lucky since water is associated with money.
5. 五 [ŋ̬] — the self, me, myself 吾 [ŋ̭], nothing, never 唔 [ŋ, m]
6. 六 — easy and smooth, all the way
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7. 七 [tsʰɐ́t] — a slang/vulgar word in Cantonese.
8. 八 — sudden fortune, prosperity 發
9. 九 [kɐ̌u] — long in time 久 [kɐ̌u], enough 夠 [kɐ̄u] or a slang/vulgar word
derived from dog 狗 [kɐ̌u] in Cantonese
Some lucky number combinations include:
• 99 — doubly long in time, hence eternal; used in the name of a popular Chinese-
American supermarket chain, 99 Ranch Market.
• 168 — road of prosperity or to be prosperous together literal translation is
"continuing to be wealthy"— many premium-pay telephone numbers in China
begin with this number. It is also the name of a motel chain in China (Motel 168).
• 518 — I will prosper, other variations include: 5189 (I will prosper for a long
time), 516289 (I will get on a long, smooth prosperous road) and 5918 (I will
soon prosper)
• 814 — Similar to 168, this means "be wealthy, entire life". 148 also implies the
same meaning "entire life be wealthy".
• 888 — Three times the prosperity, means "wealthy wealthy wealthy". (E.g., the
2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing were designated by the Chinese officials to
begin on the most auspicious date possible to ensure the success of the Games for
its hosts: August 8, 2008—on the 8th day, of the 8th month in the 8th year of the
new millennium.)
• 1314 — whole lifetime, existence.
• 289 — This combination is quite straight forward: ease in finding enough
luck/fortune and holding it for a long time. (2 is easy, 8 is fortune, 9 is enough
and/or for a long time)
Other fields
Numerology and astrology
Some astrologers believe that each number from 0 to 9 is ruled by a celestial body in our
solar system.
Numerology and alchemy
Many alchemical theories were closely related to numerology. Persian alchemist Jabir ibn
Hayyan, inventor of many chemical processes still used today, framed his experiments in
an elaborate numerology based on the names of substances in the Arabic language.
"Numerology" in science
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Scientific theories are sometimes labeled "numerology" if their primary inspiration
appears to be a set of patterns rather than scientific observations. This colloquial use of
the term is quite common within the scientific community and it is mostly used to dismiss
a theory as questionable science.
The best known example of "numerology" in science involves the coincidental

resemblance of certain large numbers that intrigued such eminent men as mathematical
physicist Paul Dirac, mathematician Hermann Weyl and astronomer Arthur Stanley
Eddington. These numerical co-incidences refer to such quantities as the ratio of the age
of the universe to the atomic unit of time, the number of electrons in the universe, and the
difference in strengths between gravity and the electric force for the electron and proton..
The discovery of atomic triads (dealing with elements primarily in the same group or
column of the periodic table) has been considered to be a form of numerology, and yet
ultimately led TO the construction of the periodic table. Here the atomic weight of the
lightest element and the heaviest are summed, and averaged, and the average is found to
be very close to that of the intermediate weight element. This didn't work with every
triplet in the same group, but worked often enough to allow later workers to create
generalizations.
Large number co-incidences continue to fascinate many mathematical physicists. For

instance, James G. Gilson has constructed a "Quantum Theory of Gravity" based loosely
on Dirac's large number hypothesis.
Wolfgang Pauli was also fascinated by the appearance of certain numbers, including 137,
in physics.
Numerology in gaming
Numerology is sometimes referred to as the only effective method when it comes to

playing such games like bingo, roulette, keno, lotteries and other games with numbers.
Due to the fact no strategy can be applied to increase player odds, players turn to leaning
numbers in order to find what they think will help them.
For example, numerology is frequently used in the game of roulette where players bet on
a single number. Special tools called the Lucky number generators are used to find out
person’s lucky numbers based on basic principles of this study.
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Chapter- 2
How to Calculate Name Number in

Numerology
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Numerology is full of many different numbers that are important to you and your life.
One of the most important numbers is your name number. This number can change
throughout your life, and reflects your personality at a particular point in time.
Steps
1. Match each letter in your full name to the corresponding value, using the
chart below.
2. Add together each number to get your total name number.
o If the result is more than one digit, add together the individual digits until
you get a single digit. The only exceptions are the values 11 and 22, which
are considered Master Numbers.
3. Letter values are:
4. A-J-S =1, B-K-T =2, C-L-U =3, D-M-V =4, E-N-W =5, F-O-X =6, G-P-Y =7,
H-Q-Z =8 I-R =9
5. Keywords that relate to each of the numbers in numerology:
6. (1) Initiating action, pioneering, leading, independent, attaining, individual.
7. (2) Cooperation, adaptability, consideration of others, partnering, mediating.
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8. (3) Expression, verbalization, socialization, the arts, the joy of living.
9. (4) A foundation, order, service, struggle against limits, steady growth.
10. (5) Expansiveness, visionary, adventure, the constructive use of freedom.
11. (6) Responsibility, protection, nurturing, community, balance, sympathy.
12. (7) Analysis, understanding, knowledge, awareness, studious, meditating.
13. (8) Practical endeavors, status oriented, power-seeking, high-material goals.
14. (9) Humanitarian, giving nature, selflessness, obligations, creative expression.
15. (11) Higher spiritual plane, intuitive, illumination, idealist, a dreamer.
16. (22) The Master Builder, large endeavors, powerful force, leadership
Tips
• Change your life by changing your name! Consider changing the spelling of your
name or giving yourself a new nick-name with a different numerology value.
• For example, Tamra (an 8) would like to be less materialistic and more generous.
By spelling her name Tamara, she becomes a 9, and 9's are know for their giving
natures.
Chapter- 3
How to Know What Repeated Numbers in

Numerology Mean
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Many people have the experience of repeatedly seeing the same number, or number
pattern. Perhaps they look at the clock and see 11:34, then glance at a store receipt total
of $11.34, then hear of a historical event happening in the year 1134 BC, all in the same
day. Or they keep seeing the same number or numbers for months, even years. Does this
repetition have special meaning?
Steps
1. Recognize that there is no "this means that" simple answer.
o Astrologers believe that all things happen for a reason and that order (as
numerologically represented by numbers), instead of chaos or randomness,
exists in this universe, and noticing select numbers repeatedly holds
meaning.
o To others, it's either a complex subconscious fixation (similar to when you
have certain song lyrics that keep running through your mind), a super-
conscious fixation (as in your higher-self or God-self), or due to anxiety
and stress (or impending "insanity").
2. Understand that it’s common for a person to have a fixation with certain
numbers that are significant in his/her personal numerology charts, before
even knowing anything about the chart. This too could be considered an
unconscious attachment.
3. Understand that numbers have specific meanings to a numerologist, and
these circumstances are a personal concern--you would have to relay under
what circumstances and when you see the numbers. An analyst would also
have to comb through your comprehensive charts to find the commonalities.
Number Symbolism
• 1: The number 1 is connected with new starts, independence,new opportunity,

inspiration, originality, standing alone, concentration, leadership, determination,
self-employment, courage and isolation.
o Balanced 1 energy: initiative, energetic, persistent, creative, confident,
ambitious, self-reliant, dynamic, bold, forward looking, assertive.
o Over-balanced 1 energy: selfish, impatient, elitist, intolerant, addicted,
aggressive, self-important, unyielding, headstrong, defiant, dictatorial,
self-at-all-cost attitude, arrogant, domineering, possessive, greedy.
o Under-balanced 1 energy: passive, weak will, cowardly,dependent, in-
secure, subservient, helpless, lack of self-respect, changeable, weary.
• 2: The number 2 is linked to sensitivity, teamwork, partnerships, marriage, love,
divorce, friendships, details, public recognition, tolerance, modesty, receptivity,
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behind the scenes work, cooperation, rhythm, harmony, and slow growth.
o Balanced 2 energy: tactful, sensitive, harmonizing, flexible, diplomatic,
helpful, patient, sincere, modest, cautious, courteous, receptive.
o Over-balanced 2 energy: scheming, deceitful, manipulative, faultfinding,
resentfully resisting, devious, condescending, disapproving, interfering.
o Under-balanced 2 energy: unresponsive, cowardly, self-depreciating,
dependent, inactive, self-depreciating, indecisive, vacillating, overly
sensitive, uncaring.
• 3: The number 3 is related to laughter, amusement, pleasure, making new friends,
self-improvement, attracting love, sexual expression, artistic creativity, writing,
good times, quick recoveries, dramatic emotional ups and downs, easy money and
instability.
o Balanced 3 energy: honest emotional expression, optimistic, literary
talent, vivacious, cultivated, amusing, imaginative, well liked, magnetic.
o Over-balanced 3 energy: lacks concentration, scatters energy, over-
confident, emotionally volatile, irresponsible, gossipy, exaggerating,
superficial.
o Under-balanced 3 energy: insincere emotional expression, temp-
eramental, petty, depressed, jealous, unsociable, self-doubting, bored,
inarticulate, unthinking, indecisive, unenthusiastic, apprehensive.
• 4: The number 4 is associated with material interests, structure, managing
finances, creating foundations that last, work, business success, stable finances,
routine, organization, putting ideas into form, efficiency, physical activity, health
matters, limitation and lack of fun and excitement.
o Balanced 4 energy: productive, reliable, thrifty, cautious, disciplined,
integrity, methodical, analysis, serious, balanced, loyal, sensible, pe-
rsevering.
o Over-balanced 4 energy: rigid, narrow-minded, inflexible, rough, dreary,
numb emotions, uncompromising, provincial, too frank, lost in detail.
o Under-balanced 4 energy: apathetic, disorganized, lack of integrity,
impractical, plodding, careless, inefficient, distracted, idle, neglectful.
• 5: The number 5 is related to advertising, promotion, sales, sensuality, sex,
freedom, travel, communication, changes, fluctuation, flexibility, excitement,
adventure, transmutation.
o Balanced 5 energy: multifaceted, broadminded, healthy limits,
appropriately dissolving career or personal relationships at the right time,
forward-thinking,
o charming, curious, adaptable, independent, clever, resourceful, liberated.
o Over-balanced 5 energy: over-indulgent, mercurial, over-sexed, reckless,
ending relationships too soon, impatient, thrill-seeking, erratic, extreme
independence, insatiable, restless.
o Under-balanced 5 energy: fear of change, stagnant, dependent, hanging
on to associations that have expired, conforming, fear of freedom, dull,
ineffective, expressionless.
• 6: The number 6 is linked to domestic issues, home and family, relationships,
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marriage, divorce, romance, responsibility, friendships, karma, emotions, slow
moving energy, harmony, teaching, healthy balanced living.
o Balanced 6 energy: domestic, advising, friendly, tolerant, supportive,
appreciative, peace-making, protective, humanitarian, responsible,
devoted, loving, stable, sensible.
o Over-balanced 6 energy: distorted idealism, critical, interfering,
opinionated, possessive, stubborn, sacrificing, unreasonable obstinate,
unforgiving, disheartened.
o Under-balanced 6 energy: uncaring, uncooperative, biased, unconcerned,
indulgent, lethargic, unwelcoming, non-committal, disconsolate.
• 7: The number 7 is connected to mysticism, intuition, inner growth, examination,
study, analysis, reflection, lowered physical vitality, increased mental activity,
conserving assets, planning, attracting unsolicited help, specialization, solitude,
health issues, travel.
o Balanced 7 energy: metaphysical interests, different wavelength,
intellectual, clairvoyant, analytical, perceptive, scientific, exact,
meditative, mystical, expert, bookish, poised, telepathic, visionary, deep,
dreamer, instinctive,
o reflective, truth-seeker, studious, wise.
o Over-balanced 7 energy: fearful, nervous, critical, paranoid, indecisive,
secretive, repressed emotions, distrustful, guarded, intimidating, fussy,
evasive, fanatic, self-conscious, secretive, perfectionist, impersonal,
o pessimistic.
o Under-balanced 7 energy: lack of depth, naïve, ignorant, too trusting,
empty-headed, mystified, superficial, lack of faith, undeveloped, unin-
formed, unsure.
• 8: The number 8 is tied to influence, money, karma, action, business success,
business failure, control, material objects, status, loss, gain, administration,
management, ego, leadership, power.
o Balanced 8 energy: prosperous, high-powered, commanding, stamina,
self-confident, persuasive, financial awareness, effective, ambitious,
businesslike,clear-headed, disciplined, material freedom, honorable,
enterprising.
o Over-balanced 8 energy: abuses power, cold-blooded, egotistical,
overreaction to money, scheming, aggressive, materialistic, corrupt,
demanding, domineering, preoccupied with power and money,
unsympathetic, over-ambitious, confrontational, rebellious, coarse.
o Under-balanced 8 energy: passive, vulnerable, fearful, insecure, avoids
power and money, poor judgment, gives personal power away,
shortsighted.
• 9: The number 9 is associated with unconditional love, reward, leadership by
example, dramatic endings, emotional love, emotional crisis, the finest life has to
offer, conclusions, deep love, compassion, magnetism, travel, idealism, charity,
artistic and creative matters, developing spirituality, romance, forgiveness.
o Balanced 9 energy: artistic, philanthropic, affectionate, creative,
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forgiving, passionate, benevolent, warm, tolerant, sentimental, loving,
liberal, generous, enthusiastic, trustworthy, hospitable, humane.
o Over-balanced 9 energy: deceiving, self-centered, hedonistic, lacking
integrity, over-emotional, prejudiced, resentful, bad example, irresolute,
dejected, vindictive, hateful, hostile. Under-balanced 9 energy:
ultraconservative, impersonal, distant, unemotional, elusive, submissive,
drifting, faint-hearted, victimized, disloyal, hazy.
Tips
• Letter values are:
A-J-S =1, B-K-T =2, C-L-U =3, D-M-V =4, E-N-W =5, F-O-X =6, G-P-Y =7,
H-Q-Z =8 I-R =9
Warnings
• Avoid erroneously chopping up multiple-digit numbers, i.e. deriving 84, 32, and
415 from 8432415, or extracting 11, or 311 from 3113. Every treasured,
workable, numerical kabala (or cabala--sacred number and/or letter codes used to
derive meaning/truth) throughout history, including the sacred ancient Hebrew
Kabbalah, instead uses the following method: 8432415 is comprised of 8000000,
400000, 30000, 2000, 400, 10, and 5; and then 27 (through fadic addition adding
up all the numbers), and 9 (the root number, adding 2+7 of 27).
o The exception to this rule is if you glance at a numerical sequence and
only “see” part of it. For example, you look at 1338 and only “see” the 33
(your subconscious or higher-self is fixed on those two numbers only).
Therefore, you accept it and disregard the other numbers.
Chapter- 4
How to Predict Life's Challenges with

Numerology
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In Numerology, your Life Challenge numbers play a big role in what challenges and tests
you will face during your lifetime, as knowing what they are means you can prepare for
them both mentally and physically.
Steps
1. Reduce your day, month and year of birth down into single digits. For this
calculation, reduce any Master Numbers (11, 22) as well.
o For example, June 7, 1960 reduces down to:
 Month 6
 Day 7
 Year 7 (1+ 9 + 6 + 0 = 16 = 1+6 = 7)
2. Calculate your Early Life Challenge Number by finding the difference
between the day and month numbers.
o Using the birthday above: 7 - 6 = 1
3. Calculate your Mid Life Challenge Number by finding the difference
between the day and year numbers.
o Using the birthday above: 7 - 7 = 0.
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4. Calculate your Main Life Challenge Number by finding the difference
between your Early Life Challenge Number and your Mid Life Challenge
Number.
o Using the birthday above: 1 - 0 = 1.
Tips
• Normally there is no interpretation for a number 0 in Numerology, however for
this particular calculation there is.
• If you find yourself getting the same number twice it means that the lesson you
are going to learn in this life or the next are going to be emphasized.
• Keywords that relate to each of the numbers in numerology:
0 When meaning is applied to the number 0 it incorporates aspects of all the
numbers.
1 Initiating action, pioneering, leading, independent, attaining, individual.
2 Cooperation, adaptability, consideration of others, partnering, mediating.
3 Expression, verbalization, socialization, the arts, the joy of living.
4 A foundation, order, service, struggle against limits, steady growth.
5 Expansiveness, visionary, adventure, the constructive use of freedom.
6 Responsibility, protection, nurturing, community, balance, sympathy.
7 Analysis, understanding, knowledge, awareness, studious, meditating.
8 Practical endeavors, status oriented, power-seeking, high-material goals.
9 Humanitarian, giving nature, selflessness, obligations, creative expression.
How to Find Your Lucky Numbers in Numerology
Steps
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Mathematicians tell us that the universe can be described using just numbers. By using
numbers, we are not just able to describe things, but even investigate and successfully
decipher them. Imagine what you can do with the numbers embedded in your birth date
and name.
1. Calculate your Life Path Number by adding each number in your birth date
together until a single digit is achieved. Your life path number represents the
path you should take through life and the talents and skills you have to make your
journey a rewarding one.
o For example, if you were born on Feb 3 1977:
1. Add together the month, day, and year of your birth: 3 + 2 + 1 + 9

+ 7 + 7 = 29.
2. If the result is more than one digit, add together the individual
digits of 29 (2 + 9) to get 11. The only exceptions are the values 11
and 22, which are considered Master Numbers.
2. Calculate your Destiny Number by adding the value of the letters in your full
birth name. The Destiny Number sheds light on those things you must
accomplish in your life to be fulfilled.
o For example, if your name was CHRISTOPHER ANTHONY MARTIN: 3
+8+9+9+1+2+6+7+8+5+9+1+5+2+8+6+5+7+4+1
+ 9 + 2 + 9 + 5 = 131. 1 + 3 + 1 = 5.
3. Calculate your Motivation Number, also known as the Soul Number by
adding the value of the vowels in your full name. Through this number you will
gain understanding of what motivates your real inner self. This number relates to
what you want to be in life and what you would like to have and accomplish.
o Using the same example name: IOEAOAI 9 + 6 + 5 + 1 + 6 + 1 + 9 = 37 =
3 + 7 = 10 1 + 0 = 1
4. The last number is the Birthday Number The birthday number represents a
lesser influence than the first three. This number is most influential between
your 28th and 56th year. While it is not the most important number in your
profile, it does have an effect on your Life's Path and Destiny.
o If March 2, 1977 is the birthdate, the Birthday Number is 2.
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Tips
• Letter values are:
A-J-S =1, B-K-T =2, C-L-U =3, D-M-V =4, E-N-W =5, F-O-X =6, G-P-Y =7,
H-Q-Z =8 I-R =9
• Keywords that relate to each of the numbers in numerology nature, selflessness,
obligation, creative expression.
11 Higher spiritual plane, intuitive, illumination, idealist, a dreamer.
22 The Master Builder, large endeavors, powerful force, leadership
Chapter- 5
Numbers in Chinese Culture
In Chinese culture, certain numbers are believed by some to be auspicious (吉利) or

inauspicious (不利) based on the Chinese word that the number name sounds similar to.
However some Chinese people regard these beliefs to be superstitions. Since the
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pronunciation and the vocabulary may be different in different Chinese dialects, the rules
are generally not applicable for all cases.
Because of the supposed auspiciousness of certain numbers, some people will often
choose, attempt to obtain, or pay large sums for numbers that are considered to be lucky
for their phone numbers, street addresses, residence floor (in a multi-story building),
driver's license number, vehicle license plate number, bank account number, etc.
Lucky numbers are based on Chinese words that sound similar to other Chinese words.
The numbers 6, 8, and 9 are believed to have auspicious meanings because their names
sound similar to words that have positive meanings.
Lucky numbers
Two
The number 2 (二 or 兩, Pinyin: èr or liăng) is a good number in Chinese culture. There

is a Chinese saying: "good things come in pairs". It is common to use double symbols in
product brandnames, such as double happiness, double coin and double elephants. In
Cantonese, two (jyutping: yi6) is a homophone of the character for "easy" (易).
Three
The number 3 (三, Pinyin: sān, jyutping: saam1) sounds similar to the character for
"birth" (生, Pinyin: shēng, jyutping: saang1), and is thus considered a lucky number.
Five
The number 5 (五, Pinyin: wŭ) is associated with the five elements (water, wood, fire,
earth and metal) in Chinese philosophy, and in turn was historically associated with the
Emperor of China. For example, the Tiananmen gate, being the main thoroughfare to the
Forbidden City, has five arches. It is also referred to as the pronoun "I", as the
pronunciations of "I" (我, Pinyin: wŏ, and 吾, Pinyin: wú) and 5 are similar in Mandarin.
Six
The number 6 (六, Pinyin: liù) in Mandarin is pronounced the same as "leew" (溜,
Pinyin: liù) and similar to "fluid" (流, Pinyin: liú) and is therefore considered good for
business. The number 6 also represents happiness. In Cantonese, this number is a
homophone for blessings (祿 Lok). In I-Ching, the number 6 stands for "yin".
Seven
The number 7 (七, Pinyin: qī) symbolizes "togetherness". It is a lucky number for
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relationships. It is also recognized as the luckiest number in the West, and is one of the
rare numbers that is great in both Chinese and many Western cultures. It is a lucky
number in Chinese culture, because it sounds alike to the Chinese character 起 (Pinyin:
qi3) meaning arise.
Eight
The word for "eight" (八 Pinyin: bā) sounds similar to the word which means "prosper"
or "wealth" (發 – short for "發財", Pinyin: fā). In regional dialects the words for "eight"
and "fortune" are also similar, e.g. Cantonese "baat3" and "faat3".
There is also a visual resemblance between two digits, "88", and 囍, the "shuāng xĭ"
('double joy'), a popular decorative design composed of two stylized characters 喜 ("xĭ"
meaning 'joy' or 'happiness').
The number 8 is viewed as such an auspicious number that even being assigned a number
with several eights is considered very lucky.
• A telephone number with all digits being eights was sold for USD$270,723 in
Chengdu, China.
• The opening ceremony of the Summer Olympics in Beijing began on 8/8/08 at 8
seconds and 8 minutes past 8 pm (local time).
• A man in Hangzhou offered to sell his license plate reading A88888 for RMB
1.12 million (roughly USD164,000).
• The Petronas Twin Towers in Malaysia each have 88 Floors.
• The KLM route from Hong Kong to Amsterdam is Flight KL888
• The United Airlines route from San Francisco to Beijing is Flight 888.
• Dragon Fish Industry in Singapore, a breeder of rare Asian Arowanas (which are
"lucky fish" themselves, and, being a rare species, are required to be micro-
chipped), makes sure to use numbers with plenty of eights in their microchip tag
numbers, and appears to reserve particular numbers especially rich in eights and
sixes (e.g. 702088880006688) for particularly valuable specimens.
• The value of eight could also be linked with Buddhism and the meaning of Lotus
flower (eight petals).
• As part of grand opening promotions, a Commerce Bank branch in New York's
Chinatown raffled off safety deposit box No. 888.
• An "auspicious" numbering system was adopted by the developers of 39 Conduit
Road Hong Kong, where the top floor was "88" – Chinese for double fortune. It is
already common in Hong Kong for ~4th floors not to exist; there is no
requirement by the Buildings Department for numbering other than that it being
"made in a logical order." A total of 43 intermediate floor numbers are omitted
from 39 Conduit Road: those missing include 14, 24, 34, 64, all floors between 40
and 49; the floor number which follows 68 is 88.
Nine
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The number 9 (九, Pinyin: jiŭ, jyutping: gau2), being the greatest of single-digit numbers,
was historically associated with the Emperor of China; the Emperor's robes often had
nine dragons, and Chinese mythology held that the dragon has nine children.
Moreover, the number 9 is a homophone of the word for "longlasting" (久), and as such
is often used in weddings.
Thirteen
The number thirteen is lucky in Chinese because it sounds close to "definitely living."
Unlucky numbers
Four
Number 4 (四; accounting 肆; pinyin sì) is considered an unlucky number in Chinese,

Korean, and Japanese cultures because it is nearly homophonous to the word "death" (死
pinyin sǐ). Due to that, many numbered product lines skip the "4": e.g. Nokia cell phones
(there is no series beginning with a 4), Palm PDAs, Canon PowerShot G's series (after G3
goes G5), etc. In East Asia, some buildings do not have a 4th floor. (Compare with the
Western practice of some buildings not having a 13th floor because 13 is considered
unlucky.) In Hong Kong, some high-rise residential buildings literally miss all floor
numbers with "4", e.g. 4, 14, 24, 34 and all 40–49 floors, in addition to not having a 13th
floor. As a result, a building whose highest floor is number 50 may actually have only 35
physical floors.
Number 14 is considered to be one of the unluckiest numbers. Although 14 is usually said

in Mandarin as 十四 "shí sì," which sounds like 十死 "ten die", it can also be said as
一四 "yī sì" or 么四 "yāo sì", literally "one four". Thus, 14 can also be said as "yāo sì,"
literally "one four," but it also sounds like "want to die" (要死 pinyin yào sǐ). In
Cantonese, 14 sounds like "sap6 sei3", which sounds like "sat6 sei2" meaning "certainly
die" (實死). Not all Chinese people consider it to be an unlucky number as the
pronunciation differs among the various dialects. In Chiu Chow, 4 is pronounced as "see"
or "yes". It is seen to be a lucky number because Chinese people like things in pairs (four
would equal two pairs). However, the superstitions regarding numbers from Chinese
people have been adopted by the other Cantonese people.
Five
Although five (五, pinyin: wǔ, jyutping: ng5) can represent "me" (吾, pinyin: wú) in
Mandarin, it is usually associated with "not" (Mandarin 無, pinyin wú, and Cantonese 唔
m4). If used for the negative connotation it can become good by using it with a negative.
54 means "not die" or "no death". If used for the positive it can be used as a possessive.
528 is a way of saying "no easy fortune for me". 53 ("ng5 saam1" in Cantonese) sounds
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like "m4 sang1 （唔生）" – "not live".
Six
Six in Cantonese which has a similar pronunciation to that of "lok6" (落, meaning "to
drop, fall, or decline") may form unlucky combinations.
Seven
Seven is considered spiritist or ghostly. The seventh month of the Chinese calendar is
also called the "Ghost Month". During July, the gates of hell are said to be open so ghosts
and spirits are permitted to visit the living realm. However, the Chinese lunar calendar
also has July 7 as Chinese Valentine's Day (七夕 qi xi), so the number 7 is not generally
associated with bad luck. In most of the regions in China number 7 remains neutral or
associated with luck.
Combinations
• 167, 169, 1679: In Hong Kong, seven (七) and nine (九), respectively, two of "the
five most insulting words" in Cantonese – the male genital. Six in Cantonese also
has a similar pronunciation to an impolite word which is used to count the number
of cylindrical objects. Therefore, 167, 169, 1679 and other creative combinations
(such as the infamous taboo "on-9-9") are dirty jokes in Hong Kong culture.
• 250: if it is read in a certain way, it means imbecile in Mandarin. 二百五 (èr bǎi
wǔ) reading means imbecile, while alternative ways such as 兩百五 (lǐang bǎi
wǔ) or 二百五十 (èr bǎi wǔ shí) means 250.
• 5354: "唔生唔死" (m4 saang1 m4 sei2 in Cantonese) sounds like "not alive, not
dead". This often refers to something that is half dead or on the verge of death.
• 768: "七六八" (jyutping: cat1 luk6 baat3) rhymes with the phrase "一路發"
(jyutping: jat1 lou6 faat3) in Cantonese, which means "fortune all the way."
Alternatively, 168 "一六八" is sometimes used for the same term in Cantonese.
• 7456: In Mandarin, 7456 (qī sì wǔ liù) sounds marginally like "氣死我了" (qì-sǐ
wǒ -le, "to make me angry," "to piss me off"), and is sometimes used in internet
slang.
• 9413: "九死一生" (gau2 sei2 yat1 saang1 in Cantonese) – nine die to one live,
meaning 90% chance of being dead and only 10% chance of being alive, or
survived from such situations (a narrow escape).
Astrology and Numerology

Some astrologers believe that each number from 0 to 9 is ruled by a celestial body in our
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solar system -- the layout below is the most widely accepted system amongst modern
astrologers but there are other conflicting systems as well (such as the kabbalistic
system).
• Zero is ruled by the planet Pluto, which gives it many transforming and
regenerating qualities. It has a lot of depth and intensity, which makes it an
abstruse number indeed.
• One is ruled by the Sun and the astrological aspect of the conjunction, so this
number is very egocentric, quite often being somewhat of a loner.
• Two is ruled by the Moon and the astrological aspect of the opposition, which
means this number is very co-operative, emotive, and has a great deal of feeling.
This number is associated with relationships in general.
• Three is ruled by Jupiter and the astrological aspect of the trine, and is educated,
wise, and happy. The acquisition or expenditure of money often features
prominently in the number. There is usually a free flow of energy associated with
this number, which indicates that both good and bad come easily to this number.
This number is the major benefic, so is considered lucky to many. Money will
come and go easily when three is significant.
• Four is ruled by Sun/Uranus. It is very eccentric and unusual in nature. Where this
number is prominent invention and ingenuity are very important elements to any
given situation.
• Five is ruled by the planet Mercury and the astrological aspect of the quincunx. It
is very communicative and witty on a light level. Because this number deals with
the concept of communication, on a negative level deception can also be involved,
so it is always best to double check for the facts. Sometimes an individual must
make adjustments in order to fit in when this number is significant.
• Six is ruled by the planet Venus and the astrological aspect of the sextile. It is a
pleasant, harmonious number that governs the arts and music. Tact and diplomacy
figure prominently with this number, so relationships will be of paramount
importance. Six is a minor benefic, so money will play an important role when
this number is significant. There will be a free flow of energy, which will enable
many opportunities for success to come to the individuals who this number has
touched.
• Seven is ruled by the planets Moon/Neptune. It is a very spiritual number that is

not limited by the constraints of the physical world. This is the number of mystics,
visionaries, and seers. Because this number is associated with idealism,
depression can easily manifest itself when our expectations of others and our
goals are not met. This number has many surreal, or unreal, qualities to it.
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• Eight is ruled by the planet Saturn. It is a solid and very stable number that has
many limitations that must be transcended. Those individuals who have this
number prominent in their life usually must learn by experience. They quite often
have many harsh lessons to learn, which are quite often the result of a karmic debt
they must repay before they can progress unto their next level of spiritual
evolution.
• Nine is ruled by the planet Mars and the astrological aspect of the square. It is
forceful and dominating in an attempt to control the tension that is inherent in this
number. It also has a great deal of stability and is therefore a good number when
attempting to build foundations. When nine is prominent, quite often people will
need to overcome obstacles before they will be able to reach their highest
potential.
While different from the actual planets themselves, each astrological sign has also long
been associated with a particular number, beginning with Aries which has always been
the 1st sign of the Zodiac and ending with Pisces which has always been the 12th and
final astrological sign of the Natural Zodiac. This layout is as follows:
• 1 -- Aries - (Cardinal Fire)
• 2 -- Taurus - (Fixed Earth)
• 3 -- Gemini - (Mutable Air)
• 4 -- Cancer - (Cardinal Water)
• 5 -- Leo - (Fixed Fire)
• 6 -- Virgo - (Mutable Earth)
• 7 -- Libra - (Cardinal Air)
• 8 -- Scorpio - (Fixed Water)
• 9 -- Sagittarius - (Mutable Fire)
• 10 -- Capricorn - (Cardinal Earth)
• 11 -- Aquarius - (Fixed Air)
• 12 -- Pisces - (Mutable Water)
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Chapter- 6
Magic Square
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In recreational mathematics, a magic square of order n is an arrangement of n2 numbers,
usually distinct integers, in a square, such that the n numbers in all rows, all columns, and
both diagonals sum to the same constant. A normal magic square contains the integers
from 1 to n2. The term "magic square" is also sometimes used to refer to any of various
types of word square.
Normal magic squares exist for all orders n ≥ 1 except n = 2, although the case n = 1 is
trivial, consisting of a single cell containing the number 1. The smallest nontrivial case,
shown below, is of order 3.
The constant sum in every row, column and diagonal is called the magic constant or
magic sum, M. The magic constant of a normal magic square depends only on n and has
the value
For normal magic squares of order n = 3, 4, 5, ..., the magic constants are:
15, 34, 65, 111, 175, 260, ... (sequence A006003 in OEIS).
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At Macworld Expo 2009, Apple Inc. cofounder Steve Wozniak created a magic square
after asking his audience to suggest a random number for the magic constant.
History
Original script from Shams Al-ma'arif
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Printed version of the previous manuscript. Eastern Arabic numerals were used.
Magic squares were known to Chinese mathematicians, as early as 650 BCE and Arab
mathematicians, possibly as early as the 7th century, when the Arabs conquered
northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent and learned Indian mathematics and
astronomy, including other aspects of combinatorial mathematics. The first magic squares
of order 5 and 6 appear in an encyclopedia from Baghdad circa 983 CE, the
Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity (Rasa'il Ihkwan al-Safa); simpler magic squares
were known to several earlier Arab mathematicians. Some of these squares were later
used in conjunction with magic letters as in (Shams Al-ma'arif) to assist Arab illusionists
and magicians.
Lo Shu square (3×3 magic square)
Chinese literature dating from as early as 650 BC tells the legend of Lo Shu or "scroll of
the river Lo". In ancient China there was a huge flood. The great king Yu (禹) tried to
channel the water out to sea where then emerged from the water a turtle with a curious
figure/pattern on its shell; circular dots of numbers which were arranged in a three by
three grid pattern such that the sum of the numbers in each row, column and diagonal was
the same: 15, which is also the number of days in each of the 24 cycles of the Chinese
solar year. This pattern, in a certain way, was used by the people in controlling the river.
4 9 2
3 5 7
8 1 6
The Lo Shu Square, as the magic square on the turtle shell is called, is the unique normal
magic square of order three in which 1 is at the bottom and 2 is in the upper right corner.
Every normal magic square of order three is obtained from the Lo Shu by rotation or
reflection.
The Square of Lo Shu is also referred to as the Magic Square of Saturn or Chronos.
Cultural significance
Magic squares have fascinated humanity throughout the ages, and have been around for
over 4,120 years. They are found in a number of cultures, including Egypt and India,
engraved on stone or metal and worn as talismans, the belief being that magic squares
had astrological and divinatory qualities, their usage ensuring longevity and prevention of
diseases.
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The Kubera-Kolam is a floor painting used in India which is in the form of a magic
square of order three. It is essentially the same as the Lo Shu Square, but with 19 added
to each number, giving a magic constant of 72.
23 28 21
22 24 26
27 20 25
Persia
Although a definitive judgement of early history of magic squares is not available, it has
been suggested that magic squares are probably of pre-Islamic Persian origin. The study
of magic squares in medieval Islam in Persia is however common, and supposedly, came
after the introduction of Chess in Persia. For instance in the tenth century, the Persian
mathematician Buzjani has left a manuscript on page 33 of which there is a series of
magic squares, which are filled by numbers in arithmetic progression in such a way that
the sums on each line, column and diagonal are equal.
Arabia
Magic squares were known to Islamic mathematicians, possibly as early as the 7th
century, when the Arabs came into contact with Indian culture, and learned Indian
mathematics and astronomy, including other aspects of combinatorial mathematics. It has
also been suggested that the idea came via China. The first magic squares of order 5 and
6 appear in an encyclopedia from Baghdad circa 983 AD, the Rasa'il Ikhwan al-Safa (the
Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity); simpler magic squares were known to several
earlier Arab mathematicians.
The Arab mathematician Ahmad al-Buni, who worked on magic squares around 1250
A.D., attributed mystical properties to them, although no details of these supposed
properties are known. There are also references to the use of magic squares in
astrological calculations, a practice that seems to have originated with the Arabs.
India
The 3x3 magic square was used as part of rituals in India from vedic times, and continues
to be used to date.The Ganesh yantra is a 3x3 magic square. A well known early 4x4
magic square in India can be seen in Khajuraho in the Parshvanath Jain temple. It dates
from the 10th century.
7 12 1 14
2 13 8 11
16 3 10 5
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9 6 15 4
This is referred to as the Chautisa Yantra, since each row, column, diagonal, 2x2 sub-
square, the corners of each 3x3 and 4x4 square, the two sets of four symmetrical numbers
(1+11+16+6 and 2+12+15+5), and the sum of the middle two entries of the two outer
columns and rows (12+1+6+15 and 2+16+11+5), sums to 34.
Europe
In 1300, building on the work of the Arab Al-Buni, Greek Byzantine scholar Manuel
Moschopoulos wrote a mathematical treatise on the subject of magic squares, leaving out
the mysticism of his predecessors. Moschopoulos is thought to be the first Westerner to
have written on the subject. In the 1450s the Italian Luca Pacioli studied magic squares
and collected a large number of examples.
In about 1510 Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa wrote De Occulta Philosophia, drawing on the
Hermetic and magical works of Marsilio Ficino and Pico della Mirandola, and in it he
expounded on the magical virtues of seven magical squares of orders 3 to 9, each
associated with one of the astrological planets. This book was very influential throughout
Europe until the counter-reformation, and Agrippa's magic squares, sometimes called
Kameas, continue to be used within modern ceremonial magic in much the same way as
he first prescribed.
Sol=111
Mars=65 6 32 3 34 35 1
Jupiter=34 11 24 7 20 3 7 11 27 28 8 30
Saturn=15 4 14 15 1 4 12 25 8 16 19 14 16 15 23 24
4 9 2 9 7 6 12 17 5 13 21 9 18 20 22 21 17 13
3 5 7 5 11 10 8 10 18 1 14 22 25 29 10 9 26 12
8 1 6 16 2 3 13 23 6 19 2 15 36 5 33 4 2 31
Luna=369
Mercury=260 37 78 29 70 21 62 13 54 5
Venus=175 8 58 59 5 4 62 63 1 6 38 79 30 71 22 63 14 46
22 47 16 41 10 35 4 49 15 14 52 53 11 10 56 47 7 39 80 31 72 23 55 15
5 23 48 17 42 11 29 41 23 22 44 45 19 18 48 16 48 8 40 81 32 64 24 56
30 6 24 49 18 36 12 32 34 35 29 28 38 39 25 57 17 49 9 41 73 33 65 25
13 31 7 25 43 19 37 40 26 27 37 36 30 31 33 26 58 18 50 1 42 74 34 66
38 14 32 1 26 44 20 17 47 46 20 21 43 42 24 67 27 59 10 51 2 43 75 35
21 39 8 33 2 27 45 9 55 54 12 13 51 50 16 36 68 19 60 11 52 3 44 76
46 15 40 9 34 3 28 64 2 3 61 60 6 7 57 77 28 69 20 61 12 53 4 45
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The derivation of the sigil of Hagiel, the planetary intelligence of Venus, drawn on the
magic square of Venus. Each Hebrew letter provides a numerical value, giving the
vertices of the sigil.
The most common use for these Kameas is to provide a pattern upon which to construct
the sigils of spirits, angels or demons; the letters of the entity's name are converted into
numbers, and lines are traced through the pattern that these successive numbers make on
the kamea. In a magical context, the term magic square is also applied to a variety of
word squares or number squares found in magical grimoires, including some that do not
follow any obvious pattern, and even those with differing numbers of rows and columns.
They are generally intended for use as talismans. For instance the following squares are:
The Sator square, one of the most famous magic squares found in a number of grimoires
including the Key of Solomon; a square "to overcome envy", from The Book of Power;
and two squares from The Book of the Sacred Magic of Abramelin the Mage, the first to
cause the illusion of a superb palace to appear, and the second to be worn on the head of a
child during an angelic invocation:
SATOR H E S EB
ARE PO 6 66 848 938 E QAL A D A M
TENET 8 11 544 839 S D A R A
OP ERA 1 11 383 839 E G A R A D
ROTAS 2 73 774 447 B M A D A
Albrecht Dürer's magic square
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Detail of Melencolia I
The order-4 magic square in Albrecht Dürer's engraving Melencolia I is believed to be
the first seen in European art. It is very similar to Yang Hui's square, which was created
in China about 250 years before Dürer's time. The sum 34 can be found in the rows,
columns, diagonals, each of the quadrants, the center four squares, and the corner
squares(of the 4x4 as well as the four contained 3x3 grids). This sum can also be found in
the four outer numbers clockwise from the corners (3+8+14+9) and likewise the four
counter-clockwise (the locations of four queens in the two solutions of the 4 queens
puzzle), the two sets of four symmetrical numbers (2+8+9+15 and 3+5+12+14), the sum
of the middle two entries of the two outer columns and rows (5+9+8+12 and
3+2+15+14), and in four kite or cross shaped quartets(3+5+11+15, 2+10+8+14,
3+9+7+15, and 2+6+12+14). The two numbers in the middle of the bottom row give the
date of the engraving: 1514. The numbers 1 and 4 at either side of the date correspond to,
in English, the letters 'A' and 'D' which are the initials of the artist.
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16 3 2 13
5 10 11 8
9 6 7 12
4 15 14 1
Dürer's magic square can also be extended to a magic cube.
Dürer's magic square and his Melencolia I both also played large roles in Dan Brown's
2009 novel, The Lost Symbol.
Sagrada Família magic square
WT A magic square on the Sagrada Família church façade
The Passion façade of the Sagrada Família church in Barcelona, designed by sculptor
Josep Subirachs, features a 4×4 magic square:
The magic constant of the square is 33, the age of Jesus at the time of the Passion.
Structurally, it is very similar to the Melancholia magic square, but it has had the
numbers in four of the cells reduced by 1.
1 14 14 4
11 7 6 9
8 10 10 5
13 2 3 15
While having the same pattern of summation, this is not a normal magic square as above,
as two numbers (10 and 14) are duplicated and two (12 and 16) are absent, failing the
1→n2 rule.
Similarly to Dürer's magic square, the Sagrada Familia's magic square can also be
extended to a magic cube.
Types and construction
There are many ways to construct magic squares, but the standard (and most simple) way
is to follow certain configurations/formulas which generate regular patterns. Magic
squares exist for all values of n, with only one exception: it is impossible to construct a
magic square of order 2. Magic squares can be classified into three types: odd, doubly
even (n divisible by four) and singly even (n even, but not divisible by four). Odd and
doubly even magic squares are easy to generate; the construction of singly even magic
squares is more difficult but several methods exist, including the LUX method for magic
squares (due to John Horton Conway) and the Strachey method for magic squares.
Group theory was also used for constructing new magic squares of a given order from
one of them, please see.
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The number of different n×n magic squares for n from 1 to 5, not counting rotations and
reflections:
1, 0, 1, 880, 275305224 (sequence A006052 in OEIS).
The number for n = 6 has been estimated to 1.7745×1019.
Method for constructing a magic square of odd order
Yang Hui's construction method
A method for constructing magic squares of odd order was published by the French
diplomat de la Loubère in his book A new historical relation of the kingdom of Siam (Du
Royaume de Siam, 1693), under the chapter entitled The problem of the magical square
according to the Indians. The method operates as follows:
Starting from the central column of the first row with the number 1, the fundamental
movement for filling the squares is diagonally up and right, one step at a time. If a filled
square is encountered, one moves vertically down one square instead, then continuing as
before. When a move would leave the square, it is wrapped around to the last row or first
column, respectively.
step 1 step 2 step 3 step 4 step 5

1 1 1 1 1
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. . 3 3 3 5
. 2 2 4 2 4 2
step 6 step 7 step 8 step 9
1 6 1 6 8 1 6 8 1 6
3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7
4 2 4 2 4 2 4 9 2
Starting from other squares rather than the central column of the first row is possible, but
then only the row and column sums will be identical and result in a magic sum, whereas
the diagonal sums will differ. The result will thus be a semimagic square and not a true
magic square. Moving in directions other than north east can also result in magic squares.
Order 9
47 58 69 80 1 12 23 34 45
57 68 79 9 11 22 33 44 46
67 78 8 10 21 32 43 54 56
Order 5 77 7 18 20 31 42 53 55 66
17 24 1 8 15 6 17 19 30 41 52 63 65 76
Order 3 23 5 7 14 16 16 27 29 40 51 62 64 75 5
8 1 6 4 6 13 20 22 26 28 39 50 61 72 74 4 15
3 5 7 10 12 19 21 3 36 38 49 60 71 73 3 14 25
4 9 2 11 18 25 2 9 37 48 59 70 81 2 13 24 35
The following formulae help construct magic squares of odd order
Order n
Squares Last Middle

Sum (M) Ith row and Jth column No.
(n) No. No.
n n2
Example:
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Order 5
Squares (n) Last No. Middle No. Sum (M)
5 25 13 65
The "Middle Number" is always in the diagonal bottom left to top right.
The "Last Number" is always opposite the number 1 in an outside column or row.
A method of constructing a magic square of doubly even order
Doubly even means that n is an even multiple of an even integer; or 4p (e.g. 4, 8, 12),
where p is an integer.
Generic pattern All the numbers are written in order from left to right across each row
in turn, starting from the top left hand corner. The resulting square is also known as a
mystic square. Numbers are then either retained in the same place or interchanged with
their diametrically opposite numbers in a certain regular pattern. In the magic square of
order four, the numbers in the four central squares and one square at each corner are
retained in the same place and the others are interchanged with their diametrically
opposite numbers.
A construction of a magic square of order 4 Go left to right through the square filling
counting and filling in on the diagonals only. Then continue by going left to right from
the top left of the table and fill in counting down from 16 to 1. As shown below.
M = Order 4 M = Order 4
1 4 1 15 14 4
6 7 12 6 7 9
10 11 8 10 11 5
13 16 13 3 2 16
An extension of the above example for Orders 8 and 12 First generate a "truth" table,
where a '1' indicates selecting from the square where the numbers are written in order 1 to
n2 (left-to-right, top-to-bottom), and a '0' indicates selecting from the square where the
numbers are written in reverse order n2 to 1. For M = 4, the "truth" table is as shown
below, (third matrix from left.)
M = Order 4 M = Order 4 M = Order 4 M = Order 4

1 2 3 4 16 15 14 13 1 0 0 1 1 15 14 4
5 6 7 8 12 11 10 9 0 1 1 0 12 6 7 9
9 10 11 12 8 7 6 5 0 1 1 0 8 10 11 5
13 14 15 16 4 3 2 1 1 0 0 1 13 3 2 16
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Note that a) there are equal number of '1's and '0's; b) each row and each column are
"palindromic"; c) the left- and right-halves are mirror images; and d) the top- and bottom-
halves are mirror images (c & d imply b.) The truth table can be denoted as (9, 6, 6, 9) for
simplicity (1-nibble per row, 4 rows.) Similarly, for M=8, two choices for the truth table
are (A5, 5A, A5, 5A, 5A, A5, 5A, A5) or (99, 66, 66, 99, 99, 66, 66, 99) (2-nibbles per
row, 8 rows.) For M=12, the truth table (E07, E07, E07, 1F8, 1F8, 1F8, 1F8, 1F8, 1F8,
E07, E07, E07) yields a magic square (3-nibbles per row, 12 rows.) It is possible to count
the number of choices one has based on the truth table, taking rotational symmetries into
account.
Medjig-method of constructing magic squares of even number of

rows
This method is based on a 2006 published mathematical game called medjig (author:
Willem Barink, editor: Philos-Spiele). The pieces of the medjig puzzle are squares
divided in four quadrants on which the numbers 0, 1, 2 and 3 are dotted in all sequences.
There are 18 squares, with each sequence occurring 3 times. The aim of the puzzle is to
take 9 squares out of the collection and arrange them in a 3 x 3 "medjig-square" in such a
way that each row and column formed by the quadrants sums to 9, along with the two
long diagonals.
The medjig method of constructing a magic square of order 6 is as follows:
• Construct any 3 x 3 medjig-square (ignoring the original game's limit on the

number of times that a given sequence is used).
• Take the 3 x 3 magic square and divide each of its squares into four quadrants.
• Fill these quadrants with the four numbers from 1 to 36 that equal the original
number modulo 9, i.e. x+9y where x is the original number and y is a number
from 0 to 3, following the pattern of the medjig-square.
Example:
Medjig 3 x 3 Order 6
2 3 0 2 0 2 26 35 1 19 6 24
1 0 3 1 3 1 17 8 28 10 33 15
Order 3 3 1 1 2 2 0 30 12 14 23 25 7
8 1 6 0 2 0 3 3 1 3 21 5 32 34 16
3 5 7 3 2 2 0 0 2 31 22 27 9 2 20
4 9 2 0 1 3 1 1 3 4 13 36 18 11 29
Similarly, for any larger integer N, a magic square of order 2N can be constructed from
any N x N medjig-square with each row, column, and long diagonal summing to (N-
1)*N/2, and any N x N magic square (using the four numbers from 1 to 4N^2 that equal
the original number modulo N^2).
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Construction of panmagic squares
Any number p in the order-n square can be uniquely written in the form p = an + r, with r
chosen from {1,...,n}. Note that due to this restriction, a and r are not the usual quotient
and remainder of dividing p by n. Consequently the problem of constructing can be split
in two problems easier to solve. So, construct two matching square grids of order n
satisfying panmagic properties, one for the a-numbers (0,..., n−1), and one for the r-
numbers (1,...,n). This requires a lot of puzzling, but can be done. When successful,
combine them into one panmagic square. Van den Essen and many others supposed this
was also the way Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790) constructed his famous Franklin
squares. Three panmagic squares are shown below. The first two squares have been
constructed April 2007 by Barink, the third one is some years older, and comes from
Donald Morris, who used, as he supposes, the Franklin way of construction.
Order 12, sum 870

138 8 17 127 114 32 41 103 90 56 65 79
19 125 140 6 43 101 116 30 67 77 92 54
128 18 7 137 104 42 31 113 80 66 55 89
Order 8, sum 260 5 139 126 20 29 115 102 44 53 91 78 68
62 4 13 51 46 20 29 35 136 10 15 129 112 34 39 105 88 58 63 81
5 59 54 12 21 43 38 28 21 123 142 4 45 99 118 28 69 75 94 52
52 14 3 61 36 30 19 45 130 16 9 135 106 40 33 111 82 64 57 87
11 53 60 6 27 37 44 22 3 141 124 22 27 117 100 46 51 93 76 70
64 2 15 49 48 18 31 33 134 12 13 131 110 36 37 107 86 60 61 83
7 57 56 10 23 41 40 26 23 121 144 2 47 97 120 26 71 73 96 50
50 16 1 63 34 32 17 47 132 14 11 133 108 38 35 109 84 62 59 85
9 55 58 8 25 39 42 24 1 143 122 24 25 119 98 48 49 95 74 72
The order 8 square satisfies all panmagic properties, including the Franklin ones. It
consists of 4 perfectly panmagic 4x4 units. Note that both order 12 squares show the
property that any row or column can be divided in three parts having a sum of 290 (= 1/3
of the total sum of a row or column). This property compensates the absence of the more
standard panmagic Franklin property that any 1/2 row or column shows the sum of 1/2 of
the total. For the rest the order 12 squares differ a lot.The Barink 12x12 square is
composed of 9 perfectly panmagic 4x4 units, moreover any 4 consecutive numbers
starting on any odd place in a row or column show a sum of 290. The Morris 12x12
square lacks these properties, but on the contrary shows constant Franklin diagonals. For
a better understanding of the constructing decompose the squares as described above, and
see how it was done. And note the difference between the Barink constructions on the
one hand, and the Morris/Franklin construction on the other hand.
In the book Mathematics in the Time-Life Science Library Series, magic squares by Euler
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and Franklin are shown. Franklin designed this one so that any four-square subset (any
four contiguous squares that form a larger square, or any four squares equidistant from
the center) total 130. In Euler's square, the rows and columns each total 260, and halfway
they total 130—and a chess knight, making its L-shaped moves on the square, can touch
all 64 boxes in consecutive numerical order.
Construction similar to the Kronecker Product
There is a method reminiscent of the Kronecker product of two matrices, that builds an
nm x nm magic square from an n x n magic square and an m x m magic square.
The construction of a magic square using genetic algorithms
A magic square can be constructed using genetic algorithms. This is an elegant trial and
error process in which an initial population of magic squares with random values are
generated. The fitnesses of these individual magic square are calculated based on the
"flatness" of the magic square, that is, the degree of deviation in the sums of the rows,
columns, and diagonals. The population of magic squares will interbreed (exchange
values) in a manner coherent to genetics, based on the fitness score of the magic squares.
Thus, magic squares with a higher fitness score will have a higher likelihood of
reproducing. In the interbreeding process where the magic squares exchange their values,
a mutation factor is introduced, imitating genetic mutation in nature. This mutation will
be included or naturally excluded from the solution depending on their contribution to the
fitness of the magic square. The next generation of the magic square population is again
calculated for their fitness, and this process continues until a solution has been found.
Generalizations
Extra constraints
Certain extra restrictions can be imposed on magic squares. If not only the main
diagonals but also the broken diagonals sum to the magic constant, the result is a
panmagic square. If raising each number to certain powers yields another magic square,
the result is a bimagic, a trimagic, or, in general, a multimagic square.
Different constraints
Sometimes the rules for magic squares are relaxed, so that only the rows and columns but
not necessarily the diagonals sum to the magic constant (this is usually called a
semimagic square).
In heterosquares and antimagic squares, the 2n + 2 sums must all be different.
Multiplicative magic squares
Instead of adding the numbers in each row, column and diagonal, one can apply some
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other operation. For example, a multiplicative magic square has a constant product of
numbers. A multiplicative magic square can be derived from an additive magic square by
raising 2 (or any other integer) to the power of each element. For example, the original
Lo-Shu magic square becomes:
M = 32768
16 512 4
8 32 128
256 2 64
Other examples of multiplicative magic squares include:
M = 6720
M = 216 1 6 20 56
2 9 12 40 28 2 3
36 6 1 14 5 24 4
3 4 18 12 8 7 10
Ali Skalli's non iterative method of construction is also applicable to multiplicative magic
squares. On the 7x7 example below, the products of each line, each column and each
diagonal is 6,227,020,800.
Skalli multiplicative 7 x 7
27 50 66 84 13 2 32
24 52 3 40 54 70 11
56 9 20 44 36 65 6
55 72 91 1 16 36 30
4 24 45 60 77 12 26
10 22 48 39 5 48 63
78 7 8 18 40 33 60
Multiplicative magic squares of complex numbers
Still using Ali Skalli's non iterative method, it is possible to produce an infinity of
multiplicative magic squares of complex numbers belonging to set. On the example
below, the real and imaginary parts are integer numbers, but they can also belong to the
entire set of real numbers . The product is: −352,507,340,640 − 400,599,719,520 i.
Skalli multiplicative 7 x 7 of complex numbers

21+14i −70+30i −93−9i −105−217i 16+50i 4−14i 14−8i
63−35i 28+114i −14i 2+6i 3−11i 211+357i −123−87i
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31−15i 13−13i −103+69i −261−213i 49−49i −46+2i −6+2i
102−84i −28−14i 43+247i −10−2i 5+9i 31−27i −77+91i
−22−6i 7+7i 8+14i 50+20i −525−492i −28−42i −73+17i
54+68i 138−165i −56−98i −63+35i 4−8i 2−4i 70−53i
24+22i −46−16i 6−4i 17+20i 110+160i 84−189i 42−14i
Other magic shapes
Other shapes than squares can be considered, resulting, for example, in magic stars and
magic hexagons. Going up in dimension results in magic cubes, magic tesseracts and
other magic hypercubes.
Edward Shineman has developed yet another design in the shape of magic diamonds.
Combined extensions
One can combine two or more of the above extensions, resulting in such objects as
multiplicative multimagic hypercubes. Little seems to be known about this subject.
Related problems
Over the years, many mathematicians, including Euler and Cayley have worked on magic
squares, and discovered fascinating relations.
Magic square of primes
Rudolf Ondrejka (1928–2001) discovered the following 3x3 magic square of primes, in
this case nine Chen primes:
17 89 71
113 59 5
47 29 101
The Green–Tao theorem implies that there are arbitrarily large magic squares consisting
of primes.
Using Ali Skalli's non-iterative method of magic squares construction, it is easy to create
magic squares of primes of any dimension. In the example below, many symmetries
appear (including all sorts of crosses), as well as the horizontal and vertical translations
of all those. The magic constant is 13665.
Skalli Primes 5 x 5
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2087 2633 2803 2753 3389
2843 2729 3347 2099 2647
3359 2113 2687 2819 2687
2663 2777 2699 3373 2153
2713 3413 2129 2621 2789
It is believed that an infinite number of Skalli's magic squares of prime exist, but no
demonstration exists to date. However, it is possible to easily produce a considerable
number of them, not calculable in the absence of demonstration.
n-Queens problem
In 1992, Demirörs, Rafraf, and Tanik published a method for converting some magic
squares into n-queens solutions, and vice versa.
Chapter- 7
Number of the Beast
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The number of the beast is 666 by William Blake
The Number of the Beast is a concept from the Book of Revelation of the New
Testament of the Christian Bible, relating to the figure of "The Beast". The number is 666
in most manuscripts of the New Testament and in modern translations while critical
editions of the Greek text (such as the Novum Testamentum Graece) also note 616 as a
variant.
Bible
666
The Number of the Beast is described in the Book of Revelation 13:17–18. The original
Greek reads:
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17 καὶ ἵνα μή τις δύνηται ἀγοράσαι ἢ πωλῆσαι εἰ μὴ ὁ ἔχων τὸ χάραγμα, τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ
θηρίου ἢ τὸν ἀριθμὸν τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ. 18 ὧδε ἡ σοφία ἐστίν· ὁ ἔχων νοῦν
ψηφισάτω τὸν ἀριθμὸν τοῦ θηρίου, ἀριθμὸς γὰρ ἀνθρώπου ἐστίν· καὶ ὁ ἀριθμὸς αὐτοῦ
ἑξακόσιοι ἑξήκοντα ἕξ.
The number is the final 3 words (transliterated: hexakósioi hexēkonta héx), meaning "six
hundred sixty-six".
The King James Version of the Bible translates:
And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or
the number of his name. Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the
number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred
threescore and six.
In the Old Testament, both 1 Kings 10:14 and 2 Chronicles 9:13 state that Solomon
collected "six hundred threescore and six" talents of gold each year. John's reference to
"wisdom" and "understanding" might also point toward Proverbs 1 and 2, where
understanding, discernment, wisdom and insight are explained and advised by King
Solomon. In the Greek manuscripts, the number is rendered in Greek numerical form as
χξϛʹ, or sometimes literally as ἑξακόσιοι ἑξήκοντα ἕξ, hexakósioi hexēkonta héx, "six
hundred and sixty-six".
There are several interpretations-translations for the meaning of the phrase "Let him that
hath understanding count the number of the beast" where the peculiar Greek word
ψηφισάτω (psefisato) is used. Possible translations include not only "to count", "to
reckon" but also "to vote" or "to decide".
Although Irenaeus (2nd century AD) affirmed the number to be 666 and reported several
scribal errors of the number, there is still doubt by a minority of theologians about the
original reading.
616
In May 2005, it was reported that scholars at Oxford University using advanced imaging
techniques had been able to read previously illegible portions of a manuscript which
stated 616 instead of the majority of texts which state 666. However, the existence of
manuscripts attesting to 616 has been known long before this finding, the other early
witness Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (C) has it written in full: ἑξακόσιοι δέκα ἕξ,
hexakosiai deka hex (lit. "six hundred sixteen"). This, along with the translation of P115,
has led some scholars to conclude that 616 is the original number of the beast.
The NRSV translation for Rev 13:18 includes this translation note: "Other ancient
authorities read six hundred and sixteen".
Interpretations
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In Greek and Hebrew gematria, every letter has a corresponding number. Summing these
numbers gives a numeric value to a word or name.
Here is wisdom. Let him who has understanding calculate the number of the beast, for it
is the number of a man: His number is 666.
– Rev. 13:18 (NKJV)
The use of gematria to calculate "the number of the beast" is used in many of the below
interpretations.
Nero
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Bust of Nero at Musei Capitolini, Rome
Some scholars contend that the number 666 is a code for the Roman Emperor Nero.
Charagma is well attested to have been an imperial seal of the Roman Empire used on
official documents during the 1st and 2nd centuries. In the reign of Emperor Decius
(249–251 AD), those who did not possess the certificate of sacrifice (libellus) to Caesar
could not pursue trades, a prohibition that conceivably goes back to Nero, reminding one
of Revelation 13:17.
However, others believe the Book of Revelation was written after Nero committed
suicide in AD 68. The Catholic Encyclopedia has noted that the book of Revelation was
"written during the latter part of the reign of the Roman Emperor Domitian, probably in
A.D. 95 or 96". Additional Protestant scholars are in agreement. Because Revelation 13
speaks of a future prophetic event, "All who dwell on the earth will worship him, whose
names have not been written in the Book of Life of the Lamb slain from the foundation of
the world." (Revelation 13:8 NKJV), critics have noted that the interpretation of Nero
meeting the fulfillment is an impossibility as Revelation was written around 30 years
after the death of Nero.
The Greek spelling, "Nerōn Kaisar", transliterates into Aramaic as "‫ "רסק ןורנ‬or nrwn qsr.
The Aramaic spelling is attested in a scroll from Murabba'at dated to "the second year of
emperor Nero." Adding the corresponding values yields 666, as shown:
Resh (‫ )ר‬Samech (‫ )ס‬Qof (‫ )ק‬Noon (‫ )נ‬Vav (‫ )ו‬Resh (‫ )ר‬Noon (‫ )נ‬TOTAL
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200 60 100 50 6 200 50 666
Papacy
Some Protestant Bible commentators and some Protestant Reformers have equated the
"beast" of Revelation chapter 13 with the Papacy. To this end, the letters of a title of the
Pope, Vicarius Filii Dei (Vicar of The Son of God), are summed to total 666 in Roman
numerals. The earliest extant record of a Protestant writer on this subject is Andreas
Helwig in 1612 in his work Antichristus Romanus. The title was contained in the
Donation of Constantine, by which large privileges and rich possessions were conferred
on the pope and the Roman Church.
Seventh Day Adventists have interpreted the number of the beast, 666, as corresponding
to the title Vicarius Filii Dei of the Pope. The number 666 is calculated by using
gematria.
V I C A R I V S F I L I I D E I TOTAL
5 1 100 0 0 1 5 0 0 1 50 1 1 500 0 1 666
In 1866, Uriah Smith was the first to propose the interpretation to the Seventh-day
Adventist Church.
The pope wears upon his pontifical crown in jeweled letters, this title: "Vicarius
Filii Dei," "Viceregent of the Son of God;" the numerical value of which title is
just six hundred and sixty-six The most plausible supposition we have ever seen
on this point is that here we find the number in question. It is the number of the
beast, the papacy; it is the number of his name, for he adopts it as his distinctive
title; it is the number of a man, for he who bears it is the "man of sin."
Prominent Adventist scholar J. N. Andrews also adopted this view. Uriah Smith
maintained his interpretation in the various editions of Thoughts on Daniel and the
Revelation, which was influential in the church.
Various documents from the Vatican contain wording such as "Adorandi Dei Filii
Vicarius et Procurator quibus numen æternum summam Ecclesiæ sanctæ dedit" Which
as translated is "As the Vicar and Caretaker of the worshipful Son of God, to whom the
eternal divine will has given the highest rank of the Holy Church".
Samuele Bacchiocchi a Bible scholar, and only Adventist to be awarded a gold medal by
Pope Paul VI for the distinction of summa cum laude (Latin for "with highest praise").
has documented the pope using such a title.
We noted that contrary to some Catholic sources who deny the use of Vicarius Filii Dei
as a papal title, we have found this title to have been used in official Catholic documents
to support the ecclesiastical authority and temporal sovereignty of the pope. Thus the
charge that Adventists fabricated the title to support their prophetic interpretation of 666,
is unfair and untrue.
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– 'Samuele Bacchiocchi,
Muhammad
Some researchers have reportedly found the number of the Beast in the Greek word
Maometis. In Quia Maior, the encyclical calling for the Fifth Crusade, Pope Innocent III
identifies Muhammad with the beast of Revelation(however newer popes do not). A
leading exponent of the Maometis interpretation was Charles Walmesley, the Roman
Catholic bishop of Rama. He observed that the name Muhammad was spelled Maometis
or Moametis by Euthymius Zygabenus and the Greek historians Zonaras and Cedrenus.
Other proponents include Charles Montagu, Gilbert Genebrard, Francois Feuardent, and
Rene Massuet. Maometis in Greek gematria totals 666:
M A O M E T I S TOTAL
40 1 70 40 5 300 10 200 666
Muhammad is however spelled Moamet in Greek.
Other suggested names
• Andrew of Caesarea in his Commentary on Revelation gives seven names:

Lampetis (the lustrous one), Teitan, Palaibaskanos (an ancient sorcerer),
Benediktos (blue bastard), Kakos Odegos (bad guide), Alethes Blaberos (really
harmful), and Amnos Adikos (unjust lamb) each of which gives a total of 666.
Most of these names are repeated by Arethas of Caesarea, who in his
Commentary adds Teitan from Irenaeus and O Niketes (the winner).
• Victorinus of Pettau gives the names Teitan, Antemos (opponent), Diclux
(double-dealer) and Genserikos; the last he calls Gothic. As it is plainly
Genseric, the Vandal king, who captured Rome in 455 AD, the passage as a
whole can not go back to Victorinus, who belonged to the 3rd century. It is not,
however surprising that the commentary should be brought up to date, after
Genseric became notorious through the sack of Carthage or of Rome. Of the other
names in Victorinus only Diclux needs mention. It is said to be the Latin
counterpart of Teitan and by reckoning each letter at its value in Roman numerals,
the total of 666 is again given.
• Beatus, a Spanish monk, gives eight names among which are Damnatus
(Damned), Antichristus (Antichrist), and Acxyme (for aichime or achine=666).
The numerical interpretation of Antichristus is based on the order of letters in the
Latin alphabet, a = 1 to x = 300, but the accusative must be taken and spelled
Antechristum.
Mark of the Beast

Mark of commerce
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Those who hold to Futurist Christian eschatology believe that the rise of a supranational
currency could be a hallmark of the End Times.
Religious difficulties with a supranational currency currently exist. According to the

Futurist view, to overcome the extant difficulties the Antichrist will use forced religious
syncretism (i.e. in the name of counterterrorism and world economic stability) to enable
the creation of the supranational currency. Some interpret the mark as a requirement for
all commerce to mean that the mark might actually be an object with the function of a
credit card (e.g. implanted RFID tags).
Other views
Seventh-day Adventists believe that the "mark of the beast" (but not the number 666)
refers to a future, universal, legally enforced Sunday-worship. "Those who reject God's
memorial of creatorship — the Bible Sabbath — choosing to worship and honor Sunday
in the full knowledge that it is not God's appointed day of worship, will receive the 'mark
of the beast.'" "The Sunday Sabbath is purely a child of the Papacy. It is the mark of the
beast."
Some who take a preterist view of the Book of Revelation identify the Mark of the Beast
with the stamped image of the emperor's head on every coin of the Roman Empire: the
stamp on the hand or in the mind of all, without which no one could buy or sell. New
Testament scholar Craig C. Hill says, "It is far more probable that the mark symbolizes
the all-embracing economic power of Rome, who's very coinage bore the emperor's
image and conveyed his claims to divinity (e.g., by including the sun's rays in the ruler's
portrait). It had become increasingly difficult for Christians to function in a world in
which public life, including the economic life of the trade guilds, required participation in
idolatry." A similar view is offered by Craig R. Koester. "As sales were made, people
used coins that bore the images of Rome's gods and emperors. Thus each transaction that
used such coins was a reminder that people were advancing themselves economically by
relying on political powers that did not recognize the true God."
The verse is also seen as making a pointed ironical contrast with the Jewish institution of
tefillin – bible texts worn bound to the arm and the forehead during daily prayer. Instead
of binding their allegiance to God to their arm and head, the place is instead taken with
people's allegiance to The Beast.
Kabbalah
In Kabbalistic Judaism the number 666 represents the creation and perfection of the
world. The world was created in 6 days, and there are 6 cardinal directions (North, South,
East, West, Up, Down). 6 is also the numerical value of one of the letters of God's name.
Other interpretations
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that The Beast for which 666 stands symbolizes many
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unified governments, harmonizing with the symbolic depiction of past governments
(denoted as "kings") in the Book of Daniel as wild beasts. The Beast is said to have "a
human number" in that the governments that the beast symbolizes are all of a human
origin, they aren't made up of spirit or demon entities. Furthermore, the number 666
"itself all point to one unmistakable conclusion—gross shortcoming and failure in the
eyes of Jehovah," thus imperfection (7 is used by God in many ways to indicate
perfection such as days in the week, hence 6 is the number of imperfection, falling short
of 7).
Aleister Crowley (1875–1947) claimed that he was The Beast prophesied in the Book of
Revelation and took the name "Το μεγα θηριον" (To Mega Therion), Greek for "The
Great Beast", which adds up to 666 by isopsephy, the Greek form of gematria.
In the writings of the Bahá'í Faith, `Abdu'l-Bahá states that the numerical value given to
the beast referred to the year when the Umayyad ruler Muawiyah I, who opposed the
Imamate, according to the beliefs of the Shi'ites, took office as Caliph in 661 AD.
Chapter- 8
Numbers in Norse Mythology
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The numbers three and nine are significant numbers in Norse mythology and paganism.
Both numbers (and multiplications thereof) appear throughout surviving attestations of
Norse paganism, in both mythology and cultic practice.
While the number three appears as a significant in many cultures, Norse mythology
appears to put special emphasis on the number nine. Along with the number 27, both
numbers also figure into the lunar Germanic calendar.
Attestations
Three
The number three occurs with great frequency in grouping individuals and artifacts:
• There are three distinct races of giants: the mountain giants, frost giants and fire
giants.
• There were three original beings: the primordial cow Audhumla, Ymir the first
giant, and Búri the first god and grandfather of Odin.
• For three days Audhumla licked the ice of Ginnungagap until Búri was freed.
• Ymir had three direct offspring: a boy and girl who grew from beneath his arms
and a six-headed son who sprang from the coupling of his feet.
• There were three generations of giants before the race as a whole was destroyed
by the deluge of Ymir's blood, after which time his grandson Bergelmir became
the progenitor of a new line.
• The heart of the giant Hrungnir was triangular and made of stone.
• There are three named Norns.
• Odin had two brothers, Vili and Vé (or Lodur and Hoenir according to Völuspá),
numbering three sons of Borr who created the world and gave life to the first
human beings.
• Odin is the ruler of the third generation of gods as the son of Borr and grandson of
Búri.
• Yggdrasil the World Tree has three roots, and three is the square root of the
number of worlds (nine) joined by Yggdrasil. Under the three roots are three
sacred wells, one for each including the Well of Urd in Asgard, the Well of Mimir
located "among the frost giants", and Hvergelmir in Niflheim.
• Odin endured three hardships upon the World Tree in his quest for the runes: he
hanged himself, wounded himself with a spear, and suffered from hunger and
thirst.
• In the Gylfaginning section of the Prose Edda, King Gylfi is confronted by a
triple throne at the home of the gods, one being seated and occupied atop another.
• Loki has three malign progeny by the giantess Angrboda: the wolf Fenrir,
Jörmungandr the World Serpent, and Hel.
• Prior to Ragnarök, there will be three hard winters without an intervening
summer, the Fimbulwinter.
• There are three main events leading up to Ragnarök itself: the birth of Loki's three
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monstrous children, the death of Baldr and subsequent punishment of Loki, and
the onset of Fimbulwinter.
• The wolf Fenrir was bound by three fetters: Loeding, Drómi, and Gleipnir, of
which only the last held him.
• Loki is bound with three bonds made from the entrails of his son through holes in
three upright slabs of rock, the first under his shoulders, the second under his loins
and the third under the backs of his knees.
• In the poem Völuspá from the Poetic Edda, the monstrous hound Garmr howls
three times at the Gnipa-cave (or at least, the description of his howling is
repeated three times).
• In Völuspá, the gods burn Gullveig three times and three times she is reborn.
• During the onset of Ragnarök three cockerels will begin to crow, heralding the
final conflict: Gullinkambi for the gods, Fjalar for the giants and an unnamed
third for the dead.
• Bifröst the rainbow bridge has three colours. It also has two other names, Ásbrú
and Bilröst, thus having three names.
• Heimdall has three special powers in his role as guardian of the rainbow bridge.
He needs less sleep than a bird, can see at night for a hundred leagues and is able
to hear grass growing on the earth.
• Odin has three special possessions: His spear Gungnir, his golden ring Draupnir
and his eight-legged horse Sleipnir.
• Thor has three main weapons for use against the giants: his hammer Mjolnir, a
magical belt that doubles his strength and a pair of iron gauntlets that allow him to
wield the hammer.
• Freyr has three magical items including the ship Skidbladnir, his boar Gullinbursti
and a sword with the ability to fight on its own which he gave to Skirnir in return
for his role in the courtship of Gerd.
• Freyja also has three special artefacts including the priceless necklace
Brisingamen, a cloak that allows her to assume the form of a falcon and a chariot
drawn by a pair of great cats.
• In the stronghold of the giant Útgarda-Loki, Thor drank three mighty draughts
from a horn during a drinking contest but gave up when he was unable to empty
the horn of its contents; this was also one of three tasks he did -and failed- during
his stay, the other two being to lift a cat (he made it lift a paw, leaving three on
ground) and to defeat an old woman; it's later revealed that the horn was
connected to the sea (which he leveled down by three fingers), the cat was the
World Sepent and the old woman, the Old Age itself. Previous to this, Thor and
his companions had met the giant, who was under the assumed name Skrýmir, in
the forest outside the castle. When Skrymir had gone to sleep during their journey
together, Thor became annoyed by his loud snoring and struck at him three times
with his hammer, but in each case the blow was misdirected through magic and
illusion.
• The builder of the walls of Asgard offered to build them in three seasons in return
for three prizes: the sun and moon and the hand of Freyja in marriage.
• Odin spent three nights with the giantess Gunnlod in order to obtain the mead of
poetry. She then allowed him to take three drinks of the mead, one from each of
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three vessels.
• The group of dwarves known only as the sons of Ivaldi fashioned three wondrous
artefacts including the ship of Freyr, the spear of Odin and the golden hair of Sif.
The dwarf brothers Eitri and Brokk also created three items including the boar of
Freyr, the golden ring of Odin and the hammer of Thor.
• There were three statues of Odin, Thor and Freyr in the Temple at Uppsala.
• The goddess Frigg has three handmaidens including Fulla, Gná and Hlín.
Nine
The number nine is also a significant number:
• When Odin sacrificed himself to himself, he hung upside down as the hanged man
upon the gallows or Yggdrasil for nine days and nights. In return, he secured from
the Well of Wyrd eighteen (twice nine) charms or runes.
• The Norse cosmology knows nine worlds that are supported by Yggdrasil.
• At the end of Skáldskaparmál is a list of nine heavenly realms provided by Snorri
including, from the nethermost to the highest, Vindblain (also Heidthornir or
Hregg-Mimir), Andlang, Vidblain, Vidfedmir, Hrjod, Hlyrnir, Gimir, Vet-Mimir
and Skatyrnir which "stands higher than the clouds, beyond all worlds."
• Every ninth year, people from all over Sweden assembled at the Temple at
Uppsala. There was feasting for nine days and sacrifices of both men and male
animals according to Adam of Bremen.
• In Skírnismál, Freyr is obliged to wait nine nights to consummate his union with
Gerd.
• In Svipdagsmál, the witch Gróa grants nine charms to her son Svipdag. In the
same poem there are nine maidens who sit at the knees of Menglod.
• In Fjölsvinnsmál, Laegjarn's chest is fastened with nine locks.
• During Ragnarök, Thor kills Jörmungandr but staggers back nine steps before
falling dead himself, poisoned by the venom that the Serpent spewed over him.
• According to the very late Trollkyrka poem, the fire for the blót was lit with nine
kinds of wood.
• Odin's ring Draupnir releases eight golden drops every ninth night, forming rings
of equal worth for a total of nine rings.
• In the guise of Grímnir in the poem Grímnismál, Odin allows himself to be held
by King Geirröd for eight days and nights and kills him on the ninth after
revealing his true identity.
• There are nine daughters of Ægir.
• There are nine mothers of Heimdall.
• The god Hermod rode Sleipnir for nine nights on his quest to free Baldr from the
underworld.
• The giant Baugi had nine thralls who killed each other in their desire to possess
Odin's magical sharpening stone.
• The god Njord and his wife Skadi decided to settle their argument over where to
live by agreeing to spend nine nights in Thrymheim and nine nights at Nóatún.
• The giant Thrivaldi has nine heads.
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• The clay giant Mokkurkalfi measured nine leagues high and three broad beneath
the arms.
• The valknut symbol is three interlocking triangles forming nine points.
• There are nine surviving deities of Ragnarök, including Baldr and Hödr, Magni
and Modi, Vidar and Váli, Hoenir, the daughter of Sól and a ninth "powerful,
mighty one, he who rules over everything".
Chapter- 9
Numbers in Egyptian Mythology
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Certain numbers were considered sacred, holy, or magical by the ancient Egyptians,
particularly 2, 3, 4, 7, and their multiples and sums.
Three: symbol of plurality

The basic symbol for plurality among the ancient Egyptians was the number three: even
the way they wrote the word for "plurality" in hieroglyphics consisted of three vertical
marks ( | | | ). Triads of deities were also used in Egyptian religion to signify a complete
system. Examples include references to the god Atum "when he was one and became
three" when he gave birth to Shu and Tefnut, and the triad of Horus, Osiris, and Isis.
Examples
• The beer used to trick Sekhmet soaked three hands into the ground.
• The second god, Re, named three times to define the sun: dawn, noon, and
evening.
• Thoth is described as the “thrice-great god of wisdom”.
• A doomed prince was doomed to three fates: to die by a crocodile, a serpent, or a
dog.
• Three groups of three attempts each (nine attempts) were required for a
legendary peasant to recover his stolen goods.
• A boasting mage claimed to be able to cast a great darkness to last three days.
• After asking Thoth for help, a King of Ethiopia was brought to Thebes and
publicly beaten three further times.
• An Ethiopian mage tried—and failed—three times to defeat the greatest mage of
Egypt.
• An Egyptian mage, in an attempt to enter the land of the dead, threw a certain
powder on a fire three times.
• There are twelve (three times four) sections of the Egyptian land of the dead. The
dead disembark at the third.
• The Knot of Isis, representing life, has three loops.
Five
Examples
• The second god, Rê, named five gods and goddesses.

• Thoth added five days to the year by winning the light from the moon in a game
of gambling.
• It took five days for the five children of Nut to be born. These are Osiris,
Nephthys, Isis, Set and Horus the Elder - this should not be mistaken with
Harpocrates (Horus the Infant) who defeated Set in battle.
• A boasting mage claimed to be able to bring the Pharaoh of Egypt to Ethiopia and
by magic, have him beaten with a rod five hundred (five times five times five
times four) times, and return him to Egypt in the space of five hours.
• An Ethiopian mage comes to challenge Egypt’s greatest mage—to reading of a
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sealed letter—five hundred (five times five times five times four) years after the
atrocity depicted in it occurred.
• The star, or pentagram, representing the afterlife, has five points.
Fives are less common in Egyptian mythology.
Seven: symbol of perfection, effectiveness, completeness

The number seven was apparently the Egyptian symbol of such ideas as perfection,
effectiveness, and completeness.
Examples
• Seven thousand barrels of red beer were used to trick Sekhmet out of killing.
• In her search for her husband’s pieces, the goddess Isis was guarded by seven
scorpions.
• A legendary famine lasted seven years.
• The lowest amount that the Nile flooded to solve the famine was seven cubits.
The highest was four times seven (28) cubits.
• A doomed prince found a tower seventy (ten times seven) cubits high with
seventy (ten times seven) windows.
• Set tore the god Osiris’ body into fourteen pieces: seven each for the two regions
of Upper and Lower Egypt.
• The Pool symbol, representing water, contains seven zigzag lines.
• The Gold symbol has seven spines on its underside.
Chapter- 10
2012 Phenomenon
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A date inscription for the Mayan Long Count
The 2012 phenomenon comprises a range of eschatological beliefs that cataclysmic or
transformative events will occur on December 21, 2012, which is said to be the end-date
of a 5,125-year-long cycle in the Mayan Long Count calendar. Various astronomical
alignments and numerological formulae related to this date have been proposed.
A New Age interpretation of this transition posits that during this time Earth and its
inhabitants may undergo a positive physical or spiritual transformation, and that 2012
may mark the beginning of a new era. Others suggest that the 2012 date marks the end of
the world or a similar catastrophe. Scenarios posited for the end of the world include the
Earth's collision with a passing planet (often referred to as "Nibiru") or black hole, or the
arrival of the next solar maximum.
Scholars from various disciplines have dismissed the idea of catastrophe in 2012.
Mainstream Mayanist scholars state that predictions of impending doom are not found in
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any of the existing classic Maya accounts, and that the idea that the Long Count calendar
"ends" in 2012 misrepresents Maya history. The modern Maya do not consider the date
significant, and the classical sources on the subject are scarce and contradictory,
suggesting that there was little if any universal agreement among them about what, if
anything, the date might mean.
Additionally, astronomers and other scientists have rejected the apocalyptic forecasts as
pseudoscience, stating that the anticipated events are contradicted by simple astronomical
observations. NASA has compared fears about 2012 with those about the approaching
millennium in the late 1990s, suggesting that an adequate analysis should preclude fears
of disaster. None of the proposed alignments or formulas have been accepted by
mainstream scholarship.
Mesoamerican Long Count calendar

December 2012 marks the conclusion of a b'ak'tun; a great cycle of years in the
Mesoamerican Long Count calendar, which was used in Central America prior to the
arrival of Europeans. Though the Long Count was most likely invented by the Olmec, it
has become closely associated with the Maya civilization, whose classic period lasted
from 250 to 900 AD. The writing system of the classic Maya has been substantially
deciphered, meaning that a corpus of their written and inscribed material has survived
from before the European conquest.
Unlike the 52-year Calendar Round still used today among the Maya, the Long Count
was linear, rather than cyclical, and kept time roughly in units of 20: 20 days made a
uinal, 18 uinals (360 days) made a tun, 20 tuns made a k'atun, and 20 k'atuns (144,000
days) made up a b'ak'tun. Thus, the Mayan date of 8.3.2.10.15 represents 8 b'ak'tuns, 3
k'atuns, 2 tuns, 10 uinals and 15 days.
Apocalypse
There is a strong tradition of "world ages" in Maya literature, but unfortunately the record
has been distorted, leaving several possibilities open. According to the Popol Vuh, a book
compiling details of creation accounts known to the K'iche' Maya of the Colonial-era
highlands, we are living in the fourth world. The Popol Vuh describes the first three
creations that the gods failed in making and the creation of the successful fourth world,
where men were placed. In the Maya Long Count, the previous world ended after 13
b'ak'tuns or roughly 5,125 years. The Long Count's "zero date" was set at a point in the
past marking the end of the third world and the beginning of the current one, which
corresponds to either 11 or 13 August 3114 BC in the Proleptic Gregorian calendar,
depending on the formula used. This means that the fourth world will also have reached
the end of its thirteenth b'ak'tun, or Mayan date 13.0.0.0.0, on either December 21 or
December 23, 2012.
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In 1957, Mayanist and astronomer Maud Worcester Makemson wrote that "the
completion of a Great Period of 13 b'ak'tuns would have been of the utmost significance
to the Maya". In 1966, Michael D. Coe more ambitiously asserted in The Maya that
"there is a suggestion ... that Armageddon would overtake the degenerate peoples of the
world and all creation on the final day of the thirteenth [b'ak'tun]. Thus ... our present
universe [would] be annihilated [in December 2012] when the Great Cycle of the Long
Count reaches completion."
Objections
Coe's apocalyptic interpretation was repeated by other scholars through the early 1990s.
In contrast, later researchers said that, while the end of the 13th b'ak'tun would perhaps be
a cause for celebration, it did not mark the end of the calendar. "There is nothing in the
Maya or Aztec or ancient Mesoamerican prophecy to suggest that they prophesied a
sudden or major change of any sort in 2012," says Mayanist scholar Mark Van Stone.
"The notion of a "Great Cycle" coming to an end is completely a modern invention." In
1990, Mayanist scholars Linda Schele and David Freidel argued that the Maya "did not
conceive this to be the end of creation, as many have suggested." Susan Milbrath, curator
of Latin American Art and Archaeology at the Florida Museum of Natural History, stated
that "We have no record or knowledge that [the Maya] would think the world would
come to an end" in 2012. "For the ancient Maya, it was a huge celebration to make it to
the end of a whole cycle," says Sandra Noble, executive director of the Foundation for
the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies in Crystal River, Florida. To render
December 21, 2012, as a doomsday event or moment of cosmic shifting, she says, is "a
complete fabrication and a chance for a lot of people to cash in." "There will be another
cycle," says E. Wyllys Andrews V, director of the Tulane University Middle American
Research Institute (MARI). "We know the Maya thought there was one before this, and
that implies they were comfortable with the idea of another one after this."
Maya inscriptions occasionally reference predicted future events or commemorations that

would occur on dates that lie beyond the completion of the 13th b'ak'tun. Most of these
are in the form of "distance dates" where some Long Count date is given, together with a
Distance Number that is to be added to the Long Count date to arrive at this future date.
On the west panel at the Temple of Inscriptions in Palenque, a section of the text projects
into the future to the 80th Calendar Round anniversary of the Palenque ruler K'inich
Janaab' Pakal's accession to the throne (Pakal's accession occurred on 9.9.2.4.8;
equivalent to 27 July 615 CE in the proleptic Gregorian calendar). It does this by
commencing with Pakal's birthdate of 9.8.9.13.0 (24 March 603 CE Gregorian) and
adding to it the Distance Number 10.11.10.5.8. This calculation arrives at the 80th
Calendar Round since his accession, which lies over 4,000 years in the future from
Pakal's time—the 21st of October in the year AD 4772.
Another example is Stela 1 at Coba, which gives a date with twenty units above the
b'ak'tun, placing it either 4.134105 × 1028 (41 octillion) years in the future, or an equal
distance in the past. Either way, this date is 3 quintillion times the age of the universe,
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demonstrating that not all Mayans considered the 5,125-year cycle as the most important.
Mayan references to B'ak'tun 13

The present-day Maya, as a whole, do not attach much significance to b'ak'tun 13.
Although the Calendar Round is still used by some Maya groups in the Guatemalan
highlands, the Long Count was employed exclusively by the classic Maya, and was only
recently rediscovered by archaeologists. Mayan elder Apolinario Chile Pixtun and
Mexican archaeologist Guillermo Bernal both note that "apocalypse" is a Western
concept that has little or nothing to do with Mayan beliefs. Bernal believes that such ideas
have been foisted on the Maya by Westerners because their own myths are "exhausted".
Mayan archaeologist Jose Huchm has stated that "If I went to some Mayan-speaking
communities and asked people what is going to happen in 2012, they wouldn't have any
idea. That the world is going to end? They wouldn't believe you. We have real concerns
these days, like rain".
What significance the classic Maya gave the 13th b'ak'tun is uncertain. Most classic
Maya inscriptions are strictly historical and do not make any prophetic declarations. Two
items in the Maya historical corpus, however, may mention the end of the 13th b'ak'tun:
Tortuguero Monument 6 and, possibly, the Chilam Balam.
Tortuguero
The Tortuguero site, which lies in southernmost Tabasco, Mexico, dates from the 7th
century AD and consists of a series of inscriptions mostly in honor of the contemporary
ruler Bahlam Ajaw. One inscription, known as Tortuguero Monument 6, is the only
inscription to refer to b'ak'tun 13. It has been partially defaced; Mark Van Stone has
given the most complete translation:
Tzuhtz-(a)j-oom u(y)-uxlajuun pik
The Thirteenth [b'ak'tun] will end
(ta) Chan Ajaw ux(-te') Uniiw.
(on) 4 Ajaw, the 3rd of Uniiw [3 K'ank'in].
Uht-oom Ek'-...
Black ...[illegible]...will occur.
Y-em(al)...Bolon Yookte' K'uh ta-chak-ma...
(It will be) the descent(?) of Bolon Yokte' K'uh to the great (or
"red"?)...[illegible]...
Very little is known about the god (or gods) Bolon Yokte' K'uh. According to an article
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by Mayanists Markus Eberl and Christian Prager in British Anthropological Reports, his
name is composed of the elements "nine", 'OK-te' (the meaning of which is unknown),
and "god". Confusion in classical period inscriptions suggests that the name was already
ancient and unfamiliar to contemporary scribes. He also appears in inscriptions from
Palenque, Usumacinta, and La Mar as a god of war, conflict, and the underworld. In one
stela he is portrayed with a rope tied around his neck, and in another with an incense bag,
together signifying a sacrifice to end a period of time. Despite all this, Eberl and Prager
believe that the reference to Bolon Yokte' K'uh at Tortuguero is a positive one, because
the fragmentary word translated above as "descent" seems to be the same one used during
building dedications.
Chilam Balam
The Chilam Balam are a group of post-conquest Mayan prophetic histories transcribed in
a modified form of the Spanish alphabet. Their authorship is ascribed to a chilam balam,
or jaguar prophet. The Chilam Balam of Tizimin has been translated four times in the
20th century, with many disputes over the meaning of its passages. One passage in
particular is relevant to the interpretation of the 13th b'ak'tun:
lic u tal oxlahun bak chem, ti u cenic u (tzan a cen/ba nacom)i (ciac/cha') a ba
yum(il/t)exe
Maud Worcester Makemson, an archaeoastronomer, believed that this line referred to the
"tremendously important event of the arrival of 13.0.0.0.0 4 Ahau 3 Kankin in the not too
distant future", Her translation of the line, runs:
Presently B'ak'tun 13 shall come sailing, figuratively speaking, bringing the ornaments of
which I have spoken from your ancestors.
Her version of the text continues, "Then the god will come to visit his little ones. Perhaps
'After Death' will be the subject of his discourse." Makemson was still relying on her own
dating of 13.0.0.0.0 to 1752 and therefore the "not too distant future" in her annotations
meant a few years after the scribe in Tizimin recorded his Chilam Balam. The more
recent translation of Munro S. Edmonson does not support this reading; he considers the
Long Count almost entirely absent from the book, since the 360-day tun was supplanted
in the 1750s by a 365-day Christian year, and a 24-round may system was being
implemented. He translates the line as follows:
...like the coming of 13 sail-ships. When the captains dress themselves, your fathers will
be taken.
Other Chilam Balam books contain references to the 13th b'ak'tun, but it is unclear if
these are in the past or future; for example, oxhun bakam u katunil (thirteen bakam of
k'atuns) in the Chilam Balam of Chumayel. Bolon Yokte' K'uh appears in the Chilam
Balam of Chumayel to signify an apparent battle and victory over Spanish invaders.
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New Age beliefs
Many assertions about 2012 are a form of Mayanism, a non-codified collection of New
Age beliefs about ancient Maya wisdom and spirituality. In 1975, the ending of the
b'ak'tun cycle became the subject of speculation by several New Age authors, who
believe it will correspond to a global "consciousness shift". In his book Mexico Mystique:
The Coming Sixth Age of Consciousness, Frank Waters tied Coe's December 24, 2011
date to astrology and the prophecies of the Hopi, while both José Argüelles and Terence
McKenna (in their books The Transformative Vision and The Invisible Landscape
respectively) discussed the significance of the year 2012, but not a specific day. In 1987,
the year in which he held the Harmonic Convergence event, Argüelles settled on the date
of December 21 in his book The Mayan Factor: Path Beyond Technology, in which he
claimed on that date the Earth would pass through a great "beam" from the centre of the
Galaxy, and that the Maya aligned their calendar in anticipation of that event.
In 2006, author Daniel Pinchbeck popularised New Age concepts about this date in his
book 2012: The Return of Quetzalcoatl, linking it to beliefs about crop circles, alien
abduction, and personal revelations based on the use of entheogens and mediumship.
Pinchbeck claims to discern a "growing realization that materialism and the rational,
empirical worldview that comes with it has reached its expiration date...[w]e're on the
verge of transitioning to a dispensation of consciousness that's more intuitive, mystical
and shamanic."
In India, the guru Kalki Bhagavan has promoted 2012 as a "deadline" for human
enlightenment since at least 1998. In the United States, the association of December 21,
2012, with a "transformation of consciousness" has also received popular attention in The
Lost Symbol (2009), a bestseller work of thriller fiction by Dan Brown, in which the date
is associated with references to esoteric beliefs of Freemasonry and noetic theory.
Frank Joseph's Atlantis and 2012: The Science of the Lost Civilization and the Prophecies
of the Maya, published in 2010, links supposed Maya prophecies about December 21,
2012 to mythology about the lost continents of Atlantis and Lemuria, claiming that
knowledge of a past cataclysm was carried to the ancient Maya and to ancient Egypt.
Joseph connects this knowledge to stories of the Ark of the Covenant, which he claims
was stolen from the Great Pyramid by Moses, brought from Jerusalem to the Americas by
the Knights Templar, and now lies hidden in a cave in Illinois, awaiting its prophesied
discovery in 2012. The discovery of the ark and the knowledge it contains will usher in a
New Age.
Archaeoastronomer Anthony Aveni says that while the idea of "balancing the cosmos"
was prominent in ancient Maya literature, and some modern Maya affirm this idea of an
age of coexistence, the 2012 phenomenon does not present this message in its original
form. Instead, it is bound up with American traditions such as the New Age movement,
millenarianism, and the belief in secret knowledge from distant times and places.
Established themes found in 2012 literature include "suspicion towards mainstream
Western culture", the idea of spiritual evolution, and the possibility of leading the world
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into the New Age by individual example or by a group's joined consciousness. The
general intent of this literature is not to warn of impending doom but "to foster counter-
cultural sympathies and eventually socio-political and 'spiritual' activism". Aveni, who
has studied New Age and SETI communities, describes 2012 narratives as the product of
a "disconnected" society: "Unable to find spiritual answers to life's big questions within
ourselves, we turn outward to imagined entities that lie far off in space or time—entities
that just might be in possession of superior knowledge."
Galactic alignment
In the mid-1990s, esoteric author John Major Jenkins asserted that the ancient Maya
intended to tie the end of their calendar to the winter solstice in 2012, which falls on
December 21. This date was in line with an idea he terms the galactic alignment.
In the Solar System, the planets and the Sun share roughly the same plane of orbit, known
as the plane of the ecliptic. From our perspective on Earth, the ecliptic is the path taken
by the Sun across the sky over the course of the year. The 12 constellations which line the
ecliptic are known as the zodiac and, through the year, the Sun passes through each
constellation in turn. Additionally, over time, the Sun's annual passage appears to recede
counterclockwise by one degree every 72 years. This movement, called "precession", is
attributed to a slight wobble in the Earth's axis as it spins. As a result, approximately
every 2,160 years, the constellation visible on the early morning of the spring equinox
changes. In Western astrological traditions, this signals the end of one astrological age
(currently the Age of Pisces) and the beginning of another (Age of Aquarius). Over the
course of 26,000 years, precession makes one full circuit around the ecliptic.
Just as the spring equinox in the northern hemisphere is currently in the constellation of
Pisces, so the winter solstice is currently in the constellation of Sagittarius, which is the
zodiacal constellation intersected by the galactic equator. Every year for the last 1,000
years or so, on the winter solstice, the Earth, Sun and the galactic equator come into
alignment, and every year, precession pushes the Sun's position a little way further
through the Milky Way's band.
The Milky Way near Cygnus showing the lane of the Dark Rift, which the Maya called
the Xibalba be or "Black Road"
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Jenkins suggests that the Maya based their calendar on observations of the Great Rift, a
band of dark dust clouds in the Milky Way, which the Maya called the Xibalba be or
"Black Road." Jenkins claims that the Maya were aware of where the ecliptic intersected
the Black Road and gave this position in the sky a special significance in their
cosmology. According to the hypothesis, the Sun precisely aligns with this intersection
point at the winter solstice of 2012. Jenkins claimed that the classical Mayans anticipated
this conjunction and celebrated it as the harbinger of a profound spiritual transition for
mankind. New Age proponents of the galactic alignment hypothesis argue that, just as
astrology uses the positions of stars and planets to make claims of future events, the
Mayans plotted their calendars with the objective of preparing for significant world
events. Jenkins attributes the insights of ancient Maya shamans about the galactic center
to their use of psilocybin mushrooms, psychoactive toads, and other psychedelics.
Jenkins also associates the Xibalba be with a "world tree", drawing on studies of
contemporary (not ancient) Maya cosmology.
Astronomers argue that the galactic equator is an entirely arbitrary line, and can never be
precisely determined because it is impossible to say exactly where the Milky Way begins
or ends. Jenkins claims he drew his conclusions about the location of the galactic equator
from observations taken at above 11,000 feet (3,400 m), which is higher than any of the
Maya lived. Furthermore, the precessional alignment of the Sun with any single point is
not exclusive to a specific year, but takes place over a 36-year period, corresponding to
its diameter. Jenkins himself notes that, even given his determined location for the line of
the galactic equator, its most precise convergence with the centre of the Sun already
occurred in 1998.
There is no clear evidence that the classic Maya were aware of precession. Some Maya
scholars, such as Barbara MacLeod, Michael Grofe, Eva Hunt, Gordon Brotherston, and
Anthony Aveni, have suggested that some Mayan holy dates were timed to precessional
cycles, but scholarly opinion on the subject remains divided. There is also little evidence,
archaeological or historical, that the Maya placed any importance on solstices or
equinoxes. It is possible that early Mesoamericans had an emphasis on solstices which
was later forgotten, but this is also a disputed issue among Mayanists. The start date of
the Long Count is not astronomically significant.
Timewave zero and the I Ching
WT A screenshot of the Timewave Zero software
"Timewave zero" is a numerological formula that purports to calculate the ebb and flow
of "novelty", defined as increase in the universe's interconnectedness, or organised
complexity, over time. According to Terence McKenna, who conceived the idea over
several years in the early-mid 1970s while using psilocybin mushrooms and DMT, the
universe has a teleological attractor at the end of time that increases interconnectedness,
eventually reaching a singularity of infinite complexity in 2012, at which point anything
and everything imaginable will occur simultaneously.
McKenna expressed "novelty" in a computer program, which purportedly produces a

waveform known as timewave zero or the timewave. Based on McKenna's interpretation
of the King Wen sequence of the I Ching, the graph appears to show great periods of
novelty corresponding with major shifts in humanity's biological and cultural evolution.
He believed the events of any given time are recursively related to the events of other
times, and chose the atomic bombing of Hiroshima as the basis for calculating his end
date in November 2012. When he later discovered this date's proximity to the end of the
13th b'ak'tun of the Maya calendar, he revised his hypothesis so that the two dates
matched.
The first edition of The Invisible Landscape refers to 2012 (as the year, not a specific
day) only twice. It was only in 1983, with the publication of Sharer's revised table of date
correlations in the 4th edition of Morley's The Ancient Maya, that each became convinced
that December 21, 2012, had significant meaning. McKenna subsequently included this
specific date throughout the second edition of The Invisible Landscape, published in
1993.
Doomsday theories
A far more apocalyptic view of the year 2012 has also spread in various media,
describing the end of the world or of human civilization on that date. This view has been
promulgated by many hoax sites on the Internet, particularly on YouTube, and by the
History Channel, with such series as Decoding the Past (2005–2007), 2012, End of Days
(2006), Last Days on Earth (2006), Seven Signs of the Apocalypse (2007), and Nostr-
adamus 2012 (2008). The Discovery Channel also aired 2012 Apocalypse in 2009,
suggesting that massive solar storms, magnetic pole reversal, earthquakes, super-
volcanoes, and other drastic natural events may occur in 2012. Author Graham Hancock,
in his book Fingerprints of the Gods, interpreted Coe's remarks in Breaking the Maya
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Code as evidence for the prophecy of a global cataclysm. In East Asia, followers of I-
Kuan Tao claim that automatic writing confirms a catastrophe will take place in 2012.
Other alignments
An apocalyptic reading of Jenkins's hypothesis has that, when the galactic alignment
occurs, it will somehow create a combined gravitational effect between the Sun and the
supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy (known as Sagittarius A*), creating
havoc on Earth. Apart from the fact noted above that the "galactic alignment" predicted
by Jenkins already happened in 1998, the Sun's apparent path through the zodiac as seen
from Earth does not take it near the true galactic center, but rather several degrees above
it. Even if this were not the case, Sagittarius A* is 30,000 light years from Earth, and
would have to be more than 6 million times closer to cause any gravitational disruption to
Earth's Solar System. This reading of Jenkins's theories was included on the History
Channel documentary, Decoding the Past. However, Jenkins has complained of the fact
that a science fiction writer co-authored the documentary, and went on to characterize it
as "45 minutes of unabashed doomsday hype and the worst kind of inane sensationalism".
Some suggested alternate alignments relate to a very different "galactic alignment"

proposed by some scientists to explain a supposed periodicity in mass extinctions in the
fossil record. The hypothesis supposes that vertical oscillations made by the Sun as it
orbits the galactic center cause it to regularly pass through the galactic plane. When the
Sun's orbit takes it outside the galactic plane which bisects the galactic disc, the influence
of the galactic tide is weaker; as it re-enters the galactic disc, as it does every 20–
25 million years, it comes under the influence of the far stronger "disc tides", which,
according to mathematical models, increase the flux of Oort cloud comets into the Solar
System by a factor of 4, leading to a massive increase in the likelihood of a devastating
comet impact. However, this "alignment" takes place over tens of millions of years, and
could never be timed to an exact date. Evidence shows that the Sun passed through the
plane bisecting the galactic disc only three million years ago, and is now moving farther
above it.
A third suggested alignment is a planetary conjunction on December 21, 2012. However,
there will be no alignment of planets on that date.
Geomagnetic reversal
Another idea involves a geomagnetic reversal (often incorrectly referred to as a polar

shift by proponents of this hypothesis), which could be triggered by a massive solar flare,
one with energy equal to 100 billion atomic bombs. This belief is supposedly supported
by observations that the Earth's magnetic field is weakening, which indicates an
impending reversal of the north and south magnetic poles. Scientists believe the Earth is
overdue for a geomagnetic reversal, and has been for a long time, even since well before
the time of the Mayans, because the last reversal was 780,000 years ago. Critics,
however, claim geomagnetic reversals take up to 5,000 years to complete, and do not
start on any particular date. Also, NOAA now predicts that the solar maximum will peak
WT
in 2013, not 2012, and that it will be fairly weak, with a below-average number of
sunspots. In any case, there is no scientific evidence linking a solar maximum to a
geomagnetic reversal. In particular, the planet's magnetic fields are caused and regulated
by the spinning of the solid inner core inside the molten outer core, and so cannot be
changed by something external to the planet such as a solar flare. A solar maximum
would be mostly notable for its effects on satellite and cellular phone communications.
NASA's David Morrison attributes the rise of the solar storm idea to physicist and
science populariser Michio Kaku, who claimed in an interview with Fox News that a
solar peak in 2012 could be disastrous for orbiting satellites.
Planet X/Nibiru
Some proponents of doomsday in 2012 claim that a planet called Planet X or Nibiru will
collide with or pass by Earth in that year. This idea, which has appeared in various forms
within New Age circles since 1995, initially slated the event for 2003 but abandoned that
date after it passed without incident. It originated from claims of channeling of alien
beings and has been widely ridiculed. Astronomers calculate that such an object so close
to Earth would be visible to anyone looking up at the night sky.
Web Bot project
The Web Bot project is a series of automated bots that search the Internet for specific
keywords, looking for patterns. Its co-creator, George Ure, states that its study of "web
chatter" predicted the September 11 attacks in New York, though he also suggests that
the project can predict natural disasters, such as earthquakes. He now asserts that the
project has predicted that the world will end on December 21, 2012. Critics of these
proposals argue that while the collective knowledge of humanity could possibly predict
terrorist attacks, stock market crashes or other human-caused events, there is no way it
could predict something like an earthquake or the end of the world.
Alien invasion
In late 2009, rumours began circulating in UFO forums on the internet that SETI had
detected several city-sized spacecraft headed towards Earth, often citing a particular
image from the Digitized Sky Survey as evidence. In December 2010, an article appeared
in examiner.com, again citing the photograph, and stating that a high-ranking SETI
researcher named "Craig Kasnov" had reported that three "flying saucers", each tens of
kilometres long, would arrive in Earth orbit by December, 2012. This article was
referenced in a number of mainstream news outlets, including the English language
version of Pravda. Although no-one named Craig Kasnov could be located at SETI,
Craig Kasnoff, a computer programmer contracted to help design the seti@home project,
stated that he had never made the reported claims. Astronomer and debunker Phil Plait
noted on his blog that the supposed UFO photograph bore more resemblance to a bit of
grit or a defect in the photographic plate. Also, he noted that by using the small angle
WT
formula one could determine that, were the object in the photo as large as claimed, it
would have to be closer to Earth than the Moon, which would mean it would effectively
have already arrived. In January 2011, Seth Shostak, chief astronomer of SETI, issued a
press release debunking the claims.
Photon belt
The Photon Belt is a pseudo-scientific belief, largely linked to some parts of the New Age
Movement, that a belt or ring of photons is going to fully envelop the Earth in 2012. This
interaction, it is believed, might cause massive failure of electrical equipment with 2–3
days of total darkness or total daylight, and/or initiate a spiritual transition (referred to
variously as a "shift in consciousness," the "Great Shift," the "Shift of the Ages," the
"Zero Point," or the "Ascension Point"), with the time period leading up to "the Shift"
referred to as "the Quickening." The concept of the Photon Belt also ties in to various
prophecies, the Mayan Long Count Calendar, extraterrestrial life, 2012 millenarianism,
etc.
According to mainstream science, this belief does not make any sense because photons
are simply the bosons that carry the electromagnetic force, and photons always travel in
straight lines (or deviating only slightly from straight lines when near a major
gravitational source such as the Sun) except in the vicinity of a black hole, around which
they would form a ring because of a black hole's immense gravitational force.

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Chapter 2 - How to Calculate Name Number in Numerology

Chapter 3 - How to Know What Repeated Numbers in Numerology Mean

Chapter 4 - How to Predict Life's Challenges with Numerology

Chapter 6 - Magic Square

Chapter 7 - Number of the Beast

Chapter 8 - Numbers in Norse Mythology

Chapter 9 - Numbers in Egyptian Mythology

Chapter 10 - 2012 Phenomenon

Numerology is any of many systems, traditions or beliefs in a mystical or esoteric

1. Individual. Aggressor. Yang.

...and are then summed.

Different methods of calculation exist, including Chaldean, Pythagorean, Hebraic, Helyn

• 3,48910 = 66418 → 6 + 6 + 4 + 1 = 218 → 2 + 1 = 38 = 310

Some lucky number combinations include:

Numerology and alchemy

The best known example of "numerology" in science involves the coincidental

Large number co-incidences continue to fascinate many mathematical physicists. For

Numerology is sometimes referred to as the only effective method when it comes to

How to Calculate Name Number in

How to Know What Repeated Numbers in

• 1: The number 1 is connected with new starts, independence,new opportunity,

How to Predict Life's Challenges with

1. Add together the month, day, and year of your birth: 3 + 2 + 1 + 9

Numbers in Chinese Culture

In Chinese culture, certain numbers are believed by some to be auspicious (吉利) or

The number 2 (二 or 兩, Pinyin: èr or liăng) is a good number in Chinese culture. There

Number 4 (四; accounting 肆; pinyin sì) is considered an unlucky number in Chinese,

Number 14 is considered to be one of the unluckiest numbers. Although 14 is usually said

Astrology and Numerology

• Seven is ruled by the planets Moon/Neptune. It is a very spiritual number that is

• 1 -- Aries - (Cardinal Fire)

• 2 -- Taurus - (Fixed Earth)

• 3 -- Gemini - (Mutable Air)

• 4 -- Cancer - (Cardinal Water)

• 5 -- Leo - (Fixed Fire)

• 6 -- Virgo - (Mutable Earth)

• 7 -- Libra - (Cardinal Air)

• 9 -- Sagittarius - (Mutable Fire)

• 10 -- Capricorn - (Cardinal Earth)

• 11 -- Aquarius - (Fixed Air)

• 12 -- Pisces - (Mutable Water)

Original script from Shams Al-ma'arif

Lo Shu square (3×3 magic square)

Albrecht Dürer's magic square

Dürer's magic square can also be extended to a magic cube.

WT A magic square on the Sagrada Família church façade

1, 0, 1, 880, 275305224 (sequence A006052 in OEIS).

The number for n = 6 has been estimated to 1.7745×1019.

Method for constructing a magic square of odd order

Yang Hui's construction method

step 1 step 2 step 3 step 4 step 5

The following formulae help construct magic squares of odd order

Squares Last Middle

A method of constructing a magic square of doubly even order

M = Order 4 M = Order 4 M = Order 4 M = Order 4

Medjig-method of constructing magic squares of even number of

The medjig method of constructing a magic square of order 6 is as follows:

• Construct any 3 x 3 medjig-square (ignoring the original game's limit on the

Order 12, sum 870

Construction similar to the Kronecker Product

The construction of a magic square using genetic algorithms